olympic games
What is the Olympic motto?
"Citius, Altius, Fortius." These three Latin words mean "Swifter, Higher, Stronger." Coubertin borrowed the motto from Father Henri Martin Didon, the headmaster of Arcueil College in Paris.
1866 - first amateur code
"Gentleman" participated as amateurs. Did not explicitly define "gentleman" or "amateur". Did not compete for money (only wealthy could afford). Did not compete with professionals. Professional -Working class. "mechanic, artisan, or labourer". Not just strictly defined in terms of monetary gain for performance.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur 1928 Amsterdam games
"We are here to represent the greatest country on earth. We did not come here to lose gracefully. We came here to win-and win decisively." So ordered American Olympic Committee president Gen. Douglas MacArthur before the start of the 1928 Games. His athletes would deliver, easily winning the unofficial national standings for the third Olympiad in a row.
Years of the first five olympic games
(1896, 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912)
Olympic Games held between 1896-1924?(no intercalated games)
1896 Athens, 1900 Paris, 1904 St Louis, 1908 London, 1912 Stockholm, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Chamonix/Paris.
Identify the date, location, and the reason for the selection of each location of the modern Olympic Games before WW II
1896 Athens, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis, 1906 Athens (Intercalated Games), 1908 London, 1912 Stockholm, 1916 Berlin (Cancelled WWI), 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Chamonix (First winter), 1924 Paris (summer), 1928 St. Moritz (winter), 1928 Amsterdam (First summer), 1932 Lake Placid (winter), 1932 Los Angeles (summer), 1936 Garmisch Partenkirchen (winter), 1936 Berlin (summer), 1940 Sapporo (winter/cancelled WWII) 1940-1944 cancelled WWII.
Olympic games between 1928-1936?
1928 St. Moritz/Amsterdam, 1932 Lake Placid/Los Angeles, 1936 Berlin
What years were the games during WWII cancelled?
1940-1944
when was the first temple erected at Olympia
200 years before the Ancient Olympic Games
Identify the date of the beginning of the Ancient Games and the end of the Ancient Games
776 B.C. - 393 A.D.
Interim/Intercalated games 1906 Athens
After disappointing receptions in Paris and St. Louis, the Olympic movement returned to Athens for the Intercalated Games of 1906. The mutual desire of Greece and Baron de Coubertin to recapture the spirit of the 1896 Games led to an understanding that the Greeks would host an interim games every four years between Olympics.
1894 - IOC published Bulletin #1
Amateur - "any person who has never participated in a competition open to all comers, or competed for a cash prize or a sum of money from any source, in particular entry to the grounds-or with professionals-and who has never at any time in his life been a paid teacher or instructor of physical education."
What were the 4 major issues differentiating the Modern Games from the Ancient Games?
Amateurism, Team sports, Competition for women, Countries.
Who was Jim Thorpe?
American athlete of Native American and European ancestry. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals for the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon. He lost his Olympic titles after it was found he was paid for playing two seasons of semi-professional baseball before competing in the Olympics. In 1983, 30 years after his death, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals. Said, "Thanks, king" to King Gustav V.
Describe the issues related to professionalism in the Ancient Games
Ancient Greek athletes were all professionals; no concept of amateur athletes.
Where were the first modern Olympics held?
Athens, Greece in 1896 .
what influenced Pierre de Coubertin?
Born January 1, 1863. French nobleman. Witnessed the decline of Aristocracy. Upbringing influenced by France's loss to Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War, 1870 - 1871. Restore grandeur of French Empire. Influenced by the role of physical education/sport in British society/educational system. Help youth of France. Was devout Catholic. Influenced by some of the teachings in the church about the importance of intellectual, physical, spiritual development (mind, body, spirit). Athleticism" & "Muscular Christianity". Industrialization, Capitalism, Wealth & status based on merit, not birth. Greek revival. 1883 (age 20) visited England the first time Met Dr. Arnold. Wenlock games.
What events were held at the ancient games?
Boxing, Wrestling, Pankration (MMA), Equestrian events; Chariot racing, Foot race in armor (signaled end to the Games), Pentathlon, Stadion foot race, Race one stade in length, Straight line, 2 other foot races diaulos, dolichos. No marathon (added at 1st modern Games, 1896)
Who were the major players of WWI?
