OCEAN 102 Exam 1
Which of the following types of businesses or industries will benefit from the warming of the Arctic? Select all that apply. Commercial shipping Mining Oil and gas extraction
Commercial shipping Mining Oil and gas extraction
The IPCC is the scientific organization that funds and performs most research on climate change. True False
F
A Congressional act passed in 2009 which authorizes federal research funding of ocean acidification through NOAA, NASA, and NSF goes by which acronym? OAA OXFAM BCODMO FOARAM
FOARAM
Using ice core data, scientists can reconstruct the historical record of the all of the following except: Volcanic Activity Precipitation Frequency of earthquakes Temperature
Frequency of earthquakes
Positive feedbacks tend to: Stabilize a system Increase the magnitude of a change in the same direction as the original change Have no effect on the direction of change Decrease the magnitude of a change in the same direction as the original change
Increase the magnitude of a change in the same direction as the original change
Which of the following statements about sea ice cover in the Arctic best describes the conditions for 2017? Sea ice cover is much younger and thicker than historic measurements from the 1980s. Sea ice cover is much older and thinner than historic measurements from the 1980s. Sea ice cover is much older and thicker than historic measurements from the 1980s. Sea ice cover is much younger and thinner than historic measurements from the 1980s.
Sea ice cover is much younger and thinner than historic measurements from the 1980s.
Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density? sea ice formation surface water evaporation Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation sea ice melting and surface water evaporation sea ice melting
Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation
Which has a higher pH? Freshwater Vinegar Soda Seawater
Seawater
Climate change includes global temperature rise and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas amounts will affect. True False
True
Climate is the usual or long-term average weather of a place. True False
True
TRUE or FALSE: Only fisheries of shell-forming organisms like clams, mussels, and oysters are projected to be impacted by Ocean Acidification. True False
f
True or False? Coral reefs are not an important resource in the ocean since organism diversity there is very low. True False
f
True or False? If seawater density decreases with depth, the water column is stratified. True False
f
True or False? Only the smallest organisms are impacted by ocean acidification. True False
f
True or False? Primary production in 2017 was the lowest ever measured in the Barents and Eurasian Arctic seas. True False
f
True or False? Reflectivity is higher in dark surfaces, absorption is higher in light surfaces True False
f
True or False? The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the highest it has ever been on our planet. True False
f
True or False? The only people living in the Arctic are indigenous groups. True False
f
True or False? There are only 4 groups of indigenous people living in the Arctic. True False
f
There is not a scientific consensus on if global warming is real. True False
false
Which of the following things are NOT dissolved in seawater? Metals Organics Salts Ice Gases
ice
What physical characteristics of the Arctic make climate feedbacks possible? geography extent of open ocean polar latitude ice coverage
ice coverage
Both natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible for changes in Earth's climate. True False
true
Climate is defined as how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time. True False
true
Major volcanic eruptions can result in either a warming or cooling of the planet. True false
true
The commercial shipping industry would benefit from an ice-free Arctic because the shipping route between the North Pacific and North Atlantic would be much shorter and faster. True false
true
The total melting of Arctic sea ice will result in a sea level increase of ______ meter(s). Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. 0.5 0 Melting of sea ice does not contribute directly to sea level rise. 0.75 0.25 1
0
The difference between a pH of 3 and a pH of 2 is a difference in how many H+ ions? 1,000 x's more H+ 1 more H+ 7 x's more H+ 10 x's more H+ 14 x's more H+
10 x's more H+
What is the residence time of carbon, or the average amount of time one carbon atom resides in a reservoir, in the deep ocean? 10 years 100,000 years 1,000 years 100,000,000 years 100 years
100,000 years
What percentage of animal protein intake by the global population comes from fisheries? 2% 20% 12% 40%
20%
In total, about _________ people live in the Arctic. 4 thousand 4 million 4 billion 4 hundred
4 million
Which of these is NOT an impact ocean acidification has on marine organisms? Migratory route disruption Refuge and habitat destruction Ability to respire Feeding and digestion impairment
Ability to respire
On average, how long does it take for a parcel of water to travel around the world as part of the global conveyor belt? About 70-100 days About 700-1000 years Exactly 10 years Exactly 70-100 years
About 700-1000 years
Examples of evidence of sea level rise in Tuvalu include which of the following? Tide gauge data All of the these answers are evidence of sea level rise in Tuvalu. Sea water bubbling up through coral during high tides Crop damage
All of the these answers are evidence of sea level rise in Tuvalu.
