Nutrition Midterm Review

Bacteria in the colon protect people from some infections.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Beriberi is also called the thiamin-deficiency disease.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Consuming nutrient-dense foods can help control your kcalorie intake.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Fat can be made from an excess of any energy-yielding nutrient.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Ketones can meet some of the nervous system's energy needs.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

On a sensible weight-control program, meals and snacks should include whole-grain foods and fiber-rich vegetables.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Research supports the idea that vegetarians may actually be healthier than meat eaters.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

There is a correlation between high salt intake in people and high rates of hypertension.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

Whenever carbohydrate is available to the body, the human brain depends exclusively on it as an energy source.​ a. True b. False

a. (True)

​Hands should be washed with soap and water often during food preparation in order to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. a. True b. False

a. (True)

Excessive consumption of saturated fat or trans-fat may result in a. an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. b. reduced serum cholesterol levels. c. lower blood LDL levels. d. storage of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. e. weight loss due to poor absorption.

a. (an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.)

Complementary proteins: a. combine proteins from different foods to provide all essential amino acids. b. enhance the taste of food. c. decrease the loss of nitrogen from the body. d. must be consumed with fat in order to be used. e. increase the quality of the protein.

a. (combine proteins from different foods to provide all essential amino acids.)

In which of the following is water the least involved? a. converting lipids to amino acids b. acting as a lubricant around joints c. maintaining blood volume d. serving as a solvent for minerals and vitamins e. regulating body temperature

a. (converting lipids to amino acids)

During swallowing of food, which of the following prevents food from entering the lungs? a. epiglottis b. ileocecal valve c. pharynx d. lower esophageal sphincter e. appendix

a. (epiglottis)

What happens when blood glucose falls too low?​ a. ​Glucagon promotes breakdown of liver glycogen. b. ​Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver. c. ​Insulin promotes breakdown of muscle glycogen. d. ​Glucagon promotes breakdown of muscle glycogen. e. ​Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in the muscle

a. (glucagon promotes breakdown of liver glycogen)

Your client, Samantha, has been fasting to lose weight. Which of the following changes in her body would be least likely? a. increased body temperature b. loss of lean tissue c. disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance d. impairment of disease resistance e. increased metabolic rate

a. (increased body temperature)

Which of the following is the principal carbohydrate in milk?​ a. ​lactose b. ​sucrose c. ​maltose d. ​fructose e. ​galactose

a. (lactose)

The microscopic hairs that cover the surface of each cell lining the small intestine are called: a. microvilli. b. intestinal folds. c. villi. d. chylomicrons. e. lymphatics.

a. (microvilli.)

Which vitamin can be used as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of high cholesterol?​ a. ​niacin b. ​thiamin c. ​vitamin C d. ​vitamin E e. ​vitamin K

a. (niacin)

Which enzyme breaks down starch in the mouth? a. salivary amylase b. lingual protease c. lipase d. secretin e. gastric protease

a. (salivary amylase)

The theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls is referred to as: a. set-point theory. b. obesogenic theory. c. genetics. d. environmental stimuli. e. learned behavior.

a. (set-point theory. )

The FDA advises consumers that: a. they should be suspicious of product claims that use impressive-sounding medical terms. b. products based on "ancient remedies" are preferable to those based on modern "scientific breakthroughs." c. a product that is labeled as "natural" and "non-toxic" is always safe to use. d. personal testimonials effectively back up scientific validity. e. an offer of a "money-back" guarantee from the manufacturer means the product is more likely to be effective.

a. (they should be suspicious of product claims that use impressive-sounding medical terms.)

What is gastric juice composed of? a. water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid b. hydrochloric acid, bile, and enzymes c. enzymes, water, and pancreatic acid d. hydrochloric acid, insulin, and bile e. chylomicrons, water, and bile

a. (water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid)

Which of the following would not be considered a fat-soluble vitamin?​ a. ​vitamin C b. ​vitamin A c. ​vitamin E d. ​vitamin K e. ​vitamin D

a. (​vitamin C)

What is the Dietary Reference Intake for dietary fiber?​ a. ​25-35 grams per day b. ​70-80 grams per day c. ​35-50 grams per day d. ​15-25 grams per day e. ​10-15 grams per day

a. ​(25-35 grams per day)

Limiting their intake of high-GI foods can benefit those who are at risk for which disease?​ a. ​diabetes b. ​infectious disease c. ​migraine headaches d. ​Crohn's disease e. ​arthritis

a. ​(diabetes)

Which of the following foods would you recommend to someone interested in lowering his or her blood cholesterol level?​ a. ​oatmeal b. ​pork c. ​strawberries d. ​wheat bread e. ​almonds

a. ​(oatmeal)

What vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?​ a. ​vitamin B12 b. ​vitamin B6 c. ​riboflavin d. ​thiamin e. ​folate

a. ​(vitamin B12)

The UL for sodium intake for adults is set at: a. 1500 mg. b. 2300 mg. c. 500 mg. d. 3000 mg. e. 1200 mg.

b. (2300 mg)

An excess intake of protein can never lead to becoming overweight.​ a. True b. False

b. (False)

Minerals and water are organic and yield energy in the human body.​ a. True b. False

b. (False)

A person must have water in his or her diet: a. in order to prevent water intoxication. b. because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes. c. because the kidneys exert no control over the amount of water excreted in the urine. d. to prevent vitamin imbalances in the body. e. in order to take in minerals.

b. (because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes.)

After absorption, the water-soluble nutrients are released directly into the: a. lymph. b. bloodstream. c. kidneys. d. liver. e. villi.

b. (bloodstream)

Energy is stored in the body for future use as: a. glycerol. b. body fat. c. nitrogen. d. lecithin. e. fatty acids.

b. (body fat)

Mucus in the stomach serves to: a. emulsify fats. b. coat and protect stomach cells from gastric juices. c. neutralize stomach acid. d. collect bacteria. e. activate pepsinogen to pepsin.

b. (coat and protect stomach cells from gastric juices.)

Enzymes: a. are present in all parts of the GI tract. b. facilitate chemical reactions. c. are changed during digestion. d. encourage bacterial growth. e. draw water into the small intestine.

b. (facilitate chemical reactions.)

Weight-loss advice applies equally to all overweight people.​ a. True b. False

b. (false)

The main route for excretion of cholesterol from the body is a. through the skin. b. in the feces. c. no excretion; it is all reused by the body. d. via the lungs. e. in the urine.

b. (in the feces.)

Protein is: a. made up of branches of amino acids combined with branches of glucose. b. made up of 20 different amino acids. c. unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains oxygen. d. important primarily because it builds strong bones and teeth. e. made up of a triglyceride backbone.

b. (made up of 20 different amino acids.)

A major reason why people must have sufficient carbohydrate and fat in the diet is to a. stimulate the breakdown of body protein for energy. b. prevent the breakdown of body protein for energy. c. stimulate the synthesis of essential amino acids. d. supply the brain with its preferred energy source. e. prevent the loss of essential fatty acids.

b. (prevent the breakdown of body protein for energy. )

Foods such as potato chips, candy, and colas are called empty-kcalorie foods because they: a. are lacking in calories. b. provide calories but few nutrients. c. should be eaten in moderation. d. are inexpensive. e. contain very little fat.

b. (provide calories but few nutrients.)

Elevated HDL concentrations are associated with a low risk of heart disease because they: a. carry lipids around in the blood more often than LDL. b. scavenge excess cholesterol and phospholipids from the tissues and return them to the liver. c. carry cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the rest of the body. d. are a more complex type of cholesterol. e. transport newly absorbed lipids from intestinal cells to the rest of the body.

b. (scavenge excess cholesterol and phospholipids from the tissues and return them to the liver. )

Fats present in the GI tract: a. stimulate and hasten digestion and absorption. b. slow down the process of digestion and absorption. c. cause GI inflammation. d. are carriers of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. e. cause difficulty in digestion.

b. (slow down the process of digestion and absorption)

Villi are part of the structure of the: a. large intestine. b. small intestine. c. colon. d. esophagus. e. stomach

b. (small intestine.)

The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is: a. calcium. b. sodium. c. potassium. d. chlorine. e. magnesium.

b. (sodium.)

Visible fats include the fats in: a. fried foods. b. steak. c. ice cream. d. sour cream. e. biscuits

b. (steak.)

Identify the food group that is the best source of beta-carotene.​ a. ​fats and oils group b. ​vegetable group c. ​protein foods group d. ​milk group e. ​grain group

b. (vegetable group)

Which of the following foods is low in sodium?​ a. ​bologna b. ​fresh carrots c. ​pickles d. ​pizza e. ​processed cheese

b. (​fresh carrots)

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles when: a. excessive fat is present in the blood. b. excessive glucose is present in the blood. c. vigorous muscular activity has just ended. d. starvation conditions are present. e. excessive cholesterol is present in the blood.

b. excessive glucose is present in the blood.

Sarah is trying to lose 10 pounds. Which of the following would you suggest?​ a. ​Reduce your kcalorie intake by 100-200 kcalories a day and engage in 15 minutes of exercise per day. b. ​Reduce your kcalorie intake by 300-500 kcalories a day and engage in at least 250 minutes of physical activity per week. c. ​Cut carbohydrates completely from your diet and apply fat-burning cream to your skin daily. d. ​Ask your physician for a prescription for orlistat. e. ​Replace two meals a day with a bowl of cereal.

b. ​(Reduce your kcalorie intake by 300-500 kcalories a day and engage in at least 250 minutes of physical activity per week.)

After absorption, the larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins are first released into which transport system? a. ​mesentery b. ​lymphatic c. ​cardiovascular d. ​vascular e. ​excretory

b. ​(lymphatic)

All of the following nutrients are organic EXCEPT: a. vitamins. b. protein. c. minerals. d. fat. e. carbohydrates.

c. (Minerals)

Which of the following foods would take the most time to digest? a. a green salad with low-fat salad dressing b. a cup of green beans c. a grilled steak d. a piece of toast with strawberry jam e. a piece of cake with frosting

c. (a grilled steak)

Chyme is: a. successive waves of involuntary muscular contractions passing along the wall of the GI tract. b. an enzyme in the stomach needed for the digestion of protein. c. a semiliquid mass of partially digested food. d. an esophageal secretion. e. a portion of food swallowed at one time.

c. (a semiliquid mass of partially digested food.)

Iron is important in the body because it is: a. needed for blood clotting. b. an integral part of bones and teeth. c. an integral constituent of hemoglobin. d. necessary for digestion of protein. e. an antioxidant.

c. (an integral constituent of hemoglobin.)

The main function of bile is to: a. stimulate the activity of protein digestive enzymes. b. neutralize the intestinal contents. c. emulsify fats. d. decrease the acidity of the contents of the stomach. e. stimulate vitamin-producing bacteria.

c. (emulsify fats)

Another name for the digestive tract is the: a. gastroesophageal system. b. urinary tract. c. gastrointestinal tract. d. exocrine system. e. muscular system.

c. (gastrointestinal tract.)

Which enzymes digest fats in the mouth, stomach, and intestine?​ a. ​cholecystokinins b. ​phosphatases c. ​lipases d. ​amylases e. ​bile acid

c. (lipases)

Excess glucose in the blood is converted into glycogen and stored primarily in the: a. blood cells and brain. b. brain and liver. c. liver and muscles. d. pancreas and brain. e. brain and muscles.

c. (liver and muscles.)

Electrolytes in the body function to: a. synthesize protein. b. increase cell division. c. maintain fluid balance. d. stimulate enzyme action. e. maintain the health of cell membranes.

c. (maintain fluid balance.)

An essential amino acid: a. is not necessary to the diet. b. can be made from glucose in the body. c. must be supplied by the diet. d. can be made from fat in the body. e. includes alanine

c. (must be supplied by the diet.)

Overconsumption of the water-soluble vitamins will likely result in: a. no apparent change, because they are stored in the adipose tissues. b. toxic accumulation in the liver. c. no apparent change, because they are excreted. d. a deficiency, because excess vitamins will be excreted. e. a reserve supply, which will aid in the prevention of colds and infections.

c. (no apparent change, because they are excreted.)

Warning signs of an unsound weight-loss program include: a. a diet that limits added sugars and alcohol. b. a diet that provides at least 1200 kcalories. c. requirements to purchase a particular brand of foods/supplements. d. encouragement to pursue physical activity. e. recommendations to consume ordinary foods

c. (requirements to purchase a particular brand of foods/supplements.)

Fiber functions to: a. aid in the absorption of vitamins. b. produce bacteria in the small intestine. c. stimulate the GI tract muscles. d. stimulate the absorption of nutrients. e. increase water absorption by the digestive tract.

c. (stimulate the GI tract muscles.)

Which of these foods would be digested most quickly? a. stew and cornbread b. peanut butter sandwich and milk c. sugar cookies d. hamburger, French fries, and milkshake e. steak and baked potato

c. (sugar cookies)

Which of the following foods best exemplifies the Mediterranean culture?​ a. ​rice, pineapple, chicken, chili peppers b. tortillas, corn, avocado, refried beans​ c. tomatoes, olives, fish, mozzarella cheese d. ​black-eyed peas, biscuits, peaches, beef e. ​soybeans, squid, rice, peanuts

c. (tomatoes, olives, fish, mozzarella cheese

Of all the nutrients, which is the easiest for the body to store as fat?​ a. ​protein b. ​minerals c. ​fat d. ​vitamins e. ​carbohydrates

c. (​fat)

Which of these foods are richest in potassium?​ a. ​meats and meat substitutes b. ​bread and cereals c. ​fresh fruits and vegetables d. ​milk and dairy products e. ​fatty fish

c. (​fresh fruits and vegetables)

Which of the following groups of people would have the lowest sodium intakes?​ a. ​those on a low carbohydrate diet b. ​those who eat mostly processed foods c. ​those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods d. ​those who avoid adding salt to their food e. ​those who exercise strenuously on a regular basis

c. (​those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods)

A person is in positive nitrogen balance during: a. old age. b. an infection. c. growth. d. adulthood. e. exercise.

c. growth.

What is the protein RDA for adults in gram(s) per kilogram of body weight?​ a. ​0.4 b. ​2.0 c. ​0.8 d. ​1.0 e. ​0.5

c. ​(0.8)

The hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water rather than excrete it is: a. renin. b. cortisone. c. epinephrine. d. ADH. e. thyroxine.

d. (ADH.)

Consumers who take vitamin/mineral supplements should be aware that excessive intakes can pose hazards and refer to which values of the Dietary Reference Intakes? a. Adequate Intake (AI) b. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) c. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) d. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) e. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

d. (Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL))

Peristalsis is a term that refers to the: a. mixing and moving of food through the lymphatic system. b. last phase of digestion. c. circulation of blood in the blood vessels. d. action of the involuntary muscles of the digestive tract. e. absorption of nutrients in the intestines.

d. (action of the involuntary muscles of the digestive tract.)

Soluble fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by: a. reducing bile excretion. b. slowing glucose absorption. c. preventing the production of bile. d. binding cholesterol and carrying it out of the body with the feces. e. converting cholesterol into vitamin D.

d. (binding cholesterol and carrying it out of the body with the feces.)

Nutrient-dense foods: a. contain an excess of added sugars. b. contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. c. carry nutrient labeling information. d. deliver the most nutrients for the smallest number of kcalories. e. are iron rich.

d. (deliver the most nutrients for the smallest number of kcalories.)

Extra virgin olive oil is an excellent choice as a replacement for butter because: a. it is lower in kcalories than butter. b. it only delivers 4 kilocalories per gram. c. it has a less bitter flavor than lighter oils. d. its phytochemicals interfere with the inflammatory process. e. its monounsaturated fats lower HDL cholesterol.

d. (its phytochemicals interfere with the inflammatory process.)

Foods richest in carbohydrates include: a. pork chops, almonds, and spinach. b. mayonnaise, butter, and salad dressing. c. milk, nuts, and oils. d. rice, broccoli, and apples. e. eggs, cheese, and milk.

d. (rice, broccoli, and apples)

Choose the ultra-processed food that should be eaten sparingly. a. oils, fats, flours, and refined starches b. milk, yogurt, cheese, and eggs c. fruit, meat, nuts, and fish d. soft drinks, corn chips, and toaster pastries e. vegetables, legumes, fruit, seafood, eggs, and nuts

d. (soft drinks, corn chips, and toaster pastries)

When carbohydrate consumption exceeds body needs, the excess glucose is: a. stored as glucose. b. stored as glycogen only. c. not absorbed from the small intestine. d. stored as glycogen and fat. e. excreted in the feces.

d. (stored as glycogen and fat.)

