Nutrition mid term

True or false: The absorption of vitamin B-12 occurs more readily when vitamin B-12 is in its natural form versus the synthetic form of the micronutrient.

False

Where does the healthy body store vitamin E? Liver Pancreas Skeletal muscle Body fat Skin

Liver Skeletal muscle Body fat

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds.

Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol. bagels shrimp egg turkey, ground

bagels

Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies. beta-hydroxybutyrate phenylalanine acetone acetoacetate

beta-hydroxybutyrate acetone acetoacetate

After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and begin to cause plaque. flood into the liver. incorporated into VLDL

flood into the liver. incorporated into VLDL.

A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with ______ atoms. amino acid hydrogen methyl carboxylic

hydrogen

Plant proteins are a healthy alternative to animal proteins because this type of diet has lower rates of ______. PKU hypertension obesity Celiac disease type 2 diabetes

hypertension obesity type 2 diabetes

Having one or more risk factor(s) ______ a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis. increases decreases

increases

About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.

intestinal bacteria

Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate? acetyl CoA CO2 lactate lactic acid

lactate lactic acid

During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______. ATP fatty acids lactic acid glucose

lactic acid

During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______. ATP fatty acids glucose lactic acid

lactic acid

Choose benefits of a plant-based diet. lower body fat and a reduced risk of obesity improved mental focus and fewer psychological disorders decreased risk of allergies and other digestive problems reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers

lower body fat and a reduced risk of obesity reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers

What are some common foods fortified with vitamin D? milk fatty fish orange juice ready-to-eat cereal

milk orange juice ready-to-eat cereal

Intolerance to wheat products, resulting in IBS-like symptoms is defined as ______. celiac disease non-celiac gluten sensitivity a food intolerance PKU

non-celiac gluten sensitivity

What is associated with insulin resistance? heavy exercise biotin toxicity thinness obesity

obesity

People who eat a diet with _________ proteins are less likely to have hypertension and type 2 diabetes. animal plant

plant

The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______. produce ATP synthesize hormones synthesize enzymes create structural molecules convert to glucose and fatty acids

synthesize hormones synthesize enzymes create structural molecules

The conversion of ATP to ADP results from ______. Multiple choice question. the utilization of hydrogen ions that are shuttled into the cell by NAD the addition of water to an AMP molecule to store energy the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP

the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on the smell and taste of the fat. the physical state (liquid or solid) of the fat at room temperature the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

A liquid mixture that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally is called a total parenteral solution. supplemental nutrition formula. vitamin-like compound.

total parenteral solution.

Alpha-tocopherol is a form of vitamin ______.

E

Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine? Vitamin E Thiamin Vitamin A Vitamin K

Thiamin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates? Biotin Vitamin E Vitamin B-12 Thiamin

Thiamin

Which vitamin should smokers take vitamin _________ as a supplement?

Vitamin C

Choose the true statements about vitamin D. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is considered a hormone. Vitamin D comes only from animal food sources.

Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is considered a hormone.

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively? Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin D

Vitamin K

Where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids? Stomach Large Intestine Absorptive cells Pancreas

Absorptive cells

Which gender is more prone to heart attacks? Men Women

Men

Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease have which of the following in common? Requires a gluten free diet Damage to the small intestine Both test positive for celiac disease

Requires a gluten free diet

Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down ______. fatty acids amino acids glucose

fatty acids

Which of the following tests should a doctor perform to determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis? Check blood pressure Test triglyceride levels Request lipoprotein profile Evaluate reflexes

Check blood pressure Test triglyceride levels Request lipoprotein profile

Who is least at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? Urban poor Severe alcoholics Children who like vegetables People with liver diseases

Children who like vegetables

Which statement is true? Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates. Digesting carbohydrates is a more complicated process than digesting lipids.

Digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates.

