OCN Chapter 13

Primary producers are also known as which of the following? copepods autotrophs cnidarians herbivores heterotrophs

autotrophs

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. autotrophs primary producers fish heterotrophs phytoplankton

autotrophs, primary producers, phytoplankton

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. heterotrophic siliceous producer autotrophic decomposer

heterotrophic

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5? salmon phytoplankton humans orca whales tuna

humans, orca whales

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply. iron calcium phosphates nitrates silica carbon dioxide

iron, phosphates, nitrates, silica

What is kinetic energy? energy of metabolism potential energy energy of resting chemical energy energy of movement

energy of movement

Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________. increase in the average size of current shark populations excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs decrease in the population of cownose rays increase in scallop populations increase in the standing stock of the American lobster

excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs

What is bycatch? fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch fish that are pregnant when they are harvested fish that cannot be eaten because their mercury levels are too high fish that die in the nets fish that are caught that are too small to sell

fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets? Choose all that apply. tuna flounder shrimp cod salmon

flounder, shrimp, cod

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? Algae beds and coral reefs Estuaries Freshwater swamp and marsh Open Ocean Upwelling zone

freshwater swamp and marsh

Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive? tropical rainforests coral reefs algae beds continental shelves freshwater swamps and marshes

freshwater swamps and marshes

What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity? grams of carbon per year grams of oxygen per square meter grams of carbon per square meter grams of chlorophyll per square meter per year grams of carbon per square meter per year

grams of carbon per square meter per year

Which of the following are primary carnivores? Choose all that apply. herring larval forms of barnacles small shrimp sardines diatoms

herring, sardines

Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America? on the east coast, off the shore of Brazil on the west coast, off the shore of Peru on the east coast, off the shore of Argentina on the north coast, off the shore of Colombia on the west coast, off the shore of southern Chile

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

Which organisms contain chlorophyll? Choose all that apply. anchovies zooplankton phytoplankton diatoms tuna

phytoplankton, diatoms

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers? 1,000 1 100 10 10,000

1

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. 10%. 30%. 50%. 90%.

1%

How many tuna does it take to make one shark? the mass of the shark 10 times the mass of the shark 100 times the mass of the shark 1000 times the mass of the shark

10 times the mass of the shark

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: 75%. 30%. 10%. 5%. 50%.

10%

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. one kilometer 20 meters two to three kilometers 100 meters one to two kilometers

100 meters

How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year? 145 billion pounds 10 million pounds 55 billion pounds 100,000 pounds 1,000 pounds

145 billion pounds

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability. 10 15 25 50 20

25

primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year? 30 grams 3 grams 100 grams 10 grams 1 gram

3 grams

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 400 200 100 300 500

500

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? 99.50% 99.90% 98.50% 98.00% 100%

99.90%

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone? There are too many fish in the area. Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water. There is too much oxygen in the water because of high concentrations of phytoplankton. There is too much oxygen in the water because agricultural runoff pollutes the water. The phytoplankton use up all of the oxygen in the water.

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

What is the chemical formula for sugar? CHO CO2 C6H12O6 C3H6O3 H2O

C6H12O6

you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) Arctic Char (farmed) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States) Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada)

Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. The largest proportion of marine fish stocks are harvested from open ocean waters. The marine fishing industry has developed new high-tech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity. Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline. In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime.

In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity, In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter, In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of sunlight. In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight.

In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight.

Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity? It provides a current for fish to move up in the water column to devour the phytoplankton on the surface. It brings warm, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside. It brings carbonate ions to the surface. It provides a current for phytoplankton to move up in the water column from the deep ocean. It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside

Which of the following is in trophic level 1? zooplankton phytoplankton tuna orca whales humans

phytoplankton

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico? Missouri River Amazon River Arkansas River Columbia River Mississippi River

Mississippi river

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels The environmental degradation of many ecosystems That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that: The population of top predators is not dependent on the population of primary producers. There are many more mid-trophic-level organisms than low-trophic-level organisms in the ocean. There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean. There are many more large organisms than small organisms in the ocean. There are the same number of small and large organisms in the ocean.

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean

Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive? They are minimally affected by human activities. Primary producers in these areas have few predators. They are located near warm ocean currents that provide the primary producers with nutrients. They are located in areas with high concentrations of pollinating insects that enhance primary productivity. They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents? This is where Ekman transport moves water to the right of wind direction. This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore. This is where wind direction forces surface water toward the shore. More nutrients are added to the ocean along the shorelines due to human habitation. This is where Ekman transport moves water to the left of wind direction.

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

Is overfishing really a problem? ANSWER: Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. Yes. 10% of fish and 50% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. No. Humans are not very efficient at removing fish from the sea. Yes. 50% of fish and 75% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable. No. There are plenty of fish in the sea.

