Oceans Quiz Unit 2

Washington state shellfisheries production has declined by how much since 2005?

80%

The zigzag pattern on the red line (atmospheric CO2) is driven by fluctuations in?

Seasonal balance between global photosynthesis and respiration

Which has a higher pH?

Seawater

The main mechanism driving coral "bleaching" is:

Increased temperatures resulting in starvation

How does pollution impact coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Pollution can cause disease and mortality in sensitive species, Pollution can impede coral growth and reproduction, Pollution can disrupt overall ecological function

True or False? Natural threats to coral reefs are often more severe because of changing ocean conditions due to anthropogenic actions.

True

True or False? The only way to stop ocean acidification is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere.

True

True or False? When carbon dioxide mixes with ocean water, an acid is formed.

True

What was the Washington shellfisheries impact to the state economy last year?

$270,000,000

"Corrosive" low pH waters of the Washington coast are expanding at what annual rate?

1-2 m/year

Controlled fish farming supplies approximately how much of all fish and shellfish directly consumed by humans?

50%

The difference between a pH of 3 and a pH of 2 is a difference in how many H+ ions?

10 x's more H+

What is the residence time of carbon, or the average amount of time one carbon atom resides in a reservoir, in the deep ocean?

100,000 years

What percentage of animal protein intake by the global population comes from fisheries?

20%

Coral reefs occupy only 1% of the ocean, but are home to what percentage of all marine species?

25%

The concentration of free H+ in seawater has increased by about how much?

25%

Approximately what percentage of coral in the Great Barrier Reef has died in the last 2 years?

30-50%

The optimum temperature for most coral reefs is 23-25 C with few reefs existing in waters above _________________.

30oC

By 2030, it's predicted that over ________ of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by anthropogenic causes such as ocean acidification, rising temperatures, overfishing, pollution, sewage outflows, and poaching coral species for exotic pet market.

50%

Which of these is NOT an impact ocean acidification has on marine organisms?

Ability to respire

Sound travels farther in what pH water?

Acidic

All of these are ways people are trying to protect coral reefs, EXCEPT for:

Adding base (NaOH) to water near coral to combat acidification

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient for photosynthesis or phytoplankton growth?

Aluminum (Al)

Corals are made up of colonies of what type of organism?

Animals

According to the video, how much carbon dioxide mixes into the surface ocean each day?

Approximately 22 millions tons

What percentage of organisms that live in the sea depend on coral reefs?

Approximately 25%

How many people are directly affected by the presence of reefs?

Approximately 500 million

What percentage of the planet is covered with ocean?

Approximately 70%

The farming of marine organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants is known as ________________.

Aquaculture

Which reservoir turns over, or exchanges, CO2 the fastest?

Atmosphere

What are the sources of oxygen in the ocean? Select all that apply:

Atmospheric mixing, Photosynthesis

Which carbonate species do calcifying organisms rely on to build their shells?

Carbonate

It can take 10,000 - 30 million years for a coral reef to form from a group of larvae. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic macrostructure formed by coral reefs?

Chains

MAAD is an acronym for the different ways organisms can respond to perturbations in their environment. Please match the appropriate response with the example:

Cod and haddock in the North Sea have shifted towards the cooler Arctic waters: Move. As the temperature increases leading into the summer a dog will shed its heavy winter fur: Acclimate. Polar bears have been hybridizing at greater rates with grizzly bears resulting in pizzly bears that might be able to create a new species which can inhabit a different ecological niche: Adapt. Dinosaurs: Death.

Which of the following are considered anthropogenic threats to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Cyanine or blast 'fishing' for aquarium trade, Trawling and other damaging fishing techniques, Pollution from land or boats

The global ocean is not uniformly a source or sink for atmospheric CO2, but rather different regions of the ocean vary in whether they act as a local source or sink. What ocean regions are considered to be sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? Select all that apply:

Equatorial regions, Coastal upwelling zone

The region of the water column where there is sufficient sunlight to carry out photosynthesis is called?

