OPOTA 2020-2021

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Forgery 2913.31 (A)(1-3)

(A) No person, with purpose to defraud, or knowing that the person is facilitating a fraud, shall do any of the following: (1) Forge any writing of another without the other person's authority; (2) Forge any writing so that it purports to be genuine when it actually is spurious, or to be the act of another who did not authorize that act, or to have been executed at a time or place or with terms different from what in fact was the case, or to be a copy of an original when no such original existed; (3) Utter, or possess with purpose to utter, any writing that the person knows to have been forged.

Theft 2913.02(A)(1)-(5)

(A) No person, with purpose to deprive the owner of property or services, shall knowingly obtain or exert control over either the property or services in any of the following ways: (1) Without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent; (2) Beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent; (3) By deception; (4) By threat; (5) By intimidation.

Criminal Trespass 2911.21 (A)(1)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following: (1) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another;

Aggravated Trespass 2911.211 (A)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following: (1) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another; with purpose to commit on that land or those premises a misdemeanor, the elements of which in value. - Causing physical harm to another person OR -Causing another person to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to him or her.

Criminal Trespass 2911.21 (A)(4)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following: (4) Being on the land or premises of another, negligently fail or refuse to leave upon being notified by signage posted in a conspicuous place or otherwise being notified to do so by the owner or occupant, or the agent or servant of either;

Criminal trespass 2911.21 (A)(2)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following:(2) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another, the use of which is lawfully restricted to certain persons, purposes, modes, or hours, when the offender knows the offender is in violation of any such restriction or is reckless in that regard;

Rape 2907.02 (A)(1)

(A)(1) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living separate and apart from the offender, when any of the following applies: (a) For the purpose of preventing resistance, the offender substantially impairs the other person's judgment or control by administering any drug, intoxicant, or controlled substance to the other person surreptitiously or by force, threat of force, or deception. (b) The other person is less than thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person. (c) The other person's ability to resist or consent is substantially impaired because of a mental or physical condition or because of advanced age, and the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the other person's ability to resist or consent is substantially impaired because of a mental or physical condition or because of advanced age.

Endangering Children (R.C. 2919.22)(B)(1)-(6)

(B) No person shall do any of the following to a child under eighteen years of age or a mentally or physically handicapped child under twenty-one years of age: (1) Abuse the child; (2) Torture or cruelly abuse the child; (3) Administer corporal punishment or other physical disciplinary measure, or physically restrain the child in a cruel manner or for a prolonged period, which punishment, discipline, or restraint is excessive under the circumstances and creates a substantial risk of serious physical harm to the child; (4) Repeatedly administer unwarranted disciplinary measures to the child, when there is a substantial risk that such conduct, if continued, will seriously impair or retard the child's mental health or development; (5) Entice, coerce, permit, encourage, compel, hire, employ, use, or allow the child to act, model, or in any other way participate in, or be photographed for, the production, presentation, dissemination, or advertisement of any material or performance that the offender knows or reasonably should know is obscene, is sexually oriented matter, or is nudity-oriented matter; (6) Allow the child to be on the same parcel of real property and within one hundred feet of, or, in the case of more than one housing unit on the same parcel of real property, in the same housing unit and within one hundred feet of, any act in violation of section 2925.04 or 2925.041 of the Revised Code when the person knows that the act is occurring, whether or not any person is prosecuted for or convicted of the violation of section 2925.04 or 2925.041 of the Revised Code that is the basis of the violation of this division.

Public Indecency 2907.09(B)(1)-(4)

(B) No person shall knowingly do any of the following, under circumstances in which the person's conduct is likely to be viewed by and affront another person who is in the person's physical proximity, who is a minor, and who is not the spouse of the offender : (1) Engage in masturbation; (2) Engage in sexual conduct; (3) Engage in conduct that to an ordinary observer would appear to be sexual conduct or masturbation; (4) Expose the person's private parts with the purpose of personal sexual arousal or gratification or to lure the minor into sexual activity.

Forgery 2913.31 (B)(1-2)

(B) No person shall knowingly do either of the following: (1) Forge an identification card; (2) Sell or otherwise distribute a card that purports to be an identification card, knowing it to have been forged.

B&E 2911.13 (B)

(B) No person shall trespass on the land or premises of another, with purpose to commit a felony.

Burglary 2911.12 (B)

(B) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in a permanent or temporary habitation of any person when any person other than an accomplice of the offender is present or likely to be present.

Arson 2909.03 (B)(1)

(B) No person, by means of fire or explosion, shall knowingly do any of the following: (1) Cause, or create a substantial risk of, physical harm to any structure of another that is not an occupied structure ;

Voyeurism 2907.08(B)

(B) No person, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying the person's self, shall commit trespass or otherwise surreptitiously invade the privacy of another to videotape, film, photograph, or otherwise record the other person in a state of nudity.

Unauthorized use of property 2913.04(B)

(B) No person, in any manner and by any means, including, but not limited to, computer hacking, shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, or cause access to be gained to any computer, computer system, computer network, cable service, cable system, telecommunications device, telecommunications service, or information service without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the owner of the computer, computer system, computer network, cable service, cable system, telecommunications device, telecommunications service, or information service or other person authorized to give consent.

Felonious Assault 2903.11 (B)(1)-(3)

(B) No person, with knowledge that the person has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, shall knowingly do any of the following: (1) Engage in sexual conduct with another person without disclosing that knowledge to the other person prior to engaging in the sexual conduct; (2) Engage in sexual conduct with a person whom the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe lacks the mental capacity to appreciate the significance of the knowledge that the offender has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; (3) Engage in sexual conduct with a person under eighteen years of age who is not the spouse of the offender.

Misuse of Credit Cards 2913.21 (B) (1-4)

(B) No person, with purpose to defraud, shall do any of the following: (1) Obtain control over a credit card as security for a debt; (2) Obtain property or services by the use of a credit card, in one or more transactions, knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the card has expired or been revoked, or was obtained, is retained, or is being used in violation of law; (3) Furnish property or services upon presentation of a credit card, knowing that the card is being used in violation of law; (4) Represent or cause to be represented to the issuer of a credit card that property or services have been furnished, knowing that the representation is false.

Passing Bad Checks 2913.11 (B)

(B) No person, with purpose to defraud, shall issue or transfer or cause to be issued or transferred a check or other negotiable instrument, knowing that it will be dishonored or knowing that a person has ordered or will order stop payment on the check or other negotiable instrument.

Unlawful Restraint(B)

(B) No person, without privilege to do so and with a sexual motivation, shall knowingly restrain another of the other person's liberty.

Identity Fraud 2913.49 (B)(1-2)

(B) No person, without the express or implied consent of the other person, shall use, obtain, or possess any personal identifying information of another person with intent to do either of the following: (1) Hold the person out to be the other person; (2) Represent the other person's personal identifying information as the person's own personal identifying information.

Importuning 2907.07 (B)(1)

(B)(1) No person shall solicit another, not the spouse of the offender, to engage in sexual conduct with the offender, when the offender is eighteen years of age or older and four or more years older than the other person, and the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person.

