Oceans 100 sdsu
protons
+1
neutrons
0
water cycle
1) evaporation 2) transpiration 3) sublimination 4) condensation 5) transportation 6) precipitation 7) deposition 8) a. percolation b. infiltration 9) a. groundwater flow b. surface flow c. snowmelt runoff 10) plant uptake
how thick is ice on Antarctica
150,000 ft thick
(Really cool) Properties of Water
3 physical states solid liquid gas 97% is salty water gas is in the atmosphere/underneath Why would water be a universal solvent? dissolves anything in nature given enough time because of the hydrogen molecule (+) and (-) end
latitude with highest salinity
30 degrees (hottest, most dry weather)
evaporation latitudes
30 degrees, subtropical latitudes
solar radiation at poles (what angle)
30° angle (low) because of curvature of the earth At high latitudes - polar regions Sun - low angle, large area Energy reflected
salinity of San Diego
32
solar radiation at equator (what angle)
90 degrees (high) At low latitudes - equatorial regions Sun - high angle, small area Energy absorbed
phases of water
A. Solid/ice: molecules locked in place B. Liquid/water: most molecules connected C. Gas/vapor: independent molecules D. Phase Changes i: removal of heat ii: addition of heat iii: latent heat
What must you do to water in order to make it change phases? Add heat Remove heat Do both Neither
Add heat Remove heat Answer: Do both!!!! Neither
Shallow-water waves
Always dragging across the sea floor Water depth < 1/20 L Wave drags on bottom Huge wave lengths Tsunami and tides - more through entire depth
Heat capacity
Amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1gm of a substance by 1℃ -water has very high heat capacity -Oceans absorb/release huge amounts of heat with little change in temperature -Thermal inertia (H bonds) -Oceans → climates? -Oceans moderate the climate -Takes months to heat ocean enough for hurricanes
Prevailing winds
Are almost always there At 30° of latitude Originate at subtropical high
Water density changes with temp
As it cools, gets denser Max density → at 4℃ (g/cm3) Then, decrease in density with freezing So, ice floats
El Niño - ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation)
Bad weather during winter El Niño Southern Oscillation We expect to see it anywhere on earth Between equator and 30° winds blow towards - west
Why is solar radiation the strongest around equatorial regions and weakest at the poles?
Because the earth's surface faces the incoming radiation at a right angle, so a lot of energy is absorbed
The concept of the dynamic tides with amphidromic points is compared to water ____.
Being sloshed around a glass
Eastern Boundary currents
Bound to the east of an ocean basin Cold, flow toward the eastern side of the ocean basin Originated at polar regions deflected towards the equatorial regions Deflected by continents Gulf Stream (warm) Found west bound California current (cold) Found bound east
Western boundary currents (WBCs)
Bound to the west of an ocean basin Warm currents Originated from equatorial regions Warm, flow west of an basin Originated at equatorial regions, deflected toward the polar regions Continents deflect them
Surfing
Breaking at reefs - shallow Submarine canyon @ Jaws, Maui Waves amplify going through canyon Is surfing better along the west coast or east coast of the IS? West Why? East has passive marin steep at active margin (West coast) Bigger waves, why? Pacific ocean - biggest ocean Bigger fetch and storm winds Prevailing winds - which? Westerlie winds
Subtropical Gyres
Centered at 30° latitude Ex: North Atlantic Gyre Made up at warm + cold currents Gyre - means "circle" 5 big subtropical gyres North Pacific South Pacific Indian North Atlantic South Atlantic Gyre = WBC + EBC North - clockwise (not like cyclones) South is counterclockwise N Atlantic Gyre Made up of 4 currents Gulf stream N. atlantic current N. equatorial Canary
Most to least abundant ions (in order)
Chloride Sodium Sulphate Magnesium Calcium Potassium
Refer to this map image of southern Africa. What is it showing?
Cold upwelled waters leading to an increase in sea life, as the winds come from the south.
La Niña
Cold water
Upwelling
Cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters rise to surface → Ekman flow → abundance of sea life Coastal upwelling Water veers off to right Deeper waters upwell
Wave base
D = ½L Depth of the wave
How does salinity (how salty the oceans are) and temperature affect density?
Density (D) = mass/volume Pure water D = 1 g/cm3 Temp decreases → density increases Salinity increases → density increases because more mass Cold water freezes & leaves salt behind → salinity increases Cold, salty water is denser, therefore, by gravity, It sinks
Wave height (H)
Difference between crest and trough
Why don't equatorial oceans boil away and polar oceans freeze over?
