Obgyn mock
The treatment of an ectopic pregnancy called salpingostomy is? Usually done on a patient with recurrent or ruptured ectopic pregnancies When the tube is spared When the tube is removed Usually done on stable patients only
When the tube is spared
The presence of additional placental tissue adjacent to the main placenta is termed a(n): accessory placenta battledore placenta circumvallate placenta velamentous placenta
accessory placenta
Which of the following fetal presentations is normally treated by cesarean section? Vertex presentation at 39 weeks Occiput presentation at 41 weeks Breech presentation at 22 weeks Breech presentation at 38 weeks Cephalic presentation at 36 weeks
Breech presentation at 38 weeks
T/f Subchorionic hemorrhage is the most common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in the first trimester?
True
Which statement(s) is true about the rupture of an interstitial pregnancy? Rupture of an ectopic Interstitial pregnancy carries the most life-threatening risk of hemorrhage from the uterine arteries Growth of fetus can continue 3 -4 months without rupture All choices are correct Rare and relatively asymptomatic
All choices are correct
When should the amnion and chorion fuse by? No later than 8 weeks gestation No later than 16 weeks gestation No later than 10 weeks gestation No later than 12 weeks gestation
No later than 16 weeks gestation
Abnormal growth of a blastocyst with a proliferative number of trophoblastic cells caused by improper fertilization of a zygote is called? All of the above Molar Pregnancy Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Hydatidiform mole
All of the above
Select the sonographic findings that increase suspicion of a choriocarcinoma. Soft tissue mass filling the uterine cavity Hyperechoic shadowing mass within the myometrium Normal fetus and placenta with a cystic vesicular portion Mass invasion through the uterine myometrium to the serosa with hypoechoic liver lesions
Mass invasion through the uterine myometrium to the serosa with hypoechoic liver lesions
Select the measurement from the frontal to the occipital bone obtained at the level of the thalami. Cephalic index (CI) Biparietal diameter (BPD) Biocular distance (BOD) Occipito-frontal diameter (OFD)
Occipito-frontal diameter (OFD)
This duplex image identifies which of the following structures? thrombosis of an umbilical artery umbilical varix single umbilical artery velamentous cord
single umbilical artery
Habitual or Recurrent Abortion is a miscarriage of 3 or more consecutive pregnancies and is considered a form of infertility True False
True
T/F Heterotopic Pregnancy is a type of ectopic pregnancy that has a simultaneous intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) AND ectopic pregnancy
True
The treatment of an ectopic pregnancy called salpingectomy is. When the tube is removed Usually done on stable patients only When the tube is spared
When the tube is removed
A monozygotic twin that splits between 8 and 12 days of fertilization will be? Conjoined twins Monochorionic and diamniotic twins Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins Dichorionic and diamniotic twins
Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins
The ultrasound image below was taken of an uterus in a 25-year-old woman with normal levels of hCG for dates. What is the best diagnosis for this image? Ectopic pregnancy Theca lutein cysts Incomplete molar pregnancy Subchorionic hemorrhage
Subchorionic hemorrhage
Risk factors for Gestational trophoblastic disease include all of the following EXCEPT. Women of Hispanic origin Maternal age over 50 Maternal age Under 20 and Over 35 Women of Asian origin
Women of Hispanic origin
Visibility of this structure predicts a viable pregnancy in over 90% of cases. Yolk Sac Fetal Pole Gestational sac Vitelline duct
Yolk Sac
All of the following are true about ectopic pregnancies EXCEPT? hCG levels are slightly higher than normal IUP May occur anywhere in the pelvic cavity, or less commonly in the abdominal cavity Most common location is within the Ampulla of the fallopian tube Vaginal Bleeding -Light to Heavy (Bright Red)
hCG levels are slightly higher than normal IUP
Trophoblastic cells produce? Progesterone which prevents shedding of the uterine lining and estrogen that erodes the endometrial surface to allow implantation hCG which extends the life of the corpus luteum and enzymes that erode the endometrial surface to allow implantation
hCG which extends the life of the corpus luteum and enzymes that erode the endometrial surface to allow implantation
Bradycardia is defined as. 140 -160 bpm >160 bpm < 100 bpm 90 -115 bpm
< 100 bpm
What structures are formed within the embryo by the end of the 10th week? All organs and structures are completely formed All rudimentary forms of all organs and structures Heart and brain are completely formed Rudimentary forms of the heart and brain
All rudimentary forms of all organs and structures
According to the ALARA principle which thermal index setting should be used after 10 weeks gestation? TIC MI TIB TIS
TIB
Refer to the image of the fetal chest above: The arrow is pointing to The right ventricular wall The left ventricular wall A ventriculoseptal defect The atrial septum The interventricular septum
The interventricular septum
Extension of an anterior placenta into the maternal urinary bladder is a sonographic finding associated with: placenta percreta placenta previa placenta increta endometriosis
placenta percreta
The gestational sac grows approximately. 1 mm per day 8 mm per day 8 cm per day 1 cm per day
1 mm per day
The fetal stomach should be visualized by: Group of answer choices 8 weeks 14 weeks 20 weeks 18 weeks
14 weeks
What is a normal heart rate for a fetus at 9 weeks gestational age? ~140 bpm 90 -115 bpm 140 -160 bpm 160 -180 bpm
140 -160 bpm
Placental thickness will vary with gestational age but generally measures: 2 to 3 cm 5 to 6 cm 4 to 5 cm 1 to 2 cm
2 to 3 cm
What percentage of twins is monozygotic? 30 40 50 70
30
The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed: 3 mm 6 mm 10 mm 12 mm
6 mm
The fetal lip typically closes by: 18 weeks 8 weeks 13 weeks 6 weeks
8 weeks
The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is: Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant Inherited dominant Inherited recessive
Autosomal dominant
The renal cystic disease that results in the development of cysts late in adulthood is: Multicystic dysplastic renal disease Autosomal recessive polycystic disease Autosomal dominant polycystic disease Obstructive cystic dysplasia
Autosomal dominant polycystic disease
What is used as a tumor marker for endometrial carcinoma? CR-124 CE-125 CA-125 CA-45
CA-125
Which of the following is considered a Impending or suspicious sign for pregnancy failure in a fetus found without a heartbeat? A follow up scan before 7 days after initial scan that shows a Yolk sac with no embryo CRL of 6 mm by transvaginal ultrasound A follow up scan before 1 week after initial scan that shows No yolk sac and No embryo MSD < 16 mm with an embryo present
CRL of 6 mm by transvaginal ultrasound
In VACTERL association, the letter "C" stands for: Cerebellar C-spine Cranial Cardiac
Cardiac
The area of attachment of the fallopian tubes within the uterus is the: Fundus Corpus Isthmus Cornu
Cornu
Fusion of the orbits is termed: Microglossia Cebocephaly Cyclopia Ethmocephaly
Cyclopia
Twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova are called: Diamniotic Dizygotic Monozygotic Monochorionic
Dizygotic
Which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits? Cebocephaly Cyclopia Ethmocephaly Epignathus
Epignathus
The congenital absence of part of the esophagus is termed: Duodenal atresia VACTERL syndrome Down syndrome Esophageal atresia
Esophageal atresia
What hormone plays a major role in the symptoms associated with menopause? hCG LH Estrogen CA-120
Estrogen
The condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is: Ethmocephaly Epignathus Micrognathia Cebocephaly
Ethmocephaly
How is hydrops related to rh incompatibility normally treated at 26 weeks? Early delivery Amniocentesis Chorionic villi sampling Pigtail catheter insertion Exchange transfusion
Exchange transfusion
Which of the following is the most commonly used measurement to estimate fetal age? AC HC BPD FL
FL
Which one of the following statements about facial anomalies is correct? Fetal facial anomalies are homogeneous. Hemangiomas do not occur in the face and neck. Facial anomalies occur as isolated defects or as part of a syndrome. Doppler evaluation of facial masses is discouraged because of possible bioeffects to the fetus.
Facial anomalies occur as isolated defects or as part of a syndrome.
The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as: Fetal goiter Cystic hygroma Lymphangioma Cervical teratoma
Fetal goiter
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of: Tetralogy of Fallot Pentalogy of Cantrell Fetal hydrops Potter syndrome
Fetal hydrops
What is the process that establishes all 3 germ layers in the embryo? Gestation Neuralization Gastrulation Implantation
Gastrulation
Ear malformation may be observed in which one of the following? Pierre Robin syndrome Goldstein syndrome Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Goldenhar syndrome
Goldenhar syndrome
Select the most common fetal ratio parameter. Head circumference/abdominal circumference ratio (HC/AC) Abdomen circumference/femur length (AC/FL) Humerus length/biparietal diameter (HL/PBD) Biparietal diameter/abdominal circumference (BPD/AC)
Head circumference/abdominal circumference ratio (HC/AC)
A simple fluid accumulation within the vagina secondary to an imperforate hymen is: Group of answer choices Hydrometrocolpos Hydrocolpos Hematometra Hematocolpos
Hydrocolpos
Another name for pelvocaliectasis is: Group of answer choices Caliectasis Hydrocele Hydronephrosis Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
What is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram? Spina bifida Anencaphaly Hydronephrosis Cleft lip
Hydronephrosis
A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as: Anophthalmia Micrognathia Hypertelorism Hypotelorism
Hypotelorism
Which of the following is a sonographic finding for the donor twin in the TTTS pregnancy. Hypovolemic Polyhydramnios Macrosomia Hydrops
Hypovolemic
What is a gynecologic procedure to remove an endometrial polyp? Hysterectomy with myomectomy Histogram with myomectomy Hysteroscopy with polypectomy Hysteroscopy with polyp myomectomy
Hysteroscopy with polypectomy
Which of the following is a common pitfall when measuring femur length? including the fetal pelvic bones in the measurement measuring the lower leg instead of the femu Including the patella in the measurement including the distal femoral point in the measurement
Including the patella in the measurement
The type of abortion where there is Retained products of conception (RPOC) within the gestational sac is considered a? Missed Abortion Threatened Abortion Incomplete Abortion Inevitable Abortion Complete Abortion
Incomplete Abortion
The ultrasound image below was taken of a 38-year-old woman with high levels of hCG for dates. What is the best diagnosis for this image? Incomplete molar pregnancy Theca lutein cysts Ectopic pregnancy Complete molar pregnancy
Incomplete molar pregnancy
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with: Maternal hypertension Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Intracranial calcifications Renal cystic disease
Intracranial calcifications
A complex or solid adnexal mass that moves together with the ovary is most likely an? Extraovarian mass Ectopic pregnancy Intraovarian mass
Intraovarian mass
Which of the following would be most difficult to detect sonographically? Cleft lip and cleft palate Isolated cleft lip Isolated cleft palate Isolated median cleft
Isolated cleft palate
Which of the following best describes a choledochal cyst? It is the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct. It is the herniation of the abdominal contents into the umbilical cord. It is the congenital absence of the cystic duct. It is the inflammation of the biliary tree due to extrinsic obstruction.
