ocean final exam
A passive margin is located between letters: F and C wrong
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Average seawater has a salinity of:
-
In the diagram above, water is at its' highest density on the line segment between: not a and b
-
Looking at letters (D) and (E), what is the feature they are next to? active margin wrong
-
The ____________ is underlain by the thickest sediment deposits.
-
Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of plankton that we described back in chapter 14. Which type of plankton is found as endosymbionts (lives within the tissue) of coral?
Dinoflagellates
At what frequency (how often) do the tides occur at Honolulu during a lunar day? [That is, what is the duration of a tidal cycle?]
Approximately every 12 hours
Thermohaline currents are driven entirely by the wind.
False
The above picture represents the __________ community. This is one of the marine communities that was discussed in Chapter 16 and in Lesson IV.1.
Hydrothermal Vent
The largest source of oil pollution is:
Leakage and Spills during the transport of crude oil to refineries.- wrong
Heterotrophs are __________?
Organisms that consume primary producers and other consumers.
Which of the following is a scientific hypothesis about the impact of plastics on marine organisms:
Turtle populations are in decline, in part as a result of ingesting plastics.
If there is an age difference across a fracture zone, how does that make the fracture zone so identifiable.
The older side is more dense, so it floats lower (deeper).
A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n):
Turbidity current
Nutrient availability and light availability are not particularly important limiting factors for primary productivity.
false
One day, the sun will grow into a red giant and explode into a supernova. Question options:TrueFalse
false
The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, high quantity and low persistance:
harmful algal blooms
The amount of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules is called:
heat
The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, low quantity and high persistance:
heavy metals
Based on the map, and the implied ENSO coditions, you would expect that primary productivity would be _________ off the coast of Peru.
normal-wrong
A southeasterly wind blows towards the:
northwest
The most common symbiotic relationship is:
parasitism
A(n) _________ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with biochemical processes of an organism.
pollutant
Just considering the temperature of the Troposphere: In the absence of the greenhouse effect, life as we know it would not exist.
true
Lakes like Lake Michigan experience small tides.
true
Marine sediments are important archives of paleoclimatic data. Question options:TrueFalse
true
Other than hydrogen and oxygen, the most abundant elements/compounds in seawater are chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and bicarbonate ions. Question options:TrueFalse
true
When sediments are used to understand Earth history one type of scientific hypothesis that is used is: the species of diatoms present in a sample of evaporite
wrong
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This map shows the human impact of trawling for benthic fish. The main impacts that we see are probably a result of:
all
What elements are ejected during supernovas? [Choose all that apply] Question options: Iron and Lead Hydrogen and Helium Oxygen and Nitrogen Carbon and Uranium Sodium and Potassium
all
The prevailing wind direction shown in the diagram is generating:
coastal upwelling
Which one of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately choking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen.
fertilizers
The speed of sound in the ocean increases with ___________ pressure and ___________ temperature.
increasing / increasing
Water in the oceans and water vapor in the atmosphere transfer great quantities of heat from the tropics to the poles. Atmospheric circulation accounts for _____ of the transfer, while ocean circulation accounts for _______.
(2/3, 1/3)
The diagram shows a sketch of fish with the label "respiration". What does the label mean? not: Respiration refers to fish performing chemosynthesis as their metabolic pathway. It results in the release of methane as well as removal of carbon dioxide from the water column.
-
The following are marine protists: not AD
-
The following may contribute to carbonate ooze: not A
-
This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below. The motion between plates 1 & 3 is __________________. Question options: Convergence Divergence Transform- wrong unknown, not enough information both Convergence and Transform both Divergence and Transform
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This is a figure from your textbook (figure 10a from Chapter 3), use this figure, and what you know about plate tectonics to answer the question What is wrong with this figure?- Nothing is wrong, it is in the textbook so it must be right wrong
-
What color represents the oldest and youngest sea floor on the map? Question options: Oldest = Dark Green, Youngest = Brown Oldest = Brown, Youngest = Dark Green Oldest = Light Green, Youngest = Yellow Oldest = Yellow, Youngest = White Oldest = Blue, Youngest = Pink- not this one
-
What happens to light as it travels down into and through the water column?
-
Why do oceanic plates subduct?
-
Place the following greenhouse gases in order from lowest (1) global warming potential (GWP) to highest (4) GWP. Also shown is the approximate current concentrations of each gas. __3__Methane (CH4) ≈ 1700 parts per billion__4__Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ≈ 300 parts per trillion__1__Carbon dioxide (CO2) ≈ 400 parts per million__2__Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ≈ 320 parts per billion
.5/1
Place the following sediment size classes in order of their accumulation rates from the fastest rate (1) to the slowest rate (4): __4__Pelagic 'red' clay__2__Turbidites__3__Silicate ooze__1__Carbonate ooze
.5/1
Which of the following scientific inferences were needed to generate the hypothesis that tropical cyclones are influenced by ENSO conditions? [select all that apply]:
.5/1 for all
Based on the map, and the implied ENSO conditions, you would expect the 2015 hurricane season to be unusually _______ in California and unusually ______ in Japan and the Philippines.
.5/1 for intense / intense
If the wavelength is 160 meters (m) and the wave period is 10 seconds (s) then the velocity of the waves is:
0.0625 m/s is wrong
The dinosaurs went extinct _____ billion years ago.
