Oceanography: Quiz Chaps 4-5

they remain after weathering of igneous crystal rocks forming sediment

what happens to stable minerals?

basalt

what igneous rock is in this picture

granite

what igneous rock is in this picture?

Quartz is one of the most durable minerals in continental rocks, so it resists weathering

what is quartz one of the most abundant constituents of lithogenous sediments?

size and shape of particles

what is texture?

oxidized iron

where does the red color come from in abyssal clay?

pH scale

Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. the pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14.

yes

Is deep ocean often biogenous?

individual plates from dead organism

What are coccoliths?

Core

A cylinder of sediment and/or rock material usually obtained by drilling

molecule

A group of two or more atoms bound together by ionic or covalent bonds

pycnocline

A layer of water in which a high rate of change in density in the vertical dimension is present.

open ocean, fine grained, accumulates slowly, lithogenous sed (volcanic ash and wind blown). 75% of the sea floor.

What is Pelagic?

It is 70% clay sized particles and is red in color. Which means that it is oxidized iron

What is abyssal clay?

Substance that can not be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemicals or physical processes.

What is an element?

Different size particles mixed together

What is poorly sorted?

number of organisms in surface water above ocean floor

What is productivity?

lithified coccolith-rich ooze. EX: the white cliffs of Southern England (Dover)

What is rock chalk?

iron-nickel spherules tektites (silica glass), iron-nickel meteorites

What is the composition of cosmogenous?

Manganese nodules (manganese, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt), Phosphorite (Phosphorous), odites (CaCO3), Metal sulfides (iron, nickel, copper, zinc, silver), Evaporites (gypsum, halite, other salts)

What is the composition of hydrogenous?

Continental: rock fragments, quartz sand, quartz silt, and clay Oceanic: quartz silt, clay, volcanic ash

What is the composition of lithogenous?

All the same size particles

What is well-sorted grain size?

1968

When was the deep drilling project?

oolite

A deposit formed of small spheres from 0.25 to 2 mm in diameter. They are usually composed of concentric layers of calcite.

heat capacity

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C.

Grain Size

The average size of the grains of material in a sample. Also known as fragment or particle size.

atoms either lose or gain electrons. EX: Cl- lost an electron and Mg+2 gained two electrons

What happens during ionic bonding?

There can be unequal sharing of electrons which in a covalent bond makes water polar.

What happens in water molecules?

Skeletal remain (tests) dissolve in seawater at depth

What is Destruction?

Deposition of other sediments decreases percentage of biogenous sediments

What is Dilution?

Beach deposits, continental shelf, turbidite, 25% of the sea floor, dominated by lithogenous sed, Carbonate deposits (limestone)

What is Neritic?

Greater than 30% silica org. test. Silica test no longer dissolve

What is siliceous ooze?

Fine layers of carbonates that live in warm, shallow-ocean, high salinity water

What is stromatlites?

Sediments settle out of water and accumulate on ocean floor

What is suspension settling?

Calcium Carbonate/Calcite (CaCO3): Calcareous ooze (microscopic), shells and coral fragments (macroscopic) Silica (SiO2, nH2O): Siliceous ooze

What is the composition of biogenous?

The amount of salt going into the ocean must be the same as the amount being removed. Steady state ocean

What is the cycles of major elements through the ocean?

International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)

What replaced Integrated in 2014?

Glomar Challenger drilling ship

What ship was the drilling project on in 1968?

Sodium and Chloride

What two molecules easily dissolve in water because they are attached to water's charged ends?

It was formed in 1963

When was the National Science Foundation Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) formed?

directly from sea water. Manganese nodules, phosphates, carbonates, and metal sulfides

Where do minerals precipitate from?

Aragonite and calcite. Oolites

What are Carbonates?

Protozoans, use external food, calcareous ooze

What are Foraminifera?

Calcium Carbonate in Biogenic Sediments. Calcium carbonate CaCO3 test. Photosynthetic algae. Coccoliths

What are coccolithophores?

Minerals that form when seawater evaporates

What are evaporites?

Evaporite minerals formed from restricted open ocean circulation with high evaporation rates.

What are halite and gypsum considered?

Eroded rock fragments from land. Also called terrigenous sed. Reflect composition of rock from which derived. Produced by weathering. (Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces)

What are lithogenous sediments?

Contain: Iron, Nickel, cooper, Zinc, silver, and other minerals. Associated with hydrothermal vents

What are metal sulfides?

occur beneath areas in surface ocean of very high biological productivity. Economically useful as fertilizer

What are phosphates?

eroded particles, fragments of dust, dirt, and other debris

What are sediments?

shells of microscopic organisms

What are test?

