NYELVÉSZET ÁLLAMVIZSGA POSSIBLE KÉRDÉSEK

the structure of the verb group

írd be

broad lax

ɑː, ɜː, ɔː

plain lax

ɪ, e, æ, ʌ, ʊ, ɒ

lax vowels

ɪ, e, æ, ʌ, ʊ, ɒ, ɑː, ɜː, ɔː

plain tense

ɪə, eə, ʊə, aɪə, aʊə, ɔɪe

definition and function of pro-forms and ellipsis

pro-form: a type of function word or expression that expresses the same content as another word, phrase, clause or sentence. - main function: replacing NP's ellipsis: the omission of one or more words that are nevertheless understood in the context of the remaining elements.

categorical subtypes of pro-forms

pro-forms for NP pro-forms for VPs pro-forms for adverbials pro-form for subject ot object complement pro-forms for object that-clauses

rhotic accents

pronounce all orthographic r-s, GA, Canadian English, North and South-West England, Scottish English, Irish English

subcategories of lexical verbs

same

free position laxing/shortening rules and the non laxability of free U

trisyllabic laxness, laxing by ending, laxing by free u, civ laxing, civ tensing

laxness and tenseness rules

trisyllabic laxness, laxing ending, pre-cluster laxness, laxing by free U, civ laxing, civ tensing, prevocalic tenseness

types of questions

wh, yesno, alternative

functions of subclauses

- subject (clausal function) - complement functions (Od, Cs, Cp, Cadj, Cn) - adjunct functions (relative clauses, adverbial, clauses, comparative clauses) - all: finite/non-finite

ambisyllabicity

consonant followed by an unstressed vowel, becomes ambiguous, voiceless plosives often weakly aspirated, better, tomato

free and covered position of single vowel letters

covered postion: if a stressed single vowel is followed by either two consonants _CC (biTTer, feNCe), or a consonant and a pause _C# (oN, cuP) à LAX free position basic: (Free vowels are tense unless laxed by rule) A stressed single vowel followed by _CV (liKE), _CCV (staBLE), _V (poEtry), _# (go) à TENSE

sentence patterns

declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives, exclamatives

devoicing

devoicing the following sonorant consonant. /tr/ t aspirated, r devoiced, result /ts/

ellipsis in comparative clauses

equality comparisons (where the two clauses are linked with as/so ... as) inequality comparisons (containing a comparative adjective/adverb in the main clause and than introducing the subclause). overlap

glottalizing

glottal stop, before syllabic n or t, better, before voiceless plosives, actor

aspiration and other t allophones

h sound after voiceless plosives (p,t,k) in beginning of word and before a stressed vowels strong: word-initial pre-stressed plosives (pin) weak aspiration: word-medial pre-stressed plosives and unstressed initial plosives (paper) Unaspirated/very little: word-final plosives or ambisyllabicity (after s) devoicing tap/flap glottalization

clasual properties determined by the lexical verb alone [complementation, grammatical functions of complements]

ide is

full vowels

in stressed syllables we can only find full vowels: all the other vowels of English including /i/ and /ʊ/, may also function as full vowels, tense and lax vowels

weak vowels

in unstressed syllables the vowels are shorter and weaker, and closer to schwa in pronunciation /ʊ/, /i/, /ə/

positional subtypes of ellipsis

initial medial final

the function of orthographic consonant doubling and word-final silent E

irregular tenseness reversal: the stressed single vowel letter in a free graphic position is not made lax by any of the laxing rules, but is lax - typically in the last or only syllable of a word, which is pronounced as if the final silent <e> was not present at the end, and also in the second-last syllable of the word

broken tense

iː, uː, ɔː, aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ,

tense vowels

iː, uː, ɔː, aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, ɪə, eə, ʊə, aɪə, aʊə

types and sound values of graphemes [single vowel letters and diagraphs]

nézd meg

non-rhotic accents

only pronounce the r-s before non-silent vowels, Southern British English (Cockney and London English), Welsh English, Australian English, American English (New England, parts of Southern US)

the ME period

- 1100-1500- 1066 - Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror crowned, french upper class but spoken languge of majority- vocab and pronunc highly influenced by Paris dialect of French- Eng had no standard form- chief dialects of ME (Northern, Kentish, S-E Midlands, W Midlands)- no written document in E for long, then again, but influenced by French and not OE