Distribute heat around the earth Atmospheric circulation Ocean currents
Types of tides
Diurnal Tidal period: 24hr 1 high and 1 low tide per day Semi-diurnal Tidal period: 12hr? 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day Mixed cycle Tidal period: 12 hr 2 uneven tides 2 highs & 2 lows of unequal height or 1 high and 1low tides per day California has mixed tides
DEEP CURRENTS - Thermohaline Circulation
Driven by differences in density/salinity Why? Where? Antarctic → bottom water N atlantic → deep water
Amphidromic Tides
Dynamic model of tides Stuck with basins Limited in speed Ocean waters respond as best they can to horizontal tide-generating forces
Why does dust go from Africa to Florida?
Easterlies winds
An anticyclone, like a hurricane, rotates counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere.
False
In California, El Niño brings very warm and dry weather in the form of high pressures.
False
Tsunamis are deep-water waves and because they originate at great depths in the ocean.
False
Pressure of atmosphere
Force applied on a surface Air applies the force Low pressure (L) - light column of air (air rises) Warm, less dense, humid High pressure (H) - heavy column of air (air sinks) What do we call the movement of air? High to low (weather) winds At the equator there are hardly any winds Its moving vertically (up) Pressure is low at equatorial regions (warm, humid, rising) 30° - high pressure (fair weather) Poles - high pressure Mid-latitude - low pressure Convection cell Equator: warm, moist air → rises Air is rising in one place and sinking in the other At the equator the air is always warm (no season) air is also very very moist, less dense Pressure is low; expands → cools (leads to condensation) Condensation turns liquid into a gas (seeing clouds) Condenses → clouds → releases heat energy Heat energy → comes from warm oceans 30° lat: air tends to sink back down; cold, dry air = more dense Cold, dry air → sinks High pressure; compressed Warms Into smaller volume Heats up Kinetic Sahara desert is the largest/hottest desert on earth Weather: hot, dry Hardly rains at subtropical highs
1. Deep-water waves
Found in deep water - just at the surface Wave whose depth has to be more than ½ of wavelength Wave depth > ½L (wave base) Wave does not touch bottom Wind waves - only move at the surface - move in very deep oceans
What's going on in the Arctic Ocean?
Here the sea ice has been melting at a fast rate over the last 3 decades.
Sea Surface Height
Higer at mountain ranges and warm water Lower at cold water
Sea life distribution
High tide zone Have shells Low tide zone Soft-bodied creatures
Surface Salinity
Highest salinity - Atlantic Ocean Warmer than Pacific Ocean Around 30° of latitude - Highest salinity where there is the hottest, dryest weather
El Niño
Hot water Low pressure
What is going on in the Arctic?
If the ice melts, the ocean will heat up faster Polar bears will go extinct because running out of sea ice
Why did the titanic sink?
It filled w/ seawater and the hull became denser that the ocean
How would you best describe a Western Boundary Current?
It's a current that moves warm waters to the west of an ocean basin.
Changes w/ increased warming
Melting of ice Rise in sea level Severe weather Tornados Flooding Hurricanes Extinction
Uneven solar absorption
Most heated - equator Least heated - poles
Composition of Atmosphere
N2 ~ 78% of atmosphere O2 ~ 21% Ar ~ 0.9% CO2 ~ 0.04% Greenhouse gas
What's the most abundant gas in our atmosphere?
Nitrogen
Do we have cyclones at the equator?
No because Not much wind No coriolis effect
Ocean Warming
Oceans - natural Co2 sinks Oceans take 35% of CO2 from the air and into the ocean Implications: Ocean Acidification (oceans are too acidic) CO2 goes into the sea and alters the PH Seawater PH decreases with CO2 Ecosystems threatened Plants and shells Mineral is jeopardized because shells will be too thin because oceans are acidic) Water's ph is a 7 (8.2) Creatures that make their shells out of carbonate Just about anything pH = 0 acidic pH 7 pure pH basic Coccolithophores, corals, foraminifera, echinoderms, crustaceans, and some mollusks, especially pteropods. CO2 concentration sensor Seawater change in 200 yrs: 8.25 to 8.14.
Fossil fuels
Oil Natural gas Coal Release CO2 and methane
When do waves break? A. When their height increases and their speed increases B.When their wavelength increases and their velocity decreases C.When the ocean depth is equal to the wave base D.When the circular orbital motion is disrupted by the sea floor E. Only C & D are correct
Only C & D are correct
What best describes a tsunami?