It is the cystic dilatation of the common bile duct.
The malignant ovarian tumor with gastrointestinal origin is the: Brenner tumor Krukenberg tumor Yolk sac tumor Granulosa cell tumor
Krukenberg tumor
Which of the following describes the sonographic findings of an embryonic demise? Empty gestational sac greater than 20 mm Lack of heart motion, expanded amnion sign, missing double bleb sign Empty gestational sac smaller than expected size Thick endometrium with decreased myometrial flow
Lack of heart motion, expanded amnion sign, missing double bleb sign
Select the clinical finding that raises suspicion for a multiple pregnancy. MSAFP level of <2.5 MOM Palpation of two heads Maternal hypertension Large for gestational age
Large for gestational age
The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the: Group of answer choices Early secretory phase Late proliferative phase Late secretory phase Early proliferative phase
Late proliferative phase
An EIF is most often seen within the: Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium
Left ventricle
Webbing across the joint and multiple contractures are sonographic findings of which one of the following abnormalities? Roberts syndrome Jeune syndrome Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome
Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome
Weakening of these muscles may lead to prolapse of the pelvic organs: Group of answer choices Rectus abdominis and obturator internus muscles Levator ani and coccygeus muscles Obturator internus and levator ani muscles Piriformis and iliopsoas muscles
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
What syndrome describes the fetus with herniated viscera within a complex membrane-involved mass, severe scoliosis, cranial, and spinal defects? Limb-body wall complex Midgut volvulus Potter sequence Prune belly syndrome
Limb-body wall complex
All of the following are consistent with a hydatidiform mole except: Hyperemesis Bilateral theca lutein cysts Low hCG Heterogeneous mass within the endometrium
Low hCG
What is the most likely pulsed Doppler characteristic of endometrial cancer? Low-impedance flow High-impedance flow Absent systolic flow Converse diastolic flow
Low-impedance flow
Numerous noncommunicating anechoic masses are noted within the left renal fossa of a fetus at 20 weeks' gestation. What is the most likely etiology of these masses? Group of answer choices ARPKD ADPKD MCDK disease Hydronephrosis
MCDK disease
An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed: Epignathus Macrognathia Pharyngoglossia Macroglossia
Macroglossia
A woman presents at 38 weeks gestation for sonographic evaluation of fetal weight. EFW is approximately 4200 grams. Which of the following best describes the condition of the fetus? normal upper limits of normal for EFW Macrosomina IUGR
Macrosomina
A structural abnormality that results from an abnormal development describes: Group of answer choices Syndrome Chromosomal deviation Malformation Congenital misrepresentation
Malformation
The middle germ layer in the embryo is called. Blastoderm Endoderm Ectoderm mesoderm
Mesoderm
Before 9 weeks, the fetal kidneys are located within the: Umbilical cord Pelvis Chest Renal fossae
Pelvis
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle? Group of answer choices Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin Progesterone
Progesterone
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the: CAM Chordae tendineae Cardiomyoma Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyoma
What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction? Group of answer choices UVJ obstruction UPJ obstruction Vesicoureteral reflux Urethral atresia
UPJ obstruction
All of the following would be associated with oligohydramnios except: Bilateral renal agenesis Unilateral renal agenesis ARPKD Bilateral MCDK disease
Unilateral renal agenesis
Which of the following would result in compensatory hypertrophy? Pelvic kidney Horseshoe kidneys Bilateral renal agenesis Unilateral renal agenesis
Unilateral renal agenesis
The echogenic focus within the fetal stomach is considered: suspicious for Turner syndrome a consistent finding in Patau syndrome a precursor to meconium peritonitis a normal incidental finding
a normal incidental finding
Growth of the placenta into the superficial myometrium is termed placenta: increta previa accreta percreta
accreta
Multiple serpentine vascular structures within the myometrium in a patient complaining of abnormal bleeding following a recent dilation curettage procedure is most suspicious for which of the following abnormalities? adenomyosis endometriosis arteriovenous fístula Asherman syndrome
arteriovenous fístula
Hydronephrosis in utero is most commonly caused by an obstruction: in the urethra in the distal ureter at the bladder inlet at the ureteropelvic junction
at the ureteropelvic junction
The maternal side of the placenta is formed by the decidua: parietalis leave basalis frondosum
basalis
Ebstein anomaly is associated with a gastrointestinal anomaly cardiovascular anomaly genitourinary anomaly central nervous system anomaly
cardiovascular anomaly
Which portion of the gestational sac develops into the fetal side of the placenta? chorion frondosum chorion laeve chorion basalis chorion parietalis
chorion frondosum
The vascular projections arising from the chorion are termed: myxomatous tissue chorionic venules chorionic villi chorionic leave
chorionic villi
The etiology of this abnormality is typically: idiopathic Rh sensitivity autosomal recessive chromosomal
chromosomal
Which of the following planes demonstrate the normal fetal spine as three parallel hyperechoic lines on ultrasound? transverse coronal sagittal axial
coronal
A woman at 10 weeks gestation, presents for a sonographic evaluation of her pregnancy. Which of the following biometric measurements will provide the most accurate prediction of gestational age? mean sac diameter biparietal diameter crown rump length head circumference
crown rump length
During the first trimester, the length of the normal umbilical cord is equal to the: width of the gestational sac crown-rump length mean sac diameter gestational weeks
crown-rump length
A rapid increasing pelvic mass is most suspicious for a(n): leiomyoma cystadenoma endometrioma cystic teratoma
cystadenoma
The normal heart will fill approximately ___ of the fetal chest. one-fifth one half one-fourth one-third
one-third
This patient most likely presents with: painless vaginal bleeding severe pelvic pain mild pelvic pain abdominal cramping
painless vaginal bleeding
Placenta accreta can be ruled out by observing a normal: homogeneous echo pattern chorionic plate maternal urinary bladder retroplacental complex
retroplacental complex
Visualization of the fetal gallbladder signifies: the presence of a biliary tree the presence of the pancreas a normal fetal karyotype normal liver function
the presence of a biliary tree
Which of the following sonographic findings is not associated with placental insufficiency? thick placenta early grade 3 placenta placental neoplasm placental infarct
thick placenta
Which of the following is the formula for calculating circumference? (Dl + D2) X 1.57 (D 1 + D2) X 3 (Dl + D2) + 2 (D 1 X D2) + 2
(Dl + D2) X 1.57
Lateral ventricular enlargement becomes ventriculomegaly after the diameter exceeds: 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm
10 mm
Sonographic findings associated with osteogenesis imperfecta may not be apparent before: 12 weeks' gestation 18 weeks' gestation 24 weeks' gestation 28 weeks' gestation
24 weeks' gestation
Choroid plexus cysts should normally regress by: 26 weeks 12 weeks 28 weeks 16 weeks
26 weeks
The lack of which dietary component correlates to an increased risk of central nervous system anomalies. 6 mg of Citric acid 4 mg of Vitamin B12 4 mg of Folic acid 6 mg of Vitamin D
4 mg of Folic acid
In the late second trimester, anterior - posterior diameter of the normal renal pelvis should not exceed: 1 mm 7 mm 10 mm 4 mm
4 mm
The measurement of the endometrium during the proliferative phase ranges from: 6 to 10 mm 8 to 12 mm 4 to 8 mm 1 to 2 mm
4 to 8 mm
Which one of the following statements about cleft lip and palate is false? A medial cleft lip is caused by an incomplete merging of the two medial nasal prominences in the midline. An oblique facial cleft is the failure of the maxillary prominence to merge with the lateral nasal swelling; the nasolacrimal duct is exposed. A complete bilateral cleft lip and palate is a small gap in the left upper lip on the modified coronal view; the nose is flattened and widened. A unilateral complete cleft lip and palate is an incomplete fusion of the maxillary prominence to the medial prominence on one side; the modified coronal view is used.
A complete bilateral cleft lip and palate is a small gap in the left upper lip on the modified coronal view; the nose is flattened and widened.
Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as: A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm A defect in the posterolateral wall of the diaphragm Congenital absence of the diaphragm A defect in the anterior lateral wall of the diaphragm
A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm
Which of the following fetal measurements is the most useful for fetal weight estimation? FL HC AC BPD
AC
The type of renal cystic disease associated with adult liver and pancreatic cysts is: ARPKD VATER ADPKD MCDK
ADPKD
A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of a neural tube defect is: Folate hCG Estriol AFP
AFP
Which of the following is associated with enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts? Hydronephrotic syndrome ARPKD MCDK disease Obstructive cystic dysplasia
ARPKD
Which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome? Dilated urinary bladder and urethra Megacystis Undescended testis Abdominal muscle hypertrophy
Abdominal muscle hypertrophy
Acardiac twinning results from: Poor maternal nutrition Dizygotic gestations Abnormal links among the placental vessels Twin embolization syndrome
Abnormal links among the placental vessels
Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except: Frontal bossing Flattened nasal bridge Trident hand Absent mineralization of the skull
Absent mineralization of the skull
Which of the following would typically not be associated with amenorrhea? Group of answer choices Asherman syndrome Polycystic ovarian disease Pregnancy Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis
When is the Crown Rump Length measurement no longer accurate? After 12 -13 weeks 12 - 13 weeks CRL can be used throughout the pregnancy Before 12 weeks
After 12 -13 weeks
Which of the following statement(s) are true regarding the yolk sac? Becomes a part of the primitive gut Hematopoiesis All choices are correct Providing nutrients
All choices are correct
Which of the following statements concerning Fetal Demise; Incomplete Abortion, Complete Abortion or Pregnancy Loss are true? May be asymptomatic ALWAYS has declining hCG levels May cause vaginal bleeding/spotting All choices are correct
All choices are correct
An omphalocele may contain: Fetal liver Ascites Fetal colon All of the above
All of the above
The absence of the eyes is termed: Agyria Epignathus Hypotelorism Anophthalmia
Anophthalmia
The congenital maldevelopment of the rectum and absence of anal opening is termed: Jejunal atresia Intussusception Anorectal atresia Duodenal atresia
Anorectal atresia
Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with an elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein? Pentalogy of Cantrell Anorectal atresia Gastroschisis Omphalocele
Anorectal atresia
Which of the following is considered to be the most common type of colonic atresia? Duodenal atresia Jejunal atresia Anorectal atresia Intussusception
Anorectal atresia?
The most common cause of hypertelorism is: Dandy-Walker malformation Anencephaly Anterior cephalocele Holoprosencephaly
Anterior cephalocele
What organ lies superior and anterior to the structure labeled A? Apex of the heart Left kidney Cord insert Adrenal gland
Apex of the heart
The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as: Dandy-Walker malformation Budd-Chiari syndrome Arnold-Chiari II malformation Amniotic band syndrome
Arnold-Chiari II malformation
What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures? Acromegaly Radial ray defect Achondrogenesis Arthrogryposis
Arthrogryposis
Inability to distinguish the endometrial cavity is a sonographic finding in: infertility tamoxifen therapy Asherman syndrome polycystic ovarian disease
Asherman syndrome
Which of the following is not associated with endometrial hyperplasia? Tamoxifen therapy Polycystic ovary syndrome Ovarian thecoma Asherman syndrome
Asherman syndrome
Macroglossia is most commonly found with: Anencephaly Holoprosencephaly Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Cystic hygroma
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
The nuchal fold measurement is typically obtained: Before 12 weeks 6 days Between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks After 24 weeks
Between 15 weeks and 21 weeks
The mitral valve is located: Between the left atrium and the aorta Between the right ventricle and the right atrium Between the left ventricle and the left atrium Between the right atrium and the left atrium
Between the left ventricle and the left atrium
Which of the following would be most likely associated with oligohydramnios? Duodenal atresia Hepatomegaly Bilateral renal agenesis Physiologic bowel herniation
Bilateral renal agenesis
A large (> 18 mm) gestational sac with no structures visible indicates a? Ectopic pregnancy Blighted ovum Embryonic pregnancy Intrauterine pregnancy
Blighted ovum
A patient presents as small for gestational age with a known LMP 10 weeks ago. The sonographic exam reveals a gestational sac equivalent to a 6-week gestation. Select the most likely differential. Blighted ovum Miscarriage Incomplete abortion
Blighted ovum
Which term relates the number of placentas? Chorionicity Placentation Amnionicity Both A and B
Both A and B
A group of lethal skeletal dysplasias characterized by bowing of the long bones is which one of the following abnormalities? Diastrophic dysplasia Congenital hypophosphatasia Camptomelic dysplasia Postural anomalies
Camptomelic dysplasia
The ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the: Group of answer choices Cardinal ligament Ovarian ligament Broad ligament Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Cardinal ligament
An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as: Sirenomelia Caudal regression syndrome Achondroplasia Radial ray defect
Caudal regression syndrome
The condition associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx: LBWC Caudal regression syndrome Thanatophoric dwarfism Heterozygous achondroplasia
Caudal regression syndrome
At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained? Cavum septum pellucidum Occipital horns of the lateral ventricle Brain stem Foramen magna
Cavum septum pellucidum
Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed: Cebocephaly Cyclopia Ethmocephaly Epignathus
Cebocephaly
The dumbbell-shaped structure(s) inferior and posterior to the cerebrum is(are) the Third ventricle Cavum septum pellucidum Cerebellum Lateral ventricles Sylvian fissure
Cerebellum
The most malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease is: Hydatidiform mole Choriocarcinoma Anembryonic Chorion frondosum
Choriocarcinoma
The fetal portion of the placenta is? Decidua basalis Decidua capsularis Decidua Vera Chorion frondosum
Chorion frondosum
Refer to the axial view of a fetal cranium above: The pound sign indicates the: Quadrigeminal cistern Third ventricle Cisterna magna Fourth ventricle Ambient cistern
Cisterna magna
OEIS complex is also referred to as: Bladder exstrophy Potter syndrome Cloacal exstrophy Omphalocele
Cloacal exstrophy
Talipes equinovarus is associated with: Clubfoot Syndactyly Rhizomelia Rockerbottom feet
Clubfoot
The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as: Cebocephaly Banana sign Colpocephaly Cephalocele
Colpocephaly
The type of abortion where All products of conception are expelled is considered a? Inevitable Abortion Incomplete Abortion Missed Abortion Threatened Abortion Complete Abortion
Complete Abortion
Which one of the following anomalies is caused by an alkaline phosphatase deficiency? Achondrogenesis Congenital hypophosphatasia Diastrophic dysplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia
Congenital hypophosphatasia
Tamoxifen effects on the endometrium will sonographically appear as: Cystic changes within a thickened endometrium Cystic areas within a thin endometrium Thin endometrium No apparent effect on endometrial thickness or appearance
Cystic changes within a thickened endometrium
Which of the following does not occur as a result of menopause? Uterine atrophy Decreased sexual libido Accumulation of fat in the breasts Cystic enlargement of the ovaries
Cystic enlargement of the ovaries
A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n): Sacrococcygeal teratoma Cystic hygroma Cephalocele Anophthalmia
Cystic hygroma
All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except: Cystic hygroma Proboscis with cyclopia Fused thalamus Monoventricle
Cystic hygroma
What is the most common neck mass in the fetus? Teratoma Brachial cleft cyst Cervical meningomyelocele Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma
The most common neck mass is which one of the following? Cystic hygroma colli Cervical meningomyelocele Hemangioma Goiter
Cystic hygroma colli
Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of endometrial adhesions? Endometrial carcinoma D&C Pregnancy Adenomyomatosis
D&C
The presence of a posterior fossa cyst and agenesis of the cerebellar vermis are characteristic findings of: arachnoid cyst holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation agenesis of the corpus callosum
Dandy-Walker malformation
The maternal portion of the placenta is? Decidua basalis Decidua capsularis Decidua parietalis Decidua Vera
Decidua basalis
All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC except: Ventral wall defects Decreased MSAFP Marked scoliosis Shortened umbilical cord
Decreased MSAFP
The maternal serum screening of a mother with a fetus with trisomy 18 will reveal: Group of answer choices Decreased human chorionic gonadotropin, elevated alpha-fetoprotein, and normal estriol Increased human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol Increased alpha-fetoprotein, increased human chorionic gonadotropin, and decreased estriol Decreased human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol
Decreased human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol
Choose the maternal cause for nonimmune fetal hydrops. Diabetes Neuroblastoma Horseshoe kidney Supraventricular tachycardia
Diabetes
Duodenal atresia is typically documented in one third of cases of: Eagle-Barrett syndrome fetal hydrops Down syndrome Edward syndrome
Down syndrome
Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with: Patau syndrome Hydranencephaly Down syndrome Cebocephaly
Down syndrome
There is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome? Rays syndrome VACTERL syndrome Down syndrome Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Down syndrome
Which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21? Edwards syndrome Patau syndrome Meckel-Gruber syndrome Down syndrome
Down syndrome
Widened pelvic angles and duodenal atresia are most consistent with the sonographic markers for: Group of answer choices Triploidy Patau syndrome Down syndrome Edwards syndrome
Down syndrome
What is the fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch? Ductus venosis Ductus arteriosis Foramen ovale Foramen of Bochdalek
Ductus arteriosis
Congenital maldevelopment of the proximal portion of the small intestine is termed: Duodenal atresia VACTERL syndrome Jejunal atresia Esophageal atresia
Duodenal atresia
Which of the following would be most likely associated with an excessive amount of amniotic fluid? Duodenal atresia Hepatomegaly Bilateral renal agenesis Physiologic bowel herniation
Duodenal atresia
Which of the following is the most common renal anomaly? Renal agenesis Horseshoe kidneys Duplex collecting system Pelvic kidneys
Duplex collecting system
What is the result of a lower sternum and anterior abdominal wall defect? Ectopia cordis Hypoplastic left heart Amniotic band syndrome Entropy of the bladder
Ectopia cordis
Asherman syndrome is associated with: Uterine leiomyoma Endometrial polyps Endometrial adhesions Ovarian fibroma
Endometrial adhesions
A 60-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of vaginal bleeding. The sonographic examination reveals an endometrium that measures 4 mm. There are no other significant sonographic findings. What is the most likely diagnosis? Endometrial atrophy Endometrial carcinoma Endometrial polyp Cervical stenosis
Endometrial atrophy
The "keyhole" sign describes the sonographic findings of a(n): Enlarged bladder and dilated urethra Bilateral renal agenesis Dilation of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter Unilateral renal agenesis
Enlarged bladder and dilated urethra
All of the following are associated with spina bifida except: Splaying of the laminae Enlarged posterior fossa Lemon sign Banana sign
Enlarged posterior fossa
An oral teratoma is referred to as: Macroglossia Epignathus Micrognathia Ethmocephaly
Epignathus
Only ruptures of ectopic pregnancies in the ampulla of the fallopian tube cause hemodynamic instability, loss of consciousness, hypotension, vertigo or hypovolemic shock True False
False
T/f An enlarged yolk sac greater than 7 mm and an embryo without a heartbeat is a DEFINITIVE sign of pregnancy failure
False
The parasitic twin in acardiac twinning is also referred to as the "pump twin." True False
False
All of the following are associated with a thin placenta except Group of answer choices Preeclampsia Intrauterine growth restriction Fetal hydrops Long-standing diabetes
Fetal hydrops
The finding of subcutaneous edema, ascites, a large spleen and liver, and a thick placenta raises suspicion for which process? Diaphragmatic hernia Fetal hydrops Down syndrome Ectopia cordis
Fetal hydrops
What organ(s) produces amniotic fluid after 12 weeks? Fetal liver and spleen Fetal intestines and lungs Fetal intestines and liver Fetal kidneys
Fetal kidneys
Identify the term describing a twin found within the abdomen of its sibling. Omphalopagus twinning Stage IV TTTS Fetus in fetu TRAP ablation
Fetus in fetu
GA (gestational age) of 12 weeks 4 days would be considered which trimester? Second trimester First trimester Third trimester Between the 1st and 2nd trimesters
First trimester
What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from a neural tube defect? AFP Estriol Folate Pregnancy protein A
Folate
Which of the following structures is normally seen in the fetal thorax? Gallbladder Stomach Spleen Liver Heart
Heart
Blood accumulation within the uterus is termed: Hematometra Hydrometra Asherman syndrome Endometrial carcinoma
Hematometra
What is the anomaly of the spine in which there is absence of all or part of a vertebral body and posterior element? Kyphosis Scoliosis Kyphoscoliosis Hemivertebra
Hemivertebra
The most common abnormality of the fetal liver is: Gallstones Hepatocellular lymphadenopathy Cirrhosis Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Ovulation induction drugs not only increase the likelihood of multiple gestations, but also increase the likelihood of: Maternal diabetes Ovarian prolapse Heterotopic pregnancies Choriocarcinoma
Heterotopic pregnancies
Which of the following laboratory findings would not be consistent with trisomy 21? Group of answer choices High AFP Low estriol High hCG Low PAPP-A
High AFP
All of the following complications are associated with multiple gestations except: Preterm delivery High birth weight Maternal anemia Maternal preeclampsia
High birth weight
A functional bowel disorder within the fetus thatis caused by the absence of intestinal nerves is found in: Gastroschisis Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Omphalocele Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease
Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of: Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Schizencephaly Hydranencephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys describes: Meckel-Gruber syndrome Renal agenesis Moiety Horseshoe kidneys
Horseshoe kidneys
Which of the following is true regarding the sonographic diagnosis of IUGR? IUGR is best identified and monitored by performing serial examinations sonographic diagnosis of IUGR is straight forward sonographic findings for SGA and IUGR are easily differentiated there is nothing that can be done to help a fetus with IUGR, so identification is not important
IUGR is best identified and monitored by performing serial examinations
An 18-year-old presents to the emergency department with complaints of profuse bleeding with a positive home pregnancy test. The clinical exam reveals a dilated cervix. View the image and choose the differential that fits the patient symptoms and sonographic findings. Anembryonic pregnancy Complete hydatidiform mole Impending abortion Subchorionic hemorrhage
Impending abortion
The "I" in OEIS complex stands for: Irregular bladder enlargement Imperforate anus Ilial dysfunction Iniencephaly
Imperforate anus
The type of abortion where there is Vaginal bleeding with dilated cervix ( no mucous plug) and low-lying gestational sac is considered a? Complete Abortion Incomplete Abortion Missed Abortion Inevitable Abortion Threatened Abortion
Inevitable Abortion
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of all of the following except: Pulmonary stenosis Left ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aortic root VSD
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fetal stool is termed: Plicae Meconium Laguna Lanugo
Meconium