Niacin participates in which of the following? Energy metabolism DNA synthesis Immune system functioning Bone mineralization

Energy metabolism

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin? Biotin Thiamin Riboflavin Vitamin C

Riboflavin

Long-term studies ______ in showing that high intakes of vitamin E consistently reduced the risk of chronic disease.

failed

Amino acids are the building blocks of _________. minerals vitamins protein lipids

protein

Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors? vitamin E vitamin D vitamin K vitamin A

vitamin K

Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces, and cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins are all effective ways to reduce the loss of _____ that easily leach out of food and dissolve in cooking water.

water-soluble vitamins

Because it is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in a wide variety of foods, a deficiency of the B vitamin, ___________is rare.

biotin

Choose the vitamins that are classified as water-soluble. biotin folate niacin taurine pantothenic acid

biotin folate niacin pantothenic acid

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

plant

Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown? beta-oxidation glycolysis electron transport chain citric acid cycle

electron transport chain

Thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because

excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine.

Which foods contain the richest sources of folate? fortified cereals enriched grains meat and fish eggs and dairy

fortified cereals enriched grains

Which foods contain the richest sources of folate? fortified cereals meat and fish eggs and dairy enriched grains

fortified cereals enriched grains

A personalized nutrition plan takes into consideration genes. health assessment. birth order and number of siblings. height and weight. blood pressure.

genes. health assessment. height and weight. blood pressure.

A food intolerance may occur after the consumption of nonprotein substances, such as sulfites. eggs. MSG. lactose.

sulfites. MSG. lactose.

How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein? A considerable amount A small amount None All

A considerable amount

Which statement is most accurate? A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years. A healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or AI of each vitamin on a daily basis.

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years

What are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin B-6 deficiency? Anemia Weight gain Convulsions Dermatitis

Anemia Convulsions Dermatitis

Why is a vitamin E deficiency rare? Because the healthy body stores the vitamin in body fat, skeletal muscle, and the liver Because many people supplement with large doses of vitamin E Because many foods are fortified with the vitamin

Because the healthy body stores the vitamin in body fat, skeletal muscle, and the liver

Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism. fatty acid protein glucose

glucose

The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the ______. brain spinal cord lungs heart

brain spinal cord

Three leading causes of cancer death for women are ______. breast cancer colorectum cancer lung and bronchus cancer pancreatic

breast cancer colorectum cancer lung and bronchus cancer

A meal that provides all of the essential amino acids without including animal protein consists of green peas. complementary combinations. fruit salad.

complementary combinations.

Several long-term studies have shown a(n) _______ relationship between vitamin K intake and the risk for osteoporosis.

inverse

In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ____ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher. equivalent more less

less

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy? heart kidneys liver muscle

liver

Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities? calcitonin cortisol epinephrine glucagon insulin thyroid hormone

cortisol epinephrine glucagon insulin thyroid hormone

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12? meat leafy greens poultry milk

meat poultry milk

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of thiamin. niacin. vitamin B-12. vitamin C.

niacin.

Vegetarians who do not consume fish may have difficulty obtaining ______. vitamin E beta carotene folate omega-3 fatty acids

omega-3 fatty acids

CCK signals the pancreas to secrete ______ lipase into the duodenum of the small intestine. hepatic gastric duodenal pancreatic

pancreatic

nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins Most foods contain some ______. protein calcium vitamin C omega-3 fatty acids

protein

The body can utilize ______________ for energy. protein minerals lipids vitamins carbohydrates alcohol

protein lipids carbohydrates alcohol

Combining certain plant food sources of protein to form complete proteins is called ______. plant complementation protein complementation complete protein and carbohydrate determination protein requirement determination

protein complementation

The ______ of a protein influences its function. repeatable patterns number of amino acids activity structure

structure

Vitamin B-12 absorbs more readily in its _____ form because the vitamin is not attached to an animal protein.

synthetic

Which form of vitamin B-12 is more readily absorbed? synthetic form of vitamin B-12 natural form of vitamin B-12

synthetic form of vitamin B-12

Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are

taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods.

