OCE1001 Chapter 10 Exam 3

Which of the following estuaries forms when sea level rises and floods an existing river valley? Bar-Built Estuary Fjord Delta System Tectonic Estuary Coastal Plain Estuary

Coastal Plain Estuary

Why does the crust subside slightly on either side of a melting glacier? Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier. Ice under the glacier rises as the crust moves. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier. Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows crust on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier. Mantle under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier. Mantle under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows crust on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier.

Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier.

Which of the following is not a hard stabilization option? Breakwaters Groins Relocation Seawalls Jetties

Relocation

What is the salinity profile in areas of the coastal ocean where there is a dry offshore wind? Salinity is high at the top, decreases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column. Salinity is constant from top to bottom. Salinity is low at the top, increases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column. Salinity decreases steadily from the top of the water column to the bottom. Salinity increases steadily from the top of the water column to the bottom.

Salinity is high at the top, decreases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column.

What is the salinity profile in areas of the coastal ocean where there is river runoff? Salinity decreases steadily from the top of the water column to the bottom. Salinity increases steadily from the top of the water column to the bottom. Salinity is high at the top, decreases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column. Salinity is constant from top to bottom. Salinity is low at the top, increases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column.

Salinity is low at the top, increases rapidly through the halocline, then remains constant to the bottom of the water column.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with depositional shores? Choose all that apply. The formation of barrier islands Bay-mouth bars High sediment supply Active tectonic uplift A location near a large delta A large sand spit

The formation of barrier islands Bay-mouth bars High sediment supply A location near a large delta A large sand spit

Which of the following factors contribute to the direction of longshore current and longshore drift? Choose all that apply. wave height major ocean surface currents angle that waves approach the shore wave refraction major offshore storm centers

angle that waves approach the shore wave refraction major offshore storm centers

Narrow currents flowing across the surf zone toward the open ocean are called: rip currents. swash. surf flow. longshore currents. nearshore currents.

rip currents

Which of the following is/are part of a beach compartment? Choose all that apply. river wind continental rise beach submarine canyon

river beach submarine canyon

The part of the shore that represents the water's edge and migrates back and forth with the tide is known as the ________. backshore foreshore nearshore offshore shoreline

shoreline

Larger, high-energy waves scour sand from the berm and create a ________. summertime beach autumn time beach springtime beach wintertime beach

wintertime beach

Which state contains mangrove swamps? Florida Texas South Carolina California

Florida

Which of the following beach compartment-to-submarine canyon affiliations is incorrect? Redondo: Mugu San Pedro: Newport Oceanside: La Jolla Santa Barbara: Hueneme and Mugu Santa Monica: Redondo

Redondo: Mugu

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called: bay-mouth bar. tombolos. barrier islands. barrier flats. deltas.

deltas

What type of feature is a barrier island? depositional emergent tectonic permanent erosional

depositional

What is longshore transport? the transport of sand offshore the transport of sand and other sediment in a zigzag pattern down the beach the seaward transport of water the transport of water downshore the transport of sand in the upcurrent direction

the transport of sand and other sediment in a zigzag pattern down the beach

For how long will land rebound after a glacier melts? billions of years millions of years thousands of years tens of years 3 to 5 years

thousands of years

What is the longshore current? water forced by longshore drift to move along the shore water forced by longshore drift to move away from the shore water forced by waves to move away from the shore water forced by waves to move along the shore

water forced by waves to move along the shore

________ are ecosystems in which the water table is close to the surface, so they are typically saturated most of the time. Salt marshes Swamps Mangrove swamps Wetlands

Wetlands

Future sea level rise estimates that approximately ________ of existing U.S. coastal wetlands will be lost. 20% 40% 60% 80%

60%

About what percent of the world fishery is obtained within 320 kilometers (200 miles) of shore? 25% 55% 95% 5% 75%

95%

How does a sea stack form? A stack forms when a relatively flat area is left behind by erosion waves against the base of a sea cliff. A stack is a pile of boulders eroded from a sea wall that accumulate in a pile because of wave action. A stack is an uplifted area along, but not connected to, a sea cliff. A stack forms when a sea arch collapses, leaving a vertical column of rock offshore. A stack is formed by the accumulation of sand, initially as a sand bar, which grows until it forms a stack.

A stack forms when a sea arch collapses, leaving a vertical column of rock offshore.