Importuning 2907.07 (D)(1)-(2)

(D) No person shall solicit another by means of a telecommunications device, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, to engage in sexual activity with the offender when the offender is eighteen years of age or older and either of the following applies: (1) The other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, the offender knows that the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age or is reckless in that regard, and the offender is four or more years older than the other person. (2) The other person is a law enforcement officer posing as a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, the offender believes that the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age or is reckless in that regard, and the offender is four or more years older than the age the law enforcement officer assumes in posing as the person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age.

Why the Closure Stage Provides an Important Opportunity for Law Enforcement:

1) Begin by building rapport with the child a. Interview the child in a comfortable location b. Recognize that the child may not want to have his/her parents present c. Be aware of you verbal tone and body language, avoiding intimidating posture, gestures, tone, and wording 2) Ask open ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., neglect, abuse, domestic violence) is being committed) at home a. "Why did you leave" b. "Have you run away before, and if so, why?" c. "Described how safe you feel at home. What is it like at your house?" 3) Ask open ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., abuse, assault, human trafficking, drug use) occurred while he/she was on the streets and ascertain a. "How did you survive on the street?" (i.e., how they met their basic needs of food, shelter, and safety) b. "Were you abused or assaulted while away and, if so, by whom and under what circumstances?" c. "Were you provided with drums and, if so, what types, by whom, and under what circumstances?" d. "With whom did you live and what is your relationship to that person?" e. "Were you asked for sex or to engage in sexual acts for money, things, or a place to stay?"

Criteria That Must Be Met for Activating an Endangered Missing Child Alert:

1) Child is under 18 years old 2) The missing child is lost or a non-witnessed/non-confirmed abduction 3) The child's whereabouts are unknown 4) The disappearance of the child poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the child

Criteria That Must Be Met Before Activating an Amber Alert:

1) Confirmation that the child is under 18 years old 2) Belief that the abduction poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the child 3) Sufficient descriptive information about the child, the suspect, and/or the circumstances surrounding the abduction to believe that activation of the alert will help locate the child 4) Determine that the child is not a runaway and has not been abducted as a result of a family abduction, unless the investigation determines the child is in immediate danger or serious bodily harm or death

Cumulative Stress:

1) Cumulative Stress - stress arousal that slowly builds up over time and may lead to the erosion of coping mechanisms or to a state of mental exhaustion 2) Cumulative stress is a product of multiple stress events over a period and cannot be avoided 3) If each individual stress event is managed in a healthy manner, you can avoid the buildup of stress and the negative byproducts it creates 4) Sources that create cumulative stress can be both personal and professional

Two Types of Human Trafficking Included in Ohio's Trafficking in Persons Law:

1) Involuntary servitude (i.e., labor trafficking) a. Being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will 2) Sex trafficking a. Applies to a range of commercial sexual activity, including sex for hire, performances or materials that are obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented (these include materials or performances that show a person participating in or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, bestiality, or that show a person in a state of nudity) b. Includes exchange of anything of value (e.g., money, drugs, food, shelter, protection) c. Applies differently depending on the victim's age and whether or not the victim has a developmental disability

Criteria That Must Be Met to Activate a Blue Alert:

1) Law enforcement agency confirmation that 2) A law enforcement officer has been seriously injured or killed, and a suspect has not been apprehended, or 3) That a law enforcement officer is missing while on duty under circumstances warranting concern for the law enforcement officer's safety 4) Sufficient descriptive information about the suspect or the circumstances surrounding a law enforcement officer's injury, death, or disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert may help locate a suspect or a missing law enforcement officer

Red Flag Indicators of Human Trafficking:

1) Suspicious locations - indicators observed from outside a location may include a. Windows that are blocked, blackened out, barred, or sealed b. Doors that are chained, locked, sealed c. Guards and/or guard dogs d. Surveillance cameras and buzzer systems for entry e. Gates, barbed wire fencing, self-contained camps or compounds f. Large amount of foot traffic in and out of location, especially males g. Lighted "open" sign on building after regular business hours h. Rear entrance only for some businesses 2) Indicators observed from inside a location may include a. Large amounts of cash on site b. Multiple laptops or cell phones c. Appointment and receipt books/ledgers d. Appearance that individuals are living on site of a business (e.g., restaurant, nail salon) e. Sparse rooms with beds or mattresses f. Prostitution paraphernalia (e.g., high heels, lingerie, lotions, creams, wipes, condoms) g. Large amounts of repay/reloadable credit cards h. Marbles, playing cards, poker chips in bucket or jar may be an example of showing payment in certain types of brothels i. Evidence of frequent travel (e.g., bus/plane tickets) 3) General working conditions a. Unpaid, paid very little, or paid only through tips b. Work excessive and/or unusual hours c. Live and sleep where they work d. Provided daily transportation to and from work 4) Suspicious behaviors a. Encounters with migrant workers and/or in a legitimate business where a supervisor attempts to keep the ground away from law enforcement or attempts to control all communication b. Often the word used for the sex trafficker is husband, boyfriend, "dope boy," drug supplier c. No personal identification (e.g., passport, driver's license, social security card) or the person is not in control of his/her own documents 5) Mental health a. Signs of emotional abuse (e.g., demeanor is fearful, submissive, anxious, tense, nervous, restless, depressed, paranoid, irritable, aggressive) b. Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior or aggressive, hostile, or defiant behavior when approached by law enforcement 6) Physical health a. Signs of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, torture (e.g., cigarette burns, scars, bruises, broken bones) b. Signs of poor health and hygiene (e.g., underweight, malnourished, lice, excessive bed bug bites, bad teeth 7) Lack of control a. Signs of physical restraint, confinement, or control b. Signs of psychological control c. Very little or no control over money, bank account, and/or documents d. Cannot speak for self, or a third party must be present and/or translating; must be given permission before responding to questions e. Appears anxious around "family member" or interpreter, or relies on one person to speak for a whole group f. Not free to come and go a he/she pleases, or ha an escort (e.g., a driver or "body guard") at all times when out in public g. Is unable to attend religious activities or gatherings or is required to be escorted h. Signs of branding through tattoos to show ownership by trafficker i. Unable to make decisions on own without fear or approval j. Few or no personal possessions (e.g., clothing, family pictures, financial records) 8) Specific traffic stop indicators a. Sex/labor traffickers like to control their victims by fear and move them around frequently b. While not an exhaustive list, the existence of any of these indicators during a traffic stop should warrant an officer taking a closer look at the situation and asking additional questions targeted at determining how the occupants how each other, where they are going, and where they are from c. One person in a vehicle speaks for all occupants d. Adult driver with unrelated younger passengers e. Stories given don't match one another or are inconsistent with the evidence or presenting circumstances f. Story appears rehearsed g. Passengers have no identification or don't know what city they are in h. Contents of vehicle reveals their travel is fast and frequent (e.g., fast food items, little or no luggage, multiple hotel key cards, bus/plane tickets) i. Vehicle contains multiple cell phones, laptops, pre-pay or reloadable credit cards, ledger or appointment books j. Large amounts of cash in the vehicle k. Passengers are found to be in an active missing or runaway status, especially juveniles l. Prostitution paraphernalia is present 9) Similar indicators may be present in a labor trafficking case

Criteria That Must Be Met Before Activating an Endangered Missing Adult Alert:

