Nutritional Therapy Association

Adrenals

3 basic hormonal functions 1. Glucocorticoids regulate blood sugar & inflammation (important part of the "flight or fight" mechanism) 2. Mineralocorticoids regulate mineral balance, particularly sodium and potassium 3. Production of sex hormones

Recommended Amounts of Macronutrients

40% Carbohydrates - majority should be low glycemic vegetables, 2-3 fresh fruits 30% Proteins - grass fed, wild meats, organic poultry, raw dairy, eggs, seafood 30% Fats - raw soaked nuts & seeds, raw, cold-pressed oils, olive oil, saturated fats

co factor

A co-factor is a substance whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme. Enzymes speed up, or accelerate, almost all chemical reactions in the body and are necessary for life as we know it.

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. -gives cells necessary stiffness/stability -precursor to vital corticosteroids (hormone that deal with stress) -precursor to vitamin D - acts as antioxident -needed for proper serotonin, "feel good" chemical, receptors -bile salts made of -maintaining health of intestinal wall -manufactured in liver -most human cells

Difference between allergy & sensitivity

Key distinction: Allergies - according to the medical definition, a person can only be truly allergic to some type of protein based substance Food sensitivities - however, many people, experience "allergic-type" reactions to non-protein neurolimbic, immunologic, biochemical

5 classes of Lipid & Water soluble hormones

Lipid Soluble: -steroid (derived from cholesterol) -thyroid (iodine atoms + tyrosine) Water Soluble: -amines (modified amino acids) -peptides (chains of amino acids) -eicosanoids (derived from fatty acids)

Fats

Lipids - not soluble in water - building blocks for cell membranes & a variety of hormones - slows down absorption = longer without hunger - carriers for fat soluble vitamins: A,D,E & K - serve as a protective lining for the organs - required for the adequate use of proteins - compose about 15% of body weight - 2 are essential: Linoleic Acid = Omega 6 Alpha-Linolenic Acid = Omega 3

Phase 1 & Phase 2 detoxification

Phase 1: enzymes break down toxins into intermediate forms Phase 2: intermediate compounds are routed along 1 of 6 chemically driven detoxification pathways, where they are further broken down & then bound to specific types of protein molecules that act as "escorts" to guide them out of the body > through kidneys or bile (urine or feces)

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy - the science of structure & the relationships among structures, study of the body's parts Physiology - the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work, the study of how the body parts work

Chronic stress response degrades the endocrine system

A prolonged stress response to the body is considered a major priority. Chronic stress response -> chronic output of cortisol. Elevated cortisol impacts the liver & pancreas which results in adrenal dysfunction and insulin resistance

Describe how each foundation supports the immune system

Blood Sugar: consistently high blood sugar reduces white blood cell activity & depresses the immune system Mineral Balance: calcium supports WBC activity, zinc protects against free radicals. Iodine is a natural antibacterial/anti-viral agent Fatty acid: critical for the management of inflammation, imbalance assists in formation of inappropriate antibodies Hydration: dehydration exaggerates histamine activity Digestion: dysfunction leads to undigested proteins, creating holes in the gut (leaky gut). This leads to allergies and autoimmune diseases

Blood Calcium Regulation

Calcium is only made available for other tissues when bone is broken down during remodeling. Calcium homeostasis <-> Bone remodeling Normal Blood Calcium -> Blood calcium level decreases b/c of some stimulus -> parathyroid gland detects the change & increases release of PTH -> PTH triggers an increase in osteoclast (bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing) activity, which moves more calcium into the blood. PTH also decreases calcium loss in the urine & pulls calcium for digestion -> back to top

Directional Terms for Anatomy

Superior = closer to the top of the head Inferior = closer to the feet Proximal = closer to the attachment of limb to trunk, nearer to the point of origin Distal = farther away from the attachment of limb, farther from the point of origin Medial = closer to median plane Lateral = further away from median plane Anterior = more towards the front Posterior = more towards the back Ipsilateral = on the same side of the body Contralateral = on the opposite side of the body Superficial = toward (or on) the surface of the body Deep = away from the surface of the body Bilateral = relating to or having 2 sides Unilateral = occurring only on one side