What condition would create a weak longshore current? A steep beach face Waves breaking on a headland A set of large swells A high-frequency wave set A wave set approaching head-on to the shore

A wave set approaching head-on to the shore

Sediment is supplied to the coastal zone by __________. (a) coastal erosion (b) local biological activity (c) rivers (d) All of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone. (e) Only answers a and b are sources of sediment in the coastal zone

All of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone.

Where does the Davidson Current develop? Along the coast of the Carolinas Along the shores of New York and New Jersey Along the Gulf of Mexico Along the coast of Washington and Oregon

Along the coast of Washington and Oregon

How is an arch formed along a sea coast? Weather-eroded arches located inland are inundated by sinking coastal areas. Coastal deposition of rock material by wave action creates a headland, which is then eroded, forming an arch. An arch forms when a sea cave breaks through a headland or where two sea caves coalesce as they erode back due to wave action. An arch forms when a tunnel is eroded between separate sand dunes along a cliff face, connecting them. Wave erosion cuts away both sides of a sand bar, resulting in an arch.

An arch forms when a sea cave breaks through a headland or where two sea caves coalesce as they erode back due to wave action.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding groins? Choose all that apply. Groins increase erosion on the downcurrent side. Groins add sand to the beach. Groins are hard-stabilization structures that are always built perpendicular to shore. Groins are natural features on the landscape. Groins slow the movement of sand along the beach.

Groins increase erosion on the downcurrent side. Groins are hard-stabilization structures that are always built perpendicular to shore. Groins slow the movement of sand along the beach.

Where are barrier islands common? Choose all that apply. Gulf coast of the United States west coast of the United States Japan east coast of the United States west coast of South America

Gulf coast of the United States east coast of the United States

Of the following statements about the physical characteristics of coastal oceans, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff. In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters). Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America.

In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters). Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America.

What is the difference between longshore current and longshore drift? Longshore current refers to the movement of sediment, longshore drift refers to the movement of water. Longshore current refers to the movement of water offshore and is also known as a rip current. Longshore drift moves water along the coast. Longshore current refers to the movement of water, longshore drift refers to the movement of sediment. Longshore current refers to the movement of water and sediment downcoast, longshore drift refers to the movement of water and sediment upcoast. Longshore current refers to the movement of water and sediment, longshore drift refers to the movement of driftwood.

Longshore current refers to the movement of water, longshore drift refers to the movement of sediment.

If you built a solid structure perpendicular to the shore, such as a groin, which of the following would occur? Sand would accumulate on the upcoast side of the structure. Longshore drift would not be affected by the structure. Erosion would occur on the upcoast side of the structure. The longshore current would reverse directions. Sand would accumulate on the downcoast side of the structure.

Sand would accumulate on the upcoast side of the structure.

The longshore current generally flows which direction along both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United States? Westward Northward Southward Eastward

Southward

The Pacific coast, excluding Alaska, has the lowest average erosion rate in the United States, despite significant beach starvation and localized erosion. Which of the following factors accounts for this low average? The coastal bedrock resists erosion Eustatic sea-level change Exposure to ocean waves Tectonic emergence

Tectonic emergence

Which of the following estuaries form when faulting or folding of rocks creates a restricted downdropped area into which the sea has flooded? Bar-built estuary Tectonic estuary Fjord Coastal plain estuary

Tectonic estuary

Most marginal seas result from which of the following? River erosion Tectonic events Geostrophic flow Glacial erosion Ocean currents

Tectonic events

Why does glacial subsidence NOT occur at the exact moment that a glacier forms? The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which ice can flow. The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which crust can flow. The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which mantle can flow. The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which water can flow.

The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which mantle can flow.

How does the tide cycle affect erosion along a sea coast? Sea coasts experience erosion only during high tides. Sea coast erosion is greatest during spring and autumn. Sea coasts experience erosion only during low tides. Sea coast erosion is greatest during summer and winter. The tide cycle causes erosion to occur at different elevations along a sea coast.

The tide cycle causes erosion to occur at different elevations along a sea coast.

Which of the following occurs when seafloor spreading rates increase? There is no change in sea level Subduction increases. There is a rise in sea level New continental crust forms. Sea level falls.

There is a rise in sea level

How do engineers decrease the amount of erosion caused by a groin? They build taller groins. They build more groins and place them parallel to each other along the beach. They build longer groins. They build more groins and place them perpendicular to each other along the beach. They build wider groins.

They build more groins and place them parallel to each other along the beach.

