OB/Gyn Review
What is the length of the interstitial of the fallopian tube?
1 cm
Normal measurement for the lateral ventricle of the brain is:
1 cm in transverse
How much urine can the urinary bladder hold?
1 liter
In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum cyst should regress in how many days?
14
On a regular 28-day cycle, what day should ovulation occur?
14
Sonographically, female genitalia cannot be distinguished until:
16 weeks
What is the size of the infant/prepubertal uterus?
2-3 cm length, 0.5-1 cm AP, cervix 2/3 entire length, inverse pear shap (AP cx>fundus)
A gestational sac without an embryo or yolk sac with a mean sac diameter greater than _____ generally predicts pregnancy failure.
2.0 cm
What is the size of the neonatal uterus?
2.3-4.6 cm length x 0.8-2.1 cm AP
The fetal bladder should fill and empty every:
30-45 minutes
Oligohydramnios is diagnosed when the amniotic fluid measures:
5 cm or less
Normal gestational sac should occupy one-half of the uterine cavity, show a yolk sac, embryo and heart beat by _____ weeks
8
A yolk sac is considered abnormal with a diameter of
> 6mm
What are the abdominal wall pelvic muscles?
Anterior - rectus abdominis (paired) Anterolaterally - external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
Beckwith Weidemann Syndrome (5 findings):
Anterior abdominal wall defects hypoglycemia at birth macrosomia hemihyperplasia macroglossia
The most common and routine measurements to assess the fetal growth and well being:
BPD, HC, AC and FL
Metastasis to the ovary is common/rare.
Common
A monozygotic pregnancy with two placentas and two amnions is labeled:
DC/DA
What is the length of an adult uterus?
Diameter and length of body double that of the cervix. Nulliparous 8 cm length x 5 cm wide x 4 cm AP Parity, increase by 1 cm in all dimensions
A benign cyst located with the vagina.
Gartner duct cyst
Characterizations of IUGR:
Growth that is 2 SD below the mean for GA Fetal lagging abdominal circumference An EFW < 10th percentile
An imaginary line between the true and false pelvis.
Linea terminalis or iliopectineal
The term that refers to mid cycle or ovulatory pain.
Mittleschmertz
Cysts of the cervix are caused by occluded cervical glands and are known as
Nabothian cysts
The detection rate for Trisomy 21 increases to 86% when the nuchal translucency measurement is combined with:
PAPP-A and free bHCG
What are the layers of the uterus? (outer to inner)
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
What is a missed abortion?
Retention of a dead conceptus for prolonged period
Functions of placenta
Secretes estrogen and progesterone Diffusion of fetal wastes Source of nutrients Exchange of gasses
What procedures are performed to treat an incompetent cervix?
Shirodkar and McDonald's
To determine chorionicity, search for all of the following:
T-sign Lambda sign A separating membrane at least 1.5 mm thick
Fetal abdominal echogenicities are noted with:
TORCH infections Irritative peritonitis gallstones
An abnormality revealing a normal twin combined with a poorly defined twin possessing an irregular or no cardiac structure is called:
TRAP
Thoracic circumference is measured:
True transverse view at the level of the four-chamber heart
Name the pelvic organs.
Urinary bladder ureters vagina cervix uterus ovaries fallopian tubes
Tetralogy of Fallot
VSD overriding aorta pulmonary atresia or stenosis
What is the double bleb sign?
a gestational sac containing a yolk sac and an amniotic sac, looks like two bubbles
Sonographic criteria related to benign ovarian cysts.
absence of internal echoes increased posterior enhancement smooth, well-defined echogenicity
In which part of the fallopian tube does fertilization occur?
ampulla
Where is the bladder located?
anterior and inferior to peritoneal cavity, posterior to pubic bones
The space of Retzius is located
between the urinary bladder and symphysis pubis
Pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis
broad ligament
Fetal breathing can be gauged by viewing the fetal abdomen in a longitudinal fashion by observing:
caudal-cephalad kidney movement
What is the only fixed portion of the uterus?
cervix
The placenta develops from the:
chorion and decidua
The first structure seen sonographically within the uterus in early pregnancy is the:
chorionic sac
What is the area where the fallopian tubes come off the fundus of the uterus?