1) The person is confirmed to be missing 2) The individual is 65 years of age or older or has a mental impairment 3) The disappearance of the individual poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the individual 4) There is sufficient descriptive information about the individual and the circumstances surrounding the individual's disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert will help locate the individual

Who is at Risk for Being Trafficked?:

1) The persons most at risk for being trafficked are persons that are a. Vulnerable b. Accessible, and/or c. Lacking in credibility 2) Examples of at risk persons a. Runaways/throwaways b. Foreign born persons, whether in the country legally or illegally c. Migrant workers d. Persons with drug addictions e. Persons with mental disabilities or illness

When the Missing Person is 21 Years of Age or Older and Foul Play is Suspected...:

1) All information contained in the report must be entered into NCIC within 7 days 2) However, officers are strongly encouraged to enter the information immediately

Federal and Ohio Juvenile Holding Violations Occur When...:

1) An accused or adjudicated status offender is held securely 2) An accused delinquent offender is held over six hours, if alleged to have committed a felony offense 3) An accused delinquent offender is held over three hours, if alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or status offense 4) An adjudicated delinquent is sentenced to a secure adult jail/prison 5) Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders

Recognizing Criminal Gangs and Members:

1. A group must meet all four criteria below to be considered a criminal gang: a. Recurrent Interaction - the group interacts with each other on a regular and recurring basis b. Organization/Structure/Leadership i. Formal or informal, identifiable structure, organization, or leadership within the group ii. These aspects may change and become more distinct as the group changes, grows, or alters its activities c. Unity and signs of unity - the group demonstrates an apparent cohesiveness and allegiance that manifests itself in a common name, symbol, or sign d. Pattern of criminal gang activity - members of the group, individually or collectively, engage in criminal activity that... i. Benefits the group or... ii. Is related to the beliefs of, or membership in, the group, or... iii. Enhances a members status within the group 2. In addition, members of a gang usually share the following traits: a. Group name b. Symbols, tattoos, or graffiti c. Style of dress d. Frequent congregation at/or laid claim to a specific geographical area

The Ohio Constitution Provides Victim Rights to...:

1. A person against whom the criminal offense or delinquent act is committed or a person who is directly and proximately harmed by the commission of the offense or act a. The term "victim" does not include the accused or a person whom the court find would not act in the best interests of a deceased, incompetent, minor, or incapacitated victim

Sawed-off Firearm

1. A shotgun with a barrel less than 18 inches long, or a rifle with a barrel less than 16 inches long, or a shotgun or rifle less than 26 inches long overall

High-Risk Vehicle Stop:

1. A vehicle stop which has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash

Unknown-Risk Vehicle Stop:

1. A vehicle stop which has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash

Deadly Weapon

1. Any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specifically adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon a. Two elements must co-exist to constitute a deadly weapon i. It must be an instrument, device, or thing by which there is an inherent possibility that in can cause death, AND ii. It must be designed or adapted for use as a weapon or be possessed, carried, or used as a weapon iii. Both elements are essential b. "B-B"/airsoft gun may be a deadly weapon if capable of inflicting death, as a bludgeon, or perhaps used in some other manner. This capability, however, is a factual issue to be determined by the trier of fact (i.e., judge or jury) 2. An item is not generally thought of as being a weapon may satisfy the definition of deadly weapon if it is of sufficient size and weight and of such shape and design to inflict death upon a person and either designed for use as a weapon or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon

Categories of Persons Who Fall Within the Meaning of Family or Household Member:

1. Any of the following who is residing or has resided with the offender a. A spouse, a person living as a spouse, or a former spouse of the offender b. A parent, foster parent, or a child of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity (i.e., blood) or affinity (i.e., marriage) to the offender c. A parent or child of a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity or affinity to a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender d. The natural parent of any child of whom the offender is the other natural parent or is the putative (i.e., alleged) other natural parent

Typical Dispositions When Resolving a Crisis Intervention Incident:

1. Arrest a. This should not be your first option b. Appropriate when... i. There is an arrestable offense and you must make the arrest ii. There is an arrestable offense and there are no mental health resources readily available for treatment referral 2. De-escalation and refer for follow-up care and support a. Appropriate when... i. No laws have been broken or the offense falls within the discretion allowed by your agency (e.g., give a warning or issue a summons) ii. There are no emergency medical needs iii. The person is sufficiently in control of his/her (incomplete) iv. There is a safety plan in place with a family member or friend assuming responsibility for the person's wellbeing v. You are able to make a referral to services with which the person can follow-up vi. Involuntary transport (i.e., "emergency custody") criteria have not been met 3. Voluntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider (i.e., a "crisis center") a. Appropriate when... i. No laws have been broken or the offense falls within the discretion allowed by your agency (e.g., give warning or issue a summons) ii. There are appropriate community resources available iii. You have the person's consent and you believe the person would benefit from treatment iv. Involuntary transport (i.e., "emergency custody") criteria have not been met and there is no safety plan in place 4. Involuntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider a. "Mentally ill person subject to court order" means a mentally ill person who, because of the person's illness, meets one of the following criteria: i. Represents a substantial risk of physical harm to self as manifested by evidence of threats of, or attempts at, suicide or serious self-inflicted bodily harm ii. Represents a substantial risk of physical harm to others as manifested by evidence of recent homicidal or other violent behavior, evidence of recent threats that place another in reasonable fear of violent behavior and serious physical harm, or other evidence of present dangerousness iii. Represents a substantial or immediate risk of serious physical impairment or injury to self as manifested by evidence that the person is unable to provide for and is not providing for the person's basic physical needs because of the person's mental illness and that appropriate provision for those needs cannot be made immediately available in the community iv. Would benefit from treatment for the person's mental illness and needs such treatment as manifested by evidence of behavior that creates a grave and imminent risk of substantial rights of others or the person v. Would benefit from treatment as manifested by evidence of behavior that indicates all the following (slide #52): 1. The person is unlikely to survive safely in the community without supervision, based on clinical determination 2. The person has a history of lack of compliance with treatment for mental illness and one of the following applies: a. At least twice within 36 months prior to the filing of an affidavit seeking court-ordered treatment of the person under R.C. 5122.111 (affidavit of mental illness), the lack of compliance has been a significant factor in necessitating hospitalization in a hospital or receipt of services in a forensic or other mental health unit of a correctional facility, provided that 36 month period shall be extended by the length of any hospitalization or incarceration of the person that occurred with the 36 month period b. Within 48 months prior to the filing of an affidavit seeking court-ordered treatment of a person under R.C.5122.111 (affidavit of mental illness), the lack of compliance resulted in one or more acts of serious violent behavior toward self or others or threats of, or attempts at, serious physical harm to self or others, provided that 48 months of any hospitalization or incarceration of the person that occurred within the 48 month period c. The person, as a result of the person's mental illness, is unlikely to voluntarily participate in necessary treatment d. In view of the person's treatment history and current behavior, the person needs treatment in order to prevent a relapse or deterioration that would be likely to result in substantial risk of serious harm to the person or others e. An individual who meets ONLY the criteria in slide #52 is not subject to hospitalization b. Appropriate when... i. The officer has reason to believe that the individual is a "mentally ill person subject to court order" as outlined in R.C. 5122.01 (hospitalization of mentally ill definitions) and ii. The individual represents a substantial risk of physical harm to self or others if allowed to remain at liberty pending examination