How do river runoff and dry offshore winds affect the coastal ocean when they are combined? Choose all that apply. They increase rates of evaporation. They enhance the halocline. They increase mixing. They increase surface salinity. They decrease deepwater salinity.

They increase rates of evaporation. They increase mixing.

How are winter beaches different from summer beaches? Winter waves are long and high, whereas summer waves are short and shallower. Winter waves are short and shallower, whereas summer waves are long and high. Winter waves are long and shallower, whereas summer waves are short and high. Winter waves are short and high, whereas summer waves are long and shallower.

Winter waves are short and high, whereas summer waves are long and shallower.

How long does it take berms to become narrow and rocky after summer has passed? until the end of winter a few weeks until summer begins again a few days

a few weeks

In which area of a barrier island would you expect to find a woodland or forest? dune high salt marsh low salt marsh ocean beach barrier flat

barrier flat

The area of the barrier island complex that would contain thickets and woodlands would be the: high marsh. low marsh. barrier flat. lagoon.dune.

barrier flat

Beach joggers looking for the most compacted and smooth sand surface prefer to run on the __________. berm longshore bar longshore trough beach face beach scarp

beach face

Which of the following can help prevent beach starvation? Sand and gravel mining Damming a river Beach replenishment Lining a river with concrete Disrupting longshore transport

beach replenishment

The ________ extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related features can be found. beach bermshore coastline coast

coast

The boundary between the shore and the coast is known as the ________. shore-coast shoreline wave front beach front coastline

coastline

In which area(s) of a barrier island is peat formed? Choose all that apply. barrier flat High Salt marsh dune ocean beach low salt marsh

high salt marsh low salt marsh

What are submarine canyons? river valleys that supply sediment to the beach another name for the lagoon that separates a barrier island from the mainland steep-sided valleys cut into the continental slope deep, narrow features caused by subduction the down-dropped center section of a mid-ocean ridge

steep-sided valleys cut into the continental slope

Normally, beaches have the greatest amount of sand on the berm near the end of __________. neap tides spring tides summer winter All the answers would produce about the same amount of sand.

summer

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a: fjord. salt wedge estuary. bar-built estuary. tectonic estuary. coastal plain estuary.

tectonic estuary

What is isostasy? the rising and sinking of Earth's mantle relative to the crust in response to the redistribution of mass on the surface the rising and sinking of Earth's surface relative to the mantle in response to the redistribution of mass in the crust the rising and sinking of Earth's crust relative to the mantle in response to the redistribution of mass on the surface the rising and sinking of Earth's surface relative to the crust in response to the redistribution of mass in the mantle

the rising and sinking of Earth's crust relative to the mantle in response to the redistribution of mass on the surface

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of winter? Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have wide berm and a prominent longshore bar.

Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar.

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of summer? Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have wide berm and a prominent longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar.

Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar.

What is the most obvious difference between summertime and wintertime beaches? During summertime, there is a stronger undertow that removes sand from the beach. During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach. During summertime, rip currents are causing the removal of sand on the beach. During summertime, the beach is much rockier. During summertime, waves don't break on the beach.

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

What is the most obvious difference between summertime and wintertime beaches? During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach. During summertime, there is a stronger undertow that removes sand from the beach. During summertime, rip currents are causing the removal of sand on the beach. During summertime, waves don't break on the beach. During summertime, the beach is much rockier.

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

What happens to river runoff as it enters the ocean? It mixes evenly with the ocean water. It freezes. It sinks to the bottom. It floats on the surface. It evaporates.

It floats on the surface

________ protect a harbor or bay entrance and usually occurs in pairs. Breakwaters Jetties Groins Groin fields

Jetties

Compared to a typical estuary, which of the following exhibits the exact opposite circulation pattern? San Francisco Bay Galveston Bay Pamlico Sound Laguna Madre Chesapeake Bay

Laguna Madre

Why does the crust uplift slightly on either side of a growing glacier? Crust under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking ice. This crust pushes up the ice on either side of the glacier. Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking ice. This mantle pushes up the ice on either side of the glacier. Crust under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking mantle. This crust pushes up the mantle on either side of the glacier. Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking crust. This mantle pushes up the crust on either side of the glacier. Crust under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking mantle. This mantle pushes up the crust on either side of the glacier.

Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking crust. This mantle pushes up the crust on either side of the glacier.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Uplifted continental crust Melting glacial ice Melting sea ice Increased seafloor spreading rates Formation of large inland lakes

Melting sea ice

In the long term, what do beach drift and longshore current do? Move sediment perpendicular to the shoreline Move sediment away from the shoreline Move sediment parallel to the shoreline Move sediment up to the shoreline

Move sediment parallel to the shoreline

Which of the following occurs during light wave activity? The beach is saturated with water from previous waves Backwash dominates the transport system Much of the swash soaks into the beach A net movement of sand down the beach face A backward movement of sand along the beach face

Much of the swash soaks into the beach

An example of relocation is the movement of Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. Where is the lighthouse located? Florida Virginia North Carolina Alabama South Carolina

North Carolina

Which U.S. coast is considered an emerging shoreline? Gulf coast Atlantic coast Pacific coast

Pacific coast

What process formed the submarine canyons off the Southern California coast? Some were carved out by rivers when sea level was lower than it is at present, but most are created by earthquakes. Most were carved out by rivers when sea level was lower than it is at present, but some form from the erosive action of turbidity currents. Some were carved out by rivers when sea level was lower than it is at present, but most form from the erosive action of turbidity currents. Some were carved by wind when sea level was lower than it is at present, but most are created by earthquakes. Most were carved out by rivers when sea level was lower than it is at present, but some are created by earthquakes.

Some were carved out by rivers when sea level was lower than it is at present, but most form from the erosive action of turbidity currents.

What happens to a barrier island as sea level rises? Choose all that apply. The island moves farther away from land. Structures on the island are at risk due to increased erosion. Erosion on the lagoon side increases, and erosion on the ocean beach side decreases. Peat deposits are exposed on the ocean beach side of the barrier island. The elevation of the barrier flat increases as sand is pushed up higher.

Structures on the island are at risk due to increased erosion. Peat deposits are exposed on the ocean beach side of the barrier island.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coastal regions have experienced population increases and increased damage BECAUSE programs like the National Flood Insurance Program have encouraged construction in the unsafe locations they were designed to prevent. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The berm is a favorite place of beachgoers BECAUSE it normally consists of dry sand. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Alternatives to hard stabilization have been sought BECAUSE hard stabilization has not been proven to have negative environmental consequences. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

What will happen to the crust as a glacier grows? The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle. The mantle under the glacier will push the crust up. The crust under the glacier will push the mantle up.

The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle.

How would a beach be affected if a wide berm were protected from erosion during winter months? The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach, but with a narrow berm. The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach, but with a longshore bar. The wintertime beach would look similar to any other wintertime beach. The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach.

The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach.

How do dry offshore winds affect the coastal ocean? Choose all that apply. They increase mixing. They decrease deepwater salinity. They support the formation of a halocline. They increase rates of evaporation. They increase surface salinity.

They support the formation of a halocline. They increase rates of evaporation. They increase surface salinity.

How is a cave created in a cliff face along a sea coast? Underground caves expand until they reach the sea coast. The spray of seawater results in salt accumulation on the cliff face, which dissolves rock material, resulting in caverns. Irregular deposition of sediment along the shoreline sometimes results in hollow areas where waves carry off material, rather than allowing accumulation. Rivers emptying into the ocean deposit sediment along the sea coast, which then carves caves in the sea cliff. Wave action erodes areas of weakness in rock in a sea cliff.

Wave action erodes areas of weakness in rock in a sea cliff.

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is: an increased salinity during particular times of the year. decreased tributary river flow due to increased water demand. the removal of sediments behind hydroelectric dams an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals. salinity fluctuations due to reduced inflow from rivers.

an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals.

Which way would sediment move if NO beach drift existed? at an angle to shore away from shore perpendicular to shore parallel to shore

at an angle to shore

The particle size on a beach ________. A) is related to whatever material is locally available B) varies only with storm intensity and duration C) can be related to the frequency of storms D) shows seasonal variation only on low energy coasts E) is a function of the type of bedrock underlying the coastal area

is related to whatever material is locally available

What are groins typically composed of? specially formulated styrofoam plastic large piles of sand pebbles large blocks of rock and concrete

large blocks of rock and concrete

In terms of erosion protection from wave action, seawalls: result in a more gradual seaward slope of beaches. are cost effective.are permanent and thus never need to be replaced. lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides. require very little maintenance.

lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides.

Which of the following processes is responsible for the movement of sand down the beach? longshore transport ebb current swash backwash rip current

longshore transport

In the Southern Hemisphere, the coastal geostrophic current curves ________ on the western coast. eastward westward southward northward

southward