Relationship between cardiovascular health & inflammation

The appropriate mix of fatty acids is critical for the management of inflammation

Innate Intelligence

The body's innate intelligence constantly prioritizes and makes decisions about the control of its internal environment and the maintenance of homeostasis

Bone Remodeling

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity. Osteoblast: bone forming cells, convert cartilage to bone > Osteocytes: primary bone cells, maintain bone tissue > osteoclasts: bone destroying cells, function in resorption

impact of a diet low in omega-3 & omega-6

The impact of a diet low in Omega 3 & Omega 6 prostaglandins are made form EFAs. They have multiple functions including controlling inflammatory function. The body inflames to heal before it anti-inflames. Diets low in Omega 3 & Omega 6 impacts the healing process. Our bodies can not make EFAs therefore we need to ingest them. So with out these EFAs we do not make prostaglandins so have no inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses.

Vitamins

Vitamins: Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism 2 groups - fat soluble: absorbed along with dietary lipids in small intestine and packaged into chylomicrons (Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body), can not be absorbed without lipids Water soluble: are dissolved in body fluids, excess are not stored

Electrolytes & Water

Water depends on electrolytes for proper absorption. 4 functions of electrolytes 1. control the osmosis of water between fluid compartments 2. help to maintain the pH balance 3. carry electrical currant 4. serve as cofactors needed for optimal activity of enzymes

calcium homeostasis

When pH levels fall, causing the pH level to become too acidic, calcium is released from the bone and deposited into the blood. Also, when the pH level rises, causing the pH level to become too Alkaline, calcium is deposited into the bone for the blood. Calcium homeostasis is the result of the blood pH. -bone helps to buffer the pH level of the blood -calcium is released from bone & deposited into blood when the blood pH level falls (becoming too acidic) -calcium is deposited into bone from the blood when the blood pH level rises (becoming to Alkaline) -Parathyroid hormone is one important substance in the exchange of calcium between bone and the blood

Trace mineral (micromineral)

any element required in minute amounts Boron, Molybdenum, Chromium, Selenium, Cobalt, Silicon, Copper, Vanadium, Germanium, Zinc, Iodine, Iron

Macrominerals

any of the minerals that people require daily in larger amounts Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfur

Electrolytes

are minerals that become capable of conducting electricity when dissolved in water. They are the main contributors to the osmotic movement of water. sodium, potassium, magnesium, ionic calcium, protein anions, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, which is released into circulation. Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins -are extremely important components of many hormones -95% of muscle is made up of AA -neurotransmitters are made up of AA -RNA & DNA require AA for proper regulation, necessary for genes to function properly

6 levels of bodies structural organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal We start at the chemical level. We have atoms which combine to create molecules. Molecules combine to make cells - creating differentiated cells. We then collect those cells to make a tissue. Different cells combine to make different tissues (connective, epithelial, muscle & nerve). From tissue we create organs - collection of tissues (stomach = all 4 tissues). Next a collection of organ creates a system (digestive system ei: mouth, esophagus, gi tract, etc.) All our collective systems (there are 11) create an organism - Human being, Organismal

Carbohydrates

compose 2% of the body, the starches and sugars present in food, broken down to glucose to provide energy - come from plants because carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis - such animal foods contain carbs - provide fuel for the brain - provide quick source of energy for muscles - help regulate protein & fat metabolism - provide fiber - help fight infections - promote growth of body tissues - lubricates the joints In the form of fiber, carbohydrates help provide fuel for our microbiome and ensure regular elimination of waste. And when combined with fat and protein, carbs help us fight infections, grow new body tissue such as bones and skin, and lubricate our joints.