Preserving Digital Evidence from Mobile Devices:

1. "Dumb" phones (e.g., older cell phones, flip phones) a. Power off b. Remove battery c. Place in evidence bag d. Document chain of custody information on evidence bag 2. Smart devices (e.g., iDevice, Android) a. If it is powered off, leave it off b. If it is powered on and locked with a password i. Attempt to get password from suspect ii. Note date, time, and password type (e.g., 4-digit, alphanumeric) iii. Place in airplane mode, if available iv. Power off, if airplane mode is unavailable v. Document the chain of custody information on evidence tag c. If it is powered on and locked with a password (cont.) i. Place in Faraday Bag 1. If a Faraday Bag is not available, wrap the device in aluminum foil 2. Take to lab as quickly as possible, as battery life will drain quickly d. If the device is powered on and not locked with a password i. Place device in airplane mode which allows for no carrier connectivity, but still may have Wi-Fi connectivity to open networks ii. Because some phones have remote wiping programs, consider turning off the Wi-Fi connections iii. Disable password screens and auto lock, if possible iv. Power off, if airplane mode is unavailable v. Place in evidence bag; a Faraday Bag is preferred vi. Document chain of custody information on evidence tag vii. Take to lab for immediate acquisition because the batter life is draining 3. It is ok to use your agency camera to take pictures of evidence that is located on a computer or phone screen, but you should never use the suspect's or victim's phone to take screen shots of the evidence

General Indicators of Narcotic Use:

1. "On the nod" (i.e., an alternately wakeful and drowsy state) 2. Droopy eyelids 3. Depressed reflexes 4. Dry mouth 5. Facial itching 6. Low/raspy speech 7. Fresh puncture marks may be evident

Difference between Traditional Encounters and Special Populations Encounters:

1. ...is the increased need to be non-confrontational 2. Special populations encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation

Communication between the Escorting Officer(s) and Detention Facility Personnel:

1. ...is vital for welfare of the arrestee and the investigation of offenses 2. The arresting officer may have discovered relevant information in the course of the incident leading to the arrest a. Combative b. Suicidal - now or in the past c. Medical condition (chronic and/or injuries) d. Mental condition e. Escape risk f. Any other condition that would require special attention 3. If the arresting officer is not the escorting officer, every effort should be made to communicate this information through the escorting officer to detention facility personnel 4. Officer success and safety is dependent upon relationships a. Arresting officers need to understand how the booking process is completed and what information is needed b. The booking process is a two way street i. Information gathered by the arresting agency assists in the safe and efficient performance of detention facility operations ii. Information gathered by detention facility operations assists the arresting agency in case investigation and can provide vital evidence c. Fostering communication will increase the capabilities of all agencies and enhance the safety of both arrestees and officers

Identify the Ohio Revised Code Chapter that Covers Equipment Violations:

1. 4513.01 - Traffic Laws - Equipment Load Definitions

Operator Certification Levels for LEADS Users:

1. A Fully Qualified Operator (FQO) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to enter, cancel, clear, modify, query, locate, detain, and submit hit confirmations 2. An Inquiry Only Operator (INQ) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to query, locate, and submit hit confirmations only 3. A Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) operator is someone who can operate a mobile access device a. There is no MDT certification b. An MDT operator will have an FQO or INQ certification which permits them to operate a LEADS access device 4. A LEADS practitioner is non-certified personnel authorized to receive LEADS data

Areas of Concern Related to a Vehicle Stop Assessment:

1. Assessment can be divided into three distinct but overlapping areas of concern 2. Pre-contact - Any prior knowledge, information or observations that the officer has or experiences before the contact occurs 3. Environment - Weather, terrain, location, and observable obstacles in the area 4. Sensory Sweep - Information gained from using any of the officer's five senses during and after the approach 5. Pre-contact concerns: a. The purpose of the stop b. Available information c. Time of day - an officer may choose a completely different course of action at night, as opposed to during the day d. Structural design of the suspect's vehicle e. Number and actions of visible occupants f. Availability of backup g. Situational surroundings 6. Environment concerns: a. Weather conditions b. Traffic speed and congestion c. Terrain 7. Sensory sweep: a. Unusual body language after the stop b. Exiting the vehicle without the officer's request c. Multiple visible occupants and/or vehicles d. Visibly agitated state (any occupant) alone or accompanied by: i. Providing documents for the wrong vehicle ii. Providing forged documents e. Any distinct or unusual smells f. Any distinct or unusual sounds

Ways to Maintain Situational Awareness While Conducting Searches:

1. Be conscious of and avoid normalcy bias that develop from taking multiple similar calls that do not produce a threat 2. Avoid locking your focus on any one thing at the expense of what is happening around you 3. If working alone, continually stop, look and listen so you're aware of your environment 4. If working with others, have one person focused on the search and one focused on covering the searching officer

General Rules for Effective Courtroom Testimony

1. Be early 2. Be professional 3. Wear your uniform or business attire 4. Speak loudly, clearly, and with confidence 5. Give concise, clear, and complete answers 6. Avoid talking with potential or actual jurors

Causes of Compromised Coping Capacity:

1. Brain chemistry 2. Deterioration of the brain 3. Developmental disabilities 4. Damage to the brain through blunt force 5. Damage to the brain through severe stress and trauma 6. Unbearable stress that causes suicidal thinking or actions 7. Substance abuse

Differences between Contact and Induced Damage:

1. Contact damage a. Caused by direct contact with some object which is not a part of the vehicle i. External contact damage most often appears as collapsed or deformed areas of vehicles, tears or punctures, scratches, or smeared material, transferred from one vehicle to another or one object to another ii. Internal contact damage is found inside the vehicle and is caused when vehicle occupants strike the dashboard, steering wheel, windows, or when objects within the vehicle strike interior parts of the vehicle b. Relating internal contact damage to injuries sustained by the vehicle occupants assists in determining the seating position of the occupants 2. Induced damage occurs when part of the vehicle is displaced a. Induced damage is often found adjacent to or around the contact damage and is caused by the forces of the contact damage b. While the area may not have contacted any other object, it was damaged by the force of the crash

Dynamics of Steering:

1. Counter steering - a method of counteracting the forces created in a skid, dry or wet, by steering in the direction of the skid, or the intended path of travel 2. Under steering - usually caused by excessive speed. The vehicle will tend to continue in a straight line and resist turning due to loss of traction with the front tires (i.e., wheels are turned, and the vehicle continues straight) 3. Over steering a. Reduces the desired cornering radius as a vehicle progresses through a turn, requiring the driver to rotate the steering wheel away from the direction of the turn b. Is the result of excessive speed, hydroplaning, or improper braking as the rear wheels lose their lateral traction before the front tires, causing the rear of the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn

Differences between Cover and Concealment:

