Nutrition Final Exam
Fat that appears higher on a male's abdomen is a result of: -Too many calories -Alcohol consumption -Heart disease in progress - Not enough exercise
-Alcohol consumption
Blood calcium is critical for: -All of the options - Forming and maintaining bones and teeth - Muscle contraction - Transmission of nerve impulses
-All of the options
A sound fitness program: - Should be maintained for longer than 2 weeks... ideally a lifetime -All the options are probably true -Would be easier to maintain with defined goals -Should be fun and enjoyable -Should eventually include a variety of exercises, such as aerobic and resistance training
-All the options are probably true
_________ is used as a primary energy source during a high intensity activity, while _______ is the primary energy source during a low intensity activity. -Glucose, fat - ATP, fat -ATP, glucose - Fat, glucose
-Glucose, fat
Nutrition is important because: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) - It will increase your longevity. -It will reduce risks of getting cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis and others. - It will allow the body to function at its optimal ability - It will maintain an ideal weight and body composition.
-It will reduce risks of getting cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis and others. - It will allow the body to function at its optimal ability - It will maintain an ideal weight and body composition.
Adequate dietary fat intake, during the toddler years, is important for the development of what system/s? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) -Skeletal -Neurological (brain, etc.) -Digestive - Immune
-Neurological (brain, etc.) -immune
Which electrolyte can potentially lower blood pressure and at the very least, support normal blood pressure? -Chloride -Potassium - Sodium -Manganese
-Potassium
In order for a theory or explanation to be considered "scientific," it must include which of the following characteristics? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) - The theory or explanation can be validated by testing or experimenting - The theory must be generally acceptable to most scientists - The scientist must be able to repeat the experiment - It must include measurable data - It must begin with a question (hypothesis) that can be tested
-The theory or explanation can be validated by testing or experimenting -The scientist must be able to repeat the experiment -It must include measurable data -It must begin with a question (hypothesis) that can be tested
Which of the following does NOT provide us with energy? -Fats -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Vitamins and Minerals
-Vitamins and Minerals
Which of the following is NOT considered a source of scientifically-reliable information? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) - Journal of Clinical Nutrition -Centers for Disease Control (CDC) -Wikipedia - Harvard School of Public Health - ABC News
-Wikipedia - ABC News
Why is fat NOT a good energy source during high-intensity exercise? - the fat stored in muscles is inaccessible - fat burns too quickly to provide enough energy for high-intensity exercise -fat IS used for high-intensity exercise -multiple processes are involved in converting fat to ATP
-multiple processes are involved in converting fat to ATP
How many amino acids can the body synthesize by itself? - 9 - 20 - none - 11
11
A triglyceride is composed of ____________. - 3 glycerols and 1 fatty acid - 3 glycerols and 1 phospholipid - 3 phospholipids and 1 glycerol - 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Percent Daily Values listed on food labels are based on: - A 2000 calorie diet and RDAs - RDAs and AMDRs only - A 2500 calorie diet and RDAs - No particular calorie intake or micronutrient recommendation
A 2000 calorie diet and RDAs
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary components of a sound weight change plan? - Application of behavior modification techniques - Incorporation of regular and appropriate physical activity - A change of more than 2 pounds per week
A change of more than 2 pounds per week
All of the following can destroy the probiotics (good bacteria) in your gut, EXCEPT: -A diet high in processed foods with chemical additives and preservatives - frequent doses of antibiotics - A chronically stressful lifestyle - A high-fiber, high-protein diet -high intake of sugary foods and drinks
A high-fiber, high-protein diet
Fat stored primarily in what region increases the risks for health conditions: - Abdomen -Legs -All fat increases the risks for health conditions - Buttocks
Abdomen
A high fiber intake is critical for optimal health, in that: - Lowers high cholesterol levels - Reduces our risk for many cancers - All of the options - It provides food for our "good" bacteria
All of the options
Heartburn may be caused by any of the following, EXCEPT: - Bacterial (H. pylori) infection in the stomach -All of the options are causes of heartburn -Low stomach acid - Dehydration
All of the options are causes of heartburn
Which of the following are current issues of concern regarding food safety and human health? - Increased use of food additives and preservatives - POPs (persistent organic pollutants) increases in imported food - Use of steroids and hormones such as rBGH -GMO (Genetically engineered foods) - All of the options are concerns with America's food supply
All of the options are concerns with America's food supply
The Hunger Mechanism, which tells us when to eat: - Is controlled by nerve cells in the stomach and hormones in our blood - Is controlled by internal body cues signaling the need to eat, NOT the desire - Is controlled by the hypothalamus region of the brain - All of the options are correct
