OCE 1001 Chap 5-8
What is the density of pure water?
1.0 g/cm3
How much is standard sea level pressure of 1 atmosphere?
14.7 pounds per square inch
The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions?
30 to 60 degrees
What is the pH of pure water?
7
Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface?
A column of warm, less dense air
Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?
A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.
A. When a ball is thrown in a stationary position, there is very little deflection in its path due to Coriolis effect, far too small for you to notice. But if the ball is thrown in motion, it will be deflected. You will relate the concept of the Coriolis force to a game of catch. The two-dimensional figure shows a game of catch played on a merry-go-round by nine children (the image is viewed from the South Pole). The alphabet A-H indicates the positions of eight children on the merry-go-round with the nineth child in the center. The arrows show the direction of rotation of the merry-go-round, which moves with a constant speed, moves with a constant speed causing a shift of 45∘∘. Assuming a child sitting in the center attempts to throw the ball directly to child D, which child will likely catch the ball? B. Earth rotates about its axis and all objects on its surface are constantly moving around in a large circle in space. The Earth's oceans and atmosphere are also spinning around with Earth at the same rate. The Coriolis effect may therefore seem predominant, but not all objects are influenced by it and not all the influences get noticed. Which of the following are influenced by Coriolis effect.
A. C B. helicopter, on a flight ocean currents
A. Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? B. What is the June solstice? C. How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year? D. What is the December solstice? E. When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator? F. Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year? G. When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night?
A. Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day. Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. B. the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun C. The inclination of Earth's axis does not change. D. the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun E. March Equinox September Equinox F. at the equator G. March Equinox September Equinox
A. Which of the following statements is true of water in a solid state? B. Why are water molecules in a gas phase able to move rapidly and independently of each other? C. What makes water a polar molecule? D. How do hydrogen bonds define the three states of matter in water? E. In the figure above, which shows water molecules. Which label(s) indicate a covalent bond?
A. It is rigid and forms a three-dimensional crystalline shape. Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position and are not as mobile as they are in the liquid state, where there are fewer hydrogen bonds. B. There are no hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a gas phase, so each water molecule acts as an individual. C. It has a positive hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side. D. There are no hydrogen bonds when water is in a gas phase. Ice has more hydrogen bonds than water vapor does. In liquid water, there are some hydrogen bonds between water molecules that form and break repeatedly. Water will be a solid if there are hydrogen bonds between all water molecules. E. B
A. The accompanying image depicts the three states of water and the processes by which water changes from one state to another. Use this information to match the correct state to each of the following statements. Note that in this context, "water" refers to water in liquid form. B. Examine the accompanying table. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C.
A. Liquid (water): The state of matter in which water is densest Gas (vapor): The state of matter in which water molecules are most energetic. Gas (vapor): The state of matter in which water is compressible. Solid (ice): The state of matter in which water molecules vibrate about fixed locations. Solid (ice): The state of matter of frost on grass B. 45 grams
A. Let's begin by comparing the conditions at three different cities: Phoenix, AZ; Bismarck, ND; and Tampa, FL. Refer to the accompanying table showing temperature and dew point temperature data for each city and use this information to determine which location each of the following statements applies to. CityTemperatureDew Point TempPhoenix, AR96∘∘F45∘∘F Tampa, FL101∘∘F77∘∘F Bismarck, ND39∘∘F38∘∘F Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. B. The graph below details air temperature and relative humidity changes on a typical summer day in the Midwest. What would be the best time of day to water a lawn to minimize the evaporation of water from the surface of the grass, assuming the dew point temperature remained constant?
A. Phoenix, AZ- This city has the lowest relative humidity.- City where the water vapor in the air is furthest from the saturation point. Bismarck, ND- This city has the highest relative humidity.- City where the water vapor in the air is closest to the saturation point.- This city has the lowest quantity of water vapor in the air. Tampa, FL- This city has the greatest quantity of water vapor in the air. B. 6AM
A. What is a cyclone? B. Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? C. Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? D. How does air move near the top of a cyclone? E. Why are cyclones generally associated with clouds and rain? F. What is an anticylone? G. Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? H. Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? I. Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain?