Plates stuck at a trench Very large, long-wavelength, very destructive waves Vertical changes in shape of sea floor Areas at risk: flat coasts The deeper the water, the faster tsunamis go Open ocean: tsunami unnoticed Very long wavelength Small height (H) ~1m At the shore: strong surge of waters If crest arrives first Wind waves - deep water waves Most tsunamis - Pacific Ocean
What is the force that makes surface currents move?
Prevailing winds
tidezzzzzzz!
Raising & lowering of sea level daily Cause Gravitational force between Earth, moon, and sun Moon exerts more gravity because it's closer Bulges of high tide Water bulges toward the moon Water bulges away from the moon High tide when aligned
global warming
Rising temperature Began w/ industrial revolution Burning coal → burning petroleum Global warming effects N hemisphere more than south
hurricane characteristics
Rotates clockwise in southern hemisphere Rotates counterclockwise in northern hemisphere Hurricanes (America) = typhoons (east Asia/Australia) Oceans must be very warm Indian Ocean - just called cyclones Hurricane category #s indicate wind speed TD (tropical depression) TS (tropical storm) hurricane 1 2 3 4 5 Huge rotating low pressure (low P) system → great instability, rain Summer and fall. Why? Depends on heat of water Depends on sun Summer solstice in June Hurricane season - September and October Dissipates on land. Why? Runs out of its energy sources - ocean out of its energy source - ocean Very powerful. Why? Evaporation absorbs energy Condensation releases energy A lot of energy involved Eye - no winds. Calm, clear. Why? Air is sinking in the eye of a hurricane - already cooled down Localized high pressure system Conditions: Over the ocean Wind → 120 km/hr (76 m/hr) Seawater → 26℃ (~80℉) Warm moist air (humid) tropical/subtropical regions (30°) over the oceans Weak wind shear (upper level winds) Storm Surge - high turbulent seas flooding land Low pressure systems rotate counterclockwise Flooding in Galveston Rotation is fastest around the eyes Hurricane Katrina 2005 New Orleans - about 80% underwater - below sea level Next to a lake - flooded into city Levees breached Most of city flooded Largest natural disaster in the history of the US
Since about 60 million years ago, the Earth has been going through___
Significant cooling
groundwater flow
Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge
Which is the densest water in the oceans?
South polar Salty, very cold Antarctic Ocean - coldest
Type of Breakers
Spilling breaker Gentle slope Plunging breaker Steep slope Disintegrate faster Create tunnels
Current 2 types:
Surface currents - wind-driven Deep currents Density-driven How? Dense, cold, salty (sink)
Temperature of Atmosphere
Temp decreases w/ altitude Troposphere - lower 12 km Weather occurs only in troposphere Right above the lithosphere "Trophos" means "overturn" (convection) Airplanes fly above troposphere to fly Avoid weather
Temperature record
Temperature increased by 0.85℃ Over last 1000 years Normal ups and downs until industrial revolution Carbon dioxide record CO2 increased by 40%
What is a high pressure system?
The air is falling to earth's surface, heating up and diverging
What do the tsunami events of Japan 2011 and Sumatra 2004 have in common?
They were both produced by huge megathrust earthquakes offshore at the trench.
On Earth, great continental deserts and the regions of the oceans where the salinity is highest have this in common:
They're located at subtropical latitudes, meaning ~30 degrees.