Mitochondria are responsible for absorb macronutrients into the cytoplasm. transfer energy released to ATP. facilitates anabolism in storage cells. catabolize macronutrients.

transfer energy released to ATP. catabolize macronutrients.

After being digested, most amino acids are transported into absorptive cells excreted via feces further broken down in the colon

transported into absorptive cells

Which of the following substances are types of lipids? triglycerides glycogen cholesterol polypeptides amylase

triglycerides cholesterol

Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______. fed; fasted fasted; fed preabsorptive; absorptive

fed; fasted

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food? THFA homocysteine folic acid

folic acid

Vegans need to be concerned about getting an adequate intake of ______ because plant foods are not good food sources of this micronutrient.

vitamin B-12

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate? thiamin biotin vitamin B-12 vitamin B-6

vitamin B-12

Choose the true statements about vitamin D. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is considered a hormone Vitamin D comes only from animal food sources. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient.

Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is considered a hormone. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient.

Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover? acetone phenylalanine beta-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate

acetone

The American Cancer Society recommends you do the following in order to reduce cancer risk. become physically active avoid exposure to tobacco maintain a healthy weight increase red meat consumption

become physically active avoid exposure to tobacco maintain a healthy weight

The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______. create structural molecules synthesize hormones produce ATP convert to glucose and fatty acids synthesize enzymes

create structural molecules synthesize hormones synthesize enzymes

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ______. decrease increase

decrease

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ______. decrease remain the same increase

decrease

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for protein production. energy metabolism. fatty acid synthesis. glycogen breakdown.

energy metabolism. fatty acid synthesis.

Excess body fat around the midsection of the body is associated with ______. high triglyceride levels high HDL levels decreased risk for CVD high blood LDL cholesterol

high triglyceride levels high blood LDL cholesterol

Cardiovascular disease ______. includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels risk cannot be changed by following a healthier lifestyle occurs when arteries have a smooth lining

includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions? increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis increases glycogenesis

increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

Cardiovascular disease ______. occurs when arteries have a smooth lining risk cannot be changed by following a healthier lifestyle is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

In the United States, the average protein intake ______. is higher than the average carbohydrate intake is about 15 to 18% of total calories is about 1.44 g/kg body weight is higher than the average fat intake

is about 15 to 18% of total calories is about 1.44 g/kg body weight

Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate? acetyl CoA lactate CO2 lactic acid

lactate lactic acid

Registered dietitians now face the opportunity to better help people by providing them with standard dietary advice. personalized diet planning. fitness plans.

personalized diet planning

Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble. cholesterol triglycerides trans fats phospholipids

phospholipids

Common menu items can be converted to meatless dishes by adding eggs to the food. removing eggs in the baking process. removing meat, fish, or poultry.

removing meat, fish, or poultry.

Choose the true statements about amino acid derivatives. used to make specific blood proteins serve important physiological roles examples include creatine and melanin nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins

serve important physiological roles examples include creatine and melanin

Choose the true statements about amino acid derivatives. examples include creatine and melanin used to make specific blood proteins serve important physiological roles nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins

examples include creatine and melanin serve important physiological roles nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities. coenzymes enzymes nutrients hormones

hormones

How is a total parenteral solution administered? into a lymph vessel into a vein through the mouth into an artery

into a vein

Three leading causes of cancer death for men are ______. lung and bronchus pancreatic prostate colorectum

lung and bronchus prostate colorectum

The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are _____. stroke asthma heart disease obesity certain cancers osteoporosis

stroke heart disease obesity certain cancers

Choose the true statements about vitamins. Eating over a 1000 calories of one food is likely to produce a toxic effect. Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins. Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults. Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements.

Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins. Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults. Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements.

A diet adequate in _____________ is recommended for preventing neural tube defects.

folate

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?

folic acid

The British physician, James Lind, designed a very simple experiment that found a cure for

scurvy

Good sources of pantothenic acid are non-fortified cereals. sunflower seeds. mushrooms. chicken liver.

sunflower seeds. mushrooms. chicken liver.

Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day? The foods you eat on a daily basis provide all the vitamins you need each day. Your body can synthesize vitamin D. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. Body cells can store vitamins to some extent.

Your body can synthesize vitamin D. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. Body cells can store vitamins to some extent.

Choose the statements that are true about cancer. highly contagious a group of chronic diseases creates havoc to blood sugar levels occurs when damage occurs to genes

a group of chronic diseases occurs when damage occurs to genes

Cells require vitamins _________to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate.

B-12

Dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion are all signs of a vitamin ______ deficiency.

B-6

Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism? B-12 Thiamin B-6 Biotin

B-6

Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism? Thiamin B-6 Biotin B-12

B-6

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin? B-12 Folate Biotin Pantothenic acid

Biotin

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin? Folate Biotin Pantothenic acid B-12

Biotin

Pantothenic acid is a component of

Coenzyme A

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

True or false: Celiac disease and gluten sensitivity are the same condition.

False

True or false: Clinical studies have provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduct the risk of CVD.

False

True or false: In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine.

False

Choose the effects of alcohol on the body. Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers Improves nutrient absorption Increases fat deposits in abdominal region Interferes with nutrient absorption

Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers Increases fat deposits in abdominal region Interferes with nutrient absorption

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid? It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the acid end of the carbon chain. It contains three consecutive carbon-carbon double bonds within the carbon chain. It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

What British physician discovered a cure for Scurvy?

James Lind

Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy? Biotin Niacin Choline

Niacin

Which element is primarily lost through the elimination of urea and creatinine? Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Carbon

Nitrogen

Which naturally occurring food is 100% protein? Margarine, butter, and vegetable oils Prime rib and other beef products No naturally occurring food is 100% protein Soy products

No naturally occurring food is 100% protein

Which of the following cells do not contain protein? Cells made with collagen Skin, blood and bone cells None, all cells contain some protein Certain hormones, such as insulin and glucagon

None, all cells contain some protein

What is the primary site of vitamin absorption? Small intestine Large intestine Stomach Liver

Small intestine

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels? Steroids Aspirin Statins Antibiotics

Statins

Which cooking method best reduces fat intake? Breading Stir-frying Steaming Frying

Steaming

Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation? Stomach acid Water Heat

Stomach acid Heat

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E? Sunflower seeds and plant oils Meats and dairy products Processed grain products

Sunflower seeds and plant oils

What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out? Insulin begins to break down protein to convert into glucose. The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.

The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids? Cis Trans

Trans

Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density? Fructose Glucose Amino acids Triglycerides

Triglycerides

True or false: Every cell contains protein

True

True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

True

Which of the following are food sources of niacin? Spinach Tuna Salmon Beef liver

Tuna Salmon Beef liver

What are some food sources of riboflavin? Yogurt Spinach Pork Milk

Yogurt Spinach Milk

A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______. equivalent to 10 ounces of wine about two beers equivalent to 6 ounces of liquor a standard drink

a standard drink

Children and adults with PKU need to avoid foods that are rich sources of ______. saccharin FODMAPs hydroxylase enzyme phenylalanine

phenylalanine

The B vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins.

water-soluble

Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____. small intestine. large intestine. stomach. liver.

small intestine. stomach.

______________is more bioavailable than the naturally occurring folate.

Folic acid

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body? Dairy and vegetables Fruits and vegetables Grains and fruits Meats, nuts, and seeds

Fruits and vegetables

Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein? Selenium Hydrogen Oxygen Helium Carbon Nitrogen

Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins

Lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? Lipoprotein lipase Pancreatic lipase Glycolytic lipase

Lipoprotein lipase

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol? Lipoprotein lipase Bile Monoglycerides Chylomicron

Lipoprotein lipase

What are some good food sources of folate? Liver Milk and yogurt Asparagus Leafy vegetables

Liver Asparagus Leafy vegetables

How many calories are provided from 60 mg of vitamin C?