A. a center of low atmospheric pressure B. in a counterclockwise direction C. in a clockwise direction D. in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere E. Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises F. a center of high atmospheric pressure G. down, and in a clockwise direction H. down, and in a counterclockwise direction I. Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.
A. Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. B. The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. C. The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution. D. As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. E. Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________.
A. coccolithophores; foraminifers B. calcite compensation depth or CCD C. hydrogen D. alkaline E. carbonic acid (H2CO3)
A. If all the water in the ocean was evaporated and only the solid salt was left behind, how much salt would there be? B. Which statement accurately describes the interaction between a water molecule and sodium chloride as it dissolves? C. Why is water able to dissolve salt? D. Which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry? E. Why does the water molecule have polarity?
A. enough to form a layer about 500 feet thick that covers all of Earth B. The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion. C. Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts D. The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge. E. Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge
A. Where are Hadley cells found? B. What drives Hadley cell circulation? C. How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time? D. When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed? E. Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation? F. What two features are many of Earth's deserts associated with?
A. in the atmosphere near the equator B. heating from the Sun C. The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. D. during the Northern Hemisphere winter E. areas near the ITCZ F. the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents
A. Review the following map and water samples. Samples A and B were taken from the Atlantic Ocean at two different locations. Samples C and D were taken from the Red Sea and the Baltic Sea. Unfortunately, the samples got mixed up in the lab. We know A and B were from the Atlantic Ocean and C and D are from the seas, but no one knows which locations. Can you determine where each sample was from? Use what you know about relative salinity and its global variation. Label the samples accordingly and complete the two sentences with labels that correctly describe seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and the relationship to salinity. Samples were collected at the locations of the circles on the map. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. B. Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C?Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°CThermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth
A. increased salinity decreased salinity just east of The Bahamas off the west coast of Africa, near the equator from the Red Sea from the Baltic Sea B. 550 meters
A. Circulation in the atmosphere is influenced by whether the planetary body is rotating or nonrotating. Sort the following features by whether they apply to a rotating Earth, a nonrotating Earth, or neither. B. A jet stream generally diverges above a low-pressure (warm) center. However, at Earth's surface, air converges at a low-pressure center. If the divergence of the jet stream is greater than the convergence of air at the surface low-pressure center below it, what will happen to the surface winds? C. The accompanying image of the eastern portion of the United States illustrates the airflow conditions involved in the creation of cyclones and anticyclones. Match the labels to their correct location. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. The cardinal directions apply to the blanks in the sentences in this activity.
A. nonrotating earth - one pair of convection cells -all surface air flows toward the equator rotating earth - presence of trade winds and westerlies -equatorial and subpolar air flows inward and upward -three pairs of convection cells neither - air sinks at the equator - all surface air flows poleward B. The surface winds will likely get stronger. C. top three blanks left to right: south, convergence aloft, divergence aloft bottom three blanks left to right: north, anticyclonic flow, cyclonic flow
A. Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean than in the deep ocean at both high and low latitudes? B. Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations lowest from just below the surface to a depth of about 1000 meters in both high and low latitudes? C. Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean at high latitudes than the surface ocean at low latitudes? D. Where did most of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere come from? E. Why do dissolved oxygen concentrations increase at depths greater than about 1000 meters at high and low latitudes?
A. photosynthesis by phytoplankton B. respiration by fish and other marine organisms C. surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes D. photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean E. deeper water is colder oxygen is more soluble at these depths there are fewer marine organisms at these depths
A. Areas of low pressure tend to have ______ air and _____ weather. B. What two factors explain why the prevailing westerlies blow toward the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere? C. If you were the captain of a sailing ship, which of the following latitudes would you want to avoid MOST? D. If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, how would global atmospheric circulation be affected?