Which of the following is the spontaneous failure and expulsion of an early pregnancy? Miscarriage Missed abortion Abortion Inevitable abortion
Miscarriage
The most common form of monozygotic twins is: Monochorionic diamniotic Dichorionic monoamniotic Monochorionic monoamniotic None of the above
Monochorionic diamniotic
Twins having one placenta and one amniotic sac are referred to as: Dichorionic monoamniotic Dichorionic diamniotic Monochorionic diamniotic Monochorionic monoamniotic
Monochorionic monoamniotic
All of the following are true about ectopic pregnancies EXCEPT? Most ectopic pregnancies are asymptomatic with NO pelvic pain Free Fluid escaping from the open fimbria is seen in the pelvic cavity AND possibly Morrison's pouch Adnexal mass - often has a 'ring of fire' around it 71% of the time a Pseudogestational Sac (centrally located sac with NO double decidual sign) is seen within the endometrium
Most ectopic pregnancies are asymptomatic with NO pelvic pain
All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except: Micromelia Absent mineralization of the pelvis Multiple dislocated joints Polyhydramnios
Multiple dislocated joints
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is seen more frequently in which one of the following groups? Caucasians African Americans Asians Native Americans
Native Americans
The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the: Axilla Neck Chest Groin
Neck
All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida cystica except: Banana sign Lemon sign Enlarged massa intermedia Normal MSAFP
Normal MSAFP
All of the following are associated with omphalocele except: Elevated MSAFP Multiple chromosomal abnormalities Periumbilical mass Normal cord insertion
Normal cord insertion
A congenital condition characterized by a disorder of collagen production is which one of the following? Achondroplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Achondrogenesis Thanatophoric dysplasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which one of the following diagnoses is most likely when multiple fractures and a compressible calvarium are identified? Achondrogenesis Achondroplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
The herniation of the bowel into the base of the umbilical cord before 12 weeks is termed: Gastroschisis Omphalocele Hernia umbilicus Physiologic herniation
Physiologic herniation
The most common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters is Placental abruption Ectopic pregnancy Trauma Placenta previa Incompetent cervix
Placenta previa
The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed: Peripleural fluid Ascites Extracorporeal effusion Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion
The sonographic "bat-wing" sign is indicative of: Pulmonary atresia Pleural effusion Endocardial cushion defects Pericardial effusion
Pleural effusion
An excessive amount of amniotic fluid is termed: Polyhydramnios Oligohydramnios Esophageal atresia Amniotic fluid index
Polyhydramnios
Factors that increase the likelihood of having multiple gestations include all of the following except: Advanced maternal age Ovulation induction drugs Poor nutritional state Maternal predisposition for twins
Poor nutritional state
Which of the following would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome? Previous cesarean section Preexisting maternal diabetes Previous ectopic pregnancy Elevated human chorionic gonadotropin
Preexisting maternal diabetes
Craniosynostosis may be defined as which one of the following? Wide cranial sutures Overlapping cranial sutures Protrusion of the meninges outside the sutures Premature closure of the cranial sutures
Premature closure of the cranial sutures
The "lying down" adrenal sign describes the sonographic findings of: MCDK disease Posterior urethral valves Renal agenesis Enlarged bladder and urethra
Renal agenesis
A patient is Referred for her first obstetric sonogram in the third trimester. The sonogram confirmed the clinician's suspicion that she was small for gestational age. Which of the following conditions could not be responsible for causing the low fundal height on exam? Retroverted uterus Maternal hypertension Premature rupture of membranes Fetal renal anomaly Chromosomal anomaly
Retroverted uterus
Which one of the following terms describes a shortening of the proximal portion of the extremity? Hemimelia Mesomelia Micromelia Rhizomelia
Rhizomelia
At 7 weeks gestation the first anechoic cystic structure can be seen in the fetal brain called. Mesencephalon Encephalon Rhombencephalon Prosencephalon
Rhombencephalon
According to the ALARA principle which thermal index setting should be used prior to 10 weeks gestation? TIS TIB MI TIC
TIS
Which term describes an abnormally fast heart rate? Tachycardia Dysrhythmia Bradycardia Triploidy
Tachycardia
What anatomic landmarks help determine the correct level to measure the HC? Thalamus, falx, cavum septum pellucidum 3rd ventricle, thalamus, cerebellum Peduncles, cisterna magna, ventricles Cerebrum, parietal bones, medulla oblongata
Thalamus, falx, cavum septum pellucidum
Which statement is true concerning fetal outflow tracts? The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it. The left ventricular outflow tract leads to the pulmonary artery. The right ventricular outflow tract leads to the aorta. The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned posterior to the aorta and should be visualized passing under it.
The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it.
An abnormal pregnancy is suspicious when? Then yolk sac is larger than 6 mm There is a fetal pole in the yolk sac The yolk sac is misshapen or smaller than 3 mm
The yolk sac is misshapen or smaller than 3 mm
The ovarian cyst associated with gestational trophoblastic disease is the: Group of answer choices Corpus luteum cyst Theca lutein cyst Dermoid cyst Parovarian cyst
Theca lutein cyst
Which one of the following statements about neck teratomas is incorrect? They are usually unilateral. They may demonstrate a complex appearance. They are usually located posteriorly. Color Doppler may be helpful in diagnosis.
They are usually located posteriorly.
All of the following are clinical findings with endometrial hyperplasia except: Obesity Polycystic ovary syndrome Abnormal uterine bleeding Thickened endometrium
Thickened endometrium
Twins having two placentas and one amniotic sac are referred to as: Monochorionic diamniotic Monoamniotic dichorionic Dichorionic monoamniotic This does not occur
This does not occur
The type of abortion where there is vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks with closed cervix (mucous plug still intact) and low fetal heart rate -less than 90 beats per minute is considered a? Incomplete Abortion Missed Abortion Inevitable Abortion Threatened Abortion Complete Abortion
Threatened Abortion
An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with: Dandy-Walker syndrome Trisomy 21 Trisomy 3 Nuchal cord
Trisomy 21
Identify the chromosomal malformation associated with duodenal atresia. Trisomy 21 Monosomy XO Edward syndrome Metatrophic dwarfism
Trisomy 21
Most often, _____ is associated with duodenal atresia. Trisomy 21 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Triploidy
Trisomy 21
Which of the following are fetal rhabdomyomas associated with: Tracheoesophageal fistulas Tuberous sclerosis Eventration of the diaphragm Tuberculosis
Tuberous sclerosis
All of the following are associated with duodenal atresia except: Esophageal atresia Trisomy 21 Turner syndrome VACTERL syndrome
Turner syndrome
Nonimmune hydrops and ovarian dysgenesis are found in fetuses affected by: Group of answer choices Trisomy 21 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome
Which of following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma? Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome Hydranencephaly Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
The demise of a twin during the second or third trimester can lead to: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Twin embolization syndrome Twin peak sign Acardiac twinning
Twin embolization syndrome
When is the failure to visualize the yolk sac suspicious for an abnormal pregnancy? When the MSD is 6 mm When the MSD is 12 mm by TV When the embryo is 1 cm When the embryo is 2 cm
When the MSD is 12 mm by TV
What structure lies within the extraembryonic coelom? Gestational sac Embryo Yolk sac Amnion
Yolk sac
A patient with an ovarian mass presents with an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. Which of the following would be the most likely? Group of answer choices Ovarian fibroma Ovarian thecoma Cystic teratoma Yolk sac tumor
Yolk sac tumor
Coiling of the umbilical cord is associated with: a short cord a normal fetus a long cord chromosomal abnormalities
a normal fetus
Which of the following describes an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveform finding associated with fetal hypoxia? continuous flow during diastole low resistance waveform high systolic and diastolic flow absent or reversed diastolic flow
absent or reversed diastolic flow
The umbilical cord is covered by which of the following? meconium amnion chorion Wharton jelly
amnion
Herniated contents of an omphalocele are covered by a membrane consisting of: chorion and amnion amnion and peritoneum Wharton jelly and amnion peritoneum and Wharton jelly
amnion and peritoneum
Which of the following statements is true of the biophysical profile assessment? BPP should be offered routinely to all patients during the third trimester umbilical artery Doppler evaluation is part of the assessment fetal breathing movements should be apparent after 20 weeks gestation amniotic fluid volume is a component of the assessment
amniotic fluid volume is a component of the assessment
Polycystic ovarian disease can result from: high levels of hCG unopposed estrogen an endocrine imbalance follicular hyperstimulation
an endocrine imbalance
The finding in this sonogram of an asymptomatic patient receiving antiestrogen therapy is most suspicious for: a leiomyoma adenomyosis Asherman syndrome an endometrial polyp
an endometrial polyp
An eccentric insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta is termed a: vasa previa circumvallate placenta velamentous cord battledore placenta
battledore placenta
Insertion of the umbilical cord into the end margin of the placenta is termed a: battledore placenta circumvallate placenta velamentous placenta membranous placenta
battledore placenta
At what gestational age is the BPD considered the most accurate? any time before 34 weeks between 6 and II weeks any time after 9 weeks between 11 and 20 weeks
between 11 and 20 weeks
Which of the following measurements is most widely used when determining gestational age in the second trimester? biparietal diameter abdominal circumference long bone length cerebellar dimension
biparietal diameter
Which of the following conditions is most likely to demonstrate a small placenta? chromosomal anomalies maternal anemia maternal diabetes Rh sensitivity
chromosomal anomalies
A woman presents at 36 weeks gestation for sonographic evaluation of fetal growth. After obtaining all the appropriate measurements, the fetal size is established to be in the 8'' percentile for fetal age. Which of the following conditions would support the diagnosis of IUGR? a high resistive MCA waveform polyhydramnios a low resistive umbilical artery waveform chronic maternal hypertension
chronic maternal hypertension
Which of the following describes a condition where the chorionic plate of the placenta is smaller than the basal plate? succenturiate placenta circumvallate placenta battledore placenta vasa previa
circumvallate placenta
Which placenta most likely demonstrates an overall abnormal contour? succenturiate placenta velamentous placenta battledore placenta circumvallate placenta
circumvallate placenta
An ill-defined, multilocular, complex ovarian mass is most suspicious for: cystadenoma theca lutein cysts cystadenocarcinoma granulosa cell tumor
cystadenocarcinoma
This sagittal image of a second-trimester fetus is most suspicious for which of the following pathologies? pericardial effusion diaphragmatic hernia loculated pleural effusions cystic adenomatoid malformation
cystic adenomatoid malformation
Which of the following is the most common fetal neck mass? goiter hemangioma cystic hygroma myelomeningocele
cystic hygroma
Which of the following ovarian abnormalities may contain skin and hair? dysgerminoma cystic teratoma granulosa cell tumor mucinous cystadenoma
cystic teratoma
Which of the following maternal conditions is associated with fetal macrosomia? smoking diabetes alcoholism hypertension
diabetes
Caudal regression syndrome is more commonly found in patients with: hypertension proteinuria systemic lupus diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus
Maternal causes for this abnormality include: previous cesarean section hypertension diabetes mellitus previous therapeutic abortions
diabetes mellitus
patient presents with a history of an intramural leiomyoma. An intramural leiomyoma: alters the perimetrium distorts the endometrium distorts the myometrium extends into the endometrium
distorts the myometrium
A cephalic index of 60% indicates a head shape that is: round dolichocephalic brachycephalic normal
dolichocephalic
Which of the following is not a fetal cardiac shunt? ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosus foramen Monro
foramen Monro
Which of the following shunts blood between the atria of the fetal heart? ductus arteriosis foramen ovale foramen Monro ductus venosus
foramen ovale
The bridge of the nose originates from the ____________ prominence. frontal medial nasal maxillary optic
frontal
The arrow identifies which of the following structures? umbilical vein hydroureter right portal vein gallbladder
gallbladder
Opening in the layers of the abdominal wall with evisceration of the bowel describes which of the following abnormalities: gastroschisis omphalocele umbilical hernia intussusception
gastroschisis
Differential considerations for cystic hygroma include all of the following except: goiter. nuchal edema. brachial cleft cyst. thyroglossal duct cyst.
