Nutrition Test 2
Diagnosis involves the presence of at least three of the following abnormalities: ______
excessive abdominal fat, high blood pressure, elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood, low levels of HDL, and elevated blood glucose levels.
_____ are either saturated or unsaturated with one or more double bonds determining their function in the body, as well as their role in health and disease.
Fatty acids
Depending on the proportion of each of the essential amino acids present (protein quality), foods can be classified as ____
complete or incomplete proteins.
Pete is a quasi-vegetarian, so he includes all of the following in his diet, EXCEPT: butter. eggs. lean beef. shrimp. turkey.
lean beef.
Available evidence suggests that replacing saturated fats with ______s may be beneficial.
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid: can be synthesized from phospholipids in the body. are both classified as omega-3 fatty acids. must be consumed through the diet to meet the body's needs. are both saturated fatty acids. are both trans fatty acids.
must be consumed through the diet to meet the body's needs.
Based on several current studies, organic foods do not differ significantly from nonorganic in: cost. nutrient content. pesticide content. herbicide content.
nutrient content.
Additional dietary strategies to improve blood lipid profiles and reduce the risk of CVD include minimizing intake of trans fatty acids and lowering the ratio of _____
omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids.
Vitamins are organic compounds (containing both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds) that are needed in small quantities for very specific functions, such as the maintenance of ______
regulatory and metabolic processes in the body.
Vegetarians that emphasize whole plant foods tend to have higher intakes of all of the following, EXCEPT: dietary fiber. magnesium. potassium. riboflavin. vitamin C.
riboflavin.
Modifiable risk factors do NOT include: diets that are high in trans fat, sodium, and added sugar. smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and high blood pressure. consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol. risk factors like family history, increasing age, and race.
risk factors like family history, increasing age, and race.
CVD risk factors increase the risk of _____, as well as increase the rate and extent of the progression of plaque buildup and arterial blockage.
vessel injury
Serving primarily as an antioxidant in the body, _____ encompasses a group of fat-soluble compounds called tocopherols found primarily in nuts and vegetable oils. Only alpha-tocopherol meets dietary requirements in humans.
vitamin E
The fat-soluble vitamin that is LEAST likely to be toxic when consumed in amounts above recommended intake levels is: vitamin A. vitamin D. vitamin E. All of the fat-soluble vitamins have some risk of toxicity.
vitamin E.
Most vitamins are in their active form (preformed) in foods, however, in some cases, inactive, precursor forms of vitamins, called provitamins, _____
must be converted to fulfill biological functions in the body.
Like carbohydrates and fat, protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein differs in that it also contains: calcium. chloride. nitrogen. phosphorus. sodium.
nitrogen.
The Institute of Medicine has established that a safe range of protein intake is: 10% to 25% of total calories. 10% to 35% of total calories. 15% to 30% of total calories. 15% to 35% of total calories. 20% to 40% of total calories.
10% to 35% of total calories.
The current recommended fat intake is ______ of total calories.
20% to 35%
What is the AMDR for total calories from dietary fat for adults? 5% to 20% 10% to 25% 15% to 30% 20% to 35% 25% to 40%
20% to 35%
For adults, a healthy blood cholesterol level is considered to be less than: 100 mg/dl. 120 mg/dl. 160 mg/dl. 200 mg/dl. 240 mg/dl.
200 mg/dl.
A serving of cookies has seven grams of fat. How many calories from fat would these cookies provide? 7 calories 28 calories 49 calories 63 calories 70 calories
63 calories
Iron found in plant foods (non-heme iron) is lower in bioavailability than the heme iron found in animal foods. Thus, the U.S. Dietary Reference Intake of non-heme iron is _________ higher for vegetarians than the iron recommendation for nonvegetarians. no 20% 40% 60% 80%
80%
There are 20 amino acids present in proteins; of these ______ are considered essential and are ______ considered nonessential amino acids. 7; 13 13; 7 15; 5 9; 11 11; 9
9; 11
_____ consists only of plant foods, while other types of vegetarian diet plans may include dairy foods and eggs; semi-vegetarian diets may include limited amounts of fish, poultry, and red meats.
