OB chapter 5-foundations of employee motivation

Using Self-Determination Theory -Managers should influence behavior by creating work environments that support each _____. 1. Provide tangible resources, time, contacts, and coaching to improve _______. 2. Empower employees and delegate meaningful assignments and tasks to enhance feelings of ______. 3. Use fun and camaraderie to foster _______.

- need 1. competence 2. autonomy 3. relatedness

what are the 3 different equity relationships resulting from an equity comparison?

-equity -negative inequity -positive inequity

1. Content theories focus on identifying the ____ factors (such as ____ and ______) that ______ employees. 2. Process theories focus on explaining how _____ and situational (____ factors) influence employee ______.

1. Content theories focus on identifying the internal factors (such as needs and satisfaction) that motivate employees. 2. Process theories focus on explaining how internal and situational (external factors) influence employee motivation.

1. ______ pertains to what an individual is attending to at a given time; (one student spends all their time partying, the other spends all their time studying) 2. _______ represents the amount of effort being invested in the activity; (How ____ you will work) 3. _______ represents for how long that activity is the focus of one's attention. (Does the person keep _____ when they encounter difficulty ?)

1. direction 2. intensity: hard 3. persistence: trying

The elements of the expectancy theory: 1. expectancy- "the extent to which" 2. instrumentality- 3. valance-

1. the extent to which you believe effort leads to performance 2. the extent to which you believe that performance is instrumental in achieving rewards (outcomes) 3. the positive or negative value of a reward (extent to which rewards you value)

1. Equity: 2. negative inequality 3. positive inequality

1. you see yourself as faring comparably with others. 2. dissatisfied. You see yourself as faring worse than others. 3. Am I satisfied? I see myself as faring better than others.

Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that: A. the elements are not interdependent B. motivation will be high when at least one element is high C. motivation will be high when all three elements are high D. motivation will be high when at least two elements are high

C. motivation will be high when all three elements are high

Three types of justice: 1. _______ justice: the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated. 2. ________ justice: the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions. 3. _______ justice: the quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.

Distributive justice: the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated. Procedural justice: the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions. Interactional justice: the quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory? 1. It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior. 2. It forces people to accept inconsistencies between their beliefs and their behaviors. 3. It discourages people from working harder than their coworkers. 4. It encourages people to mimic the behaviors of those around them.

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

The desire to be loved and to love. Includes the needs for _____ and _____.

Love: affection and belonging.

key elements of equity theory: outputs: inputs: comparison:

Outputs: "What do I perceive that I'm getting out of my job?" Inputs: "What do I perceive that I'm putting into my job?" Comparison: "How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with relevant others?"

Content Theory: McGregor's Theory _ and Theory _

X and Y

What motivates corrective action in equity theory?

cognitive dissonance

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior and well-being: -focuses on _____ motivation -needs are ____ over time.

competence, autonomy, and relatedness. -focuses on intrinsic motivation -needs are learned over time

The two fundamental perspectives on motivation: _____ and _____ theories

content and process theories

Vroom expectancy theory-> process _____->_____->________

effort->performance->rewards (outcomes) effort: putting in effort performance: getting something accomplished

Need for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others. Also includes need for self-______ and ______.

esteem: self-confidence and strength

This theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

expectancy theory

There are two types of motivation: _______ motivation and ______ motivation.

extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.

Process theories of motivation: justice theory o Organizational justice refers to the extent to which people perceive that they are treated _____ at work. Three types of justice: 1. 2. 3.

fairly Three types of justice: 1. distributive justice 2. procedural justice 3. interactional justice

the psychological processes "that underlie the direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior or thought."

motivation

outputs examples: inputs examples:

output: bonuses, pay, benefits, assignments, etc. inputs: time, skills, effort, education, etc.

what are the key elements to the equity theory? (3)

outputs, inputs, and a comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

Most basic need. Entails having enough food, air, and water to survive.

physiological

Consists of the need to be safe from physical and psychological harm.

safety

Desire for self-fulfillment--to become the best one is capable of forming.

self-actualization

Theory _: -______ view of employees -Employees dislike work and must be monitored -Can only be motivated with _____ and _____

theory x: -pessimistic -rewards and punishments

Theory _: -Modern and _____ set of assumptions about employees. -Employees are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative

theory y: -positive

Using Maslow's theory To motivate employees: -Remember employees have needs beyond a _____. -Focus on satisfying employee needs related to self-concepts. 1. Self-esteem. 2. Self-actualization. -Satisfied needs lose their potential. -Be careful when estimating employee's needs.

-paycheck

What are the characteristics that are influenced by motivation? 1. ______ of behavior or thought 2. ______ of behavior or thought 3. ______ of behavior or thought

1. persistence 2. intensity 3. direction

Abraham Maslow proposed that motivation is a function of five basic needs:

1. physiological 2. safety 3. love 4. esteem 5. self-actualization.

Process Theories of Motivation: Equity Theory Equity theory: a model of motivation that explains how people strive for _____ and _____ in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.

fairness, justice

Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory: -This theory states job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors: o job dissatisfaction is associated with _____ factors o Job satisfaction is associated with _______ factors. o To improve motivation, managers can improve the motivators that drive satisfaction and improve hygiene factors that otherwise reduce job satisfaction.

-two factors: hygiene and motivating o job dissatisfaction: hygiene factors o job satisfaction: motivating factors o motivators, hygiene

_______ motivation: Results from the potential or actual receipt of external rewards such as recognition, money, or a promotion. _______ motivation: Occurs when an individual is inspired by the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well.

Extrinsic motivation: Results from the potential or actual receipt of external rewards such as recognition, money, or a promotion. (motivation influenced by external factors) Intrinsic motivation: Occurs when an individual is inspired by the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well. (motivation influenced by internal factors)

Content Theories of Motivation: McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory 1. Achievement: -Prefers working on ____. -Best in situations in which performance is due to effort and ability. -Prefers to work with other high ______ 2. Affiliation: -Likes to work in _____with cooperation and collegiality. -Tends to avoid ______. -Likes to be praised in _____ 3. Power: -Likes to be in _____. -Likes to be in ____ of people and events. -______ being recognized.

1. Achievement: -Prefers working on challenges. -Best in situations in which performance is due to effort and ability. -Prefers to work with other high achievers 2. Affiliation: -Likes to work in teams with cooperation and collegiality. -Tends to avoid conflict. -Likes to be praised in private 3. Power: -Likes to be in charge. -Likes to be in control of people and events. -Appreciates being recognized.

1. ________ need: the desire to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable to complete an act, task, or goal. 2. ________ need: the need to feel independent to influence one's environment; the desire to have freedom and discretion in determining what you want to do and how you want to do it. 3. _________ need: the need to be connected with others; the desire to feel part of a group, to belong, and to be connected with others.

1. Competence 2. autonomy 3. relatedness

1. _______ factors: cause a person to move from a state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction and include company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions. 2. _______ factors: cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction and include achievement, recognition, characteristics of the work, responsibility, and advancement.

1. hygiene (either dissatisfied or not dissatisfied. these things don't make you truly happy or more motivated.) 2. motivating (either satisfied or not satisfied. these can make you happy and truly engaged.)

McClelland's acquired needs theory states that three acquired needs are the key drivers of employee behavior and motivation.

1. need for power 2. need for achievement 3. need for affiliation