0

The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is ______. 1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively 1.6 g/day for both genders 16 g/day for both genders 16 g/day and 11 g/day, respectively

1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of energy from protein? 10-35% 15-40% 25-50% 5-15%

10-35%

Which of the following fuel sources would get metabolized first if ALL were present in the liver at the same time? Fatty acids Amino acids Glucose Alcohol

Alcohol

Choose the true statements about protein Proteins are organically similar to carbohydrates and lipids. All living organisms contain protein. Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins are organic molecules.

All living organisms contain protein. Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins are organic molecules.

What results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion? Celiac disease Allergy Protein energy malnutrition Osteoporosis

Allergy

What is the primary function of vitamin K? Nerve transmission Transfer of fat to the liver Blood clotting

Blood clotting

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? Choose lean meats Use drippings from the pan to make sauces and gravies. Trim fat Steam meats

Choose lean meats Trim fat Steam meats

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes? Enzymes cannot function without the presences of coenzymes. Enzymes and coenzymes most often work independently of one another. Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C? DNA synthesis Carbohydrate metabolism Collagen synthesis Immune system functioning

Collagen synthesis Immune system functioning

Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin D? Fatty fish Whole milk Cucumbers Skim milk

Cucumbers

Proteins are made in your body by following the code found in your _______________. mRNA tRNA RNA DNA

DNA

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your ____________________. DNA polypeptides skin deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

True or false: Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease.

False

The ______________-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted by the body, however, the kidney can filter excess ____________-soluble vitamins so they are eliminated in the urine.

Fat, water

Which of the following is true about vitamin K? Dairy products are good food sources Fruits and grains are good food sources. Green leafy vegetables are good food sources

Green leafy vegetables are good food sources

____________ is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood.

Homocysteine

What are some food sources of vitamin B-6? Meat Bread Liver Fish

Meat Liver Fish

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D? Milk Grapes Herring Salmon

Milk Herring Salmon

What are some signs and symptoms of rickets? Misshapen bones Muscle pain Tall stature Soft bones

Misshapen bones Muscle pain Soft bones

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts? Essential Limiting Nonessential Branched-chain

Nonessential

Which of the following is true about deamination? Occurs when the nitrogen-containing group is transferred to another substance to make an amino acid Once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton Occurs primarily in the liver A process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid

Once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton Occurs primarily in the liver A process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid

Which of the following is true about vitamin E? All forms of vitamin E are used by the body Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body

Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body

Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? People with fat malabsorption People who do not exercise frequently Older adults Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables

People with fat malabsorption Older adults Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables

Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols. Plant sterol intake poses the same heart health risks associated with cholesterol intake. Some plants actually contain cholesterol. Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties.

Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties.

What roles does vitamin D play in the body? Metabolism of calcium Maintenance of bones Production of epithelial cells Production of bones

Production of bones

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Trans

Saturated

What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production? The nitrogen group must be removed. Pyridoxal phosphate must be available. The amino acids must be in sequence. The body must be fasted.

The nitrogen group must be removed. Pyridoxal phosphate must be available.

______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.

Thiamin

Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates? Insulin Thyroid hormone Epinephrine Cortisol

Thyroid hormone

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body? Mineral Phytochemical Antioxidant Vitamin

Vitamin

Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes? Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin B

Vitamin B

Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin? Riboflavin Vitamin B-12 Folate Vitamin C

Vitamin B-12

______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.

Vitamin B-6

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin? Niacin Vitamin C Thiamin Choline

Vitamin C

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract? Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K Vitamin E

Vitamin K

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract? Vitamin D Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin A

Vitamin K

Celiac disease is a common inherited condition that results in poor ______ of nutrients from the small intestine. digestion recognition absorption

absorption

In the United States, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with alcoholism. heart disease. tryptophan metabolism disorder. anorexia nervosa.

alcoholism. tryptophan metabolism disorder. anorexia nervosa.

Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages. caffeine may make the person feel more alert caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol caffeine will speed up the metabolism of alcohol caffeine will lower the BAC

caffeine may make the person feel more alert caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol

Aging, family history, using tobacco, and being exposed to radiation are all risk factors for cancer. osteoporosis. pellagra. spina bifida.

cancer.

Which of the following is found only in plants? Multiple choice question. retinol carotenoids retinyl esters retinoids

carotenoids

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include taurine. carotenoids. vitamin C. phytochemicals.

carotenoids. vitamin C. phytochemicals.

Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids contain _____ which hides the yellow-orange pigment.

chlorophyll

Most gallstones are made of ______. cholesterol calcium sodium protein

cholesterol

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C? whole wheat bread citrus fruits strawberries broccoli bread

citrus fruits strawberries broccoli

When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its _____________

coenzymes

Choose the best ways to preserve the content of water-soluble vitamins in food. consuming fruits and vegetables with their skins cutting produce into small pieces to expose larger surface area cooking vegetables in small amounts of water cooking fruits and vegetables in their skins

consuming fruits and vegetables with their skins cooking vegetables in small amounts of water cooking fruits and vegetables in their skins

What increases a person's risk for a vitamin toxicity? consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods taking a "once daily" multivitamin supplement eating foods in their natural state taking a megadose of a vitamin

consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods taking a megadose of a vitamin

Gluten-free products that are not nutrient dense include fruit soybeans cookies potato chips

cookies potato chips

The process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called deamination. protein turnover. hydrogenation. transamination.

deamination.

The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________. muscle cells; fat cells glycogen stores; fat cells fat cells; glycogen stores cardiac cells; liver cells

fat cells; glycogen stores

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

Gluten-free products are not always healthier as some are high in fats. sodium. simple sugars. fiber.

fats. sodium. simple sugars.

Biotin's roles in the body includes ______. fatty acid synthesis glucose synthesis protein synthesis amino acid breakdown

fatty acid synthesis glucose synthesis amino acid breakdown

When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source. fatty acids protein glucose alcohol

fatty acids

Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______. fatty acids ketones glucose lactate

fatty acids glucose

Omega-3 fatty acids may need to be consumed from plant sources for those who do not eat milk. fish. steak

fish.

Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______. glucose fatty acids ketones lactate

glucose fatty acids

What transports glucose from the blood into the cell? electron transport chain Cori cycle glucose transport proteins Krebs cycle

glucose transport proteins

What transports glucose from the blood into the cell? glucose transport proteins Krebs cycle electron transport chain Cori cycle

glucose transport proteins

Intestinal enzymes are necessary to remove ___________ from naturally-occurring folate.

glutamates

Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.

have not

Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD? increase consumption of distilled spirits increasing dietary fiber reducing alcohol intake reducing intake of refined sugar

increasing dietary fiber reducing alcohol intake reducing intake of refined sugar

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include increasing your intake of whole grains. limiting consumption of red meat. increasing your intake of processed meat. increasing your intake of fruits.

increasing your intake of whole grains. limiting consumption of red meat. increasing your intake of fruits.

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include limiting consumption of red meat increasing your intake of whole grains. increasing your intake of fruits. increasing your intake of processed meat.

limiting consumption of red meat. increasing your intake of whole grains. increasing your intake of fruits.

ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism.

much less than

Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body? muscle adipose cells stomach liver

muscle adipose cells liver

Cancer is characterized by cells that have undergone damage or _________ to certain genes

mutations

People with a disorder that disrupts tryptophan metabolism may have a deficiency of __________

niacin

Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because _____ breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins. protein turnover deamination nitrogen equilibrium nitrogen balance

protein turnover

In most cases, an allergen is a(n) lipid. carbohydrate. protein.

protein.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the codes for making ______. proteins genes amino acids tRNA

proteins

The structure of hemoglobin is an example of the ______________________ structure tertiary quaternary primary secondary

quaternary

Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally.

reduce

Choose functions of pantothenic acid. helps with wound healing releases energy from macronutrients needed for fatty acid synthesis component of coenzyme A

releases energy from macronutrients needed for fatty acid synthesis component of coenzyme A

The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the ______.

spinal cord brain

High intake of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of cancers of the stomach. esophagus. skin. lungs.

stomach. esophagus. lungs.