Urinary System

consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Adrenal Hormones

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol Epinephrine: -increases glycogen breakdown in the liver & skeletal muscle -increases liver glycogen to glucose release into blood -increases fat breakdown & mobilization from fat tissue -heart rate increases, blood flow to heart, muscles & liver -increases & dilates airways by triggering a sympathetic response in ANS Cortisol: -increases muscle protein breakdown to amino acids which circulate to the liver for use w/glucose production -increases liver glycogen to glucose release into blood -increases fat breakdown & mobilization from fat tissue -triggers gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources Glucagon signals an activity in the liver that generates glucose. In this process amino acids, from out circulation will be taken up by our liver and used to make glucose Cortisol increases blood levels: stimulate the breakdown of triglycerides & the release of fatty acids from adipose tisse

Glucose & Glycogen

glucose is a form of energy we are designed to run on glycogen - stored form of glucose is stored in the liver, first, then in the muscles. Glycogen is converted back into glucose when blood sugar levels are needing to be increased

Glycogenesis

glucose to glycogen Insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen and store it.

Hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

Water (H2O)

makes up 60% of the body, body can produce 8% of its daily water needs through metabolic processes, 92% needs to be through food & fruits - transports nutrients - removes waste & flushes toxins - cushions bones & joints - regulates body temperature - empowers the body's healing process - enables cellular hydration - etc, page 5 of Power Point

Carbohydrate Classification

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Simple (mono, disacc, Oligosaccharides, Sugar Alcohols, fruit sugars "free sugars") Complex (poly) (both can be refined and unrefined)

5 major milestones that led to the modern diet

1. The agricultural revolution - 12,000 years ago 2. Introduction to refined sugars - 400 years ago 3. Industrial Revolution - 1800s 4. Food Giants -1900s 5. World War II - 1939-45

Kidneys

Functions of: -regulation of ion levels in the blood -regulation of blood volume & blood pressure -regulation of blood pH -production of hormones > calcitriol, active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis. erythropoietin, stimulates production of red blood cells -excretion of waste

pH and pH scale

It is a numerical value that represents the acidity of alkalinity of a substance The scale runs from 0 to 14, w/o = pure acid and 14 = pure alkalinity, 7 = neutral Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference of the H+/OH concentration = 2 is 100x more acidic then 4 Saliva = 6.35-7.2 for Functional Evaluation more hydrogen (H+) = more acidic more hydroxide (OH-) = the more alkaline balance of H+ & OH = neutral

4 step approach used for detoxification

1. Address the foundations & keep the client on the initial protocol for 2-3 months 2. Recommend supportive therapies to help w/circulation and elimination 3. On a follow-up visit, conduct the balance & point tests 4. If client performs poorly on these test consider a more in depth detoxification protocol

2 types of responses involved in adaptive/acquired immunity

1. Cell mediated response (lymphocytes/t cells) -helper t cells: driving force & main regulators of the immune defense -killer t cells: specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses or bacteria -t-suppressor cells: arrives after the antigen is destroyed & calls off immune attach 2. Antibody-mediated response (lymphocytes/b cells) -B lymphocytes cells: finds an antigen & connects. a triggering signal is set of within the b call -memory cell: have prolonged life span & can thereby "remember" specific intruders

3 things that can go wrong with digestion

1. Stomach does not produce enough HCL 2. If the chyme pH isn't correct secretin is not excreted to trigger the release of pancreatic juice 3. Gallbladder dysfunction is related to poor quality far or too little acid

3 possible reactions a client can have to a nutritional protocol

1. Digestive reaction: looks like a digestive problem ex diarrhea, cramping, heartburn 2. Sensitivity and/or allergic reaction: looks like sensitivity/allergic symptoms ex rashes, congestion 3. Healing reaction: looks like symptoms you are trying to fix ex flu like if working on immune, nausea if working on gallbladder

2 ways HRT or BHRT can exacerbate endocrine issues

1. Giving hormones will directly squelch the HPT/PT negative feedback loop. 2. Hormonal resistance 3. Progesterone, pregnenolone and DHEA can increase already high cortisol levels in cases of chronic stress

5 Key Steps of Client Consultations

1. Initial interview - allows you to gather information about health concerns, build rapport 2. NAQ & Food Journal - provides information about symptoms & health concerns, about dietary habits 3. Functional Evaluation - using designated points on the body to palpate 4. The plan & nutritional recommendations, comprehensive plan for dietary & supplementation 5. Follow up sessions - review & retest

11 systems of the human body

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

3 questions to address when clients have food intolerance

1. Is the problem caused by something the client needs to avoid? 2. Is the problem caused by something that needs to be eliminated or detoxified? 3. Is the problem caused by a deficiency in something? What must be done to get better?