A vegan diet
The fat-soluble vitamins—_______—have diverse functions in the body.
A, D, E, and K
Vitamin A deficiency: compromises the ability to see in low light. results in keratinization of epithelial cells. increases the risk of death from infectious disease in children. is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
_____, a thickening and hardening of the arteries along with plaque development along blood vessel walls, is a major cause of heart attack and stroke.
Atherosclerosis
Which of the following is the BEST food source of vitamin K? apples Brussels sprouts eggs lean beef yogurt
Brussels sprouts
____ are the primary components of triglycerides and phospholipids. Dependent upon the number of hydrogen atoms filling their carbon bonds
Fatty acids
Inactive, precursor forms of vitamins are termed: antioxidants. enzymes. hormones. preformed vitamins. provitamins.
provitamins.
The presence of risk factors increases the risk of developing and promoting CVD. Some risk factors cannot be modified, like _______, but certain lifestyle choices can significantly affect the risk of CVD.
race, age, and a family history of heart disease
_____ has many critical roles in the body's structure and processes, including catalyzing chemical reactions (enzymes), regulating body functions (hormones), and transporting substances in the blood. It also has central roles in immunity, fluid balance, and blood clotting.
Protein
____ are complex structures synthesized by linking up to 20 amino acids into chains of varying sequence and length. Nine of these amino acids are considered essential because they must be supplied through the diet. The remaining 11 nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body.
Proteins
______ are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but also contain nitrogen, which is supplied through amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
Proteins
Plant-based diets are associated with numerous health benefits. Research suggests that _____ have a lower risk of obesity, heart disease, hypertension, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and overall mortality.
vegetarians
The body derives ______And, to a lesser degree, from provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods, as conversion to the active form is incomplete.
vitamin A from preformed A (retinol) found in animal foods and fortified foods.
Studies examining the benefits of vegetarianism cite all of the following, EXCEPT: a lower risk of cancer. a lower incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. a lower risk of obesity. a lower incidence of high blood pressure. lower rates of type 2 diabetes.
a lower incidence of iron-deficiency anemia.
Each of the following food choices is a source of complete proteins, EXCEPT: beef. black beans. eggs. quinoa. yogurt.
black beans.
Vitamin K has a key role in: blood clotting. energy metabolism. the formation of red blood cells. nerve impulse transmission. regulating blood glucose.
blood clotting.
Marilyn follows a vegan diet, so which of the following foods would she avoid? butter coconut oil maple syrup peanut butter white rice
butter
Nonessential amino acids: are incomplete proteins. are extra essential amino acids. can be manufactured in the body. enhance muscle development. are found only in plant foods.
can be manufactured in the body.
The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) program was created by the National Institutes of Health's National Cholesterol Education Program and is also endorsed by the American Heart Association as a heart-healthy regimen that _____
can lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of CVD.
_______ is a cluster of risk factors associated with the development of CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome
_____, commonly referred to as "fat," are the primary storage form of lipid in our bodies and the primary source of lipid in our diet, providing a concentrated energy source, essential fatty acids, and carriers of fat-soluble vitamins.
Triglycerides
______plays a key role in blood clotting and in bone metabolism.
Vitamin K
Protein denaturation refers to: the lack of one or more essential amino acids in a food. the process of adding an amino acid to a food that is not naturally present. a change in shape of protein structure due to heat, light, motion, or change in pH. breakdown of muscle mass during caloric restriction. the conversion of protein to glucose or fatty acids.
a change in shape of protein structure due to heat, light, motion, or change in pH.
All of the following are TRUE regarding carotenoids, EXCEPT: only three are converted to active vitamin A, with beta-carotene as the most abundant. they are primarily provitamins that must be converted before they can be utilized in the body. they are the yellow, orange, and red pigments in fruits and vegetables. they supply approximately two-thirds of vitamin A in the U.S. diet. they function as antioxidants in reducing damage from free radicals.
they supply approximately two-thirds of vitamin A in the U.S. diet.
Jason follows a vegan diet and avoids all animal foods. He consumes a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, grains, beans, and other whole plant-based foods. Despite his nutrient-rich diet, supplementation or use of foods fortified with ____________ is recommended. potassium protein extra fiber vitamin B12 vitamin K
vitamin B12
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin D: are established based on minimal sun exposure. are established based on maximum sun exposure of 4 to 6 hours a day. are established to maintain calcium concentrations in healthy people. can be met through the consumption of adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables. can only be met through the use of dietary supplements.
are established based on minimal sun exposure.
Characteristics of vitamins include all of the following, EXCEPT they: are considered micronutrients. do not provide energy. contain carbon molecules. are incorporated into the structure of cells. are necessary for development and growth.
are incorporated into the structure of cells.
The concentrations of various lipids in the blood correlate with the risk of _______.
atherosclerosis and CVD
Protein needs are determined by sex, life stage, and other factors. The RDA for adults is ______
0.8 g/kg/d. The AMDR for protein is 10% to 35% of total calories.
Nick lifts weights and takes a daily protein supplement in addition to his 30% protein weight-maintenance diet. Taking the protein supplement: is an effective practice to add muscle weight without exercise. is not necessary because his intake is already in excess of the RDA. provides additional calories that can contribute to fat stores. will increase his athletic performance. Both b and c are true.
Both b and c are true.
______ foods are incomplete protein plant foods that when consumed together or during the course of a day provide all essential amino acids to help meet protein needs.
Complementary protein
A high level of total blood cholesterol is a major risk factor, particularly when accompanied by high levels of _______
LDL cholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
A higher risk of CVD is associated with higher levels of: linolenic acid. chylomicrons. red blood cells. LDLs. HDLs.
LDLs.
_______ for CVD include smoking; a diet high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugar; a sedentary lifestyle; obesity; diabetes; elevated lipid levels in the blood (cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides); excessive alcohol consumption; and high blood pressure.
Modifiable risk factors
_____ is a labeling term that indicates that a food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods and follows USDA specifications for organic regulations.
Organic
_______ are chemical constituents in plants that have a wide array of effects in the body and are associated with many benefits to human health.
Phytochemicals
____ diets can vary significantly by including differing types and amounts of animal foods, and they can have varying degrees of healthfulness, depending on the quality and distribution of the nutrients being consumed and the types of food choices being made.
Plant-based
The dietary component of the ____ focuses on lowering saturated fat and dietary cholesterol levels along with other heart-healthy strategies, such as eating foods that contain plant sterols and stanols and sufficient soluble fiber.
TLC program
______ that exclude all or most animal foods require planning to meet nutrient needs. Nutrients of potential concern include protein, iron, calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine.
Vegetarian diets
Characteristics of the traditional Mediterranean diet include all of the following, EXCEPT: an avoidance of alcohol. an emphasis on healthy fats. limited consumption of red meat. limited consumption of refined, processed foods. small portions of nuts.
an avoidance of alcohol.
Emulsification of fats in the small intestine requires the presence of: bile acids. hydrochloric acid. lipases. cholesterol. insulin.
bile acids.
Trans fatty acids: are recommended to make up at least 5% of daily calories from fat. shorten the shelf life of food products. are currently not required to be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel of food labels. are found only in processed foods, not found naturally in any other foods. can raise LDLs and lower HDLs.
can raise LDLs and lower HDLs.
Lipids comprise a group of structurally diverse compounds composed of ______
carbon, hydrogen, and a small amount of oxygen that are insoluble in water.
The type of phytochemicals responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of fruits and vegetables are: anthocyanins. carotenoids. isoflavones. lignans. resveratrol.
carotenoids.
Inadequate or excessive intake of vitamins can lead to______
deficiency or toxicity with adverse health effects.
Structurally, fatty acids: consist of carbon chains of similar lengths. differ in their degree of saturation. are composed of carbon rings with a hydrocarbon side chain. have a hydrogen and an oxygen attached to each carbon.
differ in their degree of saturation
All of the following are characteristics of vitamin E as an antioxidant, EXCEPT that it: protects against the oxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. boosts the functioning of the immune system by protecting white blood cells. protects against oxidative damage that results from exposure to free radicals. protects the fat in low-density lipoproteins from oxidation. dramatically reduces the risks of heart disease and cancer.
dramatically reduces the risks of heart disease and cancer.
Diet, including the intake of ______, plays a critical role in the development or prevention of CVD.
fatty acids and cholesterol
Four classes of lipids include _____
fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.
Possible toxicity from vitamins is MOST likely to occur with consuming: large portions of vegetables and fruits. excess intake of water-soluble vitamins. fortified foods and dietary supplements. more than two servings of milk per day.
fortified foods and dietary supplements.
The overall shape of a protein molecule determines its _____, and how it interacts with other molecules.
function
The shape of a protein is a determinant of its _______ in the body. storage form energy potential function heat production permanence
function
Cholesterol is a sterol that: must be consumed in the diet to meet needs. provides nine calories per gram. is found in plant foods that are high in saturated fats. functions as a precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones.
functions as a precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones.
Sequences of DNA called ____ provide the instructions for the synthesis of every protein in the body. This is a two-step process that begins in the nucleus with ______ and is completed in the cytoplasm with translation.
genes;gene transcription
Vitamin D, which functions as a hormone in the body, is actually not considered an essential nutrient in the diet because it can be synthesized from cholesterol through exposure of the skin to UV light. Among other important functions, vitamin D plays a key role in the______
growth and maintenance of bone in part through its role in maintaining calcium concentrations in the blood.
All of the following are true with regard to inflammation of blood vessel walls, EXCEPT that it: can be triggered by damage or injury to the blood vessel wall. occurs when white blood cells move to vessel walls in response to LDLs in the blood. causes further damage to blood vessel walls. makes blood vessels more prone to accumulation of plaque. helps keep vessel walls flexible and protects against heart attack.
helps keep vessel walls flexible and protects against heart attack.
Cancer is a disease that results from the uncontrolled growth or division of abnormal cells that invade a part or parts of the body. Cancer develops in a multistep process that includes ____Dietary choices can both increase and decrease risk of cancer.
initiation, promotion, and progression.
Atherosclerosis is theorized to begin with: a heart attack. injury to the lining of the artery. excessive sugar intake over time. blood clot formation. a stroke.
injury to the lining of the artery.
Marasmus: is characterized by deficiency in most nutrients, including protein. is characterized by sufficient total caloric intake, but deficient intake in protein. is associated with a swollen belly appearance. only occurs in children. may occur when consuming excess calories from carbohydrates.
is characterized by deficiency in most nutrients, including protein.
Vitamin A serves many critical biochemical and physiological functions in the body related to v_____ The carotenoids have antioxidant properties in the body, which help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
ision, cell development, reproduction, immune function, and growth, among others.
All of the following are TRUE regarding vitamin D, EXCEPT: it is also known as cholecalciferol. its synthesis in the body is not diminished by use of sunscreens. it is important for maintaining calcium concentrations in the blood. it is only essential in the diet when sun exposure or synthesis is insufficient to meet needs. it functions as a hormone in the body.
its synthesis in the body is not diminished by use of sunscreens
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient found in foods such as______. A significant amount of our daily requirement may also be produced by bacteria in the intestine.
leafy greens
The essential fatty acids include ______, which are required for the synthesis of longer-chain fatty acids and, in turn, the production of eicosanoids.
linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid)
Among their varied functions in the body, _____ serve as a component of cell membranes and in nutrient transport, as protection and insulation of internal organs, and as precursors for hormones.
lipids
Cholesterol is a sterol synthesized primarily by the _____ in amounts sufficient to meet our needs, but is also consumed through foods of animal origin.
liver
All of the following are among the cluster of conditions that characterize metabolic syndrome, EXCEPT: excessive abdominal fat. high blood pressure. prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. low levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood.
low levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
Protein-rich lipoproteins transport lipids in the bloodstream and include chylomicrons, __________ Lipoproteins are classified according to their density and by their function; they differ in which lipids they carry to which body parts.