All of the options are correct
What is the best method for determining an ideal body composition and risks for various health conditions? - All of the options are necessary for calculating health risks -Calculate the body fat percentage - Determine where body fat is distributed on the body -Calculate the BMI (Body Mass Index
All of the options are necessary for calculating health risks
Maternal obesity can result in all of the following pregnancy complications, EXCEPT: - A macrosomiac infant (large for gestational age) -Preeclampsia - All of the options are risks for obese, pregnant women - Miscarriage -Gestational diabetes
All of the options are risks for obese, pregnant women
All of the following may lead to increased risks of preterm, low-birth weight infants, EXCEPT: -Smoking before and/or during pregnancy -Adolescent pregnancy -All of the options pose risks - Malnourished mother -Caffeine consumption during pregnancy
All of the options pose risks
Which of the following is a good source of calcium for young toddlers? -Cow's milk -Calcium gummies -Any dark green veggie -Flaxseed
Any dark green veggie
A deficiency in what vitamin/s will eventually cause a loss of memory, depressive thoughts, mood changes and apathy? -Iron - Magnesium - B-vitamins - Vitamin C
B-vitamins
What nutrient should be supplemented in elderly individuals because of a diminished ability to absorb it? - Vitamin A -Calcium - Iron -B12
B12
Which nutrient is the ONLY nutrient that must be supplemented in a vegan diet? -Folate -B12 - Iron - Calcium
B12
The richest source of natural fiber is found in which of the following? - Whole grains -Fruits and Berries - Vegetables - Beans and Legumes
Beans and Legumes
______ refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled. -Bone modeling -Bone growth -Bone remodeling - Bone regeneration
Bone remodeling
Which of the following BMI categories is MOST dangerous? -18.5-24.9 -Below 18.5 -Both 30.0-39.9 and below 18.5 - 30.0-39.9 -25.0-29.9
Both 30.0-39.9 and below 18.5
Why is it crucial for the fetus to store adequate iron during gestation? - Iron from breast milk and formula is poorly absorbed -During the first month of life, the infant is unable to store iron - Breast milk does not contain iron. -The fetus loses a great deal of iron during delivery
Breast milk does not contain iron.
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? - D - K - A - C
C
Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body? -Magnesium - Iron - Phosphorus -Calcium
Calcium
What is the leading cause of death in the United States among individuals less than 85 years old? -Infections -Diabetes -Cancer - Heart Disease
Cancer
Amylase is the primary enzyme used in the digestion of __________. -Carbohydrates - Fats -Proteins - Lipids
Carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients is the most energy dense? -Fats -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Vitamins and Minerals
Carbohydrates
Which nutrient is a component of stomach acid and helps build the immune system? -Potassium - Sodium -Phosphorus -Chloride
Chloride
When vitamins and minerals work with enzymes to make reactions proceed, they are called: -Adjuncts - Enzymes - Symbiotics - Coenzymes
Coenzymes
What habit will effectively reduce your risks of developing all conditions related to free radical damage? -Drink the proper amount of water, for your body weight, each day. -Take a multivitamin every day. -Exercise at least 1 hour each day. -Consume a minimum of 7 servings of fresh fruits and vegetables each day
Consume a minimum of 7 servings of fresh fruits and vegetables each day
Which of the following nutrients is important for infants and children to consume because it contributes to cognitive development, reduces risks of ADHD, and builds a healthy immune system? -DHA -EPA -omega 6 - saturated fats
DHA
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of regular exercise? - Improving immunity - Reducing insulin resistance - Decreasing HDL cholesterol - Improving sleep quality
Decreasing HDL cholesterol
All of the following are associated with gestational diabetes, EXCEPT: -Increased infant risk of developing Type 2 diabetes following delivery. - Delivery of a low-birth weight baby - Increase maternal risk of developing Type 2 diabetes following delivery. - A high sugar intake during pregnancy
Delivery of a low-birth weight baby
Which of the following is a factor of maintaining a healthy weight? - May involve occasional dieting -May involve eating as few calories as possible - Involves excessive exercise - Does not require dieting to maintain weight
Does not require dieting to maintain weight
All of the following are good dietary guidelines for most people, EXCEPT: - Consume whole grains rather than refined grains -Limit sugar and sodium intake -Drink milk every day - Eat more fruits and vegetables
Drink milk every day
When is it most important that adequate folate is present during fetal development? -During the first trimester -During the third trimester -During the second trimester - During the first 6 weeks
During the first 6 weeks
Which of the following are benefits of regular exercise? -Exercise provides all the listed benefits and more! -Manages and reduces risk for Type 2 Diabetes - Produces endorphins to relieve stress and anxiety...such as that produced by exams! - Reduces blood pressure & risks of cardiovascular disease -Gives an opportunity for developing self-discipline
Exercise provides all the listed benefits and more!
