OBE chap2
d
) A study of the EU found which of the Big Five personality factors was a valid predictor of performance across jobs and occupational groups? A) agreeableness B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) conscientiousness
a
) Jason is outgoing, sociable, and assertive. According to the MBTI, he is considered A) extraverted B) feeling C) perceiving D) sensing
c
) Which of the following terms best describes people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs? A) Type A personalities B) high self-esteem C) proactive personalities D) high conscientiousness E) high Mach
c
1) Which of the following statements about personality is correct? A) Personality is always stable. B) Personality is a part of a person. C) Personality is an aggregate whole. D) Personality is for the most part comprised of traits that cannot be measured. E) Personality is the primary source of emotions in most people
b
1. Which of the following statements is true about the term "ability", as it is used in the field of organizational behavior? a. It refers to an individual's willingness to perform various tasks. b. It is a current assessment of what an individual can do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to physical skills. e. It is a prediction of future aptitude based on current attitudes.
a
10) What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "S or N" stand for? A) sensing/intuitive B) sensing/thinking C) emotional stability/intuitive D) emotional stability/thinking E) sane/reflective
b
10. Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between age and job satisfaction? a. Most studies have found a negative association between age and satisfaction. b. Some studies have found a U-shaped relationship between age and satisfaction. c. Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction increases among nonprofessionals during middle age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals after middle age.
c
11. Research does not support which of the following statements about gender in the workplace? a. Women are more willing to conform to authority than men. b. Men are more aggressive than women. c. Women are more productive at work than men. d. Men have higher expectations of success. e. Women have lower turnover rates than men.
e
12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the workplace? a. Men are more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to socialization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Women have more absences
b
13) What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? A) It is very difficult to administer. B) It probably should not be used as a selection test for choosing among job candidates since it is not necessarily a valid measure of personality. C) It does not include enough dimensions to differentiate all the variety of human personality D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive personality traits over analytical personality traits E) It is very difficult to accurately interpret.
b
13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate of women in the workplace? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. b. Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement can be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible schedules than men do.
c
14) A high score in which dimension of the Big Five model predicts good job performance for all occupational groups? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience
e
14. Which of the following is a major problem in the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of personnel? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests fail to take into account the personality of the individual. c. Some individuals with high intelligence are poor test takers. d. Women enjoy an unfair advantage on these tests. e. The tests may have an adverse impact on different racial and ethnic groups.
c
15) Which of the following is not included in the Big Five model? A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) intuitiveness D) emotional stability E) extraversion
b
15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. Recent evidence demonstrates a positive relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. Tenure does not appear to be a good predictor of employee productivity. c. Tenure is a potent variable in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are positively related. e. Tenure and organizational investment are negatively related.
b
16) Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) feeling E) emotional stability
c
16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. efficiency
c
17) Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) feeling E) emotional stability
e
17. Perhaps the greatest religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam
d
18) You know that your customers are demanding and sometimes difficult. Which personality dimension taps a person's ability to withstand stress? A) extraversion B) judging C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) intellect
a
18. What Fortune 500 company offers domestic partner benefits for gay couples? a. Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz
a
19) Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. This would this lead you to suspect that which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Jane? A) She will be easily distracted. B) She will find comfort in the familiar. C) She will be nervous, depressed, and insecure. D) She will be comfortable with solitude. E) She will be very dim-witted.
a
2) Researchers have paid so much attention to personality traits in OB in order to ________. A) help in employee selection and in understanding how to more effectively manage people. B) enable the easy evaluation of employee performance C) help identify which people in a workforce will work best together D) understand the motivation of outstanding workers E) exclude potential trouble-makers from work.
