Nutrition Midterm
Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from cells and carries them to the liver to be recycled or disposed, and therefore is beneficial for health (i.e., "protective" against chronic disease risk)?
HDL
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are based on and apply to:
Healthy populations
Which of the blood lipids increase the risk of heart disease? (select 2)
High blood triglycerades, High Blood LDL cholesterol
During the early stages of fasting, which of the following does NOT occur:
Muscle protein is broken down and converted to glucose
Compared to carbohydrates and lipids, which element is unique to protein-containing molecules?
Nitrogen
Less than 30% of Americans are considered to be ______________________.
Normal Weight
Which component of energy expenditure is the easiest to change (for a fairly large effect)?
Physical Activity (PA)
Through condensation reactions, many amino acids are bound together to form what?
Polypeptide
Which fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, improve heart health, and are involved with structure and function of cells in the eyes and brain?
Polyunsaturated, Omega-3 fatty acids
Which of the following are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids? (Select 2)
Salmon & Flaxseed Oil
What is the process that uses circular muscle contractions to churn chyme with digestive juices and to increase contact with absorbing cells?
Segmentation
When dietary amino acids are low, the body begins breaking down proteins from what source?
Skeletal Muscle
Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?
Small Intestine
Since 2009, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?
Stayed Relatively the Same and has not Improved
Which intracellular pathway is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens and their electrons to generate ATP with each 'turn'?
TCA Cycle
Where are amino acids stored in the body (to use when needed)?
They are not stored anywhere; we have a limited 'pool' of amino acids to use each day
Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable (i.e. yummy) foods over-ride (i.e., over-power) our homeostatic satiety signals and stimulate reward-driven eating behavior.
True
The _____ is the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people, but beyond the maximum amount might be toxic.
UL
Which type of fatty acids have double bonded Carbons (and thus have fewer Hydrogens on their chemical backbone), and therefore help to reduce the risk of chronic disease?
Unsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following structures/cells contributes to the efficiency of the small intestine and allows for absorption of almost all macronutrients?
Villi
Which type of body fat storage contributes to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?
Visceral Fat
People who follow a strict plant-based diets (e.g. veganism) are more likely to have deficiencies or sub-optimal intakes of which nutrients? (Select 5)
Vitamin B12, Protein, Calcium, Vitamin D, Heme Iron
Under which circumstances does pyruvate become Acetyl CoA (select 4)?
When the electron transport chain can accept H In aerobic conditions During a long, slow race When energy needs to be sustained
Which of the following is an example of a health claim on a nutrition label?
"A diet low in total fat may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease."
Foods recommended within the 5 'healthy' food groups are considered to be ___________
(high) nutrient-dense but (low) energy-dense
The AMDR for protein is between
10-35% of total energy intake
The recommended fiber intake in adult women ages 19-50 years is 25 g/day, and the recommended fiber intake in adult men ages 19-50 years is 38 g/day.
25, 38
Triglycerides are made up of:
3 fatty acids and Glycerol "backbone"
Tony is a 5'8", 180 lb, active 26 year old male. What is his Estimated Energy Requirement (approximately)?
3200 kcals/day
What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?
50%
How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?
9 kcals
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming what percent of daily intake from saturated fats?
<10%
Health is compromised and chronic disease risk is increased in people with a low BMI beginning at <18.5 kg/m2 and a high BMI beginning at >24.9 kg/m2 .
<18.5 kg /m2 >24.9 kh / m2
What type of dietary pattern are most Americans consuming?
A nutrient-poor plant-based diet
The _____ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain health if the RDA can't be determined (due to lack of sufficient evidence).
AI
The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to transform energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?
ATP
What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?
Active Transport
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern should limit saturated fats, sodium, alcohol, and what else?
Added sugars
Which of the following are NOT considered one of the recommended 'healthy' food groups to consume (select 2)?
Alcohol & Sugar sweetened beverages
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Which protein sources generally have the highest protein quality?
Animal Sources
Nutrition recommendations continue to change. Why does this occur?
As new scientific evidence is reviewed, the recommendations are changed to reflect these updates.
When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select 2)
fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel) protein gets broken down to form glucose
Which of the following are considered to be polysaccharides? (Select 3)
fiber, glycogen, starch
Which specific carbohydrate has the following characteristics: 1) Most abundant monosaccharide in nature 2) Sometimes called blood sugar 3) Sometimes called dextrose (when manufactured) 4) Found in every polysaccharide and disaccharide
glucose
What is the storage form of energy in the body?
glycogen
A male waist circumference of 42.5 inches is considered ____________
higher than recommended, indicating increased risk for chronic disease.
Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable foods ________________ hedonic, reward-driven eating behavior?
increase
When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes insulin to promote glucose update into the cells. However, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes glucagon to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use.
insulin, glucagon
Complete the statement: without ______________, an enzyme cannot function.
it's coenzyme
When the body is in ketosis, initial weight loss can be attributed to:
loss of body fluids
_____________get absorbed from the small intestine to be transported into the blood stream, whereas _____________ move into the large intestine to be fermented by the gut bacteria.
monosaccharides & non-degistable (soluble) fiber
Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?
removes cholesterol from cells
Where does most of lipid digestion occur?
small intestine
Where does protein digestion occur?
small intestine and stomach
Which of the following locations does enzymatic (chemical) digestion of carbohydrates take place? (Select 2)
small intestine, mouth
What is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + fructose?
table sugar
Essential amino acids are those which:
the body needs but cannot synthesize
Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on identifying the nutrients found in foods and beverages and...
their actions within the body
What is the storage form of fat in adipose tissue?
triglycerides
What are the 3 types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
An experimental study examines the cause and effect of an intervention on a specific outcome.
true
Which of the following substances are inorganic (select 2)?
water & minerals
Which component makes up the greatest percentage of energy expenditure?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Which of the following provides carbohydrates in the diet?
all of these foods are sources of carbohydrates
Protein quality is based on what 2 factors? (select 2).
amino acid composition (focusing on the amount of essential amino acids) digestibility
Nutrition recommendations are often developed from the findings of a single study.
false
Which of the following statements are true of dietary protein amounts? (select 2)
Athletes should consume higher than the RDA (0.8 grams/kg body weight/day) but the amount depends on type and amount of exercise Eating above the RDA, between 1.2-1.6 grams of protein/kg body weight/day, is 'optimal' for several health benefits in most Americans
If someone is wanting to limit their animal-source food intake, which 2 plant foods could be combined to make a complete protein?
Beans, rice
Why should we still limit dietary cholesterol? (choose the 'most correct' response)
Because most foods high in cholesterol also are high in saturated fats (which are associated with increased risk).
What molecule helps to breakdown large fat globules into smaller droplets AND helps regulate cholesterol concentrations in the blood?
Bile
The hormone, ______, is secreted by the duodenum when fat & protein-rich chyme enters the duodenum (of the small intestine). When this occurs, the __________ is stimulated to release bile which begins to break down fat. In addition, bile also acts back on the duodenum cells to ____________ CCK secretion. This entire process is called a ____________.
CCK, Gall Bladder, decrease, negative feedback loop
Which of the following lists dietary fats in ascending order of saturated fat content (from lowest amount of saturated fat to highest)?
Canola Oil, olive oil, butter, coconut oil
What are the two main differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? (Select two)
Catabolic breaks down compounds, anabolic builds up compounds
Which of the following is not composed primarily of protein?
Cell Membrane Transporter
What type of digestion uses the various secretions of the GI tract to break down foods?
Chemical
Which of the following principles are important in establishing a healthy dietary pattern? (select 4)
Choose a variety of foods to consume within each food group Moderation is key when eating energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods Try to get your nutrients from foods, not supplements Pay attention to portion sizes and choose smaller sizes
If you have a fasting blood glucose of 180 mg/dL, what clinical range are you in?
Diabetes
_________ is the process of breaking food down into smaller molecules, whereas __________ is the process in which the smaller molecules are transported out of the GI tract and into the blood stream or lymph (for use by the body).
Digestion, Absorption
What is the final step of energy metabolism (in which ATP is generated)?
Electron Transport Chain
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the actions of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?
FFAs can be directly converted to glucose when needed
'Healthy at Every Size' is appropriate because health is based on body size alone.
False
All cholesterol, including dietary (from foods) and internally-made, is detrimental to health.
False
Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.
False
Lipids get packaged into micelles and are transported directly into the blood stream to be used for energy by the body.
False
Malnutrition ONLY refers to the inadequacy/deficiency in energy and/or nutrients.
False
Protein has only 1 role in the body and that is to build skeletal muscle.
False
Red and processed meats cause a shorter lifespan (i.e., increase risk of mortality) based on experimental studies.
