OB Chapter 3
What are the 3 dimensions of organizational commitment?
-Affective: emotional attachment to the org. -Continuance: economic value of staying -Normative: moral or ethical obligations
What are the three components of attitudes?
-Cognitive Component -Affective Component -Behavioral Component
Are all of these job attitudes really distinct?
-No: these attitudes are highly related -Variables may be be redundant (measuring the same thing under a different name) -While there is some distinction, there is also a lot of overlap which may cause confusion
In Summary...
-Satisfied and committed employees have lower rates of turnover, absenteeism, and withdrawal behaviors -Managers will also want to measure job attitudes effectively so they can tell how employees are reacting to their work -The most important thing managers can do to raise employee satisfaction is focus on the intrinsic parts of the job, such as making the work challenging and interesting -Although paying employees poorly will likely not attract high-quality employees to the org or keep high performers, managers should realize that high pay alone is unlikely to create a satisfying work environment
Is one of these methods better than the other?
-both methods are helpful -the single global rating isn't very time consuming, thus, freeing time up for other tasks, and the summation of job facets help managers zero in on problems and deal with them faster and more accurately
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism?
-consistent negative relationship but moderate to weak r=.10
What are the most powerful moderators of the attitudes and behavior relationship?
-importance of the attitude -its correspondence to the behavior -its accessibility -the presence of social pressures -whether a person has direct experience with the attitude The attitude/behavior relationship is stronger if it refers to something on our direct personal experience
The desire to reduce dissonance depends on which moderating factors?
-importance of the elements creating it -the degree of influence we believe we have over them -the rewards available (high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance)
What are causes of job satisfaction?
-interesting jobs that provide training, variety, and control satisfy most employees -also a strong correspondence between how well people enjoy the social context of their workplace and how satisfied they are -interdependence, feedback, social support, and interaction with co-workers outside the workplace are strongly related to job satisfaction
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB?
-moderately correlated with OCBs -those who feel their co-workers support them are more likely to engage in helpful behaviors -individuals with certain personality traits are more satisfied with their work, which in turn leads them to engage in more OCBs -when people are in a good mood, they are more likely to engage in OCBs
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance?
-moderately strong correlation (r=.30) -orgs with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than orgs with fewer
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover?
-negative relationship (stronger than between job satis and absenteeism) r=.20
What role does personality play in job satisfaction?
-people who have positive core self-evaluations, who believe in their inner worth and basic competence, are more satisfied with their jobs than those with negative core self-evaluations -those with negative core self-evaluations set less ambitious goals and are more likely to give up when confronting difficulties
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and customer satisfaction?
-satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty
All of the above examples leads to a negative attitude toward the supervisor
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Exit and neglect behaviors encompass our performance variables (productivity, absenteeism, and turnover)
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Job satisfaction leads to high profitability and better overall performance
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Voice and Loyalty are constructive behaviors that allow individuals to tolerate unpleasant conditions or to revive unsatisfactory working conditions
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What are the major job attitudes?
1. Job satisfaction 2. Job Involvement 3. Organizational commitment 4. Perceived organizational support 5. Employee engagement
What are two approaches for measuring job satisfaction?
1. Single global rating: a response to one question such as "how satisfied are you with your job"? 2. Summation of job facets: identifies key elements in a job such as the nature of the work, supervision, pay, promotion opportunities, and relationships with co-workers
What is voice?
Active & Constructive attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and some form of union activity
What is exit?
Active & Destructive behavior directed toward leaving the org., including looks for a new position as well as resigning
What are the four employee responses to dissatisfaction?
Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect
Does pay influence job satisfaction?
Only to a point -after about 40,000 per year there is no relationship between amount of pay and job satisfaction
What is loyalty?
Passive & Constructive passively, but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve, including speaking up for the org. in the face of external criticism, and trusting the org. and its management to "do the right thing"
What is neglect?
Passive & Destructive passively allowing conditions to worsen, including chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate
What is the relationship between attitudes and behavior?
The attitudes people hold determine what they do -people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior
Are most people in the US satisfied with their job?
Yes-most people in developed countries report being satisfied
What is the cognitive component?
a description or belief in the way things are; the opinion or belief segment of an attitude -ex: Evaluation; "my supervisor gave a promotion to a coworker who deserved it less than me. My supervisor is unfair"
What is job satisfaction?
a positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characterisitics
What is the behavioral component?
an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something -ex: Action; "I'm looking for other work; I've complained about my supervisor to anyone who would listen
What is cognitive dissonance?
any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes -any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will therefore attempt to reduce it
What is psychological empowerment?
belief in the degree of influence over the job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy
What is job involvement?
degree of psychological identification with the job where perceived performance is important to self-worth
What is perceived organizational support? (POS)
degree to which employees believe the org values their contribution and cares about their well-being -higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved in decision making, and supervisors are seen as supportive -high POS is related to higher OCBs and performance
Managers usually have biases and misperceptions about employees job satisfaction
difference in perceptions
What are attitudes?
evaluative statements or judgements (either favorable or unfavorable) concerning objects, people, or events -reflect how we feel about something
What is organizational commitment?
identifying with a particular organization and its goals, while wishing to maintain membership in the organization -a positive relationship exists between org commitment and job productivity, but a modest one -has some relation to performance, especially for new employees -theoretical models propose that employees who are committed will be less likely to engage in work withdrawal even if they're dissatisfied, because they have a sense of org. loyalty
High levels of both job involvement and psychological empowerment are positively related to what?
positively related to organizational citizenship and job performance -high job involvement is also related to reduced absences and lower resignation rates
Which aspect of jobs are employees least satisfied with?
promotion: because its very rare and limited, not widespread opportunities
What is employee engagement?
the degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the job -engaged employees are passionate about their work and company
What is the affective component?
the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude -ex: Feeling; "I dislike my supervisor"