3 lines of defense involved in the immune system

1. Nonspecific resistance/barriers meant to stop the entrance of invaders 2. Nonspecific or "Innate" immunity- white blood cells & other biochemical substances that provide a rapid response to a wide range of invaders 3. Specific or "Adaptive/Acquired" immunity- white blood cells that mount an attack to target specific invaders that escaped the non-specific defense.

3 step process for Coca's pulse test

1. Take pulse for 1 full minute sitting down 2. Stand up, wait 15-30 seconds 3. Take pulse for 1 full minute standing Compare > 6 = allergic tension if pulse drops = sign of switching

Omega 6

- polyunsaturated fat - linoleic acid - makes arachidonic acid - first double bond is on the 6th carbon from the omega end poultry, eggs, nuts, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds,

Antibodies

-Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents -binds w/foreign antigen > inactivates it

Cortisol

-adrenal hormone secreted by adrenal cortex -released when blood sugar levels are low & are not sufficiently supported by glucagon -mobilizes proteins from skeletal tissue that is converted in the liver into glucose -to replenish glycogen storage (glycogenesis) -increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis -stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides & the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue -has anti inflammatory properties

4 Roles of Fats

-are the building blocks of every cell membrane in the body = provide energy -necessary for healthy liver function = building healthy cholesterol & bile -required for adequate use of proteins, also for the absorption of the fat soluble vitamins -serve protective lining for organs, manage inflammatory process -plays role in food absorption = slowing energy regulation

Endocrine System

-consists of several endocrine glands & many hormone secreting cells in organs that have functions besides secreting hormones -endocrine system releases hormones into interstitial (fluid that surrounds cells) fluid & then into bloodstream.

hormones

-effect our metabolism -primary protein hormones are: insulin (regulates blood sugar levels) & Thyroid (controls metabolic rate)

Anatomical Postition

-face forward -look forward -arms hanging by your side -palms facing forward

Glycation

-glucose reacting with proteins resulting in "sticky" proteins -these proteins cannot be used by the cells for structure or communication to within the cell or other cells -the process is accelerated by elevated blood sugar levels -the proteins covered in sticky sugar become cross-linked & begin to harden

Prostaglandins

-hormone like substance -occur in nearly all body tissues & fluids -made from elongated forms of EFAs & are thought to be synthesized in cells membranes -control inflammatory function -3 groups: anti-inflammatory = PG1 &PG3, pro-inflammatory = PG2

Insulin

-hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas -stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells: stimulates liver -insulin crucial for glycogen formulation: brings glucose into liver cells that make glycogen (glycogenesis)

Roles of water

-improves oxygen delivery to cells -transports nutrients & lubricates joints -enables cellular hydration -moistens oxygen for easier breathing -cushions bones & joints -absorbs shocks to joints & organs -regulates body temperature -removes waste & flushes toxins -prevents tissues from sticking -improves cell-to-cell communications -maintains normal electrical properties of cells -empowers the body's natural healing process

3 primary cofactors for balancing prostaglandin formation

-proper digestion -proper liver function -enzymes (including dlta-6-desaturases --amino acids --vitamin b6 --magnesium --zinc

Thyroid Hormone

-regulate (thyroid gland) -oxygen use & basal metabolic rate (BMR) -cellular metabolism -growth and development -the activity of the nervous system -stimulate the synthesis of protein -increase the use of glucose for ATP production -increase lipolysis (chemical breakdown of fats) -enhance cholesterol excretion, reducing blood cholesterol levels -T4 (inactive), T3 (active), do most of the work