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) dietary component for individuals with increased risk of CVD focuses on all of the following, EXCEPT: foods that contain plant sterols and stanols. sufficient soluble fiber intake. lowering intake of monounsaturated fats. lowering intake of dietary cholesterol. lowering saturated fat to less than 7% of total calories.
lowering intake of monounsaturated fats.
Fat-soluble vitamins are transported in the body via the ______, from which they are released when needed.
lymph and excess intake is stored in fatty tissues and the liver
Although some trans fatty acids are naturally occurring, most are produced through ______, and increase the risk of heart disease more than any type of fat.
partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fats
During which stage of cancer development does the body lose control over the mutated cells allowing metastasis to other tissues? initiation promotion progression proliferation termination
progression
Dietary fat contributes to satiety by: increasing the glycemic response of a meal or snack. stimulating motility in the small intestine. prolonging the time food stays in the stomach. producing bulk to fill the stomach.
prolonging the time food stays in the stomach.
Nitrogen balance is a reflection of _____ versus protein breakdown and is influenced by diet, hormones and growth factors, and muscle contractions.
protein intake
Proteins in the body are constantly being broken down into amino acids and reassembled in a process called _____
protein turnover.
urrent evidence indicates that reducing saturated fats in the diet is most effective in reducing the risk of CVD when: saturated fats are replaced by unsaturated fats. all dietary cholesterol is eliminated. saturated fats are replaced by carbohydrate-rich foods. saturated fats are replaced by low-fat breads and cereals. total fat intake is kept under 20% of calories from fat.
saturated fats are replaced by unsaturated fats.
Functions of protein do NOT include: serving as an energy source. serving as a structural component of hair and fingernails. serving as a store of excess amino acids. serving as hormones. catalyzing chemical reactions in the body.
serving as a store of excess amino acids.
The process of denaturation alters the _____ of proteins.
shape and function
Most lipid digestion occurs in the ______, the process of emulsification, and the action of lipases.
small intestine facilitated by bile acids
The 14 known vitamins are classified by their _____
solubility as fat-soluble or water-soluble.
Vitamins are classified according to their: bioavailability. function. molecular structure. solubility.
solubility.
The digestion of protein begins in the ______, where proteins are denatured and fragmented, continues in the lumen of the small intestine, and is completed within the _____ of the small intestine
stomach; mucosal cells
Characteristics of lipids include all of the following, EXCEPT that they are: structurally similar compounds with specific functions. composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. are generally insoluble in water.
structurally similar compounds with specific functions.
Characteristics of the polyphenols include all of the following, EXCEPT: they are the most abundant and diverse category of phytochemicals. they are found in salmon and other cold water fish. they are found in coffee, tea, and red wine. they include flavonoids and isoflavones. many have anti-inflammatory effects.
they are found in salmon and other cold water fish.
All of the following are true about complementary protein foods, EXCEPT: they must be consumed at the same meal or snack to support protein synthesis. together they can improve overall protein quality. they have different amino acids that together provide all essential amino acids. that an example would be refried beans on a corn tortilla.
they must be consumed at the same meal or snack to support protein synthesis.
All of the following are true statements regarding trans fatty acids, EXCEPT: trans fatty acids are produced by complete hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. trans fatty acids are present in small amounts in meats and full-fat dairy foods. trans fatty acids can increase LDL cholesterol levels. trans fatty acids can make packaged foods more resistant to spoilage, increasing shelf-life. trans fatty acids are listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel.
trans fatty acids are produced by complete hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids.
The second step of protein synthesis in which the order of amino acids added to the growing protein chain is read from (or dictated by) the information in the mRNA is termed: phosphorylation. gluconeogenesis. transcription. translation. deamination.
translation.
A primary function of HDLs is to: aid in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. transport cholesterol to all cells of the body. transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver. transport triglycerides to adipose tissue. link amino acids to form proteins.
transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): transport cholesterol from the body's tissues back to the liver. transport cholesterol to essentially all cells in the body. lower the risk of heart disease as their levels increase. aid in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. are derived from chylomicrons as triglycerides are removed.
transport cholesterol to essentially all cells in the body.
Atherosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that often begins _____
when an injury to a vessel wall triggers inflammation and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol infiltration, which results in plaque accumulation.