1. Cover - a position or situation affording protection from gunfire a. Officer's should always seek the best position for cover available i. Advantages: 1. Offers ballistic protection from being shot 2. May allow time to assess situation 3. Allows officer to fire at the threat while minimizing exposure to themselves ii. Disadvantages: 1. May not provide full ballistic protection 2. May limit visibility 3. Difficult to move from 2. Concealment - Anything that protects from being observed a. Concealment alone does not protect an officer from the suspect's fire b. If cover Is not available, officer should seek concealment i. Advantages: 1. Protection from observation 2. May not limit officer's visibility to return fire 3. May provide time to evaluate situation ii. Disadvantages: 1. Does not provide ballistic protection

Paraphernalia Associated with Methamphetamine Use:

1. Cut straws, pipes, mirrors, needles, butane torches, foil, MSM (joint supplement mainly used to cut ice/crystal meth)

Explain the Cycle of Fire:

1. FIRE a. Shooter presses the trigger b. Round begins to travel down the barrel 2. UNLOCK a. The instant the round leaves the barrel, the slide unlocks from the barrel b. The slide moves rearward independently from the frame 3. EXTRACT a. The extractor removes the expended cartridge casing from the chamber of the barrel 4. EJECT a. Ejector mechanism engages the expended cartridge b. Casing is expelled 5. COCK a. Striker/hammer resets 6. FEED a. Slide moves forward b. Round is stripped from top of magazine 7. CHAMBER a. Round starts movement into chamber 8. LOCK a. Slide closes b. Cartridge is locked into position for firing

Civil Liability Considerations Associated with Using Force Against Those With Diminished Capacity/Mental Illness:

1. Federal courts have ruled that diminished capacity of an unarmed suspect must be considered when assessing the reasonableness of the amount of force exerted 2. Different tactics should be employed against unarmed, emotionally distraught individual who is resisting arrest or creating a disturbance than would be used against an armed and dangerous criminal who has recently committed a serious offense

Possible Stress Reactions During a Life-Threatening Encounter:

1. Fight a. In the position of fighting for your life or someone else's, you are already programmed to destroy that threat by any means possible b. Your body's autonomic nervous system is preparing for battle and/or attempting to minimize damage 2. Flight a. Chemical changes under high stress also produce a natural urge to get away from that threat as quickly as possible b. As animals of prey, we are programmed for speed and flight from danger c. This reaction can be very frustrating for officers, since many times we feel this is not an option 3. Freeze a. The overload of stress may cause the body to lock up b. Freezing may also be an attempt to not be perceived as a threat c. Much like the frustration with the flight response, this is not an option and can be overcome through proper training

Cardinal Rules of Crime Scene Photography:

1. Fill the frame a. If something is important enough to have a close-up photograph, fill the frame b. Too many times, the primary subject can get lost in the background c. If the background elements are not considered essential to the close-up, try to minimize or eliminate them 2. Maximize depth of fiend a. Depth of field is the variable range from the foreground to the background, of what appears to be in sharp focus b. Having correct depth of field is important when you have multiple pieces of evidence within a crime scene, as they all need to be in focus at the same time c. You must know how to operate your camera to maximize the depth of field by changing the aperture setting (i.e., f-stops) d. If you only focus on the front, the farthest item will be out of focus e. If substantial pieces are out of focus, it may not be a "fair and accurate representation of the scene" f. As you looked around the scene, each part was in focus, and your photograph should accurately represent that 3. Keep the lens perpendicular to the subject a. If the close-up is parallel to the subject, the close up may not be able to be used for comparison purposes b. Using a tripod will often help with lighting/shadowing when taking perpendicular photographs

Steps for Administering First Aid to an Individual Who Has Been Exposed to the Chemical Agent OC:

1. First aid a. Remove individual from contaminated area b. Flush exposed tissue with clean, fresh water c. Do not use oily ointments or soaps containing oils or lotions as they tend to hold OC particles on the skin. Never use any decontaminant that contains chlorine bleach as it may cause a reaction that is worse d. If the individual's condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention

When it comes to Clandestine Labs, Law Enforcement Officers are only Responsible for...:

1. Identifying what appears to be the components of a clandestine laboratory 2. They are not responsible for positive identification of clandestine laboratories

Common Motivations of Bombers:

1. Ideological a. Follows a belief or ideology b. Tend to build more professional devices c. May have radical political or religious beliefs 2. Experimentation a. Typically youthful or immature offenders b. Drawn by excitement and noise c. May stay and watch the device explode d. Many construct incendiary devices and use readily available materials 3. Vandalism a. Commits destruction for the sake of the act itself b. Many are amateurs c. May be experimenters and are usually juveniles 4. Profit a. Used for direct or indirect profit b. May be criminal element (e.g., insurance fraud) c. Normally sophisticated and incendiary in nature 5. Emotional release a. Usually have a mental illness b. May have sexual connotations related to the bombing itself 6. Revenge a. Closely associated with the emotional release bombers b. May be motivated by real or imagined transgressions by the target with some being domestic related c. Usually well-constructed devices and are victim operated 7. Recognition a. Individual creates devices to become a hero b. Occasionally these bombers are found among public safety personnel who attempt to increase their stature by being first on the scene

Conditions under the O.R.C. that Allow a Police Officer to Remove a Child from His/her Caregiver:

1. If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is suffering from illness or injury and is not receiving proper care, as described in R.C. 2151.03, and the child's removal is necessary to prevent, immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm 2. If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is in immediate danger from the child's surroundings and that the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm 3. If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a parent, guardian, custodian, or other household member of the child's household has abused or neglected another child in the household and to believe that the child is in danger of immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm from that person 4. If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the conduct, conditions, or surround of the child are endangering the health, welfare, or safety of the child

Preserving Non-Traditional Digital Evidence:

1. If you think electronic evidence may be stored on third party sites, you will need to send the company a letter of preservation immediately, so the data is not erased or altered by the user or company 2. Most social media sites will accommodate letter of preservation requests using the suspect's user name or email address; you will need to be specific on the dates and times you want preserved 3. Requests to preserve are sent under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 2703(f), and you can ask for anything (e.g., content, non-content) from the past to be preserved 4. You can only request data or content that was from the past; you cannot request information that has not been created yet (e.g., you cannot request all items the user posts starting tomorrow) 5. Under the Stored Communications Act, the providers must comply with the letter of preservation request and must hold the information for 90 days 6. An additional request to preserve will hold the information for an additional 90 days

Methods of Controlling Traffic:

1. Let people know you are in command of the traffic situation 2. Starting and stopping traffic a. Look at and point directly at the driver b. Give clear directions by using arm movement c. Make certain that traffic is completely stopped before starting traffic in another direction d. Slow or timid drivers may be urged to speed up by increasing the rapidity of the arm movement; however, wild arm gestures and shouting may confuse nervous drivers 3. Turning movements a. Look at and point directly at driver b. Point in direction of the turn c. Be sure to stop the traffic coming in the opposite direction before allowing left turns 4. Pedestrian traffic a. Pedestrians are more difficult to control i. They tend to cross as will if you stop traffic thereby hindering turning movements ii. Talk to them so that they know you haven't forgotten about them

Information Stored in the Computerized Criminal History (CCH) File:

1. Personal identifier - Name, state ID number, and FBI number of the individual 2. Demographics - sex, race, birth date, height, weight, eye color, hair color, and birthplace of the individual 3. An accounting of the individual's progress through the state's criminal justice system, organized by individual arrests 4. Arrest - date of arrest, arresting agency, case number, name used, and charge 5. Trial or other resolution - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) 6. Appeal or retrial - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) 7. Release, parole, or probation - name of receiving agency, case number, and status of individual (if appropriate); date of action 8. Each record also contains a reminder that the record only contains information from a single state and the information should only be considered current for the date of request