False
Since the dietary guidelines limits the amount of total sugar intake to be <10% of daily calories, this means that intake of fruit, fruit juices, and milk should all be reduced.
False
The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.
False
True or false: both positive and negative energy balance can lead to long-term health problems.
False
Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, when consumed in excess, is stored most directly and most efficiently as body fat?
Fat
What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?
Fiber
Which disaccharide has the sweetest taste?
Fructose
Begins digestion via mastication Primary Site of Water Absorption Primary Site of Absorption of Macronutrients Main (temporary) food storage area that converts food to a semi-liquid (chyme) Tube transporting food (i.e., bolus) into the stomach
Mouth Large Intestine Small Intestine Stomach Esophagus
protect the cells of the GI tract break down foods into smaller molecules through hydrolysis signals to the gallbladder to release bile provide an acidic or basic environment to optimize digestion
Mucus Enzymes Hormones Chemicals
During the late stages of fasting, which of the following do NOT occur (select 2)
Muscle glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose. Liver glycogen is broken down and converted to glucose.
Which of the following compounds can go through catabolic reactions to release energy (in the form of ATP)? (Select all that apply)
Glucose, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids
Carbohydrates Triglycerides Proteins
Glusoce (and other monomers) Glycerol & fatty acids Amino Acids
When triglycerides are metabolized, glycerol is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas fatty acids is/are converted to acetyl CoA.
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates by splitting glucose molecules to form pyruvate?
Glycolosis
Hunger is stimulated by the hormone, _____________ , whereas satiation is stimulated by the hormone CCK and satiety is stimulated by the hormone, ______________ .
Grehlin, CCK, PYY
What is the most common sign of malnutrition due to protein deficiency?
Growth stunting
Physical sensations reflecting the urge to eat (including: light-headedness, weakness, stomach growling, and/or agitation) as a result of low energy intake represent ____________ signals and can determine when and how much a person eats.
Homeostatic, energy-sensing
Which of the following is a component of gastric juice? (READ CHOICES CAREFULLY)
Hydrochloric Acid (to decrease pH)
What is the Central Control Center for energy balance and weight management?
Hypothalamus (brain)
Allows chyme to enter into the large intestine & prevents it from going back into the small intestine Allows chyme to enter into the small intestine & opens/closes depending on the pH (acidity) levels Allows food to enter into the stomach & keeps gastric juices & chyme from going back into the esophagus (i.e., prevents GERD) Senses food and allows it to pass down the esophagus Controls the collection & excretion of stool
Ileocecal Value Pyloric Sphincter Lower Esophaegal Spchinter Upper Esophaegal Spchinter Anal Spchinter
Increased protein consumption has been shown to have which of the following health effects? (select 3)
Improve weight management Increase strength & performance Build muscle
A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 75 g of protein/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?
It's within the AMDR
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is increased with which of the following factors (select 3):
Lean mass (muscle), growth, caffeine
Which of the following statements are true about polyunsaturated fats? (Select 3)
Liquid at room temp, lowers LDL blood cholesterol, spoils easily
What organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients after they pass through the GI tract, and then prepares those nutrients for use in the body? (It also has numerous other jobs including filtering and detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile, etc.)
Liver
Where does the majority of protein and lipid metabolism occur?
Liver
All of the plant-based diets recommended within the Dietary Guidelines for Americans include ____________________
Mostly high quality plant-based plus some high-quality animal source foods.
A diet high in added sugars is considered to be 'unhealthy' and have low diet quality because the foods/beverages containing the added sugar are generally nutrient poor but energy dense and displace the consumption of nutrient dense foods.
True
Pyruvate can be used to make glucose.
True
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide food/beverage -based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.
True
The increased protein content of dairy and red meat is the main dietary factor that contributes to the health risks associated with these foods.
True
The vascular system is the only system that transports nutrients from the small intestine to various parts of the body.
True
True or False: Metabolism favors fat formation in the body when are nutrients are in excess.
True
Amino Acid metabolism produces a toxic chemical called ____________ which is converted to a non-toxic chemical called _____________ and excreted by the kidneys.
ammonia & urea
Which organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?
brain
What are the recommended dietary strategies for individuals with lactose intolerance? (Select 2)
consume yogurt or lactose-free milk gradually increase milk intake & conusme it with other foods
Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways (select 3):
enter the TCA cycle directly converted to pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA
