Nutrition Module 11 - energy (week of october 30th)
The category of BMI that is a major health risk is termed ___ obese.
Blank 1: severely, morbidly, extremely, morbid, clinically, class III, or class 3
Which of the following hormones inhibits hunger?
Cholecystokinin Peptide YY Leptin
Which of the following can contribute to the development of an eating disorder?
Issues of self esteem Social media Peer and family pressure
Choose the formula that is used to predict the BMR for people with excess body fat.
Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
______ is considered having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat and/or body water; whereas, ______ is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.
Overweight; obesity
_______ energy balance typically occurs during periods of growth; whereas ______ energy balance occurs during weight loss.
Positive; negative
How is resting metabolic rate (RMR) different from basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
RMR is higher
A person's ____ is about 10% higher than his or her ___. (It is acceptable to use abbreviations for this answer.)
RMR; BMR
LAP-BAND
The LAP-BAND procedure reduces the stomach capacity, but does not bypass any part of the small intestine.
Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body?
Thermogenesis
Which of the following can be used to estimate body volume?
Underwater weighing Air displacement
VLCD
Very-low-calorie diets limit calorie intake to 400 - 800 kcal/d by replacing meals with liquid formulas.
Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.
absorption of nutrients digestion of nutrients physical activity
The method of measuring calorie expenditure during physical activity based on changes in speed and direction is called
accelerometry
The following factor(s) can affect actual energy requirements ______.
age height weight
When calculating your estimated energy requirement, you will need to incorporate your ______.
age weight height
The BOD POD is an example of
air displacement.
When woman with anorexia nervosa's estrogen levels decline and she fails to have her menstrual period for 3 months or longer, she is displaying a condition called
amenhorrea
The psychological disorder characterized by self-imposed starvation that results in malnutrition and severe weight loss is called
anorexia nervosa
Eating large amounts of food in a short time period is called ______.
binge eating
What are the three main types of eating disorders that physicians can diagnose?
binge eating disorder bulimia nervosa anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is charcterized by
binge eating. purging.
The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as
bioelectric impedance.
The psychological condition characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors is called
bulimia nervosa
____ is a measurement of heat energy, which can be measured via direct and indirect methods.
calorimetry
Efforts to prevent eating disorders in high risk individuals should focus on
challenging the concept that "thin is ideal". body acceptance. improving self confidence.
The form of behavioral therapy used in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder that addresses unhealthy behaviors by challenging current beliefs and replacing them with more realistic thoughts is called ____ ____ therapy.
cognitive behavioral
Which of the following is associated with disordered eating?
concerns about body image skipping meals or following fad diets
Total body fat includes ______.
essential fat adipose tissue
essential fat
fat that is vital for survival; found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous system tissue
After a binge, people with bulimia nervosa
feel depressed. feel guilty.
positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ____ energy output.
greater than
Choose the true statements about mindfulness.
has been shown to be moderately effective for weight loss involves formal meditation practice and informal daily mindfulness practices may reduce emotional eating
Risk factors for eating disorders include
having a history of frequent dieting. having a poor self-image and low self-esteem. having a perfectionist personality.
Which of the following contribute to basal metabolism ______.
heart function activity of the liver, brain, and kidney respiration of the lungs
ghrelin hormone secreted by the stomach and other tissues that stimulates eating
praeder willi
The hypokalemia observed in people suffering from bulimia nervosa can be caused by
self-induced vomiting. abuse of diuretics.
Harris-Benedict equation
the equation used for people who do not have excess body fat.
______ fat forms a protective structure under the abdominal muscle whereas ______ fat holds skin in place.
visceral; subcutaneous
Heart rate monitors usually ______.
are less complicated than other TEE methods can be used outside a laboratory setting
When compared to direct methods of measuring energy expenditure, indirect methods ______.
are relatively inexpensive involve minimal equipment
The best approach to preventing the female ______ ____ is to provide information about the disorder to parents and those in sports who associate with young women, such as coaches and trainers.
athlete triad
A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of _____.
body fat
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
body's rate of energy use after resting and eating
night eating syndrome (NES)
episodic food binges that are not followed by purging; binges take place after the evening meal and when the person wakens from sleep during the night
Low energy availability is associated with a(an)
estrogen deficiency
People with muscle dysmorphia
exercise obsessively. are usually male. are often body builders.
obesogenic environment
external conditions that promote excessive weight gain
A trendy weight-loss practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix", often offering gimmicks or supplements, is called a ___ diet.
fad
The best way to lose weight and keep it off is to follow a low-carbohydrate, high fat diet, such as the Atkins diet. True False
false
Young men are more likely to develop eating disorders than young women. True False
false
Pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance.
false Reason: It is appropriate for a person to gain weight (positive energy balance) during pregnancy. During pregnancy a surplus of calories supports the growing fetus.
The two-component model includes
fat-free mass. fat mass.
Which hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis, and promotes the production of new fat cells?
insulin
obesity
is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.
The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that Multiple select question.
it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals. it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass.
The onset of the first menstrual cycle for female adolescents is called
menarche
The optimal treatment of eating disorders requires a multidisciplinary team of experts in the following fields:
mental health. nutrition. medicine.
All of the following will increase an individual's BMR except ______. larger surface area (e.g., tall height) stress starvation high fever
starvation
Choose the factors that will increase a person's basal metabolic rate.
stress post-exercise recovery lactation
People can determine whether they have an unhealthy amount of body fat by measuring their waistline. True False
true
People with anorexia nervosa can die as a result of the condition. True False
true
Someone who is obese or overweight can have an eating disorder. True False
true
The technique used to measure the difference between the weight on a standard scale and that during submersion in water is called
underwater weighing (or hydrostatic) technique of estimating body composition based on differences in density between fat mass and lean mass compared to water
Choose the accurate statements that explain why energy balance is a complex process.
weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses
According to the physical activity guidelines, adults should perform ______ to ______ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity to prevent weight gain. Multiple choice question.
150; 250
Between 2017 and 2018, approximately ______ of American adults over age 20 years were either obese or extremely obese.
50%
Which psychological factors often accompany eating disorders?
Anxiety disorders Mood disorders
Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day?
Basal metabolism Physical activity Thermic effect of food
Which of the following is not a method used to measure body fat?
Body mass index
Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation?
Energy input = Energy output
Energy ________ occurs when calorie intake matches calorie expenditure.
Energy occurs when calorie intake matches calorie expenditure.
Andy weighs 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about ______.
Reason: (220 lbs x 703) / (72" x 72") = 29.8, round up to 30
Common surgical approaches to treating obesity include ______.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Banding Sleeve gastrectomy
Which of the following is a surgical method of inducing weight loss that involves reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing part of the small intestine? Multiple choice question.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following?
Values apply to both men and women. It is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity. It is easy and convenient to use.
You are more likely to develop the female athlete triad if you are
a gymnast
Some common physiological consequenences of anorexia nervosa are
a weakened immune system. dehydration. low heart rate lanugo
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ____ of nutrients.
absorption digestion processing
Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are more likely to occur during which stage of growth?
adolescence
When is a positive energy balance not healthy?
adulthood
____________ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
anorexia nervosa
Choose the types of medications that may be used for treating eating disorders.
antipsychotics antidepressants mood stabilizers
Types of psychological disorders seen in people with anorexia nervosa include
anxiety. depression. obsessive compulsive disorders.
A person with central-body obesity has a body that is ______ shaped and a person with lower-body fat distribution has a body that is ______ shaped.
apple; pear
_____ medicine is the medical specialty that focuses on the treatment of obesity.
bariatric
The physiological consequences of repeated binging and purging include
bleeding of the esophagus. infected salivary glands.
What are functions of insulin, glucagon, and amylin?
blood sugar regulation influences appetite
The hypokalemia observed in people suffering from bulimia nervosa can result in
cardiac arrhythmias. an increased risk of sudden death. skeletal muscle damage.
Binge-eating disorder, Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are all examples of
eating disorders
Psychological disturbances that can lead to abnormal food-related behaviors and subsequent dangerous physiological complications are called
eating disorders
Treatment of the female athlete triad strives to create a state of
energy equilibrium.
The calories that cells use to carry out their activities is called ______.
energy output
Choose the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating.
ghrelin
The hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating behavior and promotes energy storage is called
ghrelin
The pancreatic hormones that regulate blood glucose and influence appetite include
glucagon. insulin. amylin.
Obese individuals often have _______ medical care costs than people with healthy body weights.
greater
Female athletes have a _______ risk of disordered eating practices compared to males and females who do not participate in sports. Multiple choice question.
higher
Choose characteristics of an obesogenic environment.
highly processed food stressful social pressures easy access to high-calorie foods that have low nutrient density
Choose factors that increase body fat accumulation.
hormonal imbalance sleep deprivation high stress
What are two physical sensations that occur to help regulate eating behavior?
hunger pains stomach expansion
The rapid loss of electrolytes and fluids due to purging in bulimia nervosa can cause low blood levels of potassium, a condition known as
hypokalemia
Increasing your physical activity will _____ how many calories you burn.
increase
Lean body mass, increased body surface area, and excess thyroid hormone all ______ the basal metabolic rate.
increase
The percentage of obese American adults has ______ from 2000 to 2017.
increased
Treatments for eating disorders can occur in which settings?
inpatient hospitalization outpatient care with counseling
An adipokine (a group of hormones secreted by fat cells) that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called
leptin
A person taking a inhibitor for weight loss often takes a multiple vitamin supplement to replace fat-soluble vitamins lost when fat digestion is reduced by 30%.
lipase
Choose the weight-loss medication currently approved by FDA for weight loss.
lipase inhibitor
Females exhibiting the female athlete triad may intentionally restrict their calorie intake to
lose weight. improve athletic performance. maintain a lean physique.
The three interrelated components of the female athlete triad are Multiple select question.
low energy availability. reduced bone mineral density. menstrual disturbances.
In order to diagnose a patient with anorexia nervosa, health care providers look for changes in body ______ _____ (BMI) and body _____ over time.
mass index; composition
Supportive activities used in the treatment of patients with eating disorders are
massage. movement therapy. yoga.
Genetic factors that can play a role in the development of obesity include:
metabolic rate hormone production body frame
What mechanisms make energy balance complex?
metabolic rates differ adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person hormone levels influence weight loss
Choose factors that decrease body fat accumulation.
mindful eating practices physical activity healthy sleep
Binge-eating disorder may be ________ common than anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa
more
Children are ____ likely to become overweight or obese if their mothers were overfat prior to becoming pregnant.
more
People with a mother or sister with anorexia nervosa are ______ likely to develop an eating disorder themselves.
more
An environment that promotes excessive weight gain is called a(n) ______ environment.
obesogenic
The form of disordered eating in which an individual becomes extremely obsessed with eating healthy foods is called
orthorexia nervosa
When energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in ______ energy balance.
positive
Parents who have healthy eating behaviors and have a positive attitude about their bodies can help _______ the development of eating disorders in their children.
prevent
To optimize the effectiveness of prescription medications, ______ should accompany their use.
psychological counseling
Choose the weight-loss practices that will help a person achieve a weight-loss.
reduce intake of ultra-processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and sugars reduce calorie intake by 500 to 750 kcal/day assessing hormone levels that are known to affect body weight
Physiological consequences of low estrogen levels include
reduced bone mass. menstrual disturbances.
which of the following contribute to basal metabolism ______.
respiration of the lungs activity of the liver, brain, and kidney heart function
The _____ metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.
resting
As people age, they often lose lean muscle tissue. The loss of muscle tissue is called
sarcopenia
adipose tissue
specialized connective tissue comprised of fat cells that function in fat storage
The goal of a person with orthorexia nervosa is to
strive for a perfect diet.
Characteristics of parents that foster the development of eating disorders in their children include
teasing their children about their weight. being overly focused on their weight.
Young anorexics are more likely to recover if
they do not purge or binge eat. they get early treatment. they do not consume alcohol.
Scientists use calorimetry information to estimate ______.
total energy expenditures basal expenditures resting expenditures
A stressful life event that can lead to the development of an eating disorder is called a
trigger
Disordered eating behaviors can lead to development of an eating disorder. True False
true
Genetic factors may play a role in a person's risk of developing eating disorder. True false question.
true
When a person consumes more carbohydrates than needed, the excess may be converted to fat and stored in fat cells. True False
true
Anorexia and bulimia are the only types of eating disorders. True False
false
Accelerometry is defined as ______.
measuring calorie expenditure based on changes in speed and direction
All of the following are examples of energy output EXCEPT:
Calories consumed in a large meal
As a result of lower than normal estrogen levels, females with anorexia nervosa may experience
a delayed onset of menstruation. irregular menstrual periods.
Challenges to the recovery of patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may include the patient's
denial of their condition. dependence on alcohol. desire to resist treatment.
Because people with binge-eating disorder do not purge, their risk for _______ increases.
obesity
Choose the best definition for emaciation.
very low body weight
Match the following BMI categories to their classifications.
18.5 - 24.9: normal/healthy weight 25.0 -- 29.9: overweight Greater or equal to 30: obese Less than 18.5: underweight
Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number.
24 - Reason: BMI = kg / m2
Choose the statements that are true about bulimia nervosa (BN).
A person with BN can be slightly underweight, normal weight, or overweight. A person with BN is difficult to identify by appearance. A person with BN often feels ashamed about their behavior and tries to hide it.
Select the most logical approaches to weight loss.
Change problematic eating behaviors. Eat less. Increase physical activity.
learning outcomes module 11 (chapter 13 and 14)
Chapter 13 Learning OutcomesStudents will be able to:1. Describe recent statistical trends for obesity and overweight in the United States and globally.2. Identify health and economic consequences of obesity.3. Explain how to calculate a person's body mass index (BMI).4. Identify ranges of BMIs that are used to classify people as underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese.5. Discuss limitations of using the BMI.6. Identify the components of body composition.7. Explain methods of estimating percent body fat.8. Discuss how waist circumference is used to assess health.9. Identify the components of total energy expenditure and use formulas to estimate TEE.10. Describe methods of calculating basal metabolic rate, and name factors that alter its value.11. Discuss direct and indirect measures of energy expenditure.12. Explain the role of energy balance in weight management.13. Describe factors that create physiological states of energy balance.14. Explain how various physiological f
In order to help prevent the development of eating disorders, efforts should focus on the early detection of people with the following risk factors:
a distorted body image. disordered eating patterns.
Metabolic rates tend to decrease with age due to ______.
a loss of muscle mass
When adults grow older, they develop sarcopenia, which is defined as ______.
a loss of muscle tissue
A BMI of 40 or greater (classified as severely obese) is considered
a major health risk
Being a perfectionist and having obsessive tendencies are personality traits often displayed in people diagnosed with
anorexia nervosa. bulimia nervosa.
Air displacement techniques for assessing body volume Multiple select question.
are highly accurate estimates of body fat. include the use of a BOD POD.
strategies to improve body composition
carbohydrate-insulin model theory of obesity in which carbohydrate intake increases blood insulin to levels that cause fat accumulation high carb reduces energy expenditure and increases hunger mediterranean proven effective and lower carb
Essential fat is found in ______.
certain bones nervous tissue cell membranes
Choose the two classic characteristics of binge eating disorder.
consume a large amount of food over a brief period does not include purging behavior
The most costly conditions associated with obesity include ______.
coronary artery disease type 2 diabetes arthritis
Combining _____ calorie intake with _____ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.
decreased; increased
Choose the disordered eating patterns that are described in DSM-5 as unspecified feeding or eating disorders.
diabulimia orthorexia muscle dysmorphia
Behavioral therapies used in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are
dialectical behavior therapy. cognitive behavioral therapy.
_____ methods of measuring energy expenditure are generally complex and require sophisticated laboratory tools.
direct
Dietary supplaments that contain ephedra can safely help a person lose 30 pounds in 30 days. True False
false
One pound of body fat stores 1000 calories. True False
false
During the measurement of bioelectric impedance, greater adipose stores are associated with lower resistance to electrical flow. True false question.
false Reason: The more the fat (adipose) storage, the more the resistance (impedance) to the flow of electric current.
The risks for some diseases such as hypertension and diabetes are less with central-body obesity.
false Reason: The risks for hypertension and diabetes are greater with upper-body obesity.
An intense fear of gaining weight compels people with anorexia nervosa to
fast frequently. diet frequently. exercise excessively.
The amount and location of ____ stores in the body are important predictors of health risk.
fat
Choose signs and symptoms of bulimia nervosa.
frequent heartburn worn tooth enamel chronic sore throat
Heart rate monitors can help estimated energy expenditure because typically, as heart rate ______, energy expenditure ______.
increases; increases
For the treatment of the female athlete triad, a state of energy balance can be achieved by
increasing calorie intake. decreasing energy expenditure.
Choose roles of insulin in energy balance.
inhibits lipolysis in fat cells promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake promotes triglyceride synthesis in the liver
A person who is overfat will weigh ____ underwater compared to a person who is lean.
less
Fad diets ______.
limit food selections to a few food groups offer a 'quick fix' to your weight problem rely on testimonials for evidence of effectiveness
Skinfold calipers are used to
measure fat layer at multiple sites on the body. estimate body fat content. measure fat layer directly under the skin.
Treatments for eating disorders should include
medical nutrition therapy. psychotherapy.
Choose appropriate alternative therapies that may be helpful in reducing stress and anxiety.
meditation yoga and massage therapy acupuncture
A girl will not experience _____ until she has about 17% body fat.
menarche
The major components of total energy expenditure are basal _______, _____ activity, and the ______ effect of food.
metabolism; physical; thermic
The practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and nonjudgment is called
mindfulness
To prevent weight gain, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends ______ physical activity for 150 to 250 minutes per week.
moderate-intensity
An eating disorder characterized by food binges occurring after the evening meal and/or when the person awakens from sleep during the night is called
night eating syndrome
Choose the serious health problems that are associated with obesity.
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease vascular disease metabolic syndrome
Which protein hormone is released by the intestines that signals the stomach to reduce ghrelin secretion?
peptide YY
Choose the hormones that are secreted by the intestines.
peptide YY cholecystokinin
VBG
reduces the stomach capacity, but does not bypass any part of the small intestine.
A professional that plays a critical role in the treatment of eating disorders is a ______.
registered dietitian medical doctor psychologist
Hunger pangs and the stomach stretching to capacity are all physical sensations that
regulate eating behavior.
The sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger is called
satiety
People with anorexia nervosa
severely restrict their food intake. have distorted body images.
People with diabulimia
skip insulin injections.
During the _______ procedure, the stomach is stapled to form a banana-shaped pouch that holds about 2 to 5 ounces of food, and does not involve bypassing a section of the small intestines.
sleeve gastrectomy
Women generally have more _____ fat than men.
subcutaneous
Central-body obesity is Multiple select question.
symbolic of extra visceral fat stores. sometimes described as having an "apple" body shape. more common in men.
What role does an RDN have when treating a person with an eating disorder.
teach healthy eating patterns provide appropriate medical nutrition therapy answer patient questions about nutrition and food
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water
Choose the true statements about hypothyroidism.
testing should be done for individuals with an unexplained weight gain associated with reduced metabolic rate, weight gain, and increased risk of overweight and obesity caused by the autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue Reason: Administration of thyroid hormones is effective against excess weight caused by hypothyroidism.
Night eating syndrome is characterized by
the belief that one can only fall asleep after a large meal. sleep disturbances. waking during the night to binge eat.
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure requires ______.
the creation of a small pouch from stapling the upper part of the stomach stomach size reduction to about 1 ounce
Commonly used approaches to measuring body composition for physical fitness evaluate fat mass and fat-free mass. This is called the
two-component model.
Which of the following health problems is associated with excess weight? Multiple choice question.
type 2 diabetes
The formulas use ______ to predict basal metabolic rate.
weight age height
bmi formula
weight (kg) / height (m^2) or *[weight (lbs) / height (in^2)] x 703*
People with hypothyroidism may experience ______.
weight gain fatigue reduced metabolic rate