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria, Serbia (Balkan State).
Where were the 1612 Cotswold Games held and who were they formed by?
Chipping Campden, Britain. Robert Dover.
Describe the political and social influences that influenced the revival of the modern Games
Class system, Merit v. birth-right, Decline of the aristocracy, Franco-Prussian war; Hundred Years War, British educational system, Merit, Physical education/sport/games, Neo-classical Greek revival,Industrialization, Agrarian v. urban culture, Leisure time, Capitalism and Republic style government, Opportunity for upward socioeconomic mobility, Church/Religion, Catholic faith, Muscular Christianity
What was Coubertin's vision?
Competition every 4 years. Multi-sport, "modern" events. Open to all nations of the world. "moveable feast". New president every 4 years appointed from the host country
Influence of the World's Fair St Louis 1904
Competitions were reduced to a side-show of the World's Fair and were lost in the chaos of other, more popular cultural exhibits.
Identify the names of the presidents of the IOC in order of service before WW II
Demetrius Vikelas, Pierre de Coubertin, Godefroy de Blonay, Henri de Baillet-Latour, Sigfrid Edström
Who was the first IOC president of the Modern Olympics?
Demetrius Vikelas. Responsible for convincing 1894 delegation to hold Games in Athens.
Olympic Medals consisted of
Design on the medals varies with each Games, Responsibility of host city's organizing committee, Must conform to specific sizing requirements, Gold and silver medals = 92.5% pure silver, Gold medals = gilded 6 grams of gold
Origin of the five Olympic rings
Designed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, 1914 World Olympic Congress, first five modern Games, 5 rings symbolize 5 continents that send athletes, 5 colors - flag of every nation contains one of the colors
Great Depression involvement Los Angeles 1932 gamesLos Angeles 1932
Despite the depression, record crowds attended the Games 100,000 attendees on the opening day. Diversion from "today's problems".
Specifics of Amateurism
Difficult to apply strict rule of amateurism to all sports. IOC declared an individual could not be a professional in one sport and an amateur in another
Who did Coubertin originally give credit to his idea of the modern olympics?
Dr. William Penny Brookes.
Who was Leni Riefenstahl?
Film maker who carved rings into a rock at Delphi, Greece for "Olympia" film, 1930's
Medals at the first modern olympics were
First modern Games - 1896: 1st place = silver medal, olive branch crown, certificate. 2nd place = copper medal, laurel crown
What was the importance of the Boxer Rebellion of China (1898-1900)?
France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan, U.S. agreed upon an "open door" trade policy with China. Passively allowed by the Manchu government. "Boxers" encouraged to rebel against foreigners. Countries sent troops. Boxer Rebellion squashed, ended Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911). Climate of instability would endure until communist takeover.China at war with Western Powers (Boxer Rebellion). Result = Collapse of China's Dynasties; civil war & communist revolution in China.
what were the Inter-allied games of 1919?
Games were staged in Paris. Not affiliated with the Olympic movement, but staged using a similar format. Celebrated by the victorious Allied Powers Partly in response for the cancellation of the Games. U.S. easily dominated. These Games represented a new intermingling of international politics and sport that would persist.
What is the opening ceremony parade?
Greece always marches in first. The host country marches in last. The other countries enter in alphabetical order. "Doves of peace" are released after the lighting of the Olympic Cauldron.
Which four countries have competed in every modern Olympic game?
Greece, Great Britain, Australia, Switzerland
Henri de Baillet-Latour
He was a count. He was a Belgian aristocrat and the third president of the International Olympic Committee. He became a member of the IOC in 1903 and later co-founded the Belgian Olympic Committee. He was one of the organizers of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, awarded the previous year. Despite the short notice and Belgium's condition following the recently ended First World War, the Games were considered a success. De Baillet-Latour was elected IOC President after the founder of the modern Olympic Movement, Pierre de Coubertin, became Honorary President in 1925.
James Sullivan
He was an American athlete and member of the Irish American Athletic Club. He competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens and the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
Who was the first temple erected for?
Hera, sister-wife of Zeus, Temple of Zeus was built later.