0.065
A 10 ton baleen whale (3rd level of the trophic pyramid) has consumed primary consumers that ate about _______ tons of primary producers.
1000
Global average sea level was about ________ meters lower during the last ice age?
125
How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the Pacific Ocean basin? Question options: 180 million years 543 million years 2.5 billion years 180 years 180,000 years
180 mil
Using the predicted tidal level (the blue curve), estimate the maximum high tide (in feet relative to MLLW):
2.6 feet
The density of average ocean crust is?
2.9 g/cm3
How old is the oldest lithosphere forming the seafloor on Earth?
200 million years
The density of average asthenosphere is?
3.3 g/cm3
The density of average lithospheric mantle is? Question options: 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3 3.2 g/cm3 3.3 g/cm3 5.5 g/cm3 13.5 g/cm3
3.3 g/cm3
At the time of the vernal equinox, Ferrel Cells are found between ______ latitude.
30° and 60°.
Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ____ °C higher than it would be if it was a a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color).
33
What is the average temperature of the ocean? Question options: 0 °C 4 °C 8 °C 12 °C
4
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of mainly two conservative gasses. It also contains as much as _____ water vapor.
4%
Phytoplankton account for about ______, or slightly less, of the world's primary production.
50%
Pure water (without any dissolved solids) has a pH of:
7
The predicted renewables use by 2030 in the 8th edition was _____ quadrillion BTU, but ______ quadrillion BTU are expected in 2030 in our 9th edition. This may be relatively good news for ________.
70 / 100 / reducing the increase in greenhouse gases
How much of the Earth's surface is covered in water?
71%
If the wavelength is 160 meters (m) and the wave period is 10 seconds (s) then the wave base is:
80m
In theory, the net (average) direction of Ekman transport is ___________ to the ________ of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere .
90°, right
How much of the Earth's surface water is found in the oceans? Question options: 3% 67% 71% 97%
97
This diagram shows a fault (letter D) that offsets 2 features (the red lines running North and South. If the red lines represent a fence that has been broken by an earthquake, which diagram shows the sense of motion?
A
Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map! --- You are most likely to find turbidites accumulating beneath letter:
A
A climax community is defined as:
A community that is stable and long-established.
Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean to answer this question. Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map --- What is the feature between letters (c) and (d)?
A fracture zone
A renewable resource is defined as:
A resource that is only generated by natural physical processes.-wrong
One important type of holoplankton are krill. Krill are_____________?
A type of zooplankton that whales like to eat
Scientific data is defined as which of the following?
A verifiable observation or measurement
The following are marine autotrophs:
A, D, & F
What is the average depth of the ocean? Question options: About 1,500 meters About 4,000 meters About 11,000 meters About 600 meters
About 4,000 meters
The center of Gyres are where:
All of the above.
What are the sources of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere and the oceans (from your knowledge of the material in section 2 - not just from the diagram)?
All of the above.
Tsunami are generated by:
All of these
A scientific hypothesis is defined as which of the following?
An explanation for scientific data that can be tested and has not been proven false
A niche is defined as:
An organism's "occupation" within a habitat.
Polar molecules:
Are molecules in which one end of the molecule is more positively charged and the other end more negatively charged.
Fetch is the:
Area of water over which wind blows consistently.
When a continent rifts apart, what forms? [Choose all that apply]
At least 2 new continents or continental pieces A new ocean A mid-ocean ridge
Over the 20th century, the human population grew by 400%. Over that same period, there has been an average 4.5-fold increase in the economic activity of each person. The result has been: [Select all that apply].
At least a 4-fold increase in use of fisheries resources. At least a 8-fold increase in the use of natural resources, such as oil, coal and natural gas.
This diagram shows a fault (letter D) that offsets 2 features (the red lines running North and South. If the red lines represent divergent plate boundaries, which diagram shows the sense of motion?
B
Looking at letters (A) and (B), which way are the plates moving relative to each other?
B is subducting under A.
The following are marine heterotrophs:
B, C & E
The Long linear islands along the Atlantic Coast of the Delmarva Peninsula are likely to be:
Barrier Islands
Use the two maps of ocean bathymetry (left) and ocean age (right) of the NE Pacific Ocean to answer this question.Notice that there are uppercase AND lower case letters on the map! Which of the locations below represent plate boundaries on this map? [Choose all that apply]
Between A and B between C and F between e and b between D and E
The organisms at the base of the food web in this community utilize __________ to generate their food.
Chemosynthesis
__________ is the term for the unintended organisms killed while fishing for desirable ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example).
Bycatch
Energy is the ________ .
Capacity to do work
Which chemical compounds are important buffers of seawater pH? [select all that apply]:
Carbon dioxide CO2 HydroxylOH- Phosphate PO4-3 Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Carbonate CO3-2 .6/1
Satellite remote sensing data can measure surface productivity. What proxy is used in this analysis?
Chlorphyll.
The White Cliffs of Dover are constructed mainly of ______ tests/(shells).
Coccolithophores
Scientists believe that there should be a relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide gas concentrations above Hawaii and the global average temperature of the Earth. This is:
Consistent with the data plot because a correlation coefficient (R2) of about 0.9 is a strong correlation.