c
2) The "social" personality from Holland's typology of personality would be well suited for which of the following jobs? A) assembly-line worker B) economist C) teacher D) bank teller E) lawyer
b
2. Which one of the following words is the best synonym for "ability", as the term is used in organizational behavior? a. motivation b. capacity c. experience d. intellect e. wisdom
c
20) You wish to predict how strong organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is in each of your employees. Which of the five facets of personality will probably be of the most interest in this case? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) intellect
e
20. Learning has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she always wears a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a training video and then uses some of the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in areas of the warehouse where he has observed that the foreman does not enter. e. A manager only completes an important project by working through the night.
b
21) Of the Big Five, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, to job satisfaction, and to low stress levels. A) self-esteem B) emotional stability C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness E) extroversion
b
21. All of the following are true about learning except that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a very short duration c. requires a change in behavior d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude
c
22) Which of the following is not true of extraverts? A) Extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole than intraverts. B) Extraverts experience more positive emotions than introverts. C) Extraverts less freely express their positive emotions than do introverts. D) Extraverts have more friends than introverts.
a
22. A cashier starts greeting her customers with a simple "Hello" rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the standard greeting "Thank you for shopping with us", since she find saying the latter slightly embarrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has led to learning? a. the feeling of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the direction of the company to use the standard greeting c. the decision not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of "Hello" e. the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting
d
23) Which of the following is not a downside to conscientiousness? A) Conscientious people don't adapt well to changing contexts. B) Conscientious people have trouble learning complex tasks early in the training process. C) Conscientious people are often less creative than those who are less conscientious. D) Conscientious people are rarely considered structured individuals. E) There are no downsides to conscientiousness.
a
23. Experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what theory? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. method reproduction e. behavior shaping
d
24) James has been described as an agreeable individual. He is better liked on the job and is less likely to engage in organizational deviance. What would we expect to be associated with his agreeableness? A) He will be happier than a disagreeable person - but only slightly more B) He will likely choose other agreeable individuals as members of his team. C) He will probably be a poorer negotiator and experience lower levels of career success. D) All of the above.
e
24. What role did the meat play in Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an unconditioned stimulus
e
25) Which of the following statements about people with positive core self-evaluations is true? A) They set goals which are easily obtainable. B) They do not like themselves. C) They seldom persist to reach their goals. D) They view themselves as powerless over their environment. E) They tend to be more committed to their goals.
d
25. Classical conditioning would view which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned response? a. wincing when you stub your toe b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud noise d. looking for shelter when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious food
a
26) What is the term used for the degree to which people like or dislike themselves? A) core self-evaluation B) authoritarianism C) locus of control D) Machiavellianism E) efficacy
c
26. In Pavlov's experiment, the bell was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. none of the above
a
27) Mary has an opening for a position requiring the individual to demonstrate considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior by reading external cues. She should identify the employee with a(n) ________ for a good fit. A) high self-monitoring tendency B) low self-monitoring tendency C) internal locus of control D) external locus of control E) high SE
d
27. Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. Classical conditioning is passive. b. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. c. Learning a conditioned response involves building an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is different in many respects from operant conditioning
c
28) How would you describe an individual who is not capable of presenting striking contradictions between who they are in public and who they are privately and does not pay close attention to the behavior of others? A) low Mach B) high Mach C) low self-monitoring D) high self-monitoring E) narcissistic
a
28. When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandmother in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. sensory learning d. social learning e. shaping
c
29) Which of the following statements about low self-monitors is true? A) They have a low behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. B) They tend to rate their performance much more highly than do outside observers. C) They tend to pay less attention to the behavior of others than high self-monitors. D) They usually receive high performance ratings. E) They tend to thrive in areas that require them to take risks.
b
29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe behavior in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than voluntary. b. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is emitted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very difficult to determine exactly which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works well describing animal behavior but not human behavior.