Adolf Hitler
Hosted the 1936 Olympics. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels to convince him that the Olympic festivities could be exploited to advance the Nazi cause both inside and outside of Germany. The Nazis intended to use the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin as a showcase for the "new Germany." The Nazis also hoped to profit from the tens of thousands of souvenir-hungry tourists who would bring much needed foreign currency into the country. Jesse Owens, a black American, would win many events (high jump), embarrassing Hitler.
What is the French Union of Athletic Sports?
In 1888, Coubertin established the French Union of Athletic Sports: Multi-sport organization.
International competition was not new
International swimming, tennis championship, soccer,golf championship 1858-1895.
When was the Olympic oath introduced?
Introduced in 1920 at the Antwerp Games. Symbolic gesture of sportsmanship. Spoken by one athlete from the host country on behalf of all athletes while holding the corner of the Olympic flag. In 1972 referees began taking an oath on behalf of all referees and officials
What is considered a country?
Issue arose at 1908 London Games. Colonies, empires etc. 1908 London Organizing Committee decision: "Country" is any territory having separate representation on the International Olympic Committee/ Current Olympic Charter, Chapter 4.31.1 - In the Olympic Charter, the expression "country" means an independent state recognized by the international community (i.e., United Nations).
What set off WWI?
It would be the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria in 1908 that would light the powder-keg for WWI. On June 28, 1914, during a motorcade procession, the Archduke and his wife were assassinated by members of Black Hand. This was the excuse that Austria needed to justify declaring war on Serbia. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia.
What was the importance of the Communist Revolution of Russia?
Masses were dissatisfied with the government. Led to the Russian Revolution of 1905; crushed by the government. Absence of clear leadership set the stage for 1917. Communist revolution and end of the reign of czars. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto, 1848. Workers of the world, unite!"
what were the 1850 Wenlock Games?
Much Wenlock, Shropshire, England. Dr. William Penny Brookes. Modeled on Olympic Games. 1886 in London had games. Athletes from across England.
Modern games Greek Government
No organizational structure in place. Coubertin relied on local governments to stage the Games.
Describe the treatment of the losers of the ancient games
No praise for the loser. No prize for 2nd, 3rd, etc. Mistreatment and shame.
Describe the Greek perspective on team
No team events. Only one winner.
Identify the name of the location of the Ancient Olympic Games
Olympia
Which modern symbols did not exist in the ancient games?
Olympic Rings/Gold, Silver, Bronze Medals, Olympic Motto, Torch Relay, Opening Ceremony Parade
Major Panhellenic Festivals
Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean
Describe the issues related to eligibility in the Ancient Games
Only free male Greeks were eligible to participate in the games. Also, they could not have committed murder or heresy. Had to train at Olympia for one month while being observed by officials.
How did Coubertin sell his idea?
Organized a "conference" on amateur sport in Paris in 1894 at the University of Paris-Sorbonne. Delegates from 34 countries attended. He changed the name of the conference to "Congress to Revive the Olympic Games". The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded out of this meeting.
Who was Kostis Palamas? Who was Spyros Samaras?
Palamas was a Greek poet who wrote the poem 'Ancient eternal and immortal spirit'. Samaras composed Accompanying music. Samaras-Palamas work became the official Olympic Anthem in 1958. Olympic Anthem is played at the Olympic flag raising during opening & closing ceremonies.
Where and when were the first modern Olympics originally supposed to be held?
Paris in 1900, the Games were moved to Athens, Greece in 1896.
Women participation over the years.
Participation has steadily grown over the years. 2014 Sochi: marks the first time women have the same number of events. Today there are 23 women members of the IOC.
when did WWI end?
Problems with Revolutions in Russia Leads to Treaty of Brest Litovsk. November 4, 1918 Austro-Hungarian empire agrees to armistice, Germany agrees on November 11, 1918. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919. U.S. did not enter WW I until April 1917. U.S. was an "Associated Power", not an "Allied Power". The treaty created the League of Nations, Forerunner of the United Nations. U.S never joined the League of Nations nor did it ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Describe the religious underpinnings for the holding of the Ancient Games and for the abolishment of the Ancient Games
Religious/sporting festival to honor Zeus. Abolished in the 4th century because of the spread of Christianity.
Men in the ancient games would strive for
Sport was used to train young men to strive for "arete" (excellence). mind, body, spirit
During the first modern games cooperation was difficult between
Sports organizations, Countries, Athletes, Officials.
