Nutrition (Kelly Owen)

How does the diet of the centenarians from the islands of Okinawa compare to that of most U.S. adults?

-Eat about 500 calories less per day than Americans -Eat whole-grains, seven servings of veggies, 4 servings of fruit a day -Eat seaweed, cold water fish, other seafood choices at least three times a week -Soy foods in diet, also poultry, eggs, pork, beef and other meats in moderation -Plenty of water, drink alcohol in moderation -Consume few sweets

Why are degenerative illnesses sometimes termed "disease of affluence"?

-History has shown that when there is an abundant food supply it's a double-sword (US chooses high fat diets which increase heart rates) -"Disease of affluence" means lifestyle disease or how you treat your body. Degenerative illnesses are chronic diseases characterized by deterioration of body organs via misuse and neglect (Poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise).

Which member of the typical person's social group often plays the most powerful role in determining his or her food choices?

-Wife/mother because she is the cook -Friends -Co-workers -Members of social networks

Of the 15 top leading causes of death in the United States, which 5 can be attributed, at least in part, to a person's diet?

1. Anemias 2. Vitamin deficiencies 3. Mineral deficiencies 4. Poor resistance to disease

What 5 shopping tips should consumers keep in mind when shopping for groceries?

1. Buy local and in season 2. Shop from a list 3. Read ingredients/nutrition facts 4. Use "sell by" or "best if used by" dates 5. Shop the perimeter of the store

What are the functions of water in the body?

1. Carries materials to and from cells and provides the warm, nutrient-rch bath in which cells thrive. 2. Transports hormonal messages from place to place. 3. Regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism.

What are the 10 useful strategies that individuals may follow when eating out?

1. Don't supersize 2. Think grilled, not fried 3. Hold the mayo 4. Avoid all-you-can-eat restaurants 5. "Just say no" 6. Balance fast-food meals with other food choices during the day. 7. Split your order-share with a friend. 8. Bring your lunch. 9. Choose grab-and-go foods. 10. If all else fails, go for the obvious low calorie choices.

What does the cultural habit of hara hachi bu mean to the okinawans?

1. Enough is Enough (low cal diet, eating until 80% full, physically active everyday) 2. Moderation and a Healthful Lifestyle Are Key Cultural Values (Don't smoke, plant-based diet, whole-grains always, consume good fats, active all day, few sweets, lots of water) 3. Psychological and Spiritual Health Matters (Put family first, socially engaged, easy-going, strong bonds with family and friends)

What 5 foods if consumed, reduce risks of which certain cancers, strokes and heart disease?

1. Fruits 2. Vegetables 3. Legumes 4. Nuts 5. Whole-grains

What are the characteristics of a legitimate, qualified dietitian?

1. Fulfilled coursework by the American Dietetic Association (ADA) 2. Completed on the job training (internship) 3. Passed national registration exam 4. Maintains Continuing Education Credits

What are the top 5 leading causes of death in the United States (know them in order)?

1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. Diabetes 5. Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Limiting your daily intake of salt and increasing food sources of potassium, such as fresh fruits and vegetables helps reduce the risk of what two diseases?

1. Heart Disease 2. Kidney Disease

What does the R.D. stand for and what organization does it signify registration with?

1. Registered Dietitian (RD) 2. American Dietetic Association (ADA)

What are the functions of vitamins in the body?

1. Regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism. 2. Help cells develop, grow, repair and function.

What are the functions of minerals in the body?

1. Regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism. 2. Some make the structure of bones and teeth (calcium). 3. Help regulate crucial bodily functions, such as heartbeat and muscle contractions (sodium).

What are the Healthy People 2020 Nutrition Related Objectives for the Nation?

1. Risk reduction and specify targets for the intake of nutrients such as sodium and calcium and of foods such as fruits, veggies, and whole-grain products. 2. Reduce obesity 3. Reduce consumption of calories from solid fats and added sugars. 4. Increase the proportion of schools that do not sell or offer calorically sweetened beverages to students. 5. Reduce the proportion of people who engage in no leisure-time physical activity.

Name the B-Vitamins?

1. Thiamin 2. Riboflavin 3. Niacin 4. Vitamin B6 5. Vitamin B12 6. Folate 7. Biotin 8. Pantothenic acid

What are the 6 classes of nutrients in human nutrition?

1.Carbohydrates 2. Fats 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

Given the answer to the question above, if a person with a desirable body weight weighs 100lbs, what is the weight of the water in their body? 150lbs?