Which of the following is not a cost of sea level rise? Loss of agricultural lands. All of these answers are costs of sea level rise. Monetary cost of relocating people from flooded cities. Loss or degradation of fresh water sources Monetary cost of securing shorelines.
All of these answers are costs of sea level rise.
Which of the following does not contribute to the uncertainty in climate models? All of these contribute to uncertainty in climate models. Changes in natural climate factors. Climate extremes Projections of future emissions. Changes in human behavior.
All of these contribute to uncertainty in climate models.
Which of the following lines of evidence do not support climate change? All of these lines of evidence are in support of climate change. Measurements of the increase in the heat content in the upper ocean. Measurements of changes in snow and ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Measurements of air and sea surface temperatures. Measurements of sea level rise.
All of these lines of evidence are in support of climate change.
Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient for photosynthesis or phytoplankton growth? Silicon (Si) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
According to the video, how much carbon dioxide mixes into the surface ocean each day? Approximately 30 millions tons Approximately 2 millions tons Approximately 70 millions tons Approximately 22 millions tons
Approximately 22 millions tons
What percentage of the planet is covered with ocean? Approximately 5% Approximately 95% Approximately 25% Approximately 70%
Approximately 70%
Which reservoir turns over, or exchanges, CO2 the fastest? Deep Ocean Surface Ocean Surface Sediments Atmosphere Soils and detritus
Atmosphere
What are the sources of oxygen in the ocean? Select all that apply: Decomposition Atmospheric mixing Respiration Photosynthesis
Atmospheric mixing , Photosynthesis
How does the melting of sea ice contribute to sea level change? Sea ice melt increases the water volume in the ocean. Break up of the floating ice shelves will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise. Melting of sea ice leads to an increase in albedo and which insulates the ocean. Melting sea ice adds cold water to the surface ocean. The volume of cold water is smaller than warm water.
Break up of the floating ice shelves will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise.
The region of the water column where there is sufficient sunlight to carry out photosynthesis is called? Euphotic zone Aphotic zone Twilight zone Illuminated zone
Euphotic zone
Which carbonate species do calcifying organisms rely on to build their shells? Bicarbonate Carbon dioxide Carbonate Carbonic acid
Carbonate
When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form different carbon species. Which of these species is very reactive and readily dissociates? Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Carbonate (CO32-) Hydrogen (H+) Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Which of the following statements about climate models is not correct? Climate models can be used to simulate past climate events. Climate models cannot be used to forecast future weather events. As climate models incorporate more factors or greater spatial detail, more computer power is needed. Climate models embody our best knowledge about the interactions and feedback mechanisms of climate. Climate models are based on established laws of physics.
Climate models cannot be used to forecast future weather events.
Which of the following lines of evidence do not support the claim that extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Increase in the number of heavy precipitation events Increase in areas affected by drought Increase in hurricane events in the Atlantic Decrease in hurricane activity in the Southern Hemisphere
Decrease in hurricane activity in the Southern Hemisphere
The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report is sponsored by the Heartland Institute. The Heartland Institute is a Conservative & Libertarian public policy think tank. Please Read about the funding section of the Heartland Institute (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Wikipedia entry. How is this Heartland Institute funded? Grants from the United Nations Donations from individuals, organizations and businesses Grants from goverment agencies Donations from the Association for the Advancement of Science
Donations from individuals, organizations and businesses
Which is an example of natural variability that causes short-term global temperature averages to vary interannually? Blizzards El Nino events Tornadoes Hurricanes
El Nino events
The global ocean is not uniformly a source or sink for atmospheric CO2, but rather different regions of the ocean vary in whether they act as a local source or sink. What ocean regions are considered to be sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? Select all that apply: Subtropical downwelling gyres High latitude water formation regions Equatorial regions Coastal upwelling zone
Equatorial regions Coastal upwelling zone
What does the term "anthropogenic" mean? Enhanced effect Natural in origin Human-caused Occurring every decade
Human caused
All of the following are evidence that melting sea ice is negatively impacting the health of polar bears except: Decrease in average size of adult males. Decrease in cub survival rates. Increases in the number of polar bear drownings. Increase in litter size Increase in number of ice dens abandoned
Increase in litter size
As global temperatures increase and sea ice melts, the albedo (reflectivity) of the planet is decreased. This will cause temperatures to _____________ and is an example of a ___________ feedback. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. Increase; negative Decrease; negative Decrease; positive Increase; positive
Increase; positive
Which choice(s) below describe the positive feedback loop found in the Arctic? Select all that apply. Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth. Exposed land and ocean aborb more solar radiation. Melting ice decreases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight.
Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth. Exposed land and ocean aborb more solar radiation.
Which of the following is not an example of how extreme weather events can negatively affect human health? Increasing precipitation events result in an expansion of agriculture areas. Increases in disease spread by insects. Increasing rates of fatalities during hot weather spells. Tropical storms can damage buildings and city infrastructure.
Increasing precipitation events result in an expansion of agriculture areas.
Which of the following are currently being observed in the ocean atmosphere system? Select all that apply. Increasing sea surface temperatures. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increasing sea surface acidity. Increasing tropical coral growth rates
Increasing sea surface temperatures. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increasing sea surface acidity.
Which of the following statements about indigenous people in the Arctic are correct? Select all that apply. Traditionally, indigenous peoples lived primarily from hunting, fishing, herding, and gathering wild plants for food. Indigenous people in the Arctic originally came from Scandinavia. Indigenous people found many different ways to adapt to the harsh Arctic climate, developing warm dwellings and clothing to protect them from frigid weather. Indigenous peoples have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years.
Indigenous people found many different ways to adapt to the harsh Arctic climate, developing warm dwellings and clothing to protect them from frigid weather. Indigenous peoples have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years. Traditionally, indigenous peoples lived primarily from hunting, fishing, herding, and gathering wild plants for food.
What is the main difference between weather and climate? Size of area impacted Length of time period Duration of storm event Number of cold days in a row Amount of precipitation
Length of time period
Which choice(s) below describe the negative feedback loop found in the Arctic? Select all that apply. Exposed land and ocean reflect more solar radiation. Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Melting ice decreases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth.
Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight
What is the largest potential source to future sea level rise? Melting of ice sheets Melting of Arctic sea ice Thermal expansion
Melting of ice sheets
Will a greater land area be lost to a 5 foot increase in sea level in Miami or Seattle? Seattle Miami
Miami
Will a greater percentage of the population be impacted by a 6 foot increase in sea level in Miami or Seattle? Miami Seattle
Miami
Which of the following statements about NRDC are correct? Select all that apply. NRDC stands for Natural Resources Defense Council. NRDC is an international environmental advocacy group. The President of NRDC is Sigourney Weaver. NRDC is a for-profit company.
NRDC stands for Natural Resources Defense Council. NRDC is an international environmental advocacy group.
Which of the following statements about Nunavut are correct? Select all that apply. Nunavut has a population of approximately 30,000 people. Nunavut is about four times the size of the state of Texas. The official languages if Nunavut are English, French and Inuktitut. Nunavut is a territory of Canada. Nunavut means "Our Land". Only 15% of people living in Nunavut are Inuit.
Nunavut has a population of approximately 30,000 people. Nunavut is about four times the size of the state of Texas. The official languages if Nunavut are English, French and Inuktitut. Nunavut is a territory of Canada. Nunavut means "Our Land".
Where will light attenuate more rapidly? Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters Clear tropical open ocean waters
Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters
The increased energy in the climate system (heat) is primarily stored in the... Antarctica Atmosphere Ocean North Pole
Ocean
What important role to the oceans play in global climate? Oceans aborb, store and transport heat and greenhouse gasses Oceans absorb heat Oceans store and transport greenhouse gasses Oceans store and transport heat Oceans absorb greenhouse gasses
Oceans aborb, store and transport heat and greenhouse gasses
What factors control how much gas can be held in a solution? Select all that apply. Pressure Salinity Light Temperature
Pressure Salinity Temperature
Oxygen concentration in a water column varies with depth. What causes oxygen concentration to increase at deep depths (below 1,000 m)? Pick the BEST answer. Photosynthesis & Salinity Pressure & Temperature Salinity & Respiration Photosynthesis & Pressure
Pressure & Temperature
Which organisms are considered to be the most vulnerable to ocean acidification? Check all those that apply: Salps Jellyfish Pteropods Coral reefs Bivalves Coccolithophorids
Pteropods Coral reefs Bivalves Coccolithophorids
Arctic sea ice provides all of the following ecosystem functions except: Deflects sunlight due the high reflectivity of ice Barrier against severe storms Habitat for large mammals like polar bears Source of pristine drinking water
Source of pristine drinking water
Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record. True False
T
The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost twice the global average. True False
T
How is the Arctic tundra changing? Select all that apply. The Arctic tundra is experiencing decreased permafrost warming. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased browning. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased permafrost warming. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased greenness.
The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased permafrost warming. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased greenness.