Oxygen and Silica

What are the most abundant minerals in the crust?

Chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and other.

What are the most common ions in seawater? (from largest to smallest on pie chart)

Calcium Carbonate and Silica

What are the two most common chemical compounds?

1) Elements dissolve from crust during chemical weathering 2) Elements from atmospheric and volcanic gases

What are the two sources of dissolved substance in seawater?

Neritic and Pelagic.

What are the two ways sediment is distributed?

They make up the elements! They are also the smallest particle of matter.

What do atoms make up?

Siliceous ooze (Silica SiO2)

What do test from diatoms and radiolarians generate?

A record of Earths history

What doe sediments contain?

derived by organisms

What does Biogenous mean?

Most involve transfer/sharing of electrons. Produces compounds

What does chemical bonding involve?

derived from outer space

What does cosmogenous mean?

derived from water

What does hydrogenous mean?

atoms that have an electrical charge, due to the gain or loss of electrons.

What does ions mean?

derived from land

What does lithogenous mean?

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

What does this picture represent?

Atoms share electrons. Silica (Si) + Oxygen (O) = Silicon (quartz sand)

What happens during covalent bonding?

repeated infiltration of salty water and evaporation to form salt crystals

what breaks the rock apart in weathering?

Hydrated chlorine ion and Hydrated Sodium ion(water molecule)

what does this picture represent?

ionic bond

A chemical bond formed as a result of the electrical attraction

salinity

A measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water. Formally, it is the total amount of dissolved solids in ocean water in parts per thousand (%) by weight after all carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromide and iodide to chloride, and all the organic matter oxidized. It is normally from conductivity, refractive index, or chlorinity.

diatom

A member of the class Bacillariophyceae of algae that possesses a wall of overlapping silica valves.

coccolithophore

A microscopic planktonic form of algae encased by a covering composed of calcareous discs (coccoliths).

fossil fuel

A natural fuel such as petroleum, gas, or coal that formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms

Petroleum

A naturally occurring liquid hydrocarbon

ooze

A pelagic sediment containing at least 30% skeletal remains of pelagic organisms, the balance being clay minerals. Oozes are further defined by the chemical composition of the organic remains (siliceous or calcareous) and by their characteristic organisms (e.g., diatomaceous ooze, foraminifer ooze).

proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms that has a mass approximately equivalent to that of a neutron.

phosphorite

A sedimentary rock composed primarily of phosphate minerals

neutron

An electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms that has a mass approximately equivalent to that of a proton

salinometer

An instrument that is used to determine the salinity of seawater by measuring its electrical conductivity.

YES

Are most minerals in igneous rocks unstable at the Earth's surface?

upper water

Area of the ocean near the surface that includes the mixed layer and the permanent thermocline. It is approximately the top 1000 meters of the ocean.

abyssal clay

Deep-ocean (oceanic) deposits containing less than 30% biogenous sediment. Often oxidized and red in color, thus commonly termed red clay.

Rotary drilling

Drilling involving the use of a long, hollow pipe with a drill bit on its end that is rotated to crush the rock around the outside and retain a cylinder of rock (a core sample) on the inside of the pipe.

heat

Energy moving from a high temperature system to a lower temperature system. The heat gained by the one system may be used to raise its temperature or to do work

clay, silt, sand, and pebbles

From smallest to largest, which list of sediment textures is in the correct order?

polarity

Intrinsic polar separation, alignment, or orientation, especially of a physical property (such as magnetic or electrical polarity)

Carried to the ocean by streams, wind, glaciers, and gravity. Greatest quantity around continental margins.

How are particles eroded and transported?

River water, volcanoes, rain, hydrothermal reactions (Ca & K), and Chemical reactions w/seafloor

How does sediment get added?

Biological removal, adsorption onto particles, precipitation-hydrogenous, hydrothermal reactions (Mg & SO4^-2), and Evaporite Formation

How does sediment get removed?

It will either be well sorted or poorly sorted

How uniform is the grain size?

brackish

Low-salinity water caused by the mixing of freshwater and saltwater

CaCo3 and SiO2

Most biogenic sediments consist of tiny shells called microfossils that are made of what two substances?

isopycnal

Of the same density

temperature

Pertaining to the oceanic region where pronounced seasonal change occurs (about 40 to 60 degrees latitude). Also known as the middle latitudes

Lithogenous sediment

Sediment composed of mineral grains derived from the weathering of rock material and transported to the ocean by various mechanisms of transport, including running water, gravity, the movement of ice, and wind.

pelagic sediment

Sediment composed of primarily of fine lithogenous and biogenous particles that is deposited slowly on the deep ocean floor; pelagic deposits are those that are produced from pelagic sediment

Neritic Sediment

Sediment composed primarily of lithogenous particles and deposited relatively rapidly on the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise; neritic deposits are those that are produced from neritic sediment

Biogenous sediment

Sediment containing material produced by plants or animals, such as coral reefs, shell fragments, and housings of diatoms, radiolarians, foraminifers, and coccolithophores.

cosmogenous sediment

Sediment derived from outer space

Hydrogenous sediment

Sediment that forms from precipitation from ocean water or ion exchange between existing sediment and ocean water. Examples are manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites.

