OCE1001 Chapter 04

which of the following are examples of neritic sediments?

- beach sand - evaporite deposits

which of the following are examples of pelagic sediments? choose all that apply

- biogenic ooze - abyssal clay - volcanic dust

which of the following sediments would you expect to find in a lagoon? choose all that apply.

- broken bits of coral - salt

where might one find calcareous oozes on the seafloor?

- buried beneath abyssal clay - along the crests of mid-ocean ridges, above the CCD - buried beneath siliceous oozes

on the world pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer

B: calcareous ooze C: siliceous ooze A: abyssal clay

the composite photomicrograph image shows various types of calcareous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. match the correct letter to the name and description of each organism listed below. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer

C: coccoliths (individual plates) B: foraminifers E: diatom (siliceous) D: coccolithophore (single) A: coccolithophores (multiple)

the cross section below shows an area of sea floor that is accumulating sediments. match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer

F: upwelling, cool water E: siliceous ooze A: abyssal clay C: mid-ocean ridge B: calcareous ooze D: calcite compensation depth (CCD)

what is calcareous ooze?

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

a glacier

the most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent

what common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling?

an apple corer

what factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze?

areas of upwelling

why is this drilling process called rotary drilling?

because the drill bit turns around in a circle

why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD?

below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material

calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenies sediment

sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:

biogenous

siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenous sediment

what would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge?

calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD

which sediment below cannot accumulate below the CCD?

calcareous tests

marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ________.

calcium carbonate

the sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely in the world, in the form of _________.

clathrates

what have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores?

climate change and past extinctions

which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment?

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

cosmogenous

micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

cosmogenous sediment

what three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

forums, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD

do not dissolve; dissolve

diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and ___________ below the CCD

does not dissolve; does not dissolve

a very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

fecal pellets

the main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and _________

gas hydrates

which of the following contains the most organic carbon on earth?

gas hydrates

which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples?

gravity corer

sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous

oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

hydrogenous sediment

rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?

hydrogenous sediment

high-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

large particles such as gravel

sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

lithogenous sediment

turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

methane

the ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

microscopic organisms

what percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments

more than fifty percent

the type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits

where on the ocean floor do abyssal clays develop

on the deep-ocean floor, far from land

the number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called __________.

productivity

which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

rotary corer

neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of _________.

sand, silt, and gravel

ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following processes?

suspension settling

in the demonstration, what does the apple represent?

the deep sea floor

collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?

the deep-ocean floor

what is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD?

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

why do some organisms thrive in warm surface waters?

warm water is generally saturated in carbonate

what factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze?

water depth

what is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean?

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

from smallest to largest, which list of sediment particle sizes is in the correct order?

clay, silt, sand, pebbles

of the following sediments, which one(s) are considered hydrogenous? choose all that apply.

- coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers - manganese nodules

on average, at what ocean depth does calcite readily dissolve into seawater?

4500 meters (14,764 feet)

this global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer

A: siliceous ooze: diatom E: siliceous ooze: radiolarian B: abyssal clay C: neritic continental lithogenous D: calcareous ooze

which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenies sediment? choose all that apply.

- diatoms - coccolithopores

which of the following factors affect the distribution of biogenic oozes on the seafloor?

- dissolution - biological productivity - water depth - seafloor spreading

of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? choose all that apply.

- gas hydrates - petroleum

what sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "other" on the map? choose all that apply

- hydrogenous sediments - cosmogenous sediments

of the following types of lithogenous sediment, which one(s) would you expect to find very far from the location of origin? choose all that apply.

- quartz silt - volcanic ash

marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following earth history events? choose all that apply.

- movement of the ocean floor - past catastrophes, such as major extinction events - the climate on earth millions of years ago - the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins - previous ocean circulation patterns

which of the following organisms thrive in cold surface waters?

- radiolarians - diatoms - siliceous organisms

what mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins?

- wind - slow-moving ocean currents

the composite photomicrograph image shows various types of siliceous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. match the correct letter to the name and description of each organism listed below. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer

C: radiolarian, spherical shape B: radiolarian, showing long appendages D: diatom, top view A: diatom, showing both halves of its test