What was Coubertin's view on Germans?
Strong anti-German feelings . No German members in the original IOC. Felt Germans were "too sensitive". No German members in the original IOC, "small loss"Willibald Gebhardt was German ally to Coubertin. Won support from Germans to attend Games.
what does (IOC) stand for? When was it established?
The International Olympic Committee was founded June 23, 1894. Consisted of 14 members.
What was the importance of the Spanish Civil War?
The People's Olympiad was a planned international multi-sport event that was intended to take place in Barcelona in the Spanish Republic. It was conceived as a protest event against the 1936 Summer Olympics being held in Berlin during the Nazi regime. Despite gaining considerable support, the People's Olympiad was never held, as a result of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
Why were the Ancient Olympics held in 4 year increments?
The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus. Their influence was so great that ancient historians began to measure time by the four-year increments in between Olympic Games, which were known as Olympiads.
Describe the issues related to symbolism in the Ancient Games
The s truce of Zeus was declared to allow for safe travel in the months before and after the Games. Every athlete had to declare the mandatory Olympic oath in front of the Statue of Zeus. The Olympic flame burned at Hera's altar during the entire duration of the ancient Olympic Games. Commemorates the theft of fire from Zeus by Prometheus. Torch relay did not exist in ancient games.
When was the torch relay introduced?
Torch and the torch relay were introduced at the 1936 Berlin Games. Flame is lit from the sun at the site of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece.
Why were the Berlin games 1916 cancelled?
WW I began 1914, Everyone thought war would be short, No need to cancel or reschedule the Games. Strong anti-German feelings within the IOC.
Describe the rewards given to the winners
Winners received prizes from home-town; state. Athens $100,000 - $400,000, Free meal for life at city hall, Front row seats at the theater, Lifetime pension, Often treated as Gods.
Women in the ancient games and the Festival of Hera
Women typically did not train and participate in sports. Women were originally not allowed to watch. Later unmarried women permitted to watch men. Competition for unmarried girls at the Temple of Hera at Olympia. Festival of Hera: 3 Foot races categorized by age. Women also pursued arete (excellence).
Name the important deities associated with the Games
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Apollo, Heracles, Pelops
Identify Pierre de Coubertin and his role in the modern Olympic movement
founded the Modern Olympic Games in 1894 two years prior to the first Olympic games.
Who was Dr. Arnold?
headmaster of Rugby school Arnold had incorporated sports into school life
What problems did Coubertin face?
his patriotism concerned other countries. his admiration for British methods concerned the French. His emphasis on "competitive sport" philosophically at odds with PE teachers of France; competition = "elitist". Little cooperation between specialists of different sports. Countries were difficult to please.
Coubertin did not see the role of the IOC to govern:
individual sports.
Olympism
is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind.
The Pentathlon held
long jump, javelin, discus, stadion, wrestling Jump, javelin, discus = triad disciplines; only contested in pentathlon
The 1924 Winter Olympics importance
officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Originally called ("International Winter Sports Week"). IOC was afraid to connect the Olympics to these games in case things went bad.
Identify Pierre de Coubertin's specific view on women, and team sports.
opposed team sports. Contrary to the philosophy of individual effort. Felt that it promoted national rivalry. Team sports entered the Games with soccer (football) at the 1900 Paris Games. Coubertin opposed the inclusion of women in the Games. Agreed to allow women to participate beginning in the 1900 Paris Games/ Tennis, golf, (*and equestrian, sailing, croquet) were the first events in the 1900 Games. 1936, one year before his death, Coubertin wrote, "The only real Olympic hero, as I said, is the individual adult male. Therefore, no women or team sports."
Training for the ancient games for those looking for an occupation as a
soldier
Alice Milliat
was a pioneer of women's sport in France and around the world. Her lobbying on behalf of female athletes forced the inclusion of women's events in the Olympic Games. She participated in the sport of rowing. The first Women's Olympics were conducted in Paris 1922. Infuriated by the use of the term 'Olympic Games' the IOC convinced Milliat and the FSFI to change the name of their event in exchange for adding 10 women's events to the 1928 Olympics.
What are the representatives in the IOC?
wealthy, influential, aristocratic men with a passion for sport. Members were representatives of the IOC to their countries. Independent body that chose its own membership.