A trans fatty acid is similar in structure to a saturated fatty acid because the hydrocarbon chain is relatively ______. jagged straight short long

straight

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include ______. cardiomyopathy stroke endocarditis heart disease

stroke heart disease

A total parenteral solution is a liquid mixture

that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally and is administered intravenously.

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the age of the individual. the specific amino acid. the need within the body.

the specific amino acid.

Although food insecurity exists in the United States, protein deficiency is present with high incomes. uncommon. present in specific population groups. common.

uncommon. present in specific population groups

An omega-3 fatty acid is saturated. unsaturated.

unsaturated.

Choose how nitrogen is lost from the body. urinary elimination loss of hair and nails when the food we eat is digested intestinal tract sheds cells

urinary elimination loss of hair and nails intestinal tract sheds cells

In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are

used as coenzymes.

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including ______. using energy to build new molecules mechanical breakdown of food during chewing any metabolic reactions that are not anabolic breaking down molecules to release energy

using energy to build new molecules breaking down molecules to release energy

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a vegan. fruitarian. lactoovovegetarian. vegetarian.

vegetarian.

The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of amino acids depends on how much time it takes to breakdown. the size of the amino acid. where it entered the catabolic pathway. the number of carbons in the molecule.

where it entered the catabolic pathway.

To make dishes with complementary combinations, a consumer must know which foods are high in nonessential amino acids. which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods. which plant foods are good sources of protein.

which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods. which plant foods are good sources of protein.

Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored? muscle brain liver skin

brain

When a protein is exposed to various conditions that cause it to alter its shape, the protein has undergone acidification. digestion. denaturation.

denaturation.

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your ____________________. deoxyribonucleic acid skin polypeptides DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Enzymes within the microvilli break down ______ to amino acids. triglycerides polypeptides di- and tripeptides

di- and tripeptides

Eating foods that are rich sources of _____ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels. trans fat tyrosine dietary fiber alcohol

dietary fiber

People with PKU need to avoid egg. rice. milk products. whole grains. meats.

egg. milk products. meats.

____________is a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin.

Riboflavin

Which of the following element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates? carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

nitrogen

Liver, meat, fish, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of ______.

vitamin B-6

Where does glycogenolysis occur liver muscle heart

liver

The percentage of adults who do not eat meat, fish or poultry is about ______. 1.3% 10.3% 3.3% 5.3%

3.3%

According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

50%

To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by ______. 0.8g 2.0g 1.0g 0.5g

0.8g

A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein? 100 grams 125 grams 75 grams 50 grams

100 grams

A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol. 13-14 9-10 21-22 5-6

13-14

_____ helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product.

Lecithin

Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism? Riboflavin Choline Biotin Folate

Riboflavin

Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body? Multiple choice question. vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E vitamin K

Vit E

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin B-6

Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D

Why is lecithin added to certain foods? to keep a food from becoming rancid to help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed to keep ingredients in a food separated to increase the shelf life of a food

to help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed

Which of the following is true about protein deficiency in the United States? It is uncommon. It is prevalent. It is a widespread concern that the US government is concerned about.

It is uncommon.