When the wave crests and troughs of multiple wave trains are passing through the same point on the ocean and they align, the wave heights of the resulting waves exceeds the size of each participating wave. This is called:
Constructive interference
Why does Continent-Continent convergence produce the highest mountains? [Choose all that apply] Question options: Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too high. Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too low. The convergence thins the crust enough to support high mountains The convergence thickens the crust enough to support high mountains
Continental crust can't subduct because its density is too high The convergence thickens the crust enough to support high mountains
Limestones and other types of rocks are uplifted during mountain building events. Which general type of plate tectonic setting is responsible for the uplift?
Convergence
Which two men independently developed the theory of evolution in the 1850s?
Darwin and Wallace
Along the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula, what type of coast is present?
Depositional coast
At the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, there is complete: Question options: Dissolution of manganese nodules Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests Dissolution of siliceous biogenic sediment like diatom or radiolarian tests Dissolution of phosphatic bones made of apatite Dissolution of gypsum laths
Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests
This type of tidal pattern represents what kind of tidal cycle?
Diurnal-wrong
Chesapeake Bay is the body of water to the west of the Delmarva Peninsula. What type of estuary is it?
Drowned River Valley
A fjord is a:
Drowned U-shaped valley that had been carved into a U-shape by glaciers.
The Earth's radius at the poles is shorter than its radius at the equator. This is consistent with the geological hypothesis that:
Earth is composed of internal layers that include layers that are liquid and layers that elastic-plastic.
Based on the map, in May 2015 the Equatorial Pacific was experiencing _______ conditions.
El nino
The method used to measure salinity and total dissolved solids by measuring how well a current of electrons moves through the solution is called ______________ (Hint: it is measured with a salinometer).
Electrical conductivity
If a CFC molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled ___ there is a 100% chance that it will get excited.
F
The following are most likely to live their entire lives in the aphotic zone:
F
A supernova is the only natural way to create elements heavier than _____? (Select the lightest element in the list below that correctly finishes this statement.)
Fe (Iron)
A Gyre is defined as:
Flow of surface currents around the periphery of an ocean basin.
Capillary waves have wavelengths less than 1.73 centimeters. What is the dominant restoring force on capillary waves?
Gravity
What is the main fuel that is burned in stars?
H (hydrogen)
A fishery scientist is studying the maximum sustainable yield for Anchovies off the coast of Peru. In order to test his hypothesis on the impact of external forces on the maximum sustainable yield he needs to collect data. But he does not have a budget to go out and sample. What can he do?
He could use the tonnes of anchovy reported by the ship captains to the local fishery authorities.
If this water column was at a tropical latitude, what kind of pattern should be observed in water temperature with depth?
High temperatures (25°C) at the surface with moderate temperatures through the rest of the water column (15°C).-wrong
If you were to use Linnean classification to classify yourself, what would be your scientific name?
Homo sapiens
The general trend in grain size of particles on a beach ___________ with _____________ slope angle.
Increases / decreasing
Organisms that manage to establish themselves in an area far from their home waters, by hitching a ride in the ballast waters of a ship (or even attached to the outside of the ship in some cases) are called _________________.
Introduced Species
Life is said to have originated in the ocean. What are some of the characteristics of water that suggest this? []Choose all that apply] Question options: Early life loved to swim. It dissolves many chemicals. It is blue so sunlight penetrates it easily. It moderates temperatures.
It dissolves many chemicals. It moderates temperatures.
What does measuring the concentration of chlorophyll in the surface water tell us?
It is a measure of water turbidity.- wrong
Which of the following is not true of algin?
It is an important product in the mariculture industry.
If the foraminifer and coccolithophore skeletons settle to the seafloor above the Calcium Carbonate Compensation depth, their shells survive (they may show partial dissolution) to form accumulations of lime sediment. Along with the skeletons, organic matter settles out as well (the bodies of these organisms). If accumulation rates are fast enough that the organic matter is not totally recycled through the biological food web, then some of it is buried. With heat and pressure what happens to the buried organic matter and what economic resource is generated?
It is cooked into a small variety of compounds that hold a lot of chemical potential energy, the resource is oil and natural gas.
Where did all of the Hydrogen in the universe come from? Question options: It has always existed. It was made shortly after the Big Bang. It was made in a laboratory by scientists. It was made in the biggest stars.
It was made shortly after the Big Bang.
Sea Otters and Sea Urchins are found in which community?
Kelp Forests
Mangroves are usually found in what environment?
Littora, tropical to subtropical Latitudes.
Which of the following describes a conservative (not a non-conservative) constituent of seawater?
Long residence times
What scientific data can be used to determine if the average direction of the longshore drift is from north to south along the coast of New Jersey?
Measure the beach profiles from the northern to the southern end of the state.-wrong
Wave height is the distance:
Measured vertically from crest to trough.
Methane Hydrates consist of:
Methane laced ice.
In Continent-Continent convergence, which plate subducts?
Neither plate subducts, they crash into each other
Kelp are usually found in what environment
Neritic Temperate to Subpolar Latitudes.
Which of the following is/are form(s) of nitrogen that all plants can use? [select all that apply]
Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrate (NO3-) ammonium nh4+
Which of the following are important gases dissolved in seawater? (That is, which constitute 95% of the gases dissolved in seawater) [select all that apply]:
Nitrogen N2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Oxygen O2
The hydrologic cycle describes the transport of water through which three systems?