Diatoms and Radiolarians

Silica in Biogenous Sediments?

solubility

The amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent.

hydrologic cycle

The cycle of water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and ocean through the processes of evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and subsurface percolation. Also called the water cycle

calcite compensation depth (CCD)

The depth at which the amount of calcite CaCO3 produced by the organisms in the overlying water column is equal to the amount of calcite the water column can dissolve. No calcite deposition occurs below this depth, which, in most parts of the ocean, is at a depth of 4500 meters (15,000 feet).

latent heat

The quantity of heat gained or lost per unit of mass as a substance undergoes a change of state (such as liquid to solid) at a given temperature and pressure.

desalination

The removal of salt ions from ocean water to produce pure water

paleoceanography

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate.

test

The supporting skeleton or shell (usually microscopic) of many invertebrates

deep water

The water beneath the permanent thermocline (and resulting pycnocline) that has a uniformly low temperature.

hypersaline

Waters that are highly or excessively saline

parts per thousand

a unit of measurement used in reporting salinity of water equal to the number of grams of dissolved substances in 1000 grams of water.

continental effect

describes areas that are less affected by the sea and therefore having a greater range of temperature differences (both daily and yearly)

marine effect

describes locations that experience the moderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or islands

cores (modern exploration)

hollow steel tube collects sediment columns

isothermal

of the same temperature

tektite

silicate rock material

acid

substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water; an acidic solution has a pH less than 7

base

substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater than 7

weathering

the physical and chemical alteration change of rock at or near the Earths surface

Nucleus

the positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and containing almost all of the mass of the atom

buffering

the process by which a substance minimizes a change in the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution

mixed surface layer

the surface layer of the ocean water mixed by wave and tide motions to produce relatively isothermal and isohaline conditions

metal sulfide

A compound containing one or more metals and sulfur.

manganese nodule

A concretionary lump containing oxides of manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, and nickel found scattered over the ocean floor.

spherule

A cosmogenous microscopic globular mass composed of silicate rock material (tektites) or of iron and nickel

gas hydrate

A lattice-like compound composed of water and natural gas (usually methane) formed in high-pressure and low-temperature environments such as those found in deep-ocean sediments. Also known as clathrates because of their cage-like chemical structure.

thermocline

A layer of water beneath the mixed layer in which a rapid change in temperature can be measured in the vertical dimension.

Halocline

A layer of water in which a high rate of change in salinity in the vertical dimension is present.

principle of constant proportions

A principle which states that the major constituents of ocean-water salinity are found in the same relative proportions throughout the ocean, independent of salinity.

Turbidite deposit

A sediment or rock formed from sediment deposited by turbidity currents characterized by both horizontally and vertically graded bedding

evaporate

A sedimentary deposit that is left behind when water evaporates; also known as evaporate minerals, which include gypsum, calcite, and halite

neutral

A state in which there is no excess of either the hydrogen or the hydroxide ion.

meteorite

A stony or metallic mass of matter that has fallen to Earth's surface from outer space.

electron

A subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom and has a negative electric charge

precipitate

A substance that is formed chemically whenever dissolved materials change from existing in the dissolved state to existing in the solid state

Sorting

A texture of sediments, where a well-sorted sediment is characterized by having great uniformity of grain sizes.

Atom

A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons

Quartz

A very hard mineral composed of silica, SiO2.

salt deposit

An evaporative deposit composed of precipitated salts from seawater such as halite, gypsum, and in some cases calcite

hydrogen bond

An inter-molecular bind that forms within water because of the dipolar nature of water molecules

radiolarian

An order of planktonic and benthic protozoans that possess protective coverings usually made of silica.

foraminifer

An order of planktonic and benthic protozoans that possess protective coverings, usually composed of calcium carbonate. Also called forams.

1) Productivity 2) Destruction 3) Dilution

Distribution of Biogenous Sediments depends on what three provinces?

Stromatolites

What are Carbonate Deposits?

from litho and bio sediment

Why is the continental shelf thicker?

Rotary drilling (modern exploration)

collects deep ocean sediment cores