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Deposit feeding Filter feeding Suspension feeding Autotrophic Carnivorous feeding

autotrophic

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature

available sunlight only

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. nutrient supply; available sunlight available sunlight; nutrient supply nutrient supply; nutrient supply available sunlight; available sunlight

available sunlight; nutrient supply

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include: carbon dioxide. nitrogen. phosphorus. A and B are correct. B and C are correct.

b and c are correct

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Herbivores Biogeochemical cycle Carnivores Bacteriovores Decomposers

biogeochemical cycle

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply. coccolithophores kelp dinoflagellates krill diatoms

coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, diatoms

Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply. coral reefs anywhere there is a strong thermocline in the deep ocean, far from land coastal upwelling equatorial upwelling

coral reefs, coastal upwelling, equatorial upwelling

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. deeper; greater deeper; lower less; lower less; greater

deeper;lower

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are: radiolarians. dinoflagellates. coccolithophorids. diatoms. cyanobacteria.

diatoms

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________. dinoflagellates coccolithophores diatoms radiolarians cyanobacteria

dinoflagellates

Which of the following are primary producers? Choose all that apply. copepods krill dinoflagellates diatoms coccolithophores

dinoflagellates, diatoms, coccolithophores

Which of the following commonly become bycatch? Choose all that apply. apex predator fish such as tuna and salmon dolphins, turtles, and birds sharks small fish such as sardines and anchovies crabs and lobsters

dolphins, turtles, and birds; sharks

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters? Increased scattering of blue light Frequent upwelling Low nutrient concentrations Low chlorophyll concentrations Abundant sunlight

low nutrient concentrations

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. deep-water fishes taste better and are in higher demand governments target deep-water species when they subsidize their fishing industries deep-water fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population fisheries management agencies have become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. available sunlight only both available sunlight and nutrient supply nutrient supply only salinity water temperature

nutrient supply only

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to: species raised in aquaculture settings. krill and other shellfish. species harvested for industrial purposes. species caught as part of traditional fisheries. non-target species that are caught along with commercial species

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. noncyclic and multidirectional cyclic and unidirectional noncyclic and unidirectional cyclic and multidirectional

noncyclic and unidirectional

Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive? Hint 1. What does it mean for an ecosystem to be least productive? continental shelves freshwater swamps and marshes open ocean farms zones of upwelling

open ocean

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________. oxygen phosphates nitrates light carbon dioxide

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis? oxygen gas and sugar oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas nitrogen gas and sugar sugar and sunlight water and carbon dioxide gas

oxygen gas and sugar

The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called: upwelling. photosynthesis. visible light. chemosynthesis. biomass.

photosynthesis

Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web? zooplankton burrowing clams large nekton marine worms blue whales photosynthetic bacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called: biomass. chlorophyll. primary productivity. compensation depth. upwelling

primary productivity

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. decomposers consumers heterotrophic producers animals

producers

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. gill nets lobster traps long lines drift nets purse seine nets

purse seine nets

The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________. violet blue green red yellow

red

How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean? satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the surface ocean satellite images that capture whale movements in the surface ocean scuba diving to collect water samples in the deep ocean Secchi disks

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions? They utilize the energy in carbon dioxide. They utilize respiration. They utilize photosynthesis. They utilize the energy in sugar.

they utilize the energy in sugar

How might the development of dead zones be controlled? Choose all that apply. through preservation of wetlands with enhanced sewage treatment by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands by planting trees and grasses by adding more nutrients to the water

through preservation of wetlands with enhanced sewage treatment by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands by planting trees and grasses

Energy flow in an ecosystem is: top down. cyclic. unidirectional. semi-conservative. bi-directional.

unidirectional

What are the reaction products of respiration? water and carbon dioxide gas oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas sugar and energy nitrogen gas and oxygen gas oxygen gas and sugar

water and carbon dioxide gas

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. eastern; toward western; toward eastern; away from western; away from

western; toward

When does eutrophication occur? when upwelling creates high productivity when there is not enough primary productivity when there are excess nutrients in the water when there is excess oxygen in the water when there are not enough nutrients in the water

when there are excess nutrients in the water

When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere? when a strong high pressure system is in place when it is raining and river discharge is maximized when winds blow from the south, parallel to shore when a sea breeze blows onto land when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

Where are dead zones more likely to develop? where large rivers discharge into the ocean where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean where abundant rain floods the ocean with freshwater anywhere in the Southern Hemisphere where rivers with acidic water discharge into the ocean

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

Which of the following are first-level consumers? Choose all that apply. zooplankton sardines herbivores salmon phytoplankton

zooplankton, herbivores