cornu
The 'ring of fire' demonstrated peripherally when imaging a cyst with power Doppler is related to:
corpus luteal cysts
The 'ring of fire' demonstrated peripherally when imaging a cysts with color or power Doppler is related to:
corpus luteal cysts
Abnormal lymphatic venous communication results in:
cystic hygroma
The portion of the endometrium related to blastocyte attachment is the:
decidua basalis
Endomertrial sloughing occurs during what phase?
early follicular, menses
endometrial proliferation is stimulated by what hormone
estrogen
What do the ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
Where is the position of the vagina?
external genitalia to cervix posterior to bladder and urethra anterior to rectum and anus forms 90 degree angle with cervix 9 cm in length
The inferior portion of the cervix in contact with the vagina.
external os
A fetal biophysical profile in utero observation includes:
fetal tone fetal breathing gross body movements AFI
Name the three gluteal pelvic muscles
gluteal minimus, gluteal medius and gluteal maximus
Which gluteal muscle is most superior?
gluteus medius
Abnormally decreased orbital distance:
hypotelorism
What two muscles make up the iliopsoas muscle?
iliacus and psoas major
What part of the fallopian tube is the narrowest?
intramural/interstitial
What are the anchors of the urinary bladder?
lateral umbilical ligaments median umbiillcal ligaments/urachus (ant/sup)
Where would one begin to see enlargement with hydrocephalus?
lateral ventricular atria
A normal heart orientation is:
levocardia
Endometriomas appear sonographically as thick-walled, spherical masses, and frequently (95% of the time) display:
low-level internal echoes (ground-glass appearance)
A large-for-dates uterus may be a result of the following:
macrosomic fetus uterine fibroids multiple gestation pregnancy
A smaller than normal jaw is called:
micrognathia
Shortening of an entire limb:
micromelia
The uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes develop from the paired
mullerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts)
A fetus that is unable to produce urine may have related issues of:
oligohydramnios
A sharp rise in LH, known as LH surge, is responsible for:
ovulation
Frequently, the only symptom of ovarian cancer is:
pelvic pressure and bloating
A common cause of IUGR
placental abnormalities
What are the pelvic muscles of the true pelvis?
posterior - piriformis anterolateral - obturator internus anteromedial - levator ani (pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus and puborectalis)
Boundaries of pelvic cavity
posterior - sacrum and coccyx posterolateral - piriformis and coccygeus anterolateral - hip bones and obturator internis floor - levator ani and coccygeus
A corpus luteum stimulates what hormone?
progesterone
The hormone responsible for premenstrual symptoms and those of early pregnancy
progesterone
What are the false pelvis muscles
psoas major (originate at transverse process of lumbar vertebrae) iliacus (originate at upper 2/3 of iliac fossa)
Where are the ureters located?
retroperitoneal, anterior and medial to psoas muscle, anterior to IIA/IIV, posterior to ovary, 1 inch lateral to cervix, turn and enter trigone of bladder
What four bones make up the female pelvis?
sacrum, coccyx and 2 innominate
Pelvic inflammatory disease is mostly caused by:
sexual transmission
The functional layer of the endometrium is supplied by the:
spiral arteries
Pseudomyxoma peritonei is defined as:
the accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity
Trophoblastic disease may affect the ovary with:
theca-lutein cysts
Meig's syndrome presents as:
triad of ascites, pleural effusion and ovarian neoplasm
What is the double decidual sign?
two concentric rings (decidua parietalis lining the uterine cavity and decidua capsularis lining the gestational sac) surrounding an anechoic gestational sac, confirms early intrauterine pregnancy
An HC measurement should be obtained:
using the outer edge of the calvarium at the level of the BPD
Endometrial cancer typically presents as:
uterine bleeding
Uterine size estimation by physical examination to determine pregnancy age ma be inaccurate due to:
uterine fibroids maternal obesity surgical scars
Functions of female pelvis
weight-bearing bridge pathway for fetal head protects reproductive organs
What prevents more than one sperm entering an ovum?
zona pellucida