goiter
The cervical canal extends from the: external os to the uterus internal os to the vagina internal os to the uterus external os to the vagina
internal os to the uterus
The most common location for a uterine leiomyoma to develop is: serosal subserosal intramural submucosal
intramural
Placentomalacia may result from which of the following conditions? intrauterine growth restriction Rh sensitivity maternal anemia twin-twin transfusion syndrome
intrauterine growth restriction
Which of the following is not a fetal anatomical landmark for obtaining an abdominal circumference? umbilical portion of the left portal vein kidneys stomach spine
kidneys
Which portion of the fetal heart is located closest to the spine? left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle
left atrium
A patient presents with a history of postmenopausal bleeding. A heterogeneous intrauterine mass is identified on sonography. On the basis of the clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for: adenomyosis endometrioma leiomyosarcoma endometrial hyperplasia
leiomyosarcoma
Which of the following patient positions is preferred for translabial imaging? decubitus Trendelenburg supine lithotomy
lithotomy
Abdominal circumference is measured at the level of the: liver spleen kidneys umbilical cord insertion
liver
Which of the following is the non-sonographic component of a biophysical profile assessment? fetal breathing movements non-stress test assessment of fetal tone assessment of gross fetal body movement
non-stress test
This sagittal image of the lower spine is most suspicious for: spina bifida umbilical cord cystic hygroma caudal regression
spina bifida
A crescent-shaped appearance to the cerebellum should signal the sonographer to give additional attention to which of the following fetal structures? heart lungs spine abdominal wall
spine
Which of the following is the most common placental location for deposits of fibrin to collect? basal plate subchorionic within a placental lake within the retroplacental complex
subchorionic
An asymptomatic patient presents with a history of an enlarged uterus. Based on this clinical history, the demonstrated pathology most likely represents a(n): endometrioma subserosal fibroids intramural fibroids submucosal fibroids
subserosal fibroids
A small cluster of ovarian cysts is a common sonographic finding associated with: theca lutein cysts cystadenocarcinoma surface epithelial cysts polycystic ovarian disease
surface epithelial cysts
On an intracranial examination of the fetus, the cisterna magna should NOT measure more than 20 mm 15 mm 10 mm 25 mm 1 mm
10 mm
The fetal heart is fully formed by: 8 weeks 4 weeks 10 weeks 2 weeks
10 weeks
The optimal gestational age for measuring the nuchal translucency is _______ weeks. 10 through 12 11 through 13 14 through 16 18 through 20
11 through 13
When will the spine be detectable in most fetuses? 8 weeks 10 weeks 12 weeks 6 weeks
12 weeks
Using the Jeanty table, what is the BPD measurement range for a 15-week fetus? 18 to 21 mm 10.9 to 13.3 mm 2.2 to 2.5 cm 2.6 to 2.9 cm
2.2 to 2.5 cm
Which one of the following conditions is caused by cartilage abnormalities that result in abnormal bone formation and hypomineralization? Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia Hypophosphatasia Achondrogenesis
Achondrogenesis
A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism is: Osteogenesis imperfecta Achondroplasia Radial ray defect Caudal regression syndrome
Achondroplasia
The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is: Achondrogenesis Achondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Which one of the following nonlethal skeletal dysplasias is most common? Achondroplasia Achondrogenesis Diastrophic dysplasia Short-rib polydactyly syndrome
Achondroplasia
The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as: Acoustic shadowing Posterior enhancement Reverberation artifact Edge artifact
Acoustic shadowing
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to abnormal uterine bleeding is termed: Group of answer choices Endometriosis Adenomyosis Fibroids Endometrial hyperplasia
Adenomyosis
Which protein in not produced by the developing placenta? Alpha-fetoprotein Human chorionic gonadotropin Estriol Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
Alpha-fetoprotein
Identify the inner layer of the amniotic membranes. Chorion Amnion Dichorionic Diamniotic
Amnion
Which term relates the number of amniotic sacs? Chorionicity Placentation Amnionicity Both A and B
Amnionicity
A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is: Cystic hygroma Edwards syndrome Ethmocephaly Amniotic band syndrome
Amniotic band syndrome
Which of the following is a benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible? Epignathus Branchial cleft cyst Thyroglossal duct cyst Fetal goiter
Branchial cleft cyst
Select the term describing an oocyte without maternal chromosomes resulting in proliferation of swollen chorionic villi and the absence of identifiable embryonic structures. Complete hydatidiform mole Molar pregnancy Hydatidiform mole Partial hydatidiform mole
Complete hydatidiform mole
All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with adenomyosis except: Group of answer choices Diffuse, enlarged uterus Myometrial cysts Hypoechoic areas adjacent to the endometrium Complex adnexal mass
Complex adnexal mass
A monozygotic twin that splits after 13 days of fertilization will be. Dichorionic and diamniotic twins Monochorionic and diamniotic twins Conjoined twins Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins
Conjoined twins
After the corpus luteum has regressed, which structure remains? Group of answer choices Theca luteal cyst Corpus luteum of pregnancy Corpus albicans Cumulus oophorus
Corpus albicans
The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle is the: Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Cumulus oophorus Trophoblastic cells
Corpus luteum
The structure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the: Group of answer choices Corpus luteum Corpus albicans Cumulus oophorus Theca internal cells
Cumulus oophorus
The removal of tissue from the endometrium by scraping is termed: Dilatation Curettage Sonohysterography Hysteroscopy
Curettage
The term that indicates the presence of two separate amniotic sacs is Dichorionic Bichorionic Monoamniotic Diamniotic
Diamniotic
The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of: Diaphragmatic hernia Pulmonary sequestration CAM Turner syndrome
Diaphragmatic hernia
Which one of the following anomalies is associated with micromelia and a "hitchhiker thumb"? Diastrophic dysplasia Ellis-van Creveld syndrome Roberts syndrome Tar syndrome
Diastrophic dysplasia
The term that indicates the presence of two separate placentas is: Dichorionic Bichorionic Monoamniotic Diamniotic
Dichorionic
A monozygotic twin that splits between 1 and 3 days of fertilization will be? Dichorionic and diamniotic twins Monochorionic and diamniotic twins Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins Conjoined twins
Dichorionic and diamniotic twins
In which type of twining is the 'Lambda' sign seen Monochorionic and diamniotic twins Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins Conjoined twins Dichorionic and diamniotic twins
Dichorionic and diamniotic twins
What type of placentation occurs with division of the monozygotic twinning at day 3? Monochorionic/diamniotic Monochorionic/monoamniotic Dichorionic/monoamniotic Dichorionic/diamniotic
Dichorionic/diamniotic
Which type of placentation is seen with dizygotic twins? Monochorionic/diamniotic Monochorionic/monoamniotic Dichorionic/monoamniotic Dichorionic/diamniotic
Dichorionic/diamniotic
The sonographic findings of an endometrial polyp may include: Diffuse thickening of the endometrium Menometrorrhagia Intermenstrual bleeding Infertility
Diffuse thickening of the endometrium
Fertilization of TWO Ova by TWO sperm 'fraternal twins' is considered? Monoamniotic twins Dizygotic twins Monochorionic diamniotic twins Monozygotic twins
Dizygotic twins
In the first trimester, normal hCG levels will: Double every 48 hrs Triple every 24 hrs Double every 24th Double every 12hrs
Double every 48 hrs
The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed: Ectopic cordis Coarctation of the heart CAM Cardiac sequestration
Ectopic cordis
A complex or solid adnexal mass that 'slides' along with the ovary is most likely an? Corpus luteum Ectopic pregnancy Intraovarian mass
Ectopic pregnancy
Which one of the following anomalies is associated with the Amish community? Congenital hypophosphatasia Ellis-van Creveld syndrome Holt-Oram syndrome Roberts syndrome
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
Cloacal exstrophy is associated with all of the following except: Spina bifida Imperforate anus Omphalocele Encephalocele
Encephalocele
Unopposed estrogen therapy has been shown to increase the risk for developing: Alzheimer disease Colon cancer Coronary heart disease Endometrial carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma
A 67-year-old patient on HRT presents to the sonography department with abnormal uterine bleeding. Sonographically, the endometrium is diffusely thickened, contains small cystic areas, and measures 9 mm in thickness. The most likely cause of her bleeding is: Endometrial atrophy Asherman syndrome Endometrial thecoma Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia
What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm? Foramen of Bochdalek Foramen ovale Foramen of Monro Foramen of Morgagni
Foramen of Morgagni
What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum? Foramen of Magendie Foramen ovale Foramen of Monro Ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
Which of the following structures is not identified in the biparietal diameter? falx cerebri cavum septum pellucidi Fourth ventricle thalami nuclei
Fourth ventricle
Which of the following is considered an Impending or suspicious sign for pregnancy failure in a fetus found with a heartbeat? MSD minus CRL > 5 mm Small Hematoma behind the gestational sac GA 7 weeks; CRL 5 -9 mm HR < 100 bpm Subchorionic hemorrhage volume measures < 60 mL
GA 7 weeks; CRL 5 -9 mm HR < 100 bpm
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal: Genitourinary system Gastrointestinal system Extremities Cerebrovascular system
Gastrointestinal system
All of the following are sonographic features of pentalogy of Cantrell except: Gastroschisis Cleft sternum Omphalocele Diaphragmatic defect
Gastroschisis
Pentalogy of Cantrell includes all of the following findings except: Cardiovascular malformations Diaphragmatic malformations Gastroschisis Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Pentalogy of Cantrell includes all of the following findings except: Cardiovascular malformations Diaphragmatic malformations Omphalocele Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis
After an initial sonogram at 18 weeks, which of the following placental positions is an indication for a follow-up sonogram later in pregnancy? Posterior, low placenta with a full bladder Partial placenta previa with a full Marginal placenta previa with an empty bladder Left lateral placenta with a full bladder Anterior, high placenta with an empty bladder
Marginal placenta previa with an empty bladder
Which of the following laboratory values would be significant in the detection of an abdominal wall defect? Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein Human chorionic gonadotropin Maternal serum amylase Estradiol
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
The syndrome associated with an occipital cephalocele, cystic renal disease, and polydactyly is: Potter syndrome Meckel-Gruber syndrome VACTERL association Sirenomelia syndrome
Meckel-Gruber syndrome
An omphalocele is associated with all of the following except: Pentalogy of Cantrell Trisomy 18 Patau syndrome Meconium aspiration syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Cessation of menstruation with advanced age is termed: Asherman disease Premenopausal syndrome Perimenopausal syndrome Menopause
Menopause
Mothers with pre-gestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with: Neural tube defects Proteinuria TORCH DES
Neural tube defects
The most common malignant adrenal pediatric tumor is the: Pheochromocytoma Hepatoblastoma Neuroblastoma Nephroblastoma
Neuroblastoma
A diagnosis of talipes may be made with which one of the following characteristics? Persistent inversion of the foot Persistent abnormal inversion of the foot parallel to the lower leg Persistent abnormal inversion of the foot perpendicular to the lower leg Persistent abnormal inversion of the lower leg
Persistent abnormal inversion of the foot perpendicular to the lower leg
Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes: Micromelia Mesomelia Phocomelia Arthrogryposis
Phocomelia
Which of the following would most likely be associated with hirsutism? Group of answer choices Polycystic ovarian syndrome Meigs syndrome Adenomyosis Adenomyomatosis
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Having more than the normal number of digits is: Polydactyly Clinodactyly Sirenomelia Multidigitopia
Polydactyly
What is the term for the structure formed by the thickening of the 3 germ layers? Rhombencephalon Amniotic sac Primitive streak Neural tube
Primitive streak
The corpus luteum primarily releases: Group of answer choices Estrogen Progesterone Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone
Progesterone
The forebrain is called. Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon Encephalon
Prosencephalon
What is described as the absence of the pulmonary valve, which in turn prohibits blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and essentially to the lungs? Pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary atresia Pulmonary sequestration Pulmonary effusion
Pulmonary atresia
A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as: Bat wing sign Pulmonary sequestration Pulmonary adenomatoid malformation CAM
Pulmonary sequestration
The "lying down" adrenal sign would be seen in all of the following situations except: Pyelectesis Unilateral renal agenesis Bilateral renal agenesis Potter syndrome
Pyelectesis
Absence of the radius is referred to as: Talipes equinovarus Clubfoot Radial ray defect Phocomelia
Radial ray defect
The twin that will appear larger in twin-twin transfusion syndrome is the: Donor Recipient Both will be the same Both will be demised
Recipient
Failure of the kidneys to form is called: Hydronephrosis Renal agenesis Renal ectopia Renal dysplasia
Renal agenesis
The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with: Group of answer choices Holoprosencephaly Lissencephaly Schizencephaly Hydranencephaly
Schizencephaly
The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as: Group of answer choices Kyphosis Scoliosis Splaying Achondroplasia
Scoliosis
A lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by short ribs, short limbs, and polydactyly is which one of the following? Hypophosphatasia Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita Short-rib polydactyly Camptomelic dysplasia
Short-rib polydactyly
Fusion of the lower extremities is associated with which one of the following? Sirenomelia Hypophosphatasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia
Sirenomelia
Which of the following is a true statement about the fetal heart? The normal fetal heart will fill approximately two-third of the fetal chest. The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium. The apex of the heart is the portion closest to the spine. The apex of the heart will be angled to the right of the midline.
The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium.
Which one of the following statements about the facial profile is incorrect? The facial profile appears as a curvilinear surface with a differentiation of the forehead, nose, lips, and chin. The facial profile demonstrates a cloverleaf skull shape. The facial profile has frontal bossing, which is described as a lemon-shaped skull or an absent depressed nasal bridge. The facial profile has a strawberry-shaped cranium, which is described as a bulging of the occipital bones.
The facial profile has a strawberry-shaped cranium, which is described as a bulging of the occipital bones.
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus denotes: The benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium The ectopic location of endometrial tissue in the adnexa The malignant counterpart of a fibroid An anechoic, simple cyst located within the cervix
The malignant counterpart of a fibroid
Which one of the following statements about the fetal face is false? The fetal profile is well imaged with transvaginal sonography beginning late in the first trimester to early in the second trimester. The modified coronal view is best to image a cleft lip and palate. The maxilla and orbits are well imaged in a true sagittal plane. The longitudinal view demonstrates the nasal bones, soft tissue, and mandible.
The maxilla and orbits are well imaged in a true sagittal plane.
The shunting of blood from one twin to the other is termed: Group of answer choices Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Twin embolization syndrome Twin peak sign Conjoined twins
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Cavum septum pellucidi is located in the: anterior portion of the fetal chest posterior portion of the fetal chest anterior portion of the fetal brain posterior portion of the fetal brain
anterior portion of the fetal brain
This abnormality is located on the: anterior surface of a retroverted uterus posterior surface of a retroverted uterus anterior surface of a retroflexed uterus posterior surface of an anteverted uterus
anterior surface of a retroverted uterus
The location of an umbilical vein varix is most frequently within the: umbilical cord fetal abdomen placenta fetal liver
fetal abdomen
Amniotic band syndrome may result in: fetal amputation placenta accreta an acardiac twin polyhydramnios
fetal amputation
A diagnosis of clubfoot may be made with persistent abnormal inversion of the: foot ankle foot parallel to the lower leg foot perpendicular to the lower leg
foot perpendicular to the lower leg
Opening in the layers of the abdominal wall with evisceration of the bowel describes which of the following abnormalities: gastroschisis umbilical hernia omphalocele intussusception
gastroschisis
Abnormal accumulation of blood within the vagina is termed: hydrometra hematometra hydrocolpos hematocolpos
hematocolpos
VACTERL is associated with: maternal hypertension Trisomy 21 Pentalogy of Cantrell maternal diabetes
maternal diabetes?