b
3) Studies of twins separated at birth and raised separately have confirmed the importance of ________ in shaping personality. A) attitudes B) heredity C) environment D) parental influence
d
3. Which of the following is not a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. social aptitude
a
30) High self-monitors will most likely be well-suited to which of following positions? A) one that requires them to play a central role B) one that requires them not to yield to outside pressure C) one that requires them to operate independently for long periods of time D) one that requires them to take risks E) one that requires a great deal of creativity
c
30. Operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong e. the tendency to repeat a behavior is instinctual
a
31) What term is used to describe the personality of an individual who is aggressively involved in an incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time? A) Type A personality B) Type B personality C) proactive personality D) narcissistic personality E) high Mach personality
c
31. Which of the following researchers thought that reinforcement was the central factor involved in behavioral change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. Skinner d. Deming
c
32) Which of the following is true of people with a Type A personality? A) They tend to be more successful than people with a Type B personality. B) They play for fun and relaxation. C) They tend to emphasize quantity over quality. D) They generally feel little need to discuss their achievements. E) They are generally content with their place in the world.
a
32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stella's manager tries to change Stella's behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an example of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? a. Behaviorism and OB Mod assume that people's thoughts and feelings in response to their environment are irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put undue emphasis on cognitive processes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are being used. d. The best reinforcement to use and the schedule on which it should be used varies widely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon simple models of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real world environment
c
33) Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be exhibited in someone with a Type A personality? A) highly creative B) enjoys leisure and quiet time alone C) feels impatient with the rate of most events D) concentrates on one task at a time E) takes long lunches and plays pool
b
33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pay you double for overtime hours worked. When asked again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted
d
34) Which of the following is a characteristic of the Type B personality? A) A Type B suffers from a sense of time urgency, with its accompanying impatience. B) A Type B struggles to achieve more with less. C) A Type B strives to always multi-task. D) A Type B can relax without guilt. E) A Type B needs to discuss his or her achievements.
b
34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that behavior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. d. It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors.
b
35) People with which type of personality trait commonly make poor decisions because they make them too quickly. A) high self-esteem B) Type As C) Type Bs D) self-monitors E) extroverts
c
35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience? a. situational learning theory b. classical learning c. social learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov principle
b
36. Social learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. Pavlovian theory e. continuous reinforcement principles
a
37) Which of the following personality traits is most likely to help achieve career success? A) proactive personality B) high SE C) Type A D) extrovert E) agreeable
e
37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mikey crosses the street without looking he is punished by their parents. Based on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. extinction e. social learning theory
a
38) Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"? A) values B) attitudes C) convictions D) preferences E) affectual preferences
b
38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she will receive extra pay. b. A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his good manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal worker's pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before.
b
39) What does the content attribute of a value state? A) that the value is complete B) that the mode of conduct is important C) that the value is strongly or weakly held D) the behavior associated with that value E) that the value is not transient
e
39. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? a. attentional processes b. retention processes c. motor reproduction processes d. reinforcement processes e. consequential processes
c
4) Which of the following is not considered to be completely influenced by heredity? A) facial attractiveness B) energy level C) personality D) physical stature
a
4. What is a factor of intelligence that suggests that it makes sense to talk about overall intelligence? a. general mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed
a
40) When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) social acceptance E) social needs
b
40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual remembers a model's action after it is no longer readily available? a. attitudinal b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement e. attention
d
41) Which of the following statements about values is true? A) Values are flexible. B) Values are synonymous with attitudes. C) Values tend to be consistent among occupational groups. D) Values are fairly stable over time. E) Values change easily when they are called into question.
b
41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping
a
42) What is the difference between terminal and instrumental values, as proposed by Rokeach? A) Terminal values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime, while the instrumental values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving these values. B) Instrumental values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime, while terminal values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving theses values. C) Terminal values are the highest values in a person's value system, while instrumental values are the ones that are most often used. D) Instrumental values are the values that are used in day to day life, terminal values are those that come into play at times of great stress. E) Terminal values are the values shared by the group as a whole, instrumental values are the values that differ within a group and give rise to conflict.