OE writing and sound system

- 3 extra letters of OE - letters derived from latin alphabet, mostly same- Runic alphabet for short texts - vowels short/long (marking in grammars and dictionaries but not in texts) - long vowels indicated with macron (¯) - <y> pronounced like ü, ae like cat, a like park - all consonants must be pronounced, mostly the same way as in modern E - c (k or tʃ before e or i) - g (g or j before e or i) (hard to predict which so modern uses diacritic) - f (v between vowels) (ofer, feoll) - s (z between vowels) (wisan or hus) - p (ð between vowels) - complementary distribution - stress first syllable, except when prefix is unstressed

Germanic family of languages

- East Germanic (Gothic, S-Frsance, Iberian pen., extinct by Middle ages, based on Greek and Roman letters, Wulfila translated the Bible to Gothic) - North Germanic (Old Norse - Vikings (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese), left marks on Old English) - West Germanic (S-Central Europe and Britain, English, German (many dialects))

formal types of subclauses

- according to finiteness (finite, non-finite, verbless) - according to interrogativity (interrogative, non-interrogative)

l-darkening

1. clear: in RP, before a vowel or /ju:/, felony, volume 2. dark: in RP when before a consonant or pause, becomes clear if before vowel, in GA all the time, all, mold 3. syllabic l: 'l' becomes a vowel, always dark cause it replaces the missing vowel i.e. cycle, channel 4. l-vocalization: L becomes an "o" sound when at the end of the word or before a consonant milk, kill

pronunciation of s and ed

1. s becomes z (after all non-sibilant voiced sounds, legs, heads)s (after voiceless non-sibilants, kicks, laughs) iz after sibilant consonants /tʃ/, /d3/, /ʃ/, /3/, /s/, /z churches kisses) 2. id (after root-final alveolar stops (t,d) protected), d (after other voiced root-final phonemes begged, robbed), t (after other voiceless root-final phonemes, kicked, kissed)

OE attestations

Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a yearby-year chronicle describing the most important events in early English history, or several magnificent sermons.

linking-r

after a: ɔ: 3: ə vowel-initial morpheme (only after broken tense, broad lax vowel or schwa) cater is

intrusive-r

an r is pronounced without being there orthographically. only after non-high vowels (a: ɔ: 3: ə) the spa is

vowel shift types and environments

The phenomenon is called vowel shift, a historical version of which - the Great Vowel Shift - applied to English long vowels around the 15th century. The vowel shift is thus a case of tense-lax alternations. Tense vowels of word stems become lax in certain environments. The tense-lax vowel pairs are as follows: bővítsd

OE strong and weak verbs

This vowel difference (Ablaut), then, goes back to ancient, PIE, times. Verbs which use Ablaut to express Past Tense are traditionally called strong verbs in Germanic linguistics. In PGmc, however, a new way of expressing Past Tense came into existence, whereby a suffix was added to the verb. This suffix contained the consonant d, sometimes t, and it was added to the verb without any modification in the vowel of the root. Such verbs are traditionally called weak verbs, and they soon became widespread, serving as the regular pattern of Past Tense formation in the Germanic languages. Indeed, all regular verbs in Modern English are historically weak, including, for example, play - played, kiss - kissed, load - loaded: in all cases, there is a suffix showing Past Tense, and the vowel of the root is unchanged.

definition and examples of subordination

When clauses combine with each other and they enter into a relation in which ine of them is superordinate (main clause, matrix clause) the other is subordinate. (embedded clause)

simple sentence

When there is a single clause in a sentence.

recoverability

situational structural textual

sentence types and discourse functions

statements, questions, directives, exclamations

nominal clauses

subject, object, complement and appositive clauses

tap/flap

t before an unstressed vowel becomes a /d/-like sound (ɾ) voiced plosive (tomato, vanity) no aspiration

clasual properties expressed by the whole VP

the famous seven mood modality tense aspect voice person number írj még hozzá

r-dropping

the r is deleted before a consonant or a pause tuna-tuner, Peter