A. rising, stormy B. The two factors are the direction of circulation in the Ferrel cell and the Coriolis effect C. 30 D. The global wind belts would blow in the opposite east-west direction.
A. The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________. B. The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered. C. The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________. D. What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?
A. water B. temperature C. 4C D. hydrogen bonds
A. Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the high latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at high latitudes? B. Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the low latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at low latitudes? C. As climate change causes global rises in temperature, which of the following processes affecting sea surface salinity are likely to occur?
A.Lower salinity due to high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures B. Compared to high latitudes, there is higher salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there. C. Increased melting of glacial ice and sea ice will decrease sea surface salinity Decreased sea ice formation will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of precipitation and runoff will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of evaporation from the ocean will increase sea surface salinity.
Which of the following affect the concentration of CO2 dissolved in the ocean?
Atmospheric exchange Respiration Photosynthesis Temperature
Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the Earth's hydrologic cycle?
Atmospheric water vapor
Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?
Chloride
The densest water found in the ocean has what characteristics?
Cold, salty, and deep
On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?
Continent to ocean
There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?
Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.
Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?
Evaporation
The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?
From northwest to southeast
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:
HCO3-.
Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W
High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation
What type of bonding does water have?
Hydrogen
Dissolved ions are removed from the ocean through which of these processes?
Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge
Where would you expect to find the highest concentrations of both CO2 and O2 in the ocean?
In the deep ocean
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 20°W
Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation
Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume?
Nitrogen
At which latitude on the Earth is the speed of Earth's rotation the slowest?
North and South poles
Which wind belt curves to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest?
Northeast trade winds
On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?
Ocean to atmosphere
Based on the characteristics, what is the name of the wind belt being described as cold, dry winds generally from the east?
Polar easterlies
A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?
Poles (90 degrees)
Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?
Poles(90 degrees)
Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing density?
Pycnocline
Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which of these processes?
River discharge
Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?
Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.
Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?
Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.
Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?
Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.
Which of the following best defines heat capacity?
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true?
The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water.
Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?
The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample
Which of the following best defines temperature?
The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules
Which of the following best defines heat?
The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature
Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true?
The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.
In terms of temperature for high-latitude regions, which layer is absent?
Thermocline
Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing temperature?
Thermocline
In which layer of the atmosphere is all weather generated?
Troposphere
Which of the following is a property of water that is caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?
Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules hydrate other ions. Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?
Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?
When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.
The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.
albedo
The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________.
are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar
The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.
atoms
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:
change in state
A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n) ________.
cold front
As the salinity of seawater increases, its:
density increases.
Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________.
electrons
All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except :
evaporation
We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.
evaporation is much greater than precipitation
Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________.
halocline
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?
high heat capacity
Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:
high surface tension.
The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:
hydrologic cycle.
Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?
iodine
What type of bonding does table salt have?
ionic
Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.
ions
Many of the unusual properties of water are attributed to the fact that water:
is a polar molecule.
As water boils, it reaches a plateau where all energy added is used to break intermolecular bonds in water, not increase its temperature; this is called ________.
latent heat of vaporization
A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________.
molecules
Van der Waals forces are relatively weak interactions that exist between electrically ________ molecules because of the molecules' uneven distribution of charge.
neutral
Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________.
neutrons
We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.
off the coast of Washington and Oregon
Salinity is expressed in ________.
parts per thousand
Protons have which type of electrical charge?
positive
A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.
pressure
The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is _______, ________, __________.
rainwater, pure water, seawater
Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.
re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation
Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:
sea breeze.
The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________.
sharing of electrons between the atoms
The pH of surface seawater is usually 8.1. That means the water is __________.
slightly basic (or alkaline)
Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?
sodium
The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:
summer solstice.
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:
temperature
Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of West Coast hurricanes is that __________.
the ocean water near the U.S. coast does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:
the polarity of water molecules.
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.
The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.
the rotation of Earth
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected:
to the right of their original direction.
The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:
trade winds.
The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude.
velocity