El Niño Conditions
Things change Trades blow east Trade winds weaken/reverse Push warm water toward the americans and there is not upwelling Warm waters flow to Americas Rain in the americans (low P) and low productivity (not much sea life) Where is an abundance of sea life? Where waters are cold/normal conditions/upwelling Which is the densest water in the oceans? South polar waters Salty and very cold Coldest ocean is the antarctic ocean 1998 El Niño season Del Mar, CA 1998 El Niño season Cardiff
The Hydrologic Cycle
Three reservoirs Ocean Atmosphere Land Phase Changes evaporation from ocean Liquid water into gas Heat absorbed from sun Condensation Gas to liquid Clouds Heat released precipitation into ocean wind driven water vapor precipitation onto land surface and groundwater flow
Right-hand rule
Thumb up = air rising, fingers rotate counterclockwise cyclone Air converges at surface Air diverges at upper atmosphere Thumb down = air sinking, finders rotate clockwise Anticyclone Air converges at upper atmosphere Air diverges at surface
Wave period (T)
Time - how long it takes for a full wavelength/cycle to pass a point
Normal Conditions
Trade winds blow from east to west Warm waters are pushed to the west pacific North america experience a 'h' pressure system Good weather Trades blow west Warm waters flow toward asia High P and upwelling in the Americas
Lots of air at the equator
Troposphere is high Very energetic
Water vapor of atmosphere
Warm air tends to hang on to water vapor more → less dense, so it rises (rigorously) Cold air, dry → denser, so it sinks Convection Water in the air makes it more buoyant
Density of Atmosphere
Warm air → less dense → rises Cold air → denser → sinks
Why isn't Florida a desert? (because near 30 degrees)
Warm current passing by
SURFACE CURRENTS
Warm currents → east to west Cold currents → north to south Currents move heat to cooler regions and vice versa Currents that go to the west of the ocean basin are called western boundary currents
Breaking Waves
Water depth = ½ L → wave (circle orbital motion) "feels" bottom As L decreases, H increases V decreases Steepness increases... → wave breaks
Sound transmission
Water transmits sound efficiently Velocity of sound in water is 1500 m/sec echolocation/sonar - how they calculate depth of the ocean Marine mammals dolphins , whales (they use echolacation)
Thermal expansion/contraction
Water will thermally expand if it is hot Contract if its cold Ice? Not really Water expands as it freezes Water molecules are farther apart in a given volume
Water is fairly transparent
Why is it important? Creates life For light to penetrate
What produces the small waves that you see breaking on the beach everyday, continually?
Winds Deep water
Cyclones and Anticyclones In the N hemisphere
Winds that spin Cyclonic - counter-clockwise & air rising Anti-cyclonic - clockwise, air rising
Can we surf tides?
Yes
Does the earth have a density structure?
Yes; the layers are layered by least dense → most dense oceans are same layered least dense --> most dense
You're a lazy butterfly adrift over the north Pacific ocean at around 20 degrees of latitude. In which direction are the winds here moving you? (you want to draw this configuration)
You're moving towards the south and Coriolis is veering you to the southwest.
highest salinity
atlantic ocean (warmer than pacific ocean)
ion
atom that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
molecule
atoms held together by bonds
water molecule (H20)
big atom=oxygen (negatively charged), small atoms=hydrogen (positively charged)
continental rocks → river discharge
continental rocks → river discharge rivers the main erosion of rocks on land dumped on the shelf and then the finer stuff goes farther into the ocean ex: Kenai River delta Mississippi River delta
When the air rises in the Hadley cell, it will have to ___
cool down and produce low pressure, so it's rainy weather.
Why are waters at polar regions sinking?
denser, saltier (sea ice), salt stays on top, then sinks (Antarctica / Arctic Sea)
downwelling
downward movement of fluid, esp in the sea
Easterly (trade) winds
east to west Flow from NE → SW towards the equator
Wind waves
energy in motion Circular orbital motion Promontory or headlands Promontory Juts out gets hit harder Bay - area that receives less wave energy than promontory Waves erode @ base of cliff
"News": Great plastic garbage patch in north pacific...
expanded
The polar regions don't get much solar energy because the Sun's rays come in at a high angle and the area they encompass is smaller.
false
the salty dead sea: sink or float?
float
You're a big tall basketball player on the shores of the Dead Sea and your friend throws you into the water. You will___
float because the salinity of the waters is so high
Hydrothermal Vents
found on mid-ocean ridges (divergent boundaries) spew out all kinds of chemicals erodes from underneath and spews out
polarity
h2O-polar molecule (electromagnet) H end: partial + charge, attracts negative end O end: partial - charge, attracts positive end --thus dissolves substances universal solvent (except plastic) EX: water dissolves salt by bonding positive and negative charges and breaking it apart; salt would precipitate at the bottom if water evaporates
Tsunami possible here in San Diego?
hell ya
sea ice @ north pole (regarding salinity)
high salinity (bc frozen ice so rest of the water is left with salt)
low latitudes have...
high salinity bc low precipitation, high evaporation, less river runoff (doesn't rain enough to make rivers
Anticyclone
high-pressure system that rotates clockwise
wave crest
highest point of wave
plant uptake
how much water the plant absorbs and uses.
infiltration
important process where rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil and underlying rock layers.
hydrogen bonds
intermolecular bonds- bind water molecules together
sublimination
is a chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going through a liquid stage. An example of sublimiation is when ice cubes shrink in the freezer.