Oceans, Land, and Atmosphere
In 2005, our predicted global use of ________ in 2010 was underestimated (That is, we actually used more in 2010 than was predicted for that year). [Select all that apply]
Oil Coal Natual gas Renewables
The map associated with these questions is included inside the back cover of your textbook and is provided in lesson IV.4. Use it to answer this question.
On continental shelves near human population centers
The largest mass extinction in the Earth's geologic history occurred at the end of the _________ period.
Permian
If the Earth's orbital axis was oriented perpendicular to its spin axis (as is the case during the spring and autumn equinoxes), at the equator, light would hit the Earth's surface at what angle?
Perpendicular to the Surface (90°)
What group(s) of organisms are generally limited to the photic zone?
Photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton, seaweeds and marine vascular plants
Biomagnification is the process by which the concentration of _____________ increases as one moves __________________ in the food web.
Pollutants / higher
Hydrogenous sediments form through: Question options: Freezing of pure hydrogen Suspension settling of cosmic dust Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock Biological precipitation of skeletal materials Precipitation directly from seawater
Precipitation directly from seawater
Primary producers in the deep ocean are unicellular, photosynthesizing Eukaryotes. They form the base of the food web and the trophic pyramid. Which of the following is true.
Primary productivity is limited by the amount of light- wrong
Biological construction follows a specific pattern around a subsiding volcano (as observed around many islands in the Tropical Pacific Ocean), what is the observed pattern?
Progression from fringing reefs, to barrier reefs to atolls, as corals grow to maintain themselves near/at sea level.
In conventional hydrocarbon exploitation, oil collects in ____________, (=zones of porous rock in the subsurface), which are overlain by _________ (=zones of impermeable rock).
Reservoirs / Seals
_________ is NOT a type of macro algae found in modern oceans.
Purpurophyta (purple algae)
The thermocline is a zone of rapid temperature change that generally corresponds to the:
Pynocline and Halocline.
When determining primary productivity based on satellites (remote sensing) what scientific data is required? [select all that apply]:
Sampling of phytoplankton using plankton nets at many of the locations which the satellites focused on. Measurement of the intensity of wavelengths of light reaching the satellite.
_______ is the influential book that Rachel Carson published in 1962.
Silent Spring
Which of the following people developed the Equilibrium Theory of Tides?
Sir Isaac Newton
The North Atlantic Deepwater actually forms in the:
Southern Ocean- wrong
Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for a specific type of sedimentary structure called:
Stromatolites
The disturbance that generated the tsunami was located off the coast of:
Sumatra
Which of the following are important forces that combined act to generate tides (In the Equilibrium Theory of the Tides) [Select all that apply]
Surface Tension Inertia Gravitational Forces
Temperature and salinity give rise to masses (or zones of water) that are layered due to their density properties. Which of the following terms are used to describe the layers of density stratified water masses? [Choose all that apply].
Surface Zone Deep Zone Pycnocline
Which of the following are renewable resources? [select all that apply]:
Table salt Potable water
What is the difference between lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere? [Choose all that apply]
Temperature, the asthenosphere is warmer. Rigidity, the lithosphere is more rigid (less plastic-y).
Why is the mid-ocean ridge more obvious in the Atlantic then it is in the Pacific? [Choose all that apply]
The Atlantic's spreading rate is slower, so the ridge is narrower, making it easier to identify. The Pacific's spreading rate is faster, so the ridge is wider, making it harder to identify.
How was the Moon formed? Question options: It was spun out of the Earth by its centrifugal acceleration. It is a captured asteroid. The Earth collided with a planet the size of Jupiter. The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars. It formed alongside the Earth from the same stellar disk.
The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars.
What property(or properties) of the Earth allow(s) paleo-magnetics to identify the age of the seafloor? [Choose all that apply] Question options: The Earths' magnetic field reverses every so often Ocean crust contains small amounts of magnetic minerals which lock in the Earth's magnetic field when they cool The Earth's magnetic field reverses regularly Ocean crust is continuously being created at the apex mid-ocean ridges
The Earths' magnetic field reverses every so often Ocean crust contains small amounts of magnetic minerals which lock in the Earth's magnetic field when they cool
The two hightest tides are not at the same time on the two days shown. The one on 8/02 is nearly an hour later than the one on 8/01. Why is that?
The Moon is orbiting around Earth in the direction of Earth's spin.
What is the most likely reason why the path of islands and seamounts suddenly changing between 43.8 and 48.1 (those numbers are actually millions of years)?
The Pacific Plate changed direction
Why is the East Pacific Rise spreading faster than any other mid-ocean ridge on Earth?
The Pacific is surrounded by subduction zones
Why are abyssal plains flatter then abyssal hills?
The abyssal plains are abyssal hills that have had all the valleys filled in.
Which of the following is based on scientific inference (rather than non-science or directly on scientific data)?
The age of the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years.
The annual extent of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is based on __________, thus it is based on scientific data.
The concentration of oxygen gas in the water column collected by ship-going surveys.
Oceanographers now measure water temperature by measuring the electrical conductivity of the a wire, immersed in the water. The conductivity of the wire as a function of temperature has been established in the laboratory through observations. When oceanographers collect temperature vs. depth data by lowering a thermistor on a wire:
The conductivities are the scientific data.