7 cofactors required for proper absorption and use of calcium in the body

-systemic pH -hormonal function -hydration (water & elctrolytes) -other minerals -vitamins -fatty acids -digestion

Digestion Secretions (North to South)

1. Salivary amylase: begin chemical breakdown of carbohydrates 2. Mucous: protects lining of the stomach, viscous mixture of water, electrolytes, epithelial cells & leukocytes 3. Pepsinogen: begins breakdown of proteins into peptides (smaller AA) 4. Hydrochloric Acid: Begins breakdown of proteins, HCL triggers gastrin, also bathes & disinfects stomach, kills bacteria, activates pepsin 5. Secretin: stimuates pancreas to release bicarbonate (helps raise pH to neutral) & pancreatic juice (pancreatic lipase) - further completes chemical digestion of proteins, carbs, & fats 6. CCK (cholecystokinin): stimulates gallbladder to release bile (necessary to emulsify & absorb fat)

Calorie

A unit of the energy supplied by food. a unit of energy or heat that your body generates from food

Distinguish between the B & G types

B type: -thiamine (B1), based B12, B6 & B4 -hypotensive, sick often, craves sugar, tends toward CHF (congestive heart failure), feels bad/run down, needs B1 "B" factor, cough at night, heavy breathing G type: -riboflavin (B2), based B3, PABA, folic acid, lipotropic factors, choline, inositol, & betaine -hypertensive, craves alcohol, feels good/pumped up, does not get sick, tends towards MI (myocardial infarction), needs B2 "G" factor, blush, muscle cramps w/exertion

How Digestion is supposed to work

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The goal of digestion is to reduce food to molecules so small that the nutrients can be absorbed and used by the cells. 1. Ingestion - intake of food 2. Secretion - water, acid, buffers, enzymes 3. Mixing/Propulsion - moving the food through the G.I. tract 4. Digestion - breakdown of food 5. Absorption - passage of nutrients into blood and lymph nodes 6. Defecation - elimination of the "leftovers"

How the foundation support detoxification

Digestion: if you're not digestion, even a perfect diet can clog the body's detoxification pathways Blood Sugar: elevated cortisol & blood sugar imbalances stress the liver, also depletes B vitamins needed for all liver enzyme functions Fatty acids: bile is built of healthy fat which toxins are removed from the body via intestinal tract Minerals: detoxification processes can create acidic blood, mineral help buffer this Hydration: proper hydration keeps the body flushing properly

How the foundations support cardiovascular health

Digestion: protein digestion is critical to make amino acids needed by the heart available, proper bowel flora needed to produce vitamin B1, B2, etc, stomach pH needs to be optimal for calcium absorption Blood sugar: imbalances lead to overproduction of cortisol which can lead to insulin resistance Fatty acid: best source of energy for heart, critical for management of inflammation essential part of cell membranes > tissue of heart Mineral balance: Mg & Ca essential for heart health Hydration: supports lymphatic flow & proper blood viscosity, dehydration causes vascular system to selectively close some of its vessels leading to hypertension

How the Foundations support the endocrine system

Digestion: without good digestion the absorption of vital nutrients are compromised leading to imbalances in the remaining 4 foundations Mineral Balance: every endocrine organ has a mineral on which it is dependent on Fatty acids: body cannot make hormones without fats Hydration: supports the efficient transport of hormones throughout the body Blood sugar: when disregulated the body is in a constant state of stress releasing cortisol. This stresses the liver & pancreas. This causes an imbalanced production of hormones

Dr Price & Dr Pottenger contributions

Dr Price found that a great variety of diets are healthy, there are certain dietary laws that are inflexible ex: -must get fat soluble factors from animal sources -foods must be prepared properly He found commonalities in varied diets: no refined or denatured foods, some type of animal products, some raw Dr Pottenger found that not in first generation cats, but in the next two, a profound lesson. The de-generation of the cats is a mirror image of our current social & health issues. It took 4 generations for cats to return to normal

Signs of dehydration

Early: fatigue, anxiety, irritablilty, depression, cravings, cramps, headaches Mature: heartburn, joint pain, back pain, migraines, fibromyaligia, constipation, colitis