b
42. You want to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the first day he produces 5 units and you give him a reward. On the second day he produces 5 units and you don't give him a reward. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral change are you using? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment
d
43) Which of the following values would be most likely to be considered a terminal value by Rokeach? A) ambitious B) broad-minded C) helpful D) a sense of accomplishment E) self-controlled
c
43. Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. counseling d. positive reinforcement e. extinction
c
44) Which category of dominant work values is most likely to characterize a 55-year-old employee in the United States? A) hard working, conservative, conforming, loyalty to the organization B) team-orientated, honest, self-reliant, loyal to relationships. C) success, achievement, ambition, dislike of authority, loyalty to career D) work/life balance, team-oriented, dislike of rules, loyalty to relationships E) confident, financial success, self-reliant but team-oriented, loyalty to both self and relationships
a
44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reaction d. manipulation e. unionization
d
45) What is the term used to describe the cohort of workers who entered the workforce in the 1950s and early 1960s? A) boomers B) nexters C) Xers D) veterans E) Millennials
a
45. What is it called when a desired response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. manipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal
d
46) What is the term used to describe those members of the population whose lives have been shaped by globalization, MTV, AIDS, and computers; and who value flexibility, life options, and the achievement of job satisfaction? A) veterans B) boomers C) nexters D) Xers E) hexers
c
46. Suspending an employee for dishonest behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. poor planning e. reaction
a
47) Veterans are most likely to place the greatest importance on A) a comfortable like and family security B) social recognition C) true friendship D) happiness E) meaningful work
a
47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not respond to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who arrive late. d. A cat owner sprays his cat with water every time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with praise and small rewards if they prevent the other team from scoring.
d
48) What cohort of workers in the United States is most likely to balk at having to work extensive overtime and weekends? A) Veterans B) Boomers C) Nexters D) Xers E) Traditionalists
c
48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency. d. They are effective shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning.
b
49) What term is used for those who entered the United States workforce from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s? A) Veterans B) Boomers C) Nexters D) Xers E) Traditionalists
a
49. An employee is frequently late for work. Every time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous schedule b. negative c. intermittent schedule d. repetitious e. repetitious negative
a
5) You wish to hire a person who has an original mind, is skeptical, critical, independent, and determined. Candidates for this position would ideally have what classification on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? A) INTJs B) ESTJs C) ENTPs D) ISFPs E) ESTPs 5) You wish to hire a person who has an original mind, is skeptical, critical, independent, and determined. Candidates for this position would ideally have what classification on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? A) INTJs B) ESTJs C) ENTPs D) ISFPs E) ESTPs
c
5. Which of the following is not one of the nine basic abilities involved in the performance of physical tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. body coordination e. trunk strength
a
50) As you work with Tom, who is 27 years old, you are likely to find that he ________. A) desires financial success B) prefers leisure time C) sees the company merely as a vehicle for his career D) highly values security E) is not interested in work at all
b
50. The corporate audit staff makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the records to see that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the following? a. positive reinforcement b. variable-interval reinforcement schedule c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method
b
51) What cohort of workers in the United States is most loyal to their careers? A) Veterans B) Boomers C) Nexters D) Xers E) Traditionalists
b
51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. viable
c
52) The most recent entrants to the United States workforce are ________. A) Veterans B) Boomers C) Nexters D) Xers E) Traditionalists
c
52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative
c
53) What cohort of workers values loyalty to both self and relationships? A) Veterans B) Boomers C) Nexters D) Xers E) Traditionalists
a
53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to lead to higher performance than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable; fixed b. fixed; intermittent c. fixed; variable d. variable; ratio e. fixed; static
a
54) Holland's personality-job fit theory is based on the notion of fit between an individual's ________ and ________. A) personality characteristics; the job requirements B) satisfaction; the job C) ability to perform the job; motivation D) motivation; on-the-job performance E) personality characteristics; job satisfaction
d
54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self-management c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling
c