Which of the following describes a prolapsed umbilical cord? the cord completely surrounds the fetal neck with one loop focal dilatation of an umbilical vessel the cord precedes the fetus in the birthing process the intramembranous vessels of the fetus precede the fetus
the cord precedes the fetus in the birthing process
In the transverse plane, the normal fetal spine appears on ultrasound as: three equidistant ossification centers surrounding the spinal canal three parallel ossification centers surrounding the neural canal three parallel hyperechoic lines surrounding the neural canal two ossification centers lateral to the spinal canal
three equidistant ossification centers surrounding the spinal canal
A true nuchal cord is defined as: two or more complete loops of the umbilical cord near the fetal neck two or more complete loops of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck one complete loop of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck thickening of the nuchal fold coexisting with one complete loop of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck
two or more complete loops of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck
Identification of arterial flow on each side of the fetal bladder verifies which of the following? normal aortic bifurcation duplicated hypogastric arteries normal femoral arteries two umbilical arteries
two umbilical arteries
The normal length of the cervical os will vary, but it measures a minimum of: 2.0 cm 3.0 cm 2.5 cm 3.5 cm
2.5 cm
The sonographic features of achondroplasia may not be evident until after _____ weeks' gestation. 18 20 22 24
22
Fertilization typically occurs within ____ after ovulation. Group of answer choices 40 hours 12 hours 24 hours 56 hours
24 hours
What term is defined as fusion of the digits? Clinodactyly Polydactyly Syndactyly Rhizodactyly
Syndactyly
Which of the following is associated with a nuchal cord? short cord long cord velamentous cord true knots of the cord
long cord
Placement of the placental margin within 2 cm of the internal cervical os is termed: circumvallate placenta succenturiate placenta low-lying placenta marginal placenta previa
low-lying placenta
When does the blastocyst mass usually attaches to the endometrium? 6 days after fertilization 10 days after fertilization 4 days after fertilization 8 days after fertilization
6 days after fertilization
The implantation window refers to the time frame? 4 days after ovulation and lasts 6 -8 days 6 -8 days before ovulation and lasts 3 days 6 to 8 days after ovulation and lasts 4 days 4 days before ovulation and lasts 4 days
6 to 8 days after ovulation and lasts 4 days
Congenital anomalies of the face occur in 1 in ______ births. 2000 1500 600 1200
600
What measurement should the renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 weeks' gestation? 7 mm 2 mm 10 mm 1.2 cm
7 mm
Precocious puberty is defined as the development of pubic hair, breasts, and the genitals before the age of: Group of answer choices 13 8 5
8
An asymptomatic 65-year-old patient presents to the sonography department with pelvic pain but no vaginal bleeding. Her endometrial thickness should not exceed: 6 mm 8 mm 5 mm 3 mm
8 mm
What is a normal NT (nuchal translucency) measurement? < 3 mm > 6 mm < 6 mm > 3 mm
< 3 mm
The disorder associated with fetal amputations is: Achondroplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia Amniotic band syndrome
Amniotic band syndrome
The longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube is the: Fimbria Ampulla Isthmus Interstitial
Ampulla
A cystic hygroma is the result of: Alcohol consumption in the first trimester An abnormal development of the roof of the fourth ventricle Occlusion of the internal carotid arteries An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
The lemon sign denotes: An abnormal shape of the fetal skull A normal shape of the cerebellum An abnormal shape of the cerebellum A normal shape of the fetal skull
An abnormal shape of the fetal skull
Which of the following best describes hypospadias? Group of answer choices OEIS complex in the presence of a hydrocele The chronic obstruction of the renal pelvis and urethra The underdevelopment of the scrotum in the presence of a hydrocele An abnormal ventral curvature of the penis
An abnormal ventral curvature of the penis
The image below was taken of a uterus of 30-year-old women with a mean sac diameter of > 18mm. What are the arrowheads depicting? Twin Gestations Double Bleb Sign Empty Amnion Sign Ectopic Pregnancy
Empty Amnion Sign
The innermost germ layer in the embryo is called. Blastoderm Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Endoderm
The most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding is: Endometrial carcinoma Endometrial atrophy Endometrial leiomyoma Cervical carcinoma
Endometrial atrophy
The most common female genital tract malignancy is: Ovarian carcinoma Cervical carcinoma Endometrial carcinoma Pelvic inflammatory disease
Endometrial carcinoma
A 34-year-old patient presents to the sonography department for an endovaginal sonogram complaining of intermenstrual bleeding. The sonographic findings include a focal irregularity and enlargement of one area of the endometrium. The most likely diagnosis is: Endometrial polyps Endometrial carcinoma Endometrial atrophy Intramural leiomyoma
Endometrial polyps
The corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by which hormone? Group of answer choices Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Progesterone Human chorionic gonadotropin
Human chorionic gonadotropin
An ovarian mass combined with a pleural effusion and ascites resolving after surgery is known as: Meigs syndrome Turner syndrome Asherman syndrome Stein-Leventhal syndrome
Meigs syndrome
Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as: Radial ray defect Rhizomelia Mermaid syndrome Rockerbottom feet
Mermaid syndrome
What is the most common fetal renal tumor? Mesoblastic nephroma Wilms tumor Nephroblastoma Neuroblastoma
Mesoblastic nephroma
A small mandible is termed: Macroglossia Epignathus Micrognathia Ethmocephaly
Micrognathia
The type of abortion where there is no cardiac activity is considered a? Missed Abortion Incomplete Abortion Inevitable Abortion Threatened Abortion Complete Abortion
Missed Abortion
Which one of the following imaging planes is best for imaging the cleft lip and palate? Transverse Longitudinal Transverse oblique Modified coronal
Modified coronal
In which type of twining is the 'T' sign seen? Monochorionic and monoamniotic twins Monochorionic and diamniotic twins Conjoined twins Dichorionic and diamniotic twins
Monochorionic and diamniotic twins
Twins that have the threat of being conjoined are: Monochorionic monoamniotic Monochorionic diamniotic Dizygotic Dichorionic diamniotic
Monochorionic monoamniotic
Identical twins result from: Monozygotic twinning Dizygotic twinning Heterotopic pregnancies Monochorionic pregnancies
Monozygotic twinning
Fertilization of One Ova by One sperm that splits and duplicates 'identical twins' is considered? Dizygotic twins Dichorionic twins Monochorionic diamniotic twins Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Refer to the sagittal image of the pregnant uterus above: Which of the following is the most likely cause of the appearances on this image? Leiomyoma Bicornuate uterus Severe spinal deformity Chorioangioma Myometrial contraction
Myometrial contraction
All of the following are clinical findings associated with leiomyoma except: Group of answer choices Myometrial cysts Infertility Palpable pelvic mass Menorrhagia
Myometrial cysts
All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except: Narrowing of the aortic arch Fetal hydrops Enlarged right atrium Malpositioned tricuspid valve
Narrowing of the aortic arch
What is the term for the structure that forms the brain and spinal cord? Primitive streak Amniotic sac Neural tube Rhombencephalon
Neural tube
All of the following are associated with esophageal atresia except: Down syndrome Oligohydramnios VACTERL syndrome Edwards syndrome
Oligohydramnios
What portion of the humerus does the sonographer measure to obtain the length? Osseous diaphysis Both boney and cartilaginous portions Cartilaginous head Distal condyles
Osseous diaphysis
A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of: Thanatophoric dysplasia Caudal regression syndrome Achondrogenesis Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which cranial bones are the landmarks for measurement of the BPD? Occipital bones Parietal bones Sphenoid bones Frontal bone
Parietal bones
Which one of the following statements about achondroplasia is incorrect? Advanced maternal age is a risk factor. Patients with heterozygous achondroplasia have a poor survival rate. Achondroplasia is most commonly the result of a spontaneous mutation. Achondroplasia results from decreased endochondral bone formation.
Patients with heterozygous achondroplasia have a poor survival rate.
The most common location of an ectopic kidney is within the: Lower abdomen Pelvis Chest Contralateral quadrant
Pelvis
Possible benefits of ERT include all of the following except: Reduction in osteoporosis risk Reduction in colon cancer risk Reduction in heart disease risk Reduction in endometrial cancer risk
Reduction in endometrial cancer risk
Obstruction at the level of the UPJ would lead to dilation of the: Bladder and ureter Renal pelvis and bladder Ureter and renal pelvis Renal pelvis and calices
Renal pelvis and calices
Gastroschisis occurs more often in what location? In the base of the umbilical cord Left lateral of the cord insertion Just superior to the fetal bladder Right lateral of the cord insertion
Right lateral of the cord insertion
Identify the acquired cause for pulmonary hypoplasia. Diaphragmatic hernia Jeune's syndrome Meningocele Rupture of membranes
Rupture of membranes
All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except: S-shaped spine Banana sign Lemon sign Colpocephaly
S-shaped spine
The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is: Transverse Axial Sagittal Coronal
Sagittal
The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is: Trident toes Sandal gap Phocomelia Mesomelia
Sandal gap
Abnormal growth and density of cartilage and bone is described as which one of the following? Skeletal anomalies Skeletal dysplasia Achondroplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta
Skeletal dysplasia
On a transverse view of the fetal lumbosacral spine, the angle of the iliac wings in relation to the posterior elements should measure 15° Slightly less than 90° 180° 45° 100
Slightly less than 90°
All of the following are clinical findings consistent with a molar pregnancy except: Vaginal bleeding Small for dates Uterine enlargement Hypertension
Small for dates
The anterior cul-de-sac is also referred to as the: Group of answer choices Space of Retzius Rectouterine pouch Pouch of Douglas Vesicouterine pouch
Space of Retzius
The arteries that directly supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium are the: Group of answer choices Radial arteries Spiral arteries Straight arteries Arcuate arteries
Spiral arteries
A 31-year-old patient presents to the sonography department for a saline infusion sonohysterogram complaining of intermenstrual bleeding and infertility. Sonographically, a mass is demonstrated emanating from the myometrium and distorting the endometrial cavity. What is the most likely diagnosis? Endometrial polyp Endometrial carcinoma Endometrial hyperplasia Submucosal leiomyoma
Submucosal leiomyoma
Which one of the following statements about an epignathus is false? An epignathus is a teratoma located in the oropharynx. The mass may be highly complex and contain solid, cystic, or calcified components. Swallowing is not impaired in fetuses with epignathus. A small stomach may be present.
Swallowing is not impaired in fetuses with epignathus.
All of the following are associated with amniotic band syndrome except: Amputation of fetal parts Anencephaly Facial clefting Synechiae
Synechiae
A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with: Achondrogenesis Osteogenesis imperfecta Sirenomelia Thanatophoric dysplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia
The most common lethal skeletal dysplasia is which one of the following conditions? Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia Achondroplasia Craniosynostosis
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Which one of the following anomalies is associated with a cloverleaf skull? Achondroplasia Congenital hypophosphatasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Thanatophoric dysplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Which of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels? The aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. The aortic arch is narrowed and positioned anterior to the pulmonary vein. The aorta arises from the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle. The presence of an omphalocele and ectopic cordis.
The aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle.
Which of the following definitions best describes the term adnexa? Group of answer choices The area posterior to the uterus, between the uterus and rectum. The area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus. The area anterior to the uterus, between the uterus and urinary bladder. The area lateral to the iliac crest and posterior to the pubic symphysis.
The area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus.
Which of the following best describes the intention of the cephalic index? The cephalic index helps to determine the normality of the fetal head shape. Intrauterine growth restriction is determined by the cephalic index. Gestational weight is determined by the cephalic index. The cephalic index primarily determines gestational age.
The cephalic index helps to determine the normality of the fetal head shape.
Measurement of the endometrium should include: The uterine cavity only The deep myometrial echoes and both basal layers The distance from the basal layer to the functional layer The measurement from the basal layer to the basal layer
The measurement from the basal layer to the basal layer
Which of the following is true for the diagnosis of clubfoot? The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula. The metatarsals are perpendicular to the tibia and fibula. The carpals and metacarpals lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula. The tibia, fibula, and patella are perpendicular to the femur.
The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula.