Minerals

Elements found in food that are used by the body Inorganic elements that make up 4% of the body and are concentrated heavily in the skeleton - act as cofactors for enzymes reactions - maintain pH balance in the body - regulate growth of tissue - facilitate the transfer of nutrients across cell membranes - maintains osmotic pressure - maintain proper nerve conduction - contract and relax muscles - provide structural and functional support

enzymes and coenzymes

Enzymes: specialized proteins -any various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells & capable of producing certain chemical chances in organic substances by catalytic action - as in digestion Coenzyme: non protein substance -a molecule that provides the transfer site for biochemical reactions catalyzed by an enzyme -ions of iron, zinc, mg, ca, deviations of BV

Pancreas: Double Gland

Exocrine - digestive enzymes & sodium bicarbonate (helps raise pH of chyme to neutral) sent to duodenum Endocrine - insulin & glucagon (hormones for blood sugar regulation) Endocrine - small cluster of cells called Islets of Langerhans, 1% of pancreas mass

Water Formula's

Formula for calculating intake of water: 1/2 your body weight in oz. Diuretics: coffee, soda, alcohol 1 oz. of diuretic x 1.5 Oz of diuretic x 1.5 + 1/2 your body weight in oz.

Underlying causes of HBP

High Blood Pressure -Kidney function = hydration -Liver/Biliary = stasis -Adrenal = Hyper/Hypo -Sugar handling = imblances -Mineral imbalances -Fatty acid imbalances -Allergies & food sensitivities -Thyroid -Structural -Circulatory -Obesity -Emotional -Lack of exercise

6 Classes of Nutrients (Macro and Mirco)

Nutrients: are chemical substances contained in food that are necessary to sustain life Macro - "large amounts" Mirco "minute amounts" Macro: 1 Water = 60% of the body 2 Carbohydrates = 2% " 3 Proteins = 18% " 4 Fats = 15% " Mirco: 5 Vitamins 1% " 6 Minerals 4% "

What is Nutrition

Nutrition is a science focused on the interactions between living organisms and their food and the biological processes used by the body to break down, absorb, and utilize nutrients.; includes the study of the biological processes used in consuming food and our body's ability to use the nutrients contained in food

Proteins

Proteins - building blocks of body; forms organs, nerves, muscles, and flesh -are combinations of 22 amino acids (8 are essential) -30% of your daily calories should be -Roles of proteins: enzymes = protein molecules that are the managers and catalysts for all bio process; antibodies = proteins that help fight infection; Hemoglobin = specialized proteins in the form of red blood cells that carry oxygen; Hormones = proteins that regulate our metabolism -make up 18% of the body

Roles of Vitamins

Roles of Vitamins - compose 1% of the body -Function primarily as co enzymes in metabolism -Essential for growth, vitality, and health -Helpful for digestion elimination and resistance to disease -Depletion can lead to a variety of specific nutritional disorders Fat Soluble = A, D, E, and K Water Soluble = B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, Folic Acid, Biotin, C, Inositol, Choline

Fat Classifiations

Saturated: high heat safe, highly stable, solid or semi solid at room temp -animal fats, tropical oils Monounsaturated: low heat, relatively, stable, liquid at room temp -olive oil, oil from almonds, pecans, cashews Polyunsaturated: no heat, relatively unstable, usually liquid, 2 are essential -flax, nuts, fish & seeds

omega-3 fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly found in fish oils that are beneficial to cardiovascular health Walnut, salmon, sardines, chia seeds, flax, mackerel, anchovies, herring, tuna

Glucagon

produced and secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas helps maintain blood glucose levels in between meals by increasing blood glucose & returning it to normal levels -liver receives the signal from the hormone glucagon in 2 ways: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Sugar Burner vs Fat Burner (metabolizer)

sugar: can't effectively access stored fat for energy or access dietary fat for energy - depends on a kindling wood fat: burn stored fat for energy throughout the day - effectively oxidizes dietary fat for energy