Looking at the letter (F), what is the Pink area (the broad region beneath and around letter F)?
The continental shelf
Why can S-waves travel through the inner core, but not the outer core? [Choose all that apply]
The inner core is a solid, and S-waves can travel in a solid. The outer core is a liquid, and S-waves cannot travel in a liquid
A fishery scientist is studying the maximum sustainable yield for Anchovies off the coast of Peru. His hypothesis might be that:
The maximum sustainable yield will fluctuate with with ENSO, being high during La Niña periods and low during El Niño periods.
What is the newly formed ocean crust at a mid-ocean ridge made of?
The melt coming up in the hotspot
Wave frequency is measured as:
The number of waves passing a fixed point per second.
Why was the continental shelf much narrower during the last ice age?
The oceans were lower because lots of water was frozen as ice on land
In the photic zone, which of the following general statements is true:
The photosynthetic organisms use most of the carbon (as carbon dioxide) in the photic zone, so the photic zone tends to be depleted in carbon dioxide.
The error bars on the measurements become more narrow as you look at the graph from left to right because:
The precision of measurements have improved as we obtain new methods, like use of satellites.
Why is the Pacific seafloor bumpier then the Atlantic?
The sediments in the Pacific are trapped in trenches.
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms take inorganic (or possibly some organic material) material and precipitate a shell made up of minerals. Coccolithophores and Foraminifers secrete calcite. What happens when these tiny skeletons fall below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?
The skeletons are dissolved and converted to bicarbonate HCO3-
According to the Equilibrium Theory of the Tides, the following factors influence the heights of the tides: [check all that apply]
The tilt of Earth's spin axis compared to the Moon's orbit around Earth The relationship between the Sun the Moon and the Earth The tilt of Moon's spin axis
Why is a fracture zone so identifiable if it is not a plate boundary?
There is an age difference across the fracture zone.
Examine the Central Atlantic, most of the cyclones (hurricanes) form in this region off the coast of Africa at least 10° north of the equator. Why do they not form on the equator?
There is too little Coriolis effect.
The above image is a tsunami travel time map. Scientists are able to generate this map because:
There were many bouys deployed that collected data on the movement of the tsunami. Then they made a map of what had happened.-wrong
The home waters of lionfish are in the Indo-Pacific region around Indonesia and in the shallow waters as far West as Madagascar and as far North as the Red Sea. They have become established in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Florida. In their native environment, they are found in water depths up to 1000 feet and in just about every type of bottom environment (reefs, shipwrecks, mangroves settings, sea grass settings). Lionfish are active predators; they are known to prey on at least 50 species of fish in their native habitat. What factor is likely responsible for their ability to survive and prosper in the Caribbean Sea?
They are a type of cosmopolitan species - meaning they can tolerate wide ranges in environmental conditions including their choices in food sources.
How do satellites like GEOSAT measure the surface of the ocean with such accuracy?
They average thousands of measurements to remove the effects of waves and tides.
Why do these cyclones initially travel to the west?
They flow with the prevailing winds - Trade Winds
Let's consider the following scenario (which could happen in the future): Scientists & engineers discover an inexpensive technology which would allow them to extract metals from manganese nodules, making direct harvesting from the seafloor economically viable (that is, the harvester can make a lot of money). [Select all of the following statements is/are true]:
This would contribute to the generation of hydrocarbon-free energy, thus meeting the needs of modern society and reducing pollution. This will pose a significant danger to delicate ecosystems, since it will likely result in dredging of very slowly deposited very fine-grained sediments on vast areas of the seafloor. This would solve an important problem, insufficient quantities of heavy minerals such as copper and zinc that are required for generating many of the needs of modern society.
A Sverdrup, symbolized by sv, is a measure of the volume of seawater flow in ocean currents.
True
The oceans actually exhibit topography - for example, sea water piles up in western portions of the gyres in the Northern Hemisphere.
True
Which of the following is an important goal of science?
Use evidence to prove hypotheses correct .4/1 correct
Which of the following are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? [select all that apply]:
Volcanic outgassing of crustal and mantle CO2 Aerobic respiration of animals Anthropogenic sources (i.e. industrial burning of fossil fuels)
When we compared atmospheric carbon dioxide in Hawaii with global temperature over the past several decades we found a correlation of about 0.9. If we do the same comparison in many many regions all around the globe and there is always a strong correlation then:
We will have supported the scientific theory of Global Warming.
Which of the following can be types of deep-water waves? [select all that apply]:
Wind waves Capillary waves
Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.)
__1__ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. __2__ In-depth study of a fishery, including productivity, mortality, age of maturity for males and females, habitat impacts. __3__ Increased size of trawling nets and shift to nylon nets. 1. Enhanced fishing of near-surface nekton. 2. Disturbance of seafloor marine communities. 3. Ability to determine maximum sustainable yield of a fishery. .33/1
Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have only narrow tolerance limits (1) to those which must have the widest tolerance limits (4):
__3__Esturine community__1__Deep benthic oceanic zone community__4__Rocky littoral community__2__Coral reef community
Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.)
