nutrition final exam

iron absorption from food

- 17% of non heme iron - 25% of heme iron - overall iron absorption = 18%

zinc toxicity

- UL is 40 mg/d - occurs with supplementation

foods that promote cancer development

- alcohol - certain mold that can grow on nuts or grains - processed or red meats - fried, filled or broiled meat

Hereditary Hemochromatosis

- an inherited genetic defect that causes people to absorb too much iron - common signs and symptoms: fatigue, lack of energy

functions of iodine

- component of thyroid hormone - regulates basal energy expenditure

zinc deficiency

- delays growth

malignant cells

- divide repeatedly and frequently - do not die - do not perform their specialized function

Iodine deficiencies

- endemic goiter - BMR (basal metabolic rate)

function of zinc

- growth and development - reproduction

stage 3

- iron deficiency anemia - microcytic, hypochrome red blood cells

ferritin

- major storage form of iron; serum concentrations are used to asses iron status - stored in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

zinc good food sources

- meat - seafood - enriched and fortified cereals - dairy - legumes

binge eating disorder

- most common eating disorder in US - eating large amounts of food

functions of iron

- oxygen transport - energy metabolism - cell division - immune system - nervous system

multidisciplinary team

- physicians - registered dietitians - psychologists

iodine good food sources

- seaweed - iodized salt - haddock

marasmus

- severe energy and protein deficiency - skin and bones - breastfed, moms pregnant again and the first child is the abruptly switched to cereal (lacking amino acids)

Kwashiorkor

- severe protein (with moderate energy) deficit often accompanied by infections or other diseases - stomach puffs out

fluoride good food sources

- tea - seafood - fluoridated drinking water - seaweed

trace minerals

-required in amounts <100 mg daily -iron, zinc, copper, and selenium

key features of a sound weight loss program

1) control energy intake 2) perform regular physical activity 3) behavior modification

contingency management

Prepare for situations that may trigger overeating

zinc, iron

____ and ____ are obtained from whole grains, cereals, nuts and legumes

overweight

______ and obesity do not prevent the possibility of malnutrition

40-70

________% of weight differences are attributable to genetics

protein energy malnutrition

a deficiency of both protein and energy (kcal)

.5-2

a steady weight-loss of the goal of ______ pounds per week

cancer

a term for a group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have undergone mutation

5-10

a weight loss of as little as ______ pounds significantly improve health even if the person is still overweight

Semivegetarian

all except red meats

stimulus control

altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating

common

anemia is the most ______ health problem in the US and world

low-energy density

approaches are the most successful eating strategy

vegans

are at risk for anemia

hunger from recent dieting

binge can be triggered by

above

bulimics are at or ______ slightly normal weight

toward

bulimics turn _____ food when faced with problems

promote

certain substances in food and beverages ____ cancer development

cognitive restructuring

changing your frame of mind regarding eating

bulmia nervosa

characterized by a cycle of bingeing and compensatory behaviors to undo or compensate for binge

iron defeciency anemia

characterized by a lack if red blood cells or the production or red blood cells that do not contain enough hemoglobin

anorexia nervosa

characterized by weight loss, difficulty maintaining appropriate body weight and often a distorted body image

anemia

condition where the number of healthy red blood cells are reduced and altered and they are unable to carry adequate amounts of oxygen

surgical

currently, only the _______ approaches to obesity treatment routinely show success

nutrition therapy

develop regular eating habits without restriction of energy intake

function for fluoride

development of teeth and bone

milk

doe not have iron in it

whole grains, legumes

eat a varied diet that includes _____ and ______ to ensure all of the essential amino acids are consumed

Ovovegetarian

eggs but no other animal foods

100 to 300

expending _______________ kcal/day above normal activity can contribute to weight loss along with regulation of kcal intake

rarely

fad diets ______ have long-lasting solutions

fluoride toxicity

fluorosis

heme iron

form of iron found in meat

non heme iron

found in plants and meat - grains (enriched) - vegetables - nuts - legumes

Self-point theory

genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely related

diets

have an end point

readily

heme iron is _______ absorbed by the body

75%

hospitalization is needed if weight falls below

Prader-Willi Syndrome

inability to feel full

stage 2

iron deficiency without anemia

stage 1

iron depletion

bone marrow

iron is produced in the

yes

is a vegetarian diet a healthy diet?

lifestyle modifications

long-term weight loss requires

not

low iron is _____ anemic, anemia has to effect the blood cells

failing health

malnutrition eventually contributes to

over, under

malnutrition may occur in either ____ or ____ nutrition

MFP

meat, fish, poultry

lactoovovegetarian

milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods

lactovegetarian

milk and milk products, no animal flesh or eggs

Pescavegetarian

milk, milk products and eggs, fish but no other animal products

vegan

no animal products

limited

non heme iron has _________ absorption

vitamin C

non heme needs activated by

environment

play a major role

low-quality protein

protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

chain breaking

separate behaviors that occur together

bioavailabilty of iron

spinach salad with mandrin oranges and chicken will have the most

2-25%

success fate of individuals maintaining a weight loss after one year is reported to be between

Fluoride deficiency

susceptible to dental carries

prevention

the best treatment for obesity is

resistance exercise

the more muscle you have in your body, the more muscle the more your body burns calories at rest

Microcytic anemia

there are three stages in the progression of low iron status to iron deficiency anemia

self-monitoring

tracking foods eaten, when, why, how you feel, physical activities. body weight

transferrin

transport protein for iron in the bloodstream

consistently

variety in how members keep wright off, but members _______ report the following - eating breakfast daily - weight themselves 1x/week - watching <10 hours of TV per week - exercising for 1+ hour a day

high biological value, B-12, iron

vegans eat only plant foods, so diets may be low in

fat, energy

vegetarian diets are often lower in ____ and _____ than western diets that contain animal foods

low-quality

vegetarian diets that focus of plant sources of proteins will have _______ protein sources

lower

vegetarians have a _______ risk of - obesity - type 2 diabetes - hypertension - certain cancers

fortified

vitamin D and calcium are obtained from ______ foods

b-12

vitamin ____ is obtained from fortified foods and supplements

remain at or close to lower weights

weight-loss programs are considered successful when those involved