55) According to Holland's personalityjob fit theory, what are consequences of a good fit between personality and occupation? A) a low level of stress B) a high level of accomplishment C) high satisfaction and low turnover D) maximum performance and efficiency E) a high rate of turnover
a
55. Which of the following is one of the steps of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program? a. identifying critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. developing horizontally arrayed data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers
b
56) ________ developed a Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire that contains 160 occupational titles. A) Maslow B) Holland C) Hofstede D) Herzberg E) Surber
d
56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his staff towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales staff needs to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the next step that the manager should take? a. determine why employees are not friendly towards customers b. develop a strategy for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the present time e. establish what is needed to motivate employee friendliness towards customers
b
57) According to Holland, the closer two fields are in the hexagon, the ________ they are. A) more dissimilar B) more compatible C) less compatible D) more difficult to categorize E) less related to any occupation
d
58) The "enterprising" personality from Holland's typology of personality and congruent occupations would exhibit which of the following personality characteristics? A) imaginative, disorderly, idealistic B) shy, genuine, persistent C) sociable, friendly, cooperative D) self-confident, ambitious, energetic E) conforming, efficient, practical
a
59) You are seeking to fill the position of corporate accountant, and have administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire to all candidates. You would suspect that the questionnaire would indicate that the best candidates for the position would have which of the following personality types? A) conventional B) realistic C) enterprising D) investigative E) social
d
6) All of the following are classifications on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator except ________. A) extroverted/introverted B) sensing/intuitive C) perceiving/judging D) independent/dependent E) thinking/feeling
c
60) Monica is majoring in interior design. Her personality type is "realistic" according to Holland's Typology. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Monica's personality type is well-suited to her major. B) Monica is better suited to be a bank teller. C) Interior design is incongruent with her personality type. D) Interior design is congruent with a "social" personality type. E) Monica prefers activities that do not require strength
c
61) The "realistic" personality from Holland's typology of personality and congruent occupations would be well suited for which of the following jobs? A) painter B) accountant C) mechanic D) lawyer E) biologist
b
63) Which of Holland's personality types prefers activities that involve thinking and understanding? A) realistic B) investigative C) social D) conventional E) artistic
c
64) Which one of the following statements is true about the six personality types developed in Holland's personality-job fit theory? Each of the six types has a ________. A) supplemental personality style B) congruent personality style C) congruent occupation D) supplemental occupational environment E) supplemental skill set
b
65) It's more important today that employees' personalities fit with A) their manager's personality B) the overall organization's culture C) the characteristics of the job D) the recruiter's personality
b
67) Which of the following researchers produced a comprehensive analysis for analyzing variations among cultures? A) Maslow B) Hofstede C) Festinger D) Skinner E) Freud
b
68) Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture? A) power distance B) flexibility versus rigidity C) individualism versus collectivism: D) long-term versus short-term orientation: E) uncertainty avoidance
c
69) What is the measure of the extent to which people in a country accept the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally? A) caste acceptance B) collectivism C) power distance D) masculinity E) rigidity
c
7. What will be the largest demographic change in the U.S. workforce in the next decade? a. increasing ethnic diversity b. a fall in married workers c. increasing age of workers d. decreasing tenure of workers e. more women in the workforce than men
b
70) Which dimension of Hofstede's framework is the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups? A) power distance B) individualism vs. collectivism C) masculinity vs. femininity D) uncertainty avoidance E) long-term vs. short-term orientation
d
71) Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them? A) long-term orientation B) masculinity C) individualism D) collectivism E) femininity
c
72) According to Hofstede, people in cultures with ________ value thrift, persistence, and tradition. A) high power distance B) low power distance C) long-term orientation D) short-term orientation E) low uncertainty avoidance
b
73) According to Hofstede, cultures that score ________ tend to emphasize laws and regulations. A) high on power distance B) high on uncertainty avoidance C) low on power distance D) low on uncertainty avoidance E) high on masculinity
d
74) Which of Hofstede's dimensions is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured to unstructured situations? A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) idiocentricity
a
75) According to Hofstede, high femininity cultures A) emphasize equality between men and women. B) favor achievement and power. C) emphasize feminine roles. D) have increased anxiety about ambiguity. E) are rule-oriented.