Types of Child Abuse

1. Physical abuse - an act of commission toward a child by the parent or caregiver that results in harm to the child or is intended to harm the child 2. Neglect - an act of omission that can be a single event or a pattern of unsafe or inadequate care 3. Sexual abuse - engaging in sexual activities with children who cannot give consent and do not understand the significance of sexual acts 4. Emotional abuse - damaging interactions between a parent or caregiver and child that are repeated, resulting in the child feeling unwanted, unloved, or worthless

Critical Components of an IED (i.e., PIES-C):

1. Power source - can be electrical, mechanical, or chemical 2. Initiator - most initiators are highly sensitive to heat, shock, and friction. The initiator is required to provide the additional energy needed to start a chain reaction within an explosive 3. Explosive main charge - the part of the IED that causes most of the damage and injuries by creating the blast pressure which creates fragmentation 4. Switch - provides an on/off feature that is necessary in an electric circuit to maintain control of the power applied to an initiator. Switches generally perform the function of firing or arming a device 5. Container - used to conceal, transport, and to increase lethality

Primary and Secondary Injuries Victims May Suffer:

1. Primary injuries a victim may suffer can include ... a. Physical injuries, including death and disfigurement b. Financial loss leading to economic hardship c. Emotional trauma and reactions (e.g., anxiety, guilt, sleep disturbance, shock, denial, depression, loss of trust, relationship problems) 2. Secondary injuries a victim can also suffer can include ... a. Injustice - e.g., believing the system has "let him/her down" or doesn't really care perceiving that the officer doesn't believe him/her b. Indignities - e.g., having to repeat sordid details, possibly several times and in public c. Isolation - e.g., lack of follow-up; failing to keep the victim informed of the case investigation and prosecution progress

Two Legal Foundations for Making a Vehicle Stop:

1. Probable Cause - When the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he/she has reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person to believe that an offense has been, or is being, committed by the person to be arrested. 2. Reasonable Suspicion - Is less than probable cause but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgements, and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed

What the Officer Should Do if the Initial Investigation is Complete and the Child is Still Missing:

1. Reach out to additional resources, such as surrounding agencies, a local Child Abduction Response Team (CART) (if one is in your area), BCI, and the FBI

Common Methods Thieves Use to Defeat the Federal Certification Label on a Vehicle:

1. Removal and reapplication of a different label from a donor car 2. Alteration of the existing label 3. Replacement with a counterfeit label

Importance of Safety Belts and other Occupant Protection Devices:

1. Required by the Revised Code 2. Better vehicle control thereby reducing the chances of becoming involved in a collision 3. Less chance of injury or death if involved in a collision while using a properly adjusted vehicle restrain system

Main Responsibilities when Responding to a Crime in Progress:

1. Respond to the incident in the safest and tactically sound manner 2. Secure the scene 3. Preliminary investigation

Responsibilities of a Law Enforcement Agency in a Missing Child Case:

1. Response to the missing child report should be immediate 2. Understand there is no waiting period before a child can be reported missing 3. Immediately enter the information regarding all missing children, including runaways, into NCIC 4. Notify neighboring agencies 5. Notify the FBI, who are mandated to assist in searches for missing children under the age of 12 years old 6. Remove entry from NCIC if child is found

Techniques Used to Obtain Legible Fingerprints:

1. Rolled Impressions - printed individually and are located at the top of the card a. Have the individual wash hands with soap and water b. Thoroughly dry hands with a paper towel c. Have the individual being fingerprinted stand in front of the fingerprint stand at forearm's length away d. Carefully ink the bulb of each finger to be printed from the tip to just below the first joint e. Lay each of the subject's fingers on the side of the bulb, with bulb facing away from you, on the card or scanner f. Press lightly, roll the finger to the other side until it faces in the opposite direction

Paraphernalia Associated with Marijuana Use:

1. Rolling papers, cigars to make a "blunt," small plastic baggies, "stash cans," deodorizers, incense, pipes (e.g., metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, ceramic), bongs, roach clips, vaporizing devices, cones, scented cigar or blunt wrappers, one hitters

Four Core Most Victims Have After a Crime Has Been Committed:

1. Safety - i.e., the need to feel safe 2. Healing - i.e., the need to feel supported and process their trauma 3. Justice - i.e., the need to know "what comes next" and to receive fair treatment 4. Restitution - i.e., the need to pay for financial losses or bills

Methods of Lineups:

1. Show up a. A police procedure in which a suspect is shown singly to a witness for identification, rather than as part of a lineup 2. Photo lineup a. Identification procedure om which any array of photographs, including a photograph of the suspected perpetrator of an offense and additional photographs of other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the offense 3. Live lineup a. An identification procedure in which a group of persons, including the suspected perpetrator of an offense and other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the offense

Acceptable Hand Movements for Steering Methods:

1. Shuffle steering a. Avoid crossing the hands b. Hands should encompass the whole steering wheel c. Pull down from the twelve o'clock to the six o'clock position with the hand in the direction you are turning d. Pushing up with the opposite hand to complete the turn 2. Hand over hand 3. Evasive steering a. With hands at nine o'clock and three o'clock, turn the wheel ½ rotation, then a full rotation in the opposite direction, and finally back to the original position

Sensory Perceptions Needed to Determine Reasonable Suspicion of Drug Use:

1. Sight a. Further investigate anything unusual or out of the ordinary i. Behavioral (e.g., nervous behavior, looking around, acting paranoid, displaying signs of drug use, evasion of peace officers) ii. Paraphernalia (e.g., cutting bottoms off aluminum cans, burn marks on foil, books on drugs, paper bindles, plastic baggies, film canisters) b. Can often get an idea of what is happening in your neighborhood by visiting the local convenience stores and looking behind the counter i. Glass roses ii. Chore boy display iii. Pipes or bongs for "tobacco use only" 2. Sound a. What the officer hears as they approach the scene b. What is being said around the community c. What the officer hears through intelligence reports d. Slurred, excited, or altered speech e. What is learned through informants 3. Smell a. Specific scents of drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine) b. Cover-up scents (e.g., incense, cologne, air fresheners) c. Odors associated with manufacturing (e.g., solvent, ammonia, sulfur) 4. Touch a. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated police may seize nonthreatening contraband detected through the sense of touch during a protective pat down search so long as the search stays within the bounds marked by Terry (i.e., Terry v. Ohio) b. Securing a suspect

Signs of Gang Membership:

1. Signs a. Admits to being a member of a group that meets the revised code criteria of a gang b. A reliable informant identifies the person as a gang member c. Resides in or frequents a particular gang's area d. Adopts a particular gang's style of dress, symbols, or tattoos e. Associates with known gang members or association can be proven through social media or other means f. Has been arrested in the company of identified gang members for offenses consistent with gang activity g. Has a documented criminal history An individual must meet two or more of the indicators to be considered a gang member

When Handcuffing May Be Considered Unreasonable Force:

1. The Fourth Amendment prohibits use of unduly tight or excessively forceful handcuffing during a seizure 2. Absent exigent circumstances, an officer choosing to handcuff a peaceable arrestee in a manner likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force 3. An officer that makes a brief examination of a severe obvious medical injury and chooses to handcuff in a manner that is likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force 4. In order for an excessive force claim based on unduly tight handcuffing to survive summary judgement, a plaintiff must offer sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that all of the following exist: a. Plaintiff complained that the handcuffs were too tight b. The officer ignored those complaints c. The plaintiff experienced some physical injury resulting from the handcuffing

Factors to Consider in Determining if an Individual is in Custody:

1. The location of the interrogation 2. The number of officers present 3. The attitude of the officers toward the person being questioned 4. The stage of the investigation (e.g., initial contact, jail interview, suspect's court status) 5. Whether or not the suspect is free to leave

Assault 29003.13 (B)

((B) No person shall recklessly cause serious physical harm to another or to another's unborn.