Which of the statements below about the IPCC is not true? The IPCC is responsible for forecasting future weather patterns and storms. The IPCC is charged with providing a scientific consensus on the state of climate change. The IPCC was established by the United Nations. The IPCC stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC produces reports that collect and summarize scientific evidence of climate change.
The IPCC is responsible for forecasting future weather patterns and storms.
Island nations like Tuvalu and the Maldives are especially vulnerable to sea level rise because: The average elevation of the islands is only a few feet above sea level. The economy of the islands is based on fishing and tourism. The islands are remote and can only be accessed by ships. The islands are made of volcanic material that erodes rapidly with contact by salty water.
The average elevation of the islands is only a few feet above sea level.
How does the melting of sea ice lead to sea level rise? The break up of sea ice will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise. Melting of sea ice will add large volumes of water to the oceans, thereby contributing to sea level rise. Melting of sea ice leads to pockets of warm water of the surface that is less dense and has a larger volume, thereby contributing to sea level rise. Sea ice has a low reflectivity, which traps heat and leads to thermal expansion of surrounding surface water, thereby contributing to sea level rise.
The break up of sea ice will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise.
Which of the following are potential actions that could help the ocean "defend" itself against rising acidity and temperatures? Select all that apply. The establishment of Marine Protected Areas. Increasing fishing pressure on organisms at low levels of the ocean food web. Reducing nutrient pollution in coastal areas. Practicing sustainable fishing practices.
The establishment of Marine Protected Areas. Reducing nutrient pollution in coastal areas. Practicing sustainable fishing practices.
Why do model simulations underestimate the sea level rise observed during the 20th century? The temperature rise used in the models is too high. The physics and dynamics of ice sheet melt are not well understood or quantified. The carbon dioxide emissions range used in the models is too low. The models can only be used to forecast sea level rise.
The physics and dynamics of ice sheet melt are not well understood or quantified
Albedo feedbacks are strongest when: Two surfaces differ widely in their ability to reflect sunlight Two surfaces reflect sunlight at nearly the same rate The topography of an area varies greatly A region has uniform surfaces
Two surfaces differ widely in their ability to reflect sunlight
The IPCC - "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" - is a scientific intergovernmental organization sponsored by whom? The United States federal government The United Nations The Association for the Advancement of Science The Koch Foundation
United Nations
A thinning sea ice cover can increase air temperatures because: Cold, dense air above the ice rises, forcing less-dense warm air downward Warmth from the ocean can more effectively seep through the ice and warm the air above The lower elevation of thinner sea ice makes it warmer
Warmth from the ocean can more effectively seep through the ice and warm the air above
Which of the greenhouse gasses below has the highest concentration in Earth's atmosphere. Methane Nitrous Oxide CFCs Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide
Water Vapor
The global ocean conveyor belt could slow down if: a large influx of fresh water entered into the Atlantic from glacial melting arge wind events continue sea ice formation increased precipitation in the N. Atlantic continues to decrease global average temperatures continue to cool
a large influx of fresh water entered into the Atlantic from glacial melting
In climate change, a feedback loop is the equivalent of a vicious or virtuous circle - something that accelerates or decelerates a warming trend. A positive feedback ______ a temperature rise, whereas a negative feedback ______ it. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. decelerates; accelerates accelerates; decelerates
accelerates; decelerates
Sound travels farther in what pH water? Basic Neutral Acidic
acidic
Fill in the blanks: A pH of 4 is more ___________ than a pH of 5 which is more ___________. acidic; basic alkaline; acidic basic; alkaline basic; acidic
acidic; basic
Select all that apply. Even though average surface air temperatures for the year 2017 were warmer than the historical average, cooler spring and summer air temperatures contributed to below-average melt extent for the Greenland ice sheet rebound in snow cover in the Eurasian Arctic faster winter sea ice loss slower summer sea ice loss
below-average melt extent for the Greenland ice sheet rebound in snow cover in the Eurasian Arctic slower summer sea ice loss
Inuits use sea ice for all of the following except: Protection from storms Travel Hunting ground Boats
boats
Weather is always changing. True False
t
When CO2 is dissolved into the ocean, the concentration of carbonate(CO3-2) ________________ and the concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3-)_________________. decreases; increases increases; increases decreases; decreases increases; decreases
decreases; increases
Thermohaline circulation is driven by changes in density viscosity specific heat pressure
density
Which of the following is an example of a short-term climatic event? Hurricane season Jet Stream Oscillation Cold winter season El Nino
el nino
Finish the statement - select all that apply: Due to shifts in precipitation patterns, it is likely that ocean regions traditionally characterized by... heavy precipitation have become more saline evaporation have become more saline evaporation have become less saline heavy precipitation have become less saline
evaporation have become more saline, heavy precipitation have become less saline
A positive climate feedback loop is named because it results in a 'good' change to the climate system. True false
f
According to the IPCC, it is very likely that MOC will increase by 2100. True False
f
Glaciers are the largest reservoir of water on Earth. True False
f
Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have greatly intensified the natural greenhouse effect by increasing the concentration of H2O in the atmosphere. True False
f
Melting of sea or land ice increases Earth's albedo. True False
f
TRUE or FALSE: An individual organism can adapt to climate change. True False
f
TRUE or FALSE: Killer whale communities that consume salmon are not likely to be impacted by Ocean Acidification. True False
f
The mass of a glacier ______ when the accumulation of snow and ice during the winter months is larger than ice melt during summer months. Fill in the blank with the best word choice from the list below. decreases increases stays the same
increases
When water is heated, it's volume ______. Fill ink the blank with the best word choice from the list below. increases decreases
increases
Hurricane activity is predicted to increase as the temperature of the surface ocean ______, because their source of energy is ______ which is evaporated from the ocean surface. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. increases; heat increases; carbon dioxide increases; water vapor decreases; carbon dioxide decreases; water vapor
increases; water vapor
Select all that apply. The new normal Arctic is characterized by: long-term losses in the extent and thickness of the sea ice cover warming sea surface loss of mass of ice in the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic glaciers decreasing permafrost temperatures gains in extent and duration of the winter snow cover
long-term losses in the extent and thickness of the sea ice cover warming sea surface loss of mass of ice in the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic glaciers
The _________ is the region of the water column where density increases rapidly with water depth. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. isocline halocline pycnocline thermocline
pycnocline
According to the IPCC, about a third of coastal land will be lost to sea level rise in the next 100 years True False
t
Changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun can result in either a warming or cooling of Earth. True False
t
Climate change can be caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. True false
t
Communities of microorganisms can live in small brine pockets within sea ice. True False
t
Hundreds of millions of people will be impacted directly by a 1 m sea level rise. True False
t
Oceans contain approximately 97% of the all the water on the planet. True False
t
Overall, the minimum sea ice area has declined since 1979. True False
t
The IPCC warns that extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent and severe as global temperatures rise. True False
t
The oceans have absorbed approximately 90% of the increased heat and 30% of the anthropogenic CO2 in the climate system. True False
t
The primary difference between an ice sheet and an ice cap is size. True False
t
To date, most climate-related sea level rise is attributed to thermal expansion. True False
t
True or False? As Arctic ice melts, reflectivity decreases and absorption increases. True False
t
True or False? Coral reefs are sensitive to ocean acidity and some reefs may disappear within 20 to 30 years. True False
t
True or False? For transportation, native people in the Arctic often travel by sleds pulled by a pack of dogs. True False
t
True or False? In 2017, the freeze-up in the Barents and Chukchi seas occurred later in the autumn than normal. True False
t
True or False? Most Indigenous people today live in modern homes with modern appliances. True False
t
True or False? Rising seas dramatically increase the odds of damaging floods from storm surges. True False
t
True or False? Sea ice is considered an insulator because sea ice acts as barrier between cold Arctic air and relatively warmer surface water. True False
t
True or False? Some people and some businesses will benefit from a warming in the Arctic. True False
t
True or False? The average surface air temperature for the year ending September 2017 is the 2nd warmest since 1900. True False
t
True or False? The only way to stop ocean acidification is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. True False
t
True or False? The unprecedented rate and global reach of Arctic change disproportionally affect the people of northern communities, further pressing the need to prepare for and adapt to the new Arctic. True False
t
True or False? Warming in the Arctic will likely negatively impact hunters but positively impact fishermen. True False
t
True or False? When compared to historic conditions, the Arctic is currently experiencing more wild fires. True False
t
Usually temperature, salinity, and pressure distributions cause ocean water density to increase with depth. True False
t
Sea surface temperatures in the Barents and Chukchi seas were 4 degrees C _________ than average. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. colder warmer
warmer
Earth's temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet's system. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed by the Earth system, Earth ______. When energy is reflected back into space, Earth ______. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. warms; warms warms; cools cools; cools cools; warms
warms; cools
The oceans are able to store large amounts of heat because oceans are salty all three state of water occur water is a liquid water has a high specific heat
water has a high specific heat