All LDL "bad" cholesterol contributes to heart disease by increasing plaque in blood vessels. True or false
False
If someone has their gallbladder removed, what types of foods can they NOT consume in large quantities? -Proteins - Fats -Carbohydrates -Vitamin & Mineral Supplements
Fats
Which of the following nutrients can cause permanent tooth damage in excess amounts? -Magnesium -Fluoride - Calcium - Iron
Fluoride
All of the following are good recommendations for weight loss, EXCEPT: - Follow a regimented diet until the excess weight is lost - Consume more low-calorie, high-fiber fruits and veggies instead of processed snacks - Increase energy expenditure via physical activity - Snack frequently and eat small amounts at mealtime
Follow a regimented diet until the excess weight is lost
Which statement BEST describes genetically modified (GMO)/engineered foods? -Foods in which a gene with a desired trait has been introduced into the plant's DNA, but the new gene does not pose any health risks to humans - Foods naturally resistant to pests and therefore, farmers do not need to use pesticides on them - Foods sprayed with a pesticide that causes allergies - Foods in which a desired gene (ie. pest resistance) has been introduced, but becomes potentially harmful to humans
Foods in which a desired gene (ie. pest resistance) has been introduced, but becomes potentially harmful to humans
Which of the following would NOT be considered part of a healthful snack for children? -Carrot sticks -Apple slices - Glass of juice - An organic cheese stick
Glass of juice
Nutrition is important for all the following reasons, EXCEPT: - Good nutrition can aid in preventing and solving the current obesity epidemic. - Nutrition can influence and/or prevent many diseases and conditions. -Nutrition a large contributor to general wellness and health. -Good nutrition is the only way to gain optimal health and weight.
Good nutrition is the only way to gain optimal health and weight.
Diets high in sodium are often associated with: -Diabetes mellitus - Breast cancer -Obesity - High blood pressure
High blood pressure
How can you guarantee that a particular food product does not contain genetically modified ingredients? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) - If it contains a certified organic label -If it was purchased at a farmer's market. -If it contains a certified non-GMO project label. - If it was grown locally. -All GMO foods are labeled in this country.
If it contains a certified organic label
Which of the following minerals in NOT a major mineral? -Magnesium - Iron - Chloride -Potassium
Iron
Which vitamin is NOT part of the trio which functions together, most of the time? -Vitamin B12 - Vitamin B6 -Iron -Folate
Iron
Which of the following is NOT true regarding trans fats? - All of the options are true - Is created by hydrogenation - Is found naturally in many foods null -Directly increases risks of heart disease -Increases 'bad' cholesterol (LDL) while -decreasing 'good' cholesterol (HDL)
Is found naturally in many foods
A body fat measurement that exceeds 100% of the normal standard for a given height is called: -Severe Obesity -Obesity - Morbid Obesity -Overweight
Morbid Obesity
A folate deficiency, during pregnancy, is associated with: -Neural tube defects, such as Spina Bifida -Down's Syndrome - Gestational diabetes -Osteoporosis
Neural tube defects, such as Spina Bifida
Which of the following can lower cholesterol levels when used at pharmacological doses? - Thiamin - Riboflavin - Niacin - Biotin
Niacin
When deciding if a food product is healthy or not, what should you consider first? - Commercials about that product on TV - nutrient claims on the product - Nutrition Facts Panel (salt, fiber, sugar, etc.) - Ingredient list
Nutrition Facts Panel (salt, fiber, sugar, etc.)