Rape 2907.02 (A)(2)

(2) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.

Importuning 2907.07 (B)(2)

(2) No person shall solicit another, not the spouse of the offender, to engage in sexual conduct with the offender, when the offender is eighteen years of age or older and four or more years older than the other person, the other person is sixteen or seventeen years of age and a victim of a violation of section 2905.32 of the Revised Code, and the offender knows or has reckless disregard of the age of the other person.

Receiving Stolen Property 2913.51 (A)

(A) As used in this section, "personal identifying information" includes, but is not limited to, the following: the name, address, telephone number, driver's license, driver's license number, commercial driver's license, commercial driver's license number, state identification card, state identification card number, social security card, social security number, birth certificate, place of employment, employee identification number, mother's maiden name, demand deposit account number, savings account number, money market account number, mutual fund account number, other financial account number, personal identification number, password, or credit card number of a living or dead individual.

Misuse of Credit Cards 2913.21 (A)(1)-(2)

(A) No person shall do any of the following: (1) Practice deception for the purpose of procuring the issuance of a credit card, when a credit card is issued in actual reliance thereon; (2) Knowingly buy or sell a credit card from or to a person other than the issuer;

Sexual Battery A 1-4

(A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of the offender, when any of the following apply: (1) The offender knowingly coerces the other person to submit by any means that would prevent resistance by a person of ordinary resolution. (2) The offender knows that the other person's ability to appraise the nature of or control the other person's own conduct is substantially impaired. (3) The offender knows that the other person submits because the other person is unaware that the act is being committed. (4) The offender knows that the other person submits because the other person mistakenly identifies the offender as the other person's spouse

Gross Sexual Imposition 2907.05 (A)(5)

Unauthorized use of property 2913.04(C)

(C) Except as permitted under section 5503.101 of the Revised Code, no person shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, cause access to be granted to, or disseminate information gained from access to the law enforcement automated database system created pursuant to section 5503.10 of the Revised Code without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the chair of the law enforcement automated data system steering committee.

Identity Fraud 2913.49 (C)

(C) No person shall create, obtain, possess, or use the personal identifying information of any person with the intent to aid or abet another person in violating division (B) of this section.

Importuning 2907.07 (C)(1)-(2)

(C) No person shall solicit another by means of a telecommunications device, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, to engage in sexual activity with the offender when the offender is eighteen years of age or older and either of the following applies: (1) The other person is less than thirteen years of age, and the offender knows that the other person is less than thirteen years of age or is reckless in that regard. (2) The other person is a law enforcement officer posing as a person who is less than thirteen years of age, and the offender believes that the other person is less than thirteen years of age or is reckless in that regard.

Voyeurism 2907.08(C)

(C) No person, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying the person's self, shall commit trespass or otherwise surreptitiously invade the privacy of another to videotape, film, photograph, otherwise record, or spy or eavesdrop upon the other person in a state of nudity if the other person is a minor.

Misuse of Credit Cards 2913.21 (C)

Unauthorized use of property 2913.04(D)

(D) No person shall knowingly gain access to, attempt to gain access to, cause access to be granted to, or disseminate information gained from access to the Ohio law enforcement gateway established and operated pursuant to division (C)(1) of section 109.57 of the Revised Code without the consent of, or beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of, the superintendent of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation.

Voyeurism 2907.08(D)

(D) No person shall secretly or surreptitiously videotape, film, photograph, or otherwise record another person under or through the clothing being worn by that other person for the purpose of viewing the body of, or the undergarments worn by, that other person.

Fruits of the Poisonous Tree:

(i.e., evidence that is obtained illegally) 1. If a confession is derived immediately from an unlawful arrest or illegal search, the confession is tainted and it may not be used against a suspect

unauthorized use of a vehicle 2913.03 (B)

.(B) No person shall knowingly use or operate an aircraft, motor vehicle, motorboat, or other motor-propelled vehicle without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent, and either remove it from this state or keep possession of it for more than forty-eight hours.

Identify the Ohio Revised Code Section that Covers Definitions Related to Motor Vehicle Offenses:

.01 section of each chapter

General Indicators of Depressants Use:

1. "Drunken" behavior and appearance 2. Uncoordinated 3. Drowsy 4. Sluggish 5. Disoriented 6. Thick, slurred speech

Four Elements that Should Be Used to Determine the Primary Physical Aggressor in a Domestic Violence Incident:

1. Any history of domestic violence or other violent acts by either person involved in the alleged offense that the officer can reasonably ascertain 2. Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self-defense 3. Each person's fear of physical harm, if any, resulting from the other person's threatened use of force against any person or resulting from the other person's use or history of the use of force against any person, and the reasonableness of that fear 4. The comparative severity of any injuries suffered by the persons involved in the alleged offense

Evidence on or In the Area of the VIN Plate That Indicates a Vehicle May Be Stolen:

1. Characters on a plate that are not clean and clear (e.g., too big, too small, markings not consistent with manufacturer) 2. Scratches or paint on the plate 3. Inconsistencies with rivets 4. Scratches, smeared glue, or adhesive residue on the area around the plate 5. Evidence the windshield has been removed 6. Crooked VIN plate 7. Damage to the dashboard near the VIN plate

Critical Incident Stress:

1. Critical Incident Stress - Any event which has a stressful impact sufficient enough to overwhelm the usually effective coping skills 2. Trauma - an emotional response to a terrible event a. An event or combination of several events that overwhelms the ability to cope b. Trauma is so catastrophic that it may evoke symptoms in almost anyone regardless of background c. A normal reaction by a normal person to an abnormal event d. The response to trauma is different for every person 3. Possible responses following a critical incident a. Physical i. Fatigue, nausea, muscle tremors, twitches ii. Elevated blood pressure, headaches, thirst iii. Visual difficulties, grinding of teeth, weakness iv. Dizziness, profuse sweating, chills v. Vomiting, fainting vi. Seek immediate medical attention for 1) Chest pain, difficulty breathing, symptoms of shock b. Emotional i. Anxiety, guilt, grief, denial, severe panic ii. Emotional shock, fear, uncertainty, depression iii. Loss of emotional control, agitation, apprehension iv. Inappropriate emotional response, intense anger, feeling overwhelmed c. Cognitive i. Confusion, lack of attention span ii. Poor decision making, poor concentration/memory iii. Hypervigilance or lowered alertness iv. Difficulty identifying familiar objects or people v. Poor problem solving, poor abstract thinking vi. Loss of orientation or awareness of time, place, or person vii. Disturbed thinking, nightmares, intrusive images d. Behavioral i. Change in society, withdrawal, emotional outbursts ii. Increase/loss of appetite, suspiciousness, pacing iii. Change in communication skills, startle reflex iv. Increase in alcohol consumption, inability to rest v. Antisocial acts, nonspecific bodily complaints vi. Erratic movements, change in sexual functioning e. Spiritual i. Loss of sense of purpose ii. Loss of a belief in a just world iii. Withdrawal from faith iv. Anger at, or doubt the existence of, God v. Religious/spiritual hallucinations