Which fetal leg bone is medial and larger? Femur Ulna Tibia Radius
Tibia
The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a(n): Anechoic mass within the chest Dilated pulmonary artery and hypoechoic chest mass Triangular, echogenic mass within the chest Pleural effusion and ipsilateral hiatal hernia
Triangular, echogenic mass within the chest
An elongated forehead in the sagittal plane and triangular in shape in the axial plane describes which one of the following abnormalities? Trigonocephaly Otocephaly Strabismus Microcephaly
Trigonocephaly
A molar pregnancy, omphalocele, and small, low-set ears are found most often with: Trisomy 21 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Triploidy
Triploidy
Cleft lip, hypotelorism, and microphthalmia are all sonographic features of: Group of answer choices Trisomy 21 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Turner syndrome
Trisomy 13
Sonographically you identify a fetus with fusion of the thalami and a monoventricle. Which chromosomal abnormality would be most likely? Group of answer choices Trisomy 8 Trisomy 21 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13
Trisomy 13
Which of the following is also referred to as Patau syndrome? Trisomy 18 Trisomy 21 Trisomy 12 Trisomy 13
Trisomy 13
Micrognathia is a condition found in: Group of answer choices Trisomy 21 Hydranencephaly Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Trisomy 18
Trisomy 18
Which of the following would increase the risk of a patient developing endometrial cancer? Unopposed ERT Multiparity Osteoporosis Endometrial atrophy
Unopposed ERT
An obstruction at the ureterovesicular junction would lead to dilation of the: Ureter and renal collecting system Bladder, urethra, ureters, and renal collecting system Bladder, urethra, and ureters Bladder and urethra
Ureter and renal collecting system
What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles? VSD ASD Endocardial cushion Tricuspid regeneration
VSD
Which of the following is considered to be the most common cardiac defect? Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Hypoplastic right heart syndrome VSD Transposition of the great vessels
VSD
The sonographic appearance of a 59-year-old woman on HRT is: Hypoechoic and thickened Hyperechoic and thickened Cystic areas within a thickened endometrium Variable depending upon the menstrual cycle
Variable depending upon the menstrual cycle
What is the membrane covering the zygote called? Morula Zona Coapta Zona Pellucida Blastocyst
Zona Pellucida
The structure created by the union of the sperm and the egg is the? Ampulla Zygote Blastocyst Morula
Zygote
This postvoid transabdominal image of the cervix demonstrates: a cervix free of placenta incomplete placenta previa marginal placenta previa a low-lying placenta
a cervix free of placenta
A 50-year-old patient presents with a history of abdominal distention. In the left adnexa, a 10-cm, multilocular mass is identified. This mass most likely represents: a cystadenoma a cystic teratoma theca lutein cysts polycystic disease
a cystadenoma
A patient presents with a history of irregular menses and a large pelvic mass. Based on this clinical history, the sonographic finding is most suspicious for: surface epithelial cyst a mucinous cystadenoma polycystic ovarian disease overstimulation syndrome
a mucinous cystadenoma
A woman presents at 36 weeks gestation for sonographic evaluation of fetal growth. After obtaining all the appropriate measurements, the scanner-generated report indicates an abnormally high HC/AC ratio. Which of the following statements is true regarding this finding? ratio suggests the HC is small and should not be used for gestational age calculations ratio suggests the cephalic index is abnormal, so the HC should not he used to calculate gestational age ratio suggests the AC is small and should not be used for gestational age calculations abdomen may be abnormally small, so AC should not be used for gestational age calculations
abdomen may be abnormally small, so AC should not be used for gestational age calculations
Which of the following is the most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia? achondroplasia achondrogenesis diastrophic dysplasia thanatophoric dysplasia
achondroplasia
A patient arrives for an early second-trimester sonogram for gestational dating. An endovaginal image demonstrates a fetal abnormality that is most suspicious for: acrania anencephaly encephalocele holoprosencephaly
acrania
Dilation of the third ventricle is a sonographic finding associated with: anencephaly prosencephaly holoprosencephaly agenesis of the corpus callosum
agenesis of the corpus callosum
Outward angling of the frontal and lateral horn of the lateral ventricles is a sonographic finding in: ventriculomegaly hydranencephaly holoprosencephaly agenesis of the corpus callosum
agenesis of the corpus callosum
A patient presents for an ultrasound to determine gestational age. An image of this early second-trimester fetus is most suspicious for: acrania anencephaly microcephaly holoprosencephaly
anencephaly
Which of the following abnormalities is the most common neural tube defect? spina bifida anencephaly encephalocele cystic hygroma
anencephaly
Which of the following abnormalities is not associated with pulmonary hypoplasia? duodenal atresia skeletal dysplasia diaphragmatic hernia infantile polycystic renal disease
duodenal atresia
Which of the following is most likely associated with this finding? fetal demise preeclampsia gestational diabetes elevated maternal alpha-fetoprotein
elevated maternal alpha-fetoprotein
Hypervascularity within the endometrium is a characteristic finding in: endometritis adenomyosis Asherman syndrome endometrial hyperplasia
endometritis
Tamoxifen therapy is most likely to affect which of the following structures? cervix ovaries myometrium endometrium
endometrium
A consistently small fetal stomach on serial sonograms is most suspicious for which abnormality? esophageal atresia diaphragmatic hernia duodenal atresia omphalocele
esophageal atresia
This sonogram of an early second-trimester cranium is most suspicious for: hydrocephalus hydranencephaly holoprosencephaly agenesis of the corpus callosum
holoprosencephaly
Which of the following abnormalities is more commonly associated with proboscis? spina bifida ventriculomegaly holoprosencephaly diaphragmatic hernia
holoprosencephaly
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with frontal bossing? anencephaly encephalocele hydrocephalus caudal regression
hydrocephalus
This sagittal image of the fetal abdomen most likely demonstrates: duodenal atresia hydronephrosis renal cyst diaphragmatic hernia
hydronephrosis
A three-dimensional image of the uterus shows a: bicornuate uterus hypoechoic endometrial mass hyperechoic endometrial mass normal-appearing endometrial cavity
hyperechoic endometrial mass
Which of the following describe the typical sonographic appearance of Asherman syndrome? diffuse uterine enlargement discrete hypoechoic myometrial mass inability to distinguish an endometrial cavity hypoechoic irregularity to the endometrial cavity
inability to distinguish an endometrial cavity
The lower uterine segment in this sonogram is consistent with a(n): placenta accreta incompetent cervix placenta previa myometrial contraction
incompetent cervix
The umbilical arteries arise from which of the following vessels? internal iliac arteries external iliac arteries spiral arteries common iliac arteries
internal iliac arteries
Complications of placenta previa include all of the following except: premature delivery stillbirth placenta accreta macrosomia
macrosomia
A placenta located immediately adjacent to the cervix is termed a(n): low-lying placenta incomplete placenta previa battledore placenta marginal placenta previa
marginal placenta previa
Placental implantation encroaching on the internal cervical os is termed: marginal previa low-lying placenta placenta increta placenta accreta
marginal previa
Maternal alpha-fetoprotein levels in a pregnancy with gastroschisis will: remain normal mildly increase markedly increase mildly decrease
markedly increase
The primary cause of placentomegaly is: maternal diabetes mellitus succenturiate placenta maternal hypertension twin-twin transfusion syndrome
maternal diabetes mellitus
The renal pelvis in a third-trimester fetus demonstrates an anterior-posterior diameter of 10 mm. This is considered: a megaureter mild hydronephrosis within normal limits moderate hydronephrosis
mild hydronephrosis
This oblique sonogram of the fetal abdomen most likely demonstrates: hydronephrosis duodenal atresia infantile polycystic disease multicystic dysplastic kidney
multicystic dysplastic kidney ?
Obstruction of an inclusion cyst results in a(n): nabothian cyst cystic teratoma endometrial polyp serous cystadenoma
nabothian cyst
This coronal sonogram of a 26-week fetus most likely demonstrates a(n): abnormal thorax abnormal bowel pattern abnormal stomach normal diaphragm
normal diaphragm
Evaluation of the nasal triad should include all of the following except: nostril symmetry. nostril length. nasal septum integrity. continuity of the upper lip to exclude cleft lip and palate.
nostril length.
Risk factors associated with developing endometrial carcinoma include: anorexia, multiparity, hypertension obesity, diabetes mellitus, nulliparity hypertension, obesity, thyroid disease multiparity, thyroid disease, hormone replacement therapy
obesity, diabetes mellitus, nulliparity
Direction of umbilical cord coiling is: abnormal if coiled left abnormal if coiled right of no clinical significance associated with fetal anomalies
of no clinical significance
Which of the following conditions will likely occur because of this abnormality? fetal hypoxia placentomegaly polyhydramnios oligohydramnios
oligohydramnios
Demonstration of fetal bone fractures raises suspicion for which skeletal abnormality? achondroplasia achondrogenesis thanatophoric dysplasia osteogenesis imperfecta
osteogenesis imperfecta
Which calvarial borders should be used to obtain a BPD? inner to inner inner to outer outer to inner outer to outer
outer to inner
Which clinical finding is more commonly associated with this condition? painless vaginal bleeding small for gestational age cephalic fetal lie fetal tachycardia
painless vaginal bleeding
A patient presents with severe lower abdominal pain and vaginal spotting. Based on the clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for: placenta accreta placenta abruption circumvallate placenta chorioangioma
placenta abruption
Which of the following conditions demonstrates extension of the chorionic villi into the myometrium? battledore placenta placenta increta placenta accreta placenta percreta
placenta increta
What is the most common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester? incompetent cervix placenta previa placenta accreta placenta abruption
placenta previa
Which of the following conditions is most likely identified in this sagittal sonogram of the cervix? velamentous cord insertion placenta accreta battledore placenta placenta previa
placenta previa
The most common cause of IUGR is: anemia diabetes chromosomal abnormalities placental insufficiency
placental insufficiency
Extensive facial screening may be hindered by all of the following except: bone shadowing. poor fetal positioning. polyhydramnios. maternal obesity.
polyhydramnios
Which of the following is a common sonographic finding with fetal facial abnormalities? duodenal atresia polyhydramnios diaphragmatic hernia ventricular septal defect
polyhydramnios
Which of the following best describes the concept of brain-sparing effect? fetal brain growth is dependent on hormones produced by the placenta, so in times of placental insufficiency, the brain does not develop properly circulation is increased in the brain during periods of delayed fetal growth, thus slowing fetal growth at an exponential rate selective circulation to the brain limits circulation to other organs during periods of low oxygenation, causing a smaller abdomen but normal head size episodes of rapid fetal growth can cause limited blood flow to the brain
selective circulation to the brain limits circulation to other organs during periods of low oxygenation, causing a smaller abdomen but normal head size
Classic symptoms of placental abruption include: severe pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding severe pelvic pain without vaginal bleeding mild abdominal pain and vaginal spotting painless vaginal bleeding
severe pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding
The most common sonographic finding associated with multicystic renal dysplasia is: unilateral multicystic kidney bilateral multicystic kidneys unilateral enlarged hyperechoic kidney bilateral enlarged hyperechoic kidneys
unilateral multicystic kidney
Which of the following occurs when intramembranous vessels course across the internal cervical os? vasa previa circumvallate placenta battledore placenta placenta accreta
vasa previa
A succenturiate placenta is at an increased risk for which of the following? intervillous thrombosis placental abruption velamentous cord amniochorionic separation
velamentous cord
Membranous insertion of the umbilical cord is termed a(n): vasa previa allantois cord velamentous cord battledore placenta
velamentous cord
When should a standard BPD chart not be used? when the cephalic index is greater than 85% when the area corrected BPD is greater than a 20% difference when there is greater than a 2-day discrepancy between BPD and HC when the HC/AC ratio is greater than two standard deviations from the normal
when the cephalic index is greater than 85%