d
76) According to Hofstede, which country scored as the most individualistic nation of all? A) Japan B) Korea C) Great Britain D) United States E) China
c
77) The gender differentiation cultural dimension identified by GLOBE is the equivalent of which of Hofstede's dimensions? A) power distance B) uncertainty avoidance C) masculinity-femininity D) future orientation E) individualism-collectivism
c
78) According to Hofstede, the Unites States scores high in ________ and low in ________. A) power distance; uncertainty avoidance B) individualism; power distance C) uncertainty avoidance; individualism D) uncertainty avoidance; masculinity E) femininity; masculinity
b
79) All of the following are weaknesses of Hofstede's cultural dimensions pointed out by critics EXCEPT: A) The original data are from 30 years ago. B) The original data were based on only four companies: IBM, Disney, Coca-Cola, and McDonald's. C) Most researchers are unaware of the judgment calls Hofstede had to make. D) Some of the Hofstede results are unexpected. E) Few researchers have read the details of Hofstede's methodology closely.
d
8) How would someone who is described as an ESTJ on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator best be described? A) as a visionary B) as a conceptualizer C) as an innovator D) as an organizer E) as a leader
b
8. Research shows that which of the following is likely to decrease as a worker grows older? a. productivity b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. vacation days taken e. work ethic
d
80) The GLOBE team identified ________ dimensions on which national cultures differ. A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 15
d
81) Which of the following is not one of the cultural dimensions identified by the GLOBE team? A) performance orientation B) future orientation C) humane orientation D) age differentiation E) power distance
c
82) Which of the following cultural dimensions identified by GLOBE does not have an equivalent in Hofstede? A) future orientation B) power distance C) performance orientation D) individualism/collectivism E) gender differentiation
c
85) Which of the following statements is true of the GLOBE project? A) The GLOBE dimensions replaced Hofstede's work. B) The GLOBE project confirmed that Hofstede's dimensions are no longer valid. C) The GLOBE dimensions have confirmed Hofstede's work. D) The GLOBE framework recognizes that a country's cultural values do not change. E) It is not expected that future cross-cultural studies will use the GLOBE dimensions to assess differences between countries.
c
9) What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) extroverted/intuitive B) emotional/introverted C) extroverted/introverted D) emotional/intuitive E) sane/reflective
a
9. Which of the following statements is true? a. Older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than younger workers. b. Older employees have lower rates of unavoidable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees are more likely to quit their job than younger workers. d. Older employees are perceived to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees generally have lower productivity than younger workers.
b
Application of Learning Theory—Shaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling
b
Application of Learning Theory—Shaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 116. You want Allison to take an accounting course so that she can help with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the course and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning
a
Biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the following is not a biographical characteristic? a. political affiliation b. age c. sex d. tenure e. race
c
Learning
a
Summary and Implications for Managers
19.
Which of the following indicates that learning has taken place? a. the ability to perform well on exams b. a change in motivation c. a change in behavior d. a high I.Q. score e. an increase in experience
57.
Who said "Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want"? a. B.F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d. James Emery e. Ben Franklin
c
You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 117. Sam is late coming back to work and you dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning
a
You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118. Veronica is paid $10.00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above
c
You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several times a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive
a
You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 120. John's attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped
d
You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that your firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees. Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for newly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. Variable schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective.
c
You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female. She has been with the company only six months. Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. Sally is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally
d
You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female. She has been with the company only six months. Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. Sally is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. all these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates
c
You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female. She has been with the company only six months. Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. Sally is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jonathan c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally
a
Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emery's use of OB Mod. He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concepts to individuals b. open book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographical characteristics e. higher health care benefits
b
Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emery's use of OB Mod. He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate performance improvement d. develop baseline data e. none of the above
d
Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emery's use of OB Mod. He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employee's performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100