100lbs- 60lbs 150lbs- 40lbs

A double cheeseburger with bacon contains 44 grams of protein, 28 grams of carbohydrates and 39 grams of fat. What percentage of calories in the sandwich comes from fat?

18%

How many calories are in 20 grams of fat?

20 grams x 9cal/g= 180 calories

How many calories are in 20 grams of carbohydrates?

20grams x 4cal/g = 60 calories

How many calories are in 20 grams of protein?

20grams x 4cal/g = 80 calories

If a dish contains 15 grams of protein, 5 grams of fat and 35 grams of carbohydrates, what is the total amount of calories in the dish?

245 calories

How many calories are in 3 grams of alcohol?

3 grams x 7cal/g = 21 calories

If Sasha wants to consume 30% of her total calories from fat and she eats 2000 calories per day, what is the maximum number of fat grams she should eat?

6 grams (27%).... 7 grams (31% too high)

What percentage of a healthy person's body weight is water, if they are at a desirable weight?

60%

If a food has 10 grams of fat and 100 calories per serving, what is the percentage of calories from fat in this food?

90%

What is the principal function of the pancreas?

A gland that secretes the endocrine hormone insulin and also produces the exocrine secretions that aid digestion in the small intestine.

What is insulin?

A hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose get into cells.

What is an essential nutrient? How many essential nutrients are there? From where must essential nutrients be obtained? Are all nutrients in food essential?

A nutrient that must be obtained from food because the body cannot make it for itself. 40 essential nutrients. Find nutrients in water, fat, protein, vitamins, carbohydrates and some minerals. No, some nutrients in food you do NOT need.

Define endocrine?

A term used to describe a gland secreting or a hormone being secreted into the blood. (INSIDE BODY)

What is approval by a professional organization of an education program offered?

Accreditation (credibility)

What compound supplies energy but cannot promote growth or repair of the body?

Alcohol

Which part of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees freedom of the press?

Amendments

Define malnutrition?

Any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of calories or nutrients.

What is the physiological desire for food defined as?

Appetite

If someone has their gall bladder removed what are they unable to store?

Bile, a compound made from cholesterol by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the small intestine, it emulsifies lipids to ready them for enzymatic digestion.

What are the possible fates of amino acids in the liver?

Body proteins or fat

What does the acronym CARS stand for and for what is it used?

C- Credible A- Accurate R- Reasonable S- Support Determines if health information on the internet is reliable or not.

How many calories does one gram of carbohydrate yield? Protein? Fat? Alcohol?

Carb- 4 cal/gram Protein- 4 cal/gram Fat- 9 cal/gram Alcohol- 7 cal/gram

Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas act on what nutrients?

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the gall bladder to release bile?

Cholecystokinin (koh-lee-sis-toh-KYE-nin)

What are lipoproteins?

Clusters of lipids associated with protein that serve as transport vehicles for lupins in blood and lymph.

What is a school from which courses can be taken and degrees granted by mail?

Correspondence School

A study of a population that searches for possible correlations between nutrition factors and health patterns over time?

Degree of disability (comparing poor health habits, moderate health habits and good health habits)

What is a correspondence school that grinds out degrees the way a grain mill grinds out flour?

Diploma mill

What are the participants in a study who receive the real treatment or intervention under investigation known as?

Experimental group

Removal of the gall bladder may hinder the digestion of which nutrient?

Fats

Define exocrine?

Glands that secrete chemical messages through a duct into a body cavity or onto the surface of the skin. (OUTSIDE)

When the body does not require energy, what are the end products of digestion converted to?

Glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids which are end products are used to build body compounds in a process called anabolism.

What is the function of glycogen? When and how does the body use it?

Glycogen can be broken down to glucose, triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol, and rote in to amino acids. When the body needs energy, it breaks into even smaller units.

What are the possible fates of excess glucose in the body?

Glycogen turns into fat (fatty acids). Amino acids from proteins are converted into other amino acids for use in making proteins. Synthesis of body fat from glycerol and fatty acids.

What is the physiological need for food defined as?

Hunger

What is conscious deceit regarding health that is practiced for profit?

Infomercials (fake, wanna trick you for your money!!!)

What two hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans? What are their functions?

Insulin and glucagon. Help regulate blood glucose levels into the blood.