Which of the following cells do not contain protein? Skin, blood and bone cells None, all cells contain some protein Certain hormones, such as insulin and glucagon Cells made with collagen

None, all cells contain some protein

A high-protein diet is defined as a protein intake of ______. 12 to 15% of calories 10 to 35% of calories 20 to 35% of calories 15 to 18% of calories

20 to 35% of calories

Lipid storage diseases ______. cause steatorrhea lead to cholecystectomy, a surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder are lifestyle diseases that lead to an early death are genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells

are genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells

Choose the true statements about atherosclerosis and risk factors. atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease a risk factor is synonymous with the cause of the disease having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis

atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis

Factors associated with low vitamin D status include ______. drinking sodas less than once a week screentime more than 4 hours daily excess body fat drinking milk less than once a week

screentime more than 4 hours daily excess body fat drinking milk less than once a week

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar? Both contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Both have a bent shape. Both have a straight shape.

Both have a straight shape.

Choose the true statements about vitamin D. Vitamin D comes only from animal food sources. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Vitamin D is considered a hormone.

Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Vitamin D is considered a hormone.

What roles does vitamin A play in the body? Reduction of white blood cell production Cell growth Formation of epithelial cells Cell production

Cell growth Formation of epithelial cells Cell production

True or false: Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common.

False

What are the by-products of lipid digestion? Fatty acids Triglycerides Glycerol

Fatty acids Glycerol

Which of the following are risk factors for cancer? Using tobacco Aging Being very thin Family history

Using tobacco Aging Family history

Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______. have cystic fibrosis have type 2 diabetes have liver disease have a condition that impairs fat absorption

have cystic fibrosis have liver disease have a condition that impairs fat absorption

The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is insulin. norephinephrine. cortisol. epinephrine

insulin.

How is a total parenteral solution administered? into a vein into a lymph vessel through the mouth into an artery

into a vein

A common food additive added to certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called __________

lecithin

Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development. limit trans fat intake replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats ensuring that monounsaturated fat intake is at least 25% of total Calories reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories

limit trans fat intake replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories

Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____. vitamins lipids minerals carbohydrates

lipids

Three leading causes of cancer death for women are ______. lung and bronchus cancer breast cancer pancreatic colorectum cancer

lung and bronchus cancer breast cancer colorectum cancer

Vitamin E functions to ______. maintain immune system function protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes maintain nervous tissue initiate blood clotting factors

maintain immune system function protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes maintain nervous tissue

The direct benefits of physical activity include ______. maintaining a healthy body weight achieving healthy body weight reducing blood LDL cholesterol level reducing blood HDL cholesterol level

maintaining a healthy body weight achieving healthy body weight reducing blood LDL cholesterol level

Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous? makes the person feel more alert the caffeine will lower the BAC, yet the alcohol concentration is still high may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more

makes the person feel more alert may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat. carboxyl group nitrogen group R group

nitrogen group

Intolerance to wheat products, resulting in IBS-like symptoms is defined as ______. celiac disease PKU a food intolerance non-celiac gluten sensitivity

non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Excess amino acids may be ______. oxidized in the citric acid cycle excreted in the urine used to make glucose stored as protein

oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose

Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals? physical fitness hydration status body composition dietary intake

physical fitness body composition

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include phytochemicals. carotenoids. vitamin C. taurine.

phytochemicals. carotenoids. vitamin C.

Human cells obtain energy by producing heat from physical changes. creating bonds to link fuel molecules together. releasing chemical energy from macronutrients. storing glycogen in the liver.

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients.

Human cells obtain energy by storing glycogen in the liver. producing heat from physical changes. releasing chemical energy from macronutrients. creating bonds to link fuel molecules together.

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients.

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin? the nutrient can be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities if intake is not adequate the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods

the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? to provide building blocks for enzymes to provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

to provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

The classes of lipids include ______. triglycerides saturated fatty acids sterols phospholipids

triglycerides sterols phospholipids

Plant oils, such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing, are rich food sources of ______.

vitamin E

To make dishes with complementary combinations, a consumer must know which foods are high in nonessential amino acids. which plant foods are good sources of protein. which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods

which plant foods are good sources of protein. which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods.

A ______ risk of developing CVD is less than that of a ______ of the same age. woman's; man man's; woman

woman's; man