Bob is reviewing information about a new supplement. Which of the following would be considered valid information and not a quackery warning sign?​ a. ​"cures all ailments" b. ​personal testimonials c. ​"quick and easy fix guaranteed" d. ​an abstract published on the NLM's PubMed website e. ​a simple conclusion drawn from a complex study

d. ​(an abstract published on the NLM's PubMed website)

Beta-carotene prevents which of the following from damaging cells?​ a. ​calciferol b. ​blood clots c. ​vitamin E d. ​free radicals e. ​antioxidants

d. ​(free radicals)

​You are searching the Internet for a credible source of nutrition information. Which of the following would be your best option? a. ​multi-level marketing company that sells supplements. b. ​popular fitness magazine. c. ​national health food store chain. d. ​government health agency. e. ​a site that requires your credit card for access

d. ​(government health agency.)

Compared to carbohydrate, fat is: a. cancerous. b. a faster source of energy. c. a less concentrated form of energy. d. not useful for providing energy. e. a more concentrated form of energy.

e. (a more concentrated form of energy)

A bolus is a(n): a. portion of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. b. enzyme that hydrolyzes starch. c. sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine. d. blockage that closes off the trachea to prevent choking. e. portion of food swallowed at one time.

e. (a portion of food swallowed at one time)

The first signs of vitamin C deficiency appear in the: a. digestive system. b. hair. c. bones. d. fingernails. e. blood vessels.

e. (blood vessels)

The best way to ensure an adequate intake of trace minerals is to: a. practice dietary adequacy. b. make sure your diet is sufficient in vitamins. c. consume supplements. d. eat foods containing the major minerals. e. consume a variety of foods.

e. (consume a variety of foods.)

Alcohol: a. promotes maintenance and repair in the body. b. is a phytochemical. c. is a nutrient. d. is not metabolized into energy. e. contributes to body fat

e. (contributes to body fat)

Whole grains, vegetables, and fruits are rich sources of: a. sucrose. b. protein. c. glycogen. d. fat. e. dietary fiber.

e. (dietary fiber)

The best way to reap the benefits of phytochemicals is by: a. taking a variety of supplements. b. frequently consuming manufactured functional foods. c. increasing your consumption of animal foods. d. avoiding eggs. e. eating a variety of plant foods.

e. (eating a variety of plant foods.)

Which of the following is the body's major metabolic organ that works like a chemistry lab making substances that the body needs to survive? a. small intestine b. heart c. pancreas d. gallbladder e. liver

e. (liver)

The liver: a. reabsorbs water and salts. b. performs enzymatic digestion. c. churns food to chyme. d. stores bile. e. makes bile.

e. (makes bile.)

Identify the correct order of the digestive tract from beginning to end. a. stomach, mouth, large intestine b. pharynx, rectum, stomach c. lower esophageal sphincter, esophagus, rectum d. pharynx, large intestine, pyloric sphincter e. mouth, stomach, anus

e. (mouth, stomach, anus)

The vitamin D-deficiency disease of children is: a. osteomalacia. b. osteoporosis. c. xerophthalmia. d. skin cancer. e. rickets.

e. (rickets)

The largest percentage of sodium in people's diets comes from: a. fresh fruits and vegetables. b. salt added during cooking. c. the natural salt content of foods. d. salt added at the table. e. salt added to foods by manufacturers.

e. (salt added to foods by manufacturers.)

The most reliable food source of chloride is: a. milk and milk products. b. dark green vegetables. c. drinking water. d. meats and whole-grain cereals. e. salt.

e. (salt)

The primary site of nutrient absorption is the: a. large intestine. b. mouth. c. stomach. d. pancreas. e. small intestine.

e. (small intestine).

The formation of collagen requires an adequate intake of: a. vitamin K. b. folate. c. vitamin E. d. biotin. e. vitamin C.

e. (vitamin C.)

A good indicator of fat distribution on an individual is: a. hip circumference. b. BMI. c. body weight. d. visual assessment. e. waist circumference.

e. (waist circumference.)