What type of fat increases inflammation in the body and thus, can exacerbate preexisting conditions such as arthritis? -Omega 6 fats from plants -Saturated fats -Omega 6 fats from animals -Omega 3 fats
Omega 6 fats from animals
Bone cells responsible for building bone tissue are called: - Osteoblasts - Osteoclasts -Trabecular -Cortical
Osteoblasts
Which electrolyte also plays an important role in bone formation? -Phosphorus -Sodium - Magnesium - Potassium
Phosphorus
Which of the following supplements may be appropriate for toddlers, if needed? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) -Multivitamin -None of the options - Probiotics - DHA
Probiotics and DNA
Joan wants to improve her muscular strength. Which type of activity would be the MOST effective to achieve this goal? -Endurance training -Resistance training - Aerobic training -Stretching
Resistance training
When reading a food label, the macronutrient and micronutrient values are based on: -Nutrition information - The ingredient list - Net contents of the package -Serving size
Serving size
Which type of exercise would best burn fat and therefore, help someone lose weight? -Spending an hour each morning meditating with yoga stretches -Spending up to 20 minutes doing any type of high intensity interval training -Running several miles until you feel you can't go any further -Lifting the heaviest weights possible for as long as possible
Spending up to 20 minutes doing any type of high intensity interval training
Which of the following zero calorie sweeteners is the healthiest in that it does not subject you to toxicity? - Stevia - sucralose (Splenda) - aspartame (all diet beverages) - saccharin (Sweet 'n low) - acesulfame-K (Equal)
Stevia
Which of the following is NOT a MyPyramid food group? -Fruits - All of the options are MyPyramid food groups -Sweets and Desserts -Meat and Beans - Grains - Vegetables
Sweets and Desserts
Which of the following is NOT true regarding essential fatty acids? -EFAs will reduce the risks associated with heart disease - They reduce inflammation null - They are abundant in our diets -They are critical for proper brain and cognitive development
They are abundant in our diets
Fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables are superior to canned for all the following reasons, EXCEPT: -They include more fiber -They include anti-cancer phytonutrients -They don't have added sugars, salt or preservatives. -They include more vitamins and minerals
They include more fiber
What issue is the root of heart disease? -Too much fat in the diet -Too little fish - Too many free radicals -Too much red meat
Too many free radicals
Which of the following is NOT a function of ALL body fluids? -Maintain blood volume - Regulate body temperature - Transport electrolytes -Dissolve substances
Transport electrolytes
Over supplementation of ________ has the greatest potential for toxicity - B vitamins - Vitamin C -minerals - Vitamin A
Vitamin A
Which of the following nutrients is critical for the absorption of calcium? - Vitamin D - Zinc - Iron - Phosphorus
Vitamin D
Which of the following nutrients will function most effectively in preventing cancer? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) - iron - vitamin E - Vitamins and minerals cannot prevent cancer. - vitamin C
Vitamin E and C
Which of the following is NOT true? - Vitamins and minerals can act as antioxidants. - Vitamins and minerals function as coenzymes. -Vitamins and minerals provide the body with energy. -Vitamins and minerals are essential for metabolism.
Vitamins and minerals provide the body with energy.
Proteins make the body more ________ and ________ will help neutralize the body again. - basic, grains - basic, vegetables - acidic, grains - acidic, vegetables
acidic, vegetables
All of the following can increase free radical production, EXCEPT: -smoking all of the options increase free radical production -tanning booths and radiation - lead and other heavy metal exposure -consuming pesticides and chemical additives
all of the options increase free radical production
Studies from rats fed GM diets, resulted in all of the following outcomes, EXCEPT: -changes in liver cells -cancer - smaller pups (baby rats!) - infertility -all of the options were noted in the results - depressed immune systems
all of the options were noted in the results
Proteins function in the body as ________________: - all options are functions of proteins -enzymes - hormones - components of cells - pH buffers
all options are functions of proteins
The building blocks of proteins are called: -monosaccharides - fatty acids -lipids - amino acids
amino acids
Well-planned vegetarian diets can reduce the risk of all of the following chronic diseases EXCEPT: -obesity -anemia - cancer -heart disease - certain autoimmune conditions
anemia
What are some concerns with the use of antibiotics in our food supply? -antibiotic resistance, cancer development and changes in gut bacteria are all concerns - lack of good bacteria in the human gut antibiotic use in our food supply does not pose any health concerns - cancer development -development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
antibiotic resistance, cancer development and changes in gut bacteria are all concerns
Which of the following artificial sweeteners break down into a cumulative poison? -sucralose (Splenda) - acesulfame-K (Equal) -saccharin (Sweet 'n low) - aspartame (all diet beverages)
aspartame (all diet beverages)
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes is released into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid and protect the cells of the small intestine? - None of the options -Insulin - Bile -Bicarbonate
bicarbonate
Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency would include: - bleeding gums and loose teeth - night blindness - nosebleeds - dementia and dermatitis
bleeding gums and loose teeth
Salivary amylase begins the digestion of ________ in the mouth. -proteins - none of the options - carbohydrates - fats
carbohydrates
What is the primary source of fuel for the brain? -fats -proteins -carbohydrates - vitamins
carbohydrates
Which nutrient requires the least amount of energy to digest, transport, and store? -Alcohol -Protein -Fat - Carbohydrates
carbohydrates
What is the classic sign or symptom of an impaired gut from allergies, bad bacteria, food toxins, etc.? - chronic fatigue and lack of energy - bad breath - diarrhea and/or constipation - abdominal pain
chronic fatigue and lack of energy
Which of the following is NOT a good source of Omega-3 fatty acids? -fish oil - flaxseed - coconut oil -cod liver oil
coconut oil
Which foods are usually contaminated with some amount of aflatoxin? -dairy -meats - imported fruits and vegetables - corn and peanuts
corn and peanuts
If a pregnant woman develops preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced high blood pressure), the only "cure" is: -low sodium diet -delivering the infant -taking a blood pressure lowering medication - bed rest
delivering the infant
Which life group is most susceptible to food illnesses and intoxications? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY!) -elderly (65+) -toddlers - adolescents (13-18) -children (4-12) - adults -infants
elderly (65+) -toddlers -children (4-12) - adults -infants
Plasma is an example of which type of body fluid? - Extracellular - Intracellular - Tissue fluid -None of the options are correct
extracellular
Amino acids are converted to energy during anaerobic exercises, like intense weight lifting. true/false
false
During pregnancy, women should not consume any type of fish or seafood. true/false
false
Everyone with high blood pressure should reduce the amount of sodium they consume. true/false
false
Free flowing glycogen can only provide energy for a short amount of time. true/false
false
If a toddler is overweight, a practical approach would be to place them on a low-fat diet. true/false
false
Organic, whole milk and yogurt should be given to all toddlers in order to provide them with adequate calcium. true/false
false
School lunches are carefully constructed according to the USDA nutrition guidelines and therefore are a good choice for children in school. true/false
false
The lower your body mass index (BMI), the lower your risks for various health conditions. true/false
false
True or False: Saturated fats and high LDL levels cause heart disease.
false
Which food would provide a good amount of omega-3 fatty acids? - nuts and seeds - fish - butter - beef
fish
Inadequate intakes of ________ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus. - Iron -Protein - Calcium - Folate
folate
Which food group can reverse heart disease, if consumed in large quantities? - nuts & seeds - beans & legumes - fresh fruits and vegetables - sugar
fresh fruits and vegetables
Which hormone is responsible for breaking down glycogen when we need energy? - Insulin - Epinephrine - Glucose - Glucagon
glucagen
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body? - Fructose - Galactose - Glucose - Glycogen
glucose
Hippocrates stated, "All diseases begin in the _____." - none of the options -brain -stomach -gut
gut
High concentrations of homocysteine in the blood are associated with the development of: -Neural tube defects -Heart disease - Diabetes - Pellagra
heart disease
Which type of sugar is most dangerous because of its ability to cause obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.? -brown sugar - fructose, from fruit -white sugar - high fructose corn syrup
high fructose corn syrup
All of the following is responsible for the increasing trends of Type 2 diabetes, EXCEPT: -regular consumption of sodas and juices -increased "screen time" resulting in physical inactivity -increased consumption of processed (white, refined) carbohydrates -increased consumption of red meat
increased consumption of red meat
The pancreatic hormones _______ and ________ are responsible for regulating our blood sugar. - amylase and hydrochloric acid - insulin and glucagon - adrenalin and cortisol -leptin and serotonin
insulin and glucagon
Which organ is responsible for over 500 functions, including digestive & detox functions, as well as producing enzymes? -Gallbladder -Pancreas - Small Intestine -Liver
liver
Antioxidant enzyme systems, in the body, require certain _______ in order to function. - vitamins - vitamin E -selenium - minerals
minerals
What amount of alcohol is considered perfectly safe to consume during pregnancy? -none -one drink a week - one drink a day - one drink a month
none
To obtain optimal health and wellness, many people need to: -obtain more than the RDA for all vitamins and minerals each day. -obtain no more than the RDA for all vitamins and minerals each day - obtain exactly 100% of the RDA for all vitamins and minerals each day. - obtain less than the RDA for all vitamins and minerals each day.
obtain more than the RDA for all vitamins and minerals each day.
A chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is ___________. - reduction - radiation - oxidation - denaturation
oxidation
Long term use of fiber supplements such as Metamucil and Fiber One bars, results in: -constipation -diarrhea -reliance of fiber supplementation for normal bowel movements - No symptoms
reliance of fiber supplementation for normal bowel movements
Which food should a mother consume during pregnancy to supply the developing baby with the type of fat critical for brain development? -Dark green leafy vegetables -Coconut Oil -Salmon -Milk
salmon
Which of the following fatty acids is generally solid at room temperature? - polyunsaturated - short-chain - saturated - monounsaturated
saturated
A protein's _______ structure refers to the nonfunctional, twisting, spiral shape formed by the sequence and attractions of its amino acids. -quaternary -tertiary -primary -secondary
secondary
Which of the following increases the requirement for vitamin C? -none of the options require more vitamin C - smoking - drinking alcohol - a vegan diet
smoking
Which of the following is NOT involved in the digestion carbohydrates? -stomach juices -mucosal cells of small intestine - pancreas - saliva
stomach juices
Which food group allows cancer cells to grow and metastasis most effectively? -Sugar -Fresh fruits & vegetables -Fish & Seafood -Preservatives and additives
sugar
A healthy diet includes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: -a variety of colors and types of foods -an adequate amount of energy to maintain a proper body composition null - the standard American portion sizes - the right combinations of foods groups
the standard American portion sizes
Which hormone requires selenium for its synthesis? - insulin - estrogen - glucagon - thyroid hormones
thyroid hormones
Why is rBGH given to many U.S. dairy cows? - to increase milk production without increasing feed - to improve the nutritional quality of the cows' milk - to prevent the growth of microbes in the cows' milk - to strengthen the cows' immune systems
to increase milk production without increasing feed
The process in which the message inside the DNA gets copied into an mRNA molecule and carried out side the nucleus, is called: -denaturation - translation -hydrogenation - transcription
transcription
What is the primary form of fat in the diet? -sterols -glycerol -triglycerides - phospholipids
triglycerides
Caffeine consumption, during pregnancy, may result in a colicky infant after delivery. true/false
true
Snacking between meals is appropriate and healthy for toddlers true/false
true
When a phosphate atom is cleaved (broken off) of an ATP molecule, energy is released. true/false
true
Which antioxidant functions by directly donating electrons to free radicals? -manganese -selenium -vitamin A -iron
vitamin A
Vitamin C must assist ________ in its role as an antioxidant. -vitamin K -selenium -vitamin E -vitamin A
vitamin E