Information Obtained from LEADS May Be Shared for...:

1. Criminal justice purposes only

List the Elements of the Following Selected Offenses of R.C. Chapter 4301:

1. See corresponding worksheets in binder

When can an Officer use their Rational from Terry to Detain a Person:

An officer may detain an individual based on the officer's reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was being planned or in the process of being executed

Gross Sexual Imposition 2907.05 (B)

B) No person shall knowingly touch the genitalia of another, when the touching is not through clothing, the other person is less than twelve years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person, and the touching is done with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.

Two General Categories of Vehicle Stops:

1. Unknown-Risk 2. High-Risk

Considerations When Dispatched To A Crime In Progress:

1. Urgency of the situation 2. Safety of any victim who may be under attack 3. Traffic conditions for other responding units 4. Agency policy and protocol, if applicable 5. Anyone and anything that appears to be out of the ordinary for the area 6. If possible, record or call out license plate numbers of the vehicles leaving the scene or driving around the area 7. Unless necessary, arrive as quietly as possible 8. If possible, make your arrival using parallel streets to avoid being seen by a lookout or the suspect 9. Do not park directly in front of the location unless absolutely necessary

Steps to Apply a Tourniquet:

1. Use Body Substance Isolation (BSI) precautions to include, at a minimum, nitrile or latex gloves 2. The T.Q. can be applied over a uniform; However, any equipment (e.g., coat, body armor) or personal items (e.g., items in casualties' pockets) that impede access should be removed 3. Place as high on the extremity as possible 4. Tighten until bleeding is controlled (i.e., if it does not hurt, it is not tight enough) 5. Write the time the T.Q. was applied on the forehead of the casualty or on the T.Q. itself 6. Removal of the T.Q. should take place once it is practical, as long as the bleeding is controlled by other methods (e.g., pressure bandage)

General Indicators of Dissociative Anesthetic Use:

1. Warm to the touch 2. Perspiring 3. Blank stare 4. Repetitive speech 5. Incomplete verbal responses 6. Confused 7. Muscle rigidity 8. Possibly violent and combative

Weapon of Mass Destruction Defined:

1. Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) - any weapon or device that is intended to, or has the capability to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of: a. Toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors b. A disease organism c. Radiation or radioactivity

Steps for Sealing a Chest Wound:

1. Wipe fluids (e.g., blood, sweat) off the area 2. Peel off adhesive backing from the chest seal 3. Center the seal over the wound; if valve is present, place valve over middle of wound 4. Secure with tape if available

Proactive Patrol:

1. Working to prevent crime rather than waiting for it to occur 2. The goal for many L/E agencies is to move away from incident-driven, reactive policing, and move toward proactive policing 3. Officer's should be conducting proactive patrol anytime they are not responding to calls for service 4. Officer's are encourage to act on their own initiative and develop information about crime and strategies for its suppression

Reasons for Establishing Effective Communications with the Media:

1. You and the media each have a job to do and each can benefit from the cooperative nature of the other 2. For the media, information from law enforcement is necessary for them to develop and produce accurate news stories 3. For the law enforcement agency, media coverage influences public perception 4. Media provides a quick way to reach large audiences a. Agencies need a method of distributing information to the public about developing situations and threats and requesting assistance with investigations, and media can fill that role

Identify the Ohio Revised Code Section that Covers Definitions Related to Motor Vehicle Offenses:

1. Your radar unit indicates a vehicle traveling 52 mph in a 35 mph zone a. 4511.21 - Speed Limits - Assured Clear Distance 2. You witness a vehicle with a faulty exhaust system emitting large amounts of smoke a. 4513.22 - Mufflers 3. You pull over a driver that has a 12-point suspension on his driver's license a. 4510.11 - Driving Under Suspension or In Violation of License Restriction 4. You investigate a single car accident in which the driver was operating a vehicle while under the influence. The passenger in the vehicle died due to the accident a. 4511.19 - Operating Vehicle Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs - OVI

Alternatives to a Continued Vehicle Pursuit:

1.) Aircraft involvement (OSP, Sheriff, etc.) 2.) Investigate later (e.g., you know who the suspect is, you have vehicle license plate information); send officers to the residence of registered owner 3.) Suspect may come to you 4.) Termination techniques with additional training a. Spikes b. Roadblocks c. PIT (Pursuit Intervention Technique) d. Stop sticks

Core Concept of Community Policing

A. A partnership between the police and the community B. Crime prevention C. Organizational change of the agency D. A problem solving approach to the police role that is proactive "SARA" Model: A. Scanning B. Analysis C. Response D. Assessment

General Elements of a Crime

A. A prohibited act ("Actus Reus") and.... B.A specific mental intent ("Mens Rea") that.... C. Occur at the same time ("Concurrence") and.... D. Bring about a particular result made by the statute ("Causation")

The Evidentiary Standard on which to Base an Arrest:

A. An arrest must be based on Probable cause a. Teacher Diagram i. Proof>Probable Cause 1. Articulable Facts=Reasonable Prudent Person Believes a. A Crime has occurred b. Someone about to be arrested for that crime

Generally Accepted Ethical Responsibilities of Peace Officers

A. Are found in professional codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct B. Are owed to: a. Your community and its citizens b. The law enforcement profession c. Your agency d. Your family e. Yourself C. Includes acting with integrity and treating everyone professionally

Biased Based Profiling and Criminal Profiling

A. Bias Based Profiling, racial profiling and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably B. Bias Based Profiling a. Is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer or any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's ethical or racial characteristics, gender, religion or sexual orientation C. Criminal Profiling a. Based on observed behaviors or characteristics D. Biased Based Profiling a. The factors of race/ethnicity bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention

Requirements of a well Written Report

A. Complete B. Factual C. Accurate D. Objective E. Concise F. Clear G. Grammatically and mechanically correct

Types of Information to be recorded in Field Notes

A. Complete information on victims, witnesses and suspects involved B. Relevant dates and times C. Location of occurrence D. Types of places where offense or incident took place E. Details of offense or incident being reported F. Disposition of evidence, property and suspects G. Corresponding report number

A Peace Officers Main Goals 1-2

A. Enforce laws B. Preserve peace C. Prevent Crimes D. Protect Civil Rights and liberties E. provide Services

The connection between between In-groups, Out and police legitimacy.

A. Some individuals interpret their encounters by Police in terms of their groups social position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the Police contact.

Components of Biases

A. Stereotypes a. Generalization about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category. b. We categorize people by