__4__ Seismic imaging of ancient and modern continental margins. __3__ Improved drilling techniques allowing horizontal drilling along precise geologic formations. __2__ Real-time data on wind distributions over the ocean __1__ Understanding of the formation of metallic sulfides at divergent plate boundaries. 1. Improved ability to find and mine natural resources from ancient pieces of ocean crust left on land during ocean-continent & continent-continent collisions. 2. Improved ability to discover conventional oil and gas reservoirs. 3. Ability to tap source rocks for oil and gas using the technique commonly known as 'fracking'. 4. Ability to determine good locations to tap the biggest natural resource for 'clean' (pollution free) energy. .5/1
Match the scientific or technical advance on the left with the societal or economic result on the right. (Use each answer only once.)
__4__ Turtle exclusion devices. __1__ Scientific maps of decreased pH in the surface waters of the oceans. __2__ Real-time satellite chlorophyl images of the sea surface. __3__ Improved fishing technology resulting in fishing beyond the maximum sustainable yield. 1. Improved understanding of ocean primary productivity. 2. Reduction in fishery productivity and decreased economic viability of fisheries. 3. Ability to predict where decreased growth of reef-building coral will impact tourist and fishing industries. 4. Reduction in bycatch during tuna fishing operations. -0.25/1
The latent heat of fusion is the heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added during thawing) that produces:
a change of state but not a change in temperature.
Red tides are dangerous (harmful algal blooms) when the phytoplankton that generate them release __________.
a neurotoxin that kills fish and may cause people to get sick as well.
Many marine autotrophs use ________ to obtain energy from light that penetrates deeper into the photic zone than red light (used by chlorophyll).
accessory pigments
Which one of the following is the/a source of the ocean's dissolved oxygen?
all above
Some modern tools used to study water masses and ocean circulation include the:
all of these
__________ is not one of the top five countries in annual harvesting of marine organisms (measured in tonnes).
australia
Some coral reef communities have experienced episodes of coral _____________ (expelling of symbiotic zooxanthellae). This action may be linked to global warming. Other coral reefs are damaged by being "harvested" for building materials or fished beyond recovery.
bleaching
Where is the shallowest point in the ocean? Question options: The Abyssal Plain The Peru Trench The Continental Slope The Mid-Ocean Ridge The Beach
beach
What are the two most abundant and widespread types of marine sediments [select the two that apply]? Question options: Biogenous Cosmogenous Extraterrestrial Hydrogenous Terrigenous
bio and terr
Which type of sediment covers the greatest area of the ocean basin: Question options: Cosmogenous Terrigenous Hydrogenous Biogenous
biogenous
The level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain end up with substantial concentrations of these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of ___________ is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain.
biomagnification
Intensities being equal, which color of light penetrates deepest into seawater?
blue
The above map shows the concentration of invasive marine species around the world. Dark red refers to widespread presence (i.e. very abundant and diverse assemblage of invasive species). Orange refers to medium presence. Of the following which is the most likely reason for the occurrence of the widespread presence of invasive marine species?
both a and b
This diagram is a cartoon of 3 tectonic plates (1, 2, and 3), which have 3 plate boundaries. The fat grey arrows indicate direction of motion of the plates. Use this image to answer the question below. The motion between plates 2 & 3 is __________________.
both divergence and transform
Heat capacity is measured in what units? Question options: kilowatts degrees Farhenheit or Celsius calories per unit mass per °C degrees per litre
calories per unit mass
The shelter and high productivity of a kelp forest can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals. For example, sea urchins in a kelp bed can ingest ___________ that leak from algae, they also gnaw on the stipes and hold fasts with their "teeth". Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by breaking the kelp from their holdfasts.
carbohydrates
The greenhouse gas that responds to the widest range of wavelengths of energy that Earth emits is:
carbon dioxide
What process maintains the average pH of seawater (7.8 to 8.3) at a roughly constant level?:
chemical buffering.
For seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of __________ in order to produce carbohydrates.
chemosynthesis
Extratropical Cyclones form:
from two air masses.
The motion between plates 1 & 2 is __________________. Question options: Convergence Divergence Transform unknown, not enough information both Convergence and Transform
convergence
The plate boundary indicated by the letter A is a (an) __________ plate boundary. Question options: Transform Divergent Emergent Convergent
convergent
The lithosphere is part of which Earth layer(s)? [Choose all that apply] Question options: Crust Mantle Core Asthenosphere Picosphere
crust mantle
Which of the following are covered by the thinnest amount of marine sediment? Question options: Continental shelves Continental rises Continental slopes Deep-ocean floor
deep ocan
Old ocean plates float ________ than younger ocean plates.
deeper
What process created the layers of the Earth? (The crust, mantle, and core). Question options: Evolution. Condensation. Nebular Accretion. Density Stratification.
density
Assume that the wave pattern shown is representative of the general approach of waves on this coast. If you erect a groin at A you would expect net:
deposition all around the groin- wrong
The dashed green line (from a to c to b) in the figure represents the:
depth which is equal to the wavelength-wrong
A study of the impact of dredging manganese nodules on biologic communities might include collecting the following data:
determining the size distribution of sediment grains in the plume of sediment generated by dredging-wrong
Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if engineers had not:
developed an understanding of how oil and gas are generated over time in deeply buried marine sediments.-wrong
Global warming is the process by which humans have increased the carbon dioxide concentrations of the Troposphere sufficiently to generate increased Tropospheric warmth. The huge increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would not have occured if scientists had not:
developed technologies used to map the subsurface, and technologies allowing us to tap oil and gas resources.-wrong
This diagram is a slice through the Earth from the surface to the center. Note that 'b' is above 'a', and 'c' is at the same level as 'a', 'b' and 'd' in various points. Use this image to answer the question above.