Define each of the following types of studies and be able to give an example. Intervention study, place study, epidemiological study, survey study?

Intervention study: Examine the effects of a specific treatment or intervention randomized with an experiment and control group. Place study: Putting yourself in a specific environment and observing. Epidemiological study: Study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations over time. Survey study: Handing out a survey to a specific population to get their opinion and an overall average.

What performs the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Islets of Langerhans

What are chylomicrons?

Large lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to tother locations in the body.

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

Liver, gall blader and pancreas

What is the leading cause of preventable death in America?

Maintaing a healthy diet, treating your body well, exercising, relieving stress.

How do cultural norms help influence food choices?

Many of our eating habits arise from the traditions, belief systems, technologies, values and norms of the culture in which we live. Ethnic cuisine and religion also have a huge influence among cultures.

Where do most americans first look for nutrition advice?

Media and Advertising (tv, radio, magazines, newspapers)

What is a person who claims to be capable of advising people about their diets?

Nutritionist

What is a sham or neutral treatment given to a control group?

Placebo (fake)

What is a group of individuals with characteristics that match the group being treated in an intervention study but who receive a sham treatment or no treatment at all?

Placebo Group

What is a simultaneous change in two factors?

Positive and negative correlation

What is another name for fraud?

Quackery- a person who practices health fraud loudly

What is a professional who has graduated from a program of dietetics accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE)?

Registered Dietitian

Know the basics of healthful eating and money saving food shopping? Tips for super marking?

Savvy Dinner again?

Which sphincter controls the release of bile from the gall bladder?

Sphincter of Oddi

Define catabolism?

The breakdown of body compounds

What right does the first amendment to the constitution grant and how does it effect nutrition?

The first amendment guarantees freedom of the press whether sound, unsound or even dangerous. Publishing misinformation cannot be punished by law unless it can be proven in court that the information has caused bodily harm.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder is a sac, attached to the liver, where bile is stored and concentrated. Bile empties from the gallbladder into the uppermost part of the small intestine (duodenum) through the bile duct. When the small intestine is empty, the sphincter is closed and bile is backed up in the gallbladder for concentration and storage until it is needed.

What are the functions of the liver?

The large, lobed organ that lied under the ribs and filters the blood, in the process removing, processing, and readying for redistribution many of its materials. It also determines the metabolic fate of every nutrient we digest and absorb.

What is a population study examining the effects of a treatment on experimental subjects compared to a control group?

The population study is trying to determine if whatever "health change" they are making is having an effect or not. The control group allows for us to see if there is a change or not.

Define metabolism?

Total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells.

What is the difference between undernutrition and malnutrition?

Undernutrition- Severe underconsumption of calories or nutrients, leading to disease or increased susceptibility to disease; a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition- Any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of calories or nutrients.

Name the fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E and K

Name the water soluble vitamins?

Vitamins B and C

Which nutrients do not provide energy?

Vitamins, minerals, water

Define anabolism?

When the body does not require energy, the end products of digestion (glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids) are used to build body compounds in a process called anabolism.

How many calories are in 8 ounces of water?

ZERO

Susan wants to eat lunch at the fast-food restaurant near her school. Which of the following choices would you recommend she order? a. A grilled chicken sandwich with ketchup, side salad with vinaigrette b. A fried chicken sandwich with mayonnaise, side salad with dressing c. A fish sandwich with tarter sauce, baked potato with butter d. A cheeseburger with a milkshake

a

Define each of the following reactions and if they are catabolic or anabolic? a. Glycogen to glucose b. Proteins to amino acids c. Triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol d. Glucose to glycogen?

a. catabolic b. anabolic c. catabolic d. anabolic

Imagine that you are reading a magazine article about a new product that claims to benefit health. Which of the following suggest that these claims might be valid? a. The product is described as a "secret formula" b. The article provides anecdotal evidence that the product works. c. Scientific research is cited. d. The product is available only through a commercial. e. The article includes testimonials from satisfied customers.

c. Scientific research is cited.

One hallmark of a credible nutrition article is that it: a. Describes results of a study of a sufficiently large group of people b. Discusses recent research studies that are at least 10 years old c. Presents results that differ remarkably from those of similar studies d. Appears in a respected newspaper with a large national circulation

d

A consumer's _________ of the cost of various foods can play a role in his or her food choices.

perception (too expensive or to inconvenient)

Where are the products of the exocrine function of the pancreas released?

small intestine