Euphotic zone

A Congressional act passed in 2009 which authorizes federal research funding of ocean acidification through NOAA, NASA, and NSF goes by which acronym?

FOARAM

TRUE or FALSE: An individual organism can adapt to climate change.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Killer whale communities that consume salmon are not likely to be impacted by Ocean Acidification.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Only fisheries of shell-forming organisms like clams, mussels, and oysters are projected to be impacted by Ocean Acidification.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Urban economies in Washington state are at greater risk from reduced shellfishery production.

False

True or False? Coral bleaching is only occurring in the Great Barrier Reef.

False

True or False? Coral reefs are not an important resource in the ocean since organism diversity there is very low.

False

True or False? Corals can never recover from a bleaching event.

False

True or False? It's too late to save most coral reef ecosystems and no actions should be taken to protect the remaining systems.

False

True or False? The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the highest it has ever been on our planet.

False

Which of the following are currently being used to restore coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Growing corals in nurseries and 'planting' them out on reefs, Research to engineer super corals to grow and transplant on reef, Reattaching coral fragments using cement or epoxy putty, Transplanting coral fragments to protected reefs.

Jeff Orlowski is the director of Chasing Coral. Which of the following statements best describes why he made the film?

He wanted to document and share photographic evidence of change in coral reef ecosystems to raise awareness about the threats to and state of coral reefs.

Which of the following things are NOT dissolved in seawater?

Ice

Which of the following are currently being observed in the ocean atmosphere system? Select all that apply.

Increasing sea surface temperatures, Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Increasing sea surface acidity

NOAA states that climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Match the contributing factor of climate change on the left to the impact it will have on corals from the dropdown menu at right.

Increasing sea surface temperatures: Thermal stress that contributes to coral bleaching. Sea level rise: Increase in sedimentation that can smother corals. Changes in storm patterns: Stronger storms can damage corals. Changes in precipitation: Increasing runoff from land that can result in murky water conditions. Decreasing sea surface pH: Decreasing coral growth rates.

Which of the following are ways that YOU can help preserve and protect coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Make sustainable seafood choice, Drive less, Reduce, reuse, recycle, Don't dump household chemicals into street gutters or storm drains, Be a responsible aquarium owner, Know where your fish come from.

True or False? NOAA partners with other research and community groups to protect and restore corals.

True

People depend on coral reefs for (check all that apply):

Medicines, Tourism based economies, Food, Protection of shoreline

What is the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program doing to help protect corals against global climate change, pollution and over-fishing? Select all that apply.

NOAA monitors coral reefs and reports on the health and damage of the coral ecosystems, NOAA works to establish protected areas, NOAA works with communities to reduce sources of pollution to reefs, NOAA works with communities and fishers to make sure fisheries on reefs are sustainable, NOAA helps educate people on the importance of and threats to coral reef ecosystems, NOAA works with scientists to grow and transplant corals.

Which of the following statements about NRDC are correct? Select all that apply.

NRDC is an international environmental advocacy group, NRDC stands for Natural Resources Defense Council.

Where will light attenuate more rapidly?

Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters

Why is old, cold deep seawater that is upwelled relatively more corrosive? Select all that apply:

Old deep water does not have a photosynthetically active community, Cold water holds more carbon dioxide than warmer water, Old water has had more organic matter accumulate and decay

Which of the following are considered a natural threat to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Predation, Waves from large storms, Disease, Weather pattens like El Nino, Tidal emersion

Oxygen concentration in a water column varies with depth. What causes oxygen concentration to increase at deep depths (below 1,000 m)? Pick the BEST answer.

Pressure & Temperature

Washington shellfisheries are responding to the declining pH of the upwelled coastal waters. Please identify which is NOT a strategy being used by the shellfisheries to combat the impact of ocean acidification:

Pressurized degassing of CO2 from seawater intake lines

Which organisms are considered to be the most vulnerable to ocean acidification? Check all those that apply:

Pteropods, Coccolithophorids, Bivalves, Coral reefs

Scientists predict that the majority of coral reefs will be dead by 2050 if the drivers of climate change are not addressed. What is the most important thing that you can do to help coral reefs recover?

Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases immediately.

Which of the following actions could and should be taken to protect and preserve coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Reduce nutrient pollution to coastal waters where reefs live, Establish protected areas from fishing and collecting, Stop boaters from anchoring their boats on the reefs, Reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.

Which of the following are potential actions that could help the ocean "defend" itself against rising acidity and temperatures? Select all that apply.

Reducing nutrient pollution in coastal areas, Practicing sustainable fishing practices, The establishment of Marine Protected Areas

Why are coral reefs so important? Select all that apply.

Reefs provide habitat and shelter for many marine organisms, Reefs protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms, Reefs attract tourists and support the economies of islands and countries with coral reefs, Corals provide food and nutrients essential to the marine food web.

The change in what property of seawater is illustrated by the RED line in the figure?

Salinity

The halocline is a region of what rapidly changing property of seawater?

Salinity

Which of the following statements best describes what 'super corals' are?

Super corals have a mechanism that allows them to be more tolerant to high temperatures.

What factors control how much gas can be held in a solution? Select all that apply.

Temperature, Salinity, Pressure

How many coral fragments have been transplanted over the last decade by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program?

Tens of thousands

Which of the following statements about fishing on coral reefs is incorrect?

The abundance of key reef fish species has increased in response to rapid human population growth, increased demand, use of more efficient fishery technologies, and inadequate management and enforcement.

True or False? Different species of coral are responding differently to environmental stressors and changing ocean conditions.

True

Recreational harvesting of shellfish in Washington is a popular activity. TRUE or FALSE: you must obtain a license in order to recreationally fish/shellfish in Washington state

True

TRUE or FALSE: Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems in the ocean

True

True or False? Coral farmers select and grow resilient corals in labs or protected nurseries and transplant them out on coral reefs.

True

True or False? Coral reefs are sensitive to ocean acidity and some reefs may disappear within 20 to 30 years.

True

True or False? Coral reefs provide so many fundamentally important purposes and are intimately linked to human health.

True

Which of the following statements about a coral bleaching event are correct? Select all that apply.

Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching, Corals can die if environmental stress is prolonged, When the coral animal is under environmental stress, it will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white, When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues.

Select the communities and industrial regions which are most likely to be impacted by ocean acidification:

Western Washington native tribes, Tourism, Wild-catch fisheries, Shellfisheries

What three things dictate the outcome of a stress event in coral reef ecosystems? Select all that apply.

Who they partner with -- are they with the right type of microalgae? Who their parents were -- their base genetics. What their environmental history has been.

The following image depicts characteristic depth profiles from various seasons in a Northern Hemisphere temperate region of the ocean. Which season is depicted in panel B?

Winter

The Bjerrum plot shows the relative concentrations of each carbonate species in seawater at different pH's. Please select the relative concentrations of carbonate species in seawater at pH of 7.

[HCO3-] > [CO2] > [CO32-]

Ocean acidification as a result of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes

a reduction in pH levels which decrease coral growth and structural integrity.

Fill in the blanks: A pH of 4 is more ___________ than a pH of 5 which is more ___________.

acidic; basic

Which of the following are considered sources of land-based pollution? Select all that apply.

agricultural runoff, oil and chemical release or spills, coastal development, stormwater runoff, deforestation

Select all that apply. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity caused by climate change could lead to changes in ocean currents. Altered ocean currents could lead to changes in connectivity and temperature regimes that contribute to:

changes in dispersal of coral larvae, lack of food for corals

The _________ is the region of the water column where density increases rapidly with water depth. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below.

pycnocline

Shallow water corals rely on a _____________ with photosynthetic algae called ______________ to provide an alternative source of nutrition to support the growth of enormous reef structures.

symbiosis; zooxanthellae