Pycnocline
is the cline or layer where the density gradient (∂ρ∂z) is greatest within a body of water. An ocean current is generated by the forces such as breaking waves, terms of temperature and salinity differences, wind, Coriolis effect, and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun.
condensation
is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of clouds
evaporation
is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
transpiration
is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves
Thermocline
is the transition layer between the mixed layer at the surface and the deep water layer. The definitions of these layers are based on temperature. The mixed layer is near the surface where the temperature is roughly that of surface water.
mediterranean sea dried up 6 million years ago. how do we know?
layers of solid rock salt are found underneath drilled and found crystal salt Why did this happen? plate tectonics (uplifted rocks) What is the latitude of this sea? 35 degrees (hot, dry desert)
what percentage of substance is considered being the top (first layer) of the ocean
less than 2%, down to 200m
Every storms has
low pressure
high latitudes have...
low salinity because high precipitation, low evaporation, river runoff, and melting icebergs
Cyclone
low-pressure system that rotates counter-clockwise
wave trough
lowest point of wave
Where do cold, salty waters sink?
middle of oceans Mid-latitude Answer: High latitudes!!!!!! Low latitudes
why is ice less dense?
molecules are farther apart
percolation
moves downward through openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under the ground.
where is salinity decreased
near land due to freshwater runoff
Amphidromic Point (AP):
no tidal variation "Hub" around which wave rotates
where are hurricanes born?
off the coast of Africa
Surface salinity is highest where
precipitation is lowest
What drives the weather?
rotation of the Earth
snowmelt runoff
runoff produced by melting snow
equator (regarding salinity)
salinity is low (high evaporation and high precipitation)
Sources of Salts (IONS)
salt is everything that comes into the oceans a lot of it comes from continents from land carbonate calcium sulfate sodium from ocean hydrothermal vents calcium potassium
covalent bond
sharing electrons between O and H (with the molecule)
the brackish Baltic Sea: sink or float?
sink
Hadley cell
situated between 0° + 30°N + 30°S Subtropical high latitude
volcanic activity (eruptions)
spill out a lot of ash and eventually fall into the sea
The small atoms in this molecule will try to seek out what member of the sodium chloride molecule in order to dissolve it?
the Cl member The small atoms are the hydrogen ones which has a slightly positive charge. It behaves like a magnet, so the positive hydrogen atoms are going to be attracted to the negative atom of the sodium chloride molecule. The negative atom is Cl
Salinity
total amount of dissolved solids (ions) in water 35‰ - average salinity of seawater (parts per thousand)
transportation
transport is the movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the oceans to over land. Some of the earth's moisture transport is visible as clouds, which themselves consist of ice crystals and/or tiny water droplets.
hurricane
tropical cyclones. What does this mean? A storm forming at tropical regions and spinning very fast counterclockwise
Migration routes of loggerhead turtles
use gyres to travel climate of coasts
Heat of vaporization and melting
very high Why? Hydrogen bonds
surface tension
water acts like a surface (bugs can walk on it, leaves float on top)
deposition
water changing from vapor to solid, with no liquid phase, The reverse of deposition is sublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid
cohesion
water molecules bead up, stick together
precipitation
water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain
downwelling - top to the bottom of the arctic sea
waters sinking through the water column, sinking and resurfacing somewhere else
Greenhouse effect
we NEED this to survive - traps heat Most abundant greenhouse gasses H2O (water vapour) CO2 (carbon dioxide) 0.04% Ch4 (methane) N2O O3 (ozone)
Westerlie winds
west to east Flow SW → NE towards the poles Why do they veer off? Earth rotates
surface flow
when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.
mixed layer
wind driven, warmest least dense layer because it's on top
can deserts exist in the oceans
yes
Thermocline (transition zone)
~18% depth in the ocean where it gets colder temperature decreases rapidly with depth reaches a maximum depth of about 1500m 200m - 1000m hydrothermal vents are exceptions because it's super hot goes down to the average 4℃ the thermocline becomes shallower in the polar regions absent at polar regions tropical regions have the longest thermocline temperate zones (where most people live) in between polar & tropical on the thermocline only in tropical to temperate waters
Deep zone
~80% - the average depth of the sea 1000m - 4000m dense, dark, high pressure, salty kinetic energy is lower (except at hydrothermal vents) temperature is low - about 2℃ (36℉) - and roughly constant surface layer disappears