e
A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the removal of sediment. A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the accumulation of sediment.
erosional, depositional
Biodiversity is a measure of the number of individual organisms per unit area.
false
Earthquakes are more likely to occur along a fracture zone than on a transform fault. Question options:TrueFalse
false
Sensors on the deep seafloor must observe subtle, long wavelength variations in pressure in order to distinguish tsunami from the chaos of wind waves that affect the ocean surface.
false
Sound is not a type of pollutant in the marine environment.
false
The Deepwater Horizon accident occurred in 2010 and contaminated most of the North Sea.
false
The Earth-Moon System's center of mass is at the Center of the Earth, and the Moon orbits this center of mass.
false
The Sun is the dominant factor in influencing the Earth's tides due to its distance from the Earth.
false
The entire volume of the ocean cycles through the mid-ocean ridge systems every 5 million years. Question options:TrueFalse
false
The scientific method is used to find irrefutable, absolute truth in nature. Question options:TrueFalse
false
The subducting oceanic plate melts in the asthenosphere, producing the magma that erupts at the surface. Question options:TrueFalse
false
The theory of plate tectonics is just the hypothesis of plate tectonics which, despite looking at lots of scientific data, as not yet been proven incorrect.
false
Wave steepness generally is a ratio of 1:3 .
false
When we correlated atmospheric carbon dioxide to temperature change the correlation coefficient was only about 0.9. This is good evidence that both the greenhouse effect and global warming are not real.
false
Tidal power is the only marine energy source that has been successfully exploited on a large scale. The first major tidal power station was opened in 1966 in __________.
france
The Pacific Ocean basin is _______________.
getting smaller
Scientific hypotheses suggest that __________ is the primary reason for the rapid increase in sea level over the time period shown on the plot.
global warming, which has heated the oceans and melted glaciers adding meltwater to the ocean basin,
The diagram shows a map view of coastline (land is bottom & left part of diagram, loose sediment is stippled pattern) with waves approaching the shore (dark lines are successive wave crests). Note that there are both capital and lower case letters As the wavelengths shorten (e.g., from c to d) the wave heights become:
higher
Recent innovations in hydrocarbon exploitation, allows industry to extract oil and gas from ____________ using a method called ____________.
impermeable shales / hydrofracturing
The climate is particularly dry:
in the Doldrums- wrong
As waves approach the shore their wave heights:
increase (they get taller) and the water motion becomes horizontal ovals instead of circles
Addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere has resulted in _____ CO2 concentrations in the oceans and has ______ the pH of the oceans.
increased / lowered
The height of the tides __________ with distance from an amphidromic point.
increases
Looking at the letters (A) and (B). What features are located between them? [Choose all that apply]
island arc trench
____________ are only associated with ocean-ocean convergence.
island arcs
Why does older ocean lithosphere (& crust) float lower (deeper) than younger ocean lithosphere (& crust)?
it is more dense
If a species was brought into a new environment where there were no environmental limits on its reproduction, what would the curve of number of individuals as a function of time look like?
j-shaped
We know that our solar system was not one of the first ones formed in the universe because there is _____ on Earth. Question options: Helium and hydrogen Lead Hydrogen Helium It has nothing to do with elements. The galaxy just isn't that old.
lead
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. The very broad impacts shown here are a result of addition of CO2 to the atmosphere. This map shows:
lowering of the pH of the surface oceans with red being the largest decrease
The asthenosphere is part of the following Earth layer(s): [Choose all that apply] Question options: Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Picosphere
mantle
Mariculture is the growth and farming of __________ organisms for commercial purposes, such as food and pearls.
marine
Models of Global Warming also predict sea level rise. The sea level rise is a result of: [select all that apply].
melting of glaciers increased ocean temperature
In the oceanic pelagic realm there are both zooplankton and phytoplankton. In general the mass of zooplankton is _________ compared to the mass of phytoplankton and the numbers of zooplankton are _______ compared to phytoplankton.
more / less
The relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish is one of:
mutualism
The tube worm riftia (photo on the right) and the giant clams Calyptogena (photo on the left) have endosymbiontic bacteria living within their tissues. We discussed a similar symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae and corals. What is this type of symbiotic relationship called?
mutualism
The lower atmosphere is a nearly homogeneous mixture of gasses, the most plentiful is _________ at 78.1% followed by ___________ at 20.9 %.
nitrogen, oxygen
The home range of Caulerpa, a type of green algae, is in the waters around the Hawaiian Islands. It has managed to escape from tanks and colonize warm waters in the Mediterranean Sea, and off the coasts of Southern Australia and Southern California. Once it entered the Mediterranean Sea, Caulerpa carpeted the seafloor in many places and is outcompeting many native species of sea grass. One solution is to import a type of sea slug that eats Caulerpa and intentionally allow the sea slug to become established in the Mediterranean Sea. Having read the discussion of invasive species in the textbook and lectures, do you think intentionally allowing an invasive species to take hold in a region is a good idea?
no
The plot above shows the relationship between the number of days that cyclones are present in the Northeast Pacific Ocean plotted against the ENSO index for that year. Does this prove that ENSO impacts the strength of tropical cyclones?
no because you can never prove anything absolutely true with the scientific method
The diagram shows a map view of coastline (land is bottom & left part of diagram, loose sediment is stippled pattern) with waves approaching the shore (dark lines are successive wave crests). Note that there are both capital and lower case letters. Net deposition is occurring at:
not A
What processes contributed to the heating and density stratification of the early Earth? (While the sun was a "protostar") [Choose all that apply] Question options: Heating of the Earth by the Sun. Friction caused by the motion of materials as they moved up or down during density stratification. Volume loss due to the gravitational compression of Earth. Heating caused by burning of primitive organic compounds in the early Earth. Heating caused by decaying radioactive elements. Heating caused by the multiple impacts that formed the Earth.
not all .67
Which one of the following terms is used to describe weather-related alterations to predicted tidal cycles, such as those associated with storm surge caused by tropical cyclones?
not red tides
Ionic bonds are bonds in which:
not two atoms share electrons
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This "ocean-based pollution" map is probably mainly showing _______ pollution.
oil
Which seismic wave travels fastest? Question options: R-waves Surface waves P-waves L-waves S-waves
p waves
Which of the following are body waves? [Choose all that apply] Question options: P-waves S-waves Surface waves L-waves R-waves
p waves and s waves
____________________ are the relics of ancient continental divergence.
passive margins
The thin film of sun-lit water at the top of the ocean surface is called the ___________.
photic zone
If a molecule is excited by energy of a specific wavelength, it next:
re-transmits that energy and returns to normal
There is an S-wave ____________ zone on the opposite side of the Earth from a large earthquake. Question options: Intensity Focus Shadow Free Strong
shadow
Which part of the oceans is really more like the continents?
shelves
The place where ocean meets land is called _______ and the term ________ refers to the larger zone affected by processes that occur at this boundary.
shore / coast
The diagram shows a map view of a coastline (land is bottom & left part of diagram, loose sediment is stippled pattern) with waves approaching the shore (blue lines are successive wave crests). (Click here for a larger version of the figure on a new window.) In the diagram the sandy area indicated by B is a(n):
split
If F is the depth from the sea surface to the sea floor and it is 100 meters (m) then the waves are shallow water waves if:
the distance indicated by A is 10 meters- wrong
The Dynamic Theory of the Tides is based on:
the equilibrium theory of the tides, combined with friction and the Coriolis Effect
When sediments are used to understand earth history one type of scientific data that is used is:
the evolution of the diatoms present in the sample of carbonate ooze- wrong
A single-celled marine organism is placed in a solution with a salinity of 70‰, what will happen (Hint, what is the average salinity of the ocean?):
the organism will shrink.
The dashed line (labeled C) is different from the colored curves. It represents:
the spectrum of radiation that Earth emits to space.
The plot above shows detailed pH vs. CO2 (blue) and average annual pH vs. CO2 (fat red) from marine samples near Hawaii. The correlation for the annual data set suggests that:
there is a strong relationship between average annual CO2 and pH.
Considering that the seawater coming from the basalt may have temperatures in excess of 100°C and the normal temperature of deep and bottom waters (from chapter 6 & 9), the individuals that live here are most likely:
tolerant of a large temperature range
A population is a group of organisms of the same species.
true
Deep waters tend to be characterized by nearly uniform temperature conditions (about -2°C to 5°C) through the entire water column.
true
The White Cliffs of Dover (England) are composed of carbonate ooze. Despite the fact that coccolithophore plates are about 1/50th the size of foraminifera tests, these deposits are composed mainly of coccoliths.
true
The aphotic pelagic oceanic (bathypelagic) zone supports a relatively low (compared to other parts of the ocean) population of life forms.
true
The inlets between the long linear islands that are just offshore of the Delmarva Peninsula are kept open by tidal currents.
true
The likeliest source for the generation of a tsunami was an earthquake along a convergent subduction zone to the west of the Island shown on the map.
true
The time that it takes for sound to go to the seafloor and return to the ship (used to measure ocean depths using an echo-sounder) is an example of scientific data. Question options:TrueFalse
true
There are 3 ways plates can move relative to each other. Question options:TrueFalse
true
When societies face a choice between increased economic growth and short-term gains over long-term preservation of the environment, usually short-term gains and economic growth prevails.
true
Although nutrients in surface water are sometimes depleted by the rapid growth of organisms, deep water is often rich in nutrients. When ___________ occurs, biological productivity increase.
upwelling
The Kuroshio Current (a western boundary current) is ______ while the corresponding eastern boundary current (California Current) is ________.
warm and deep / cool and shallow
Shallow-water wave velocity is a function of_____________.
water depth
The greenhouse gas that humans influence and responds to a wide range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is:
water vapor?
The state of the atmosphere at a specific time is referred to as the ___________; whereas, the long-term average of the weather in a specific region is called ______________.
weather, climate
If you have a hotspot under an ocean plate, and the ocean plate is moving west relative to the fixed hotspot, you would expect to see a island/seamount chain stretching ______________ of the hotspot. Question options: West South North East
west
Based on the arrow showing the prevailing winds on the inset, which latitudinal wind belt is this region in?
westerlies-wrong
Which of the following was discussed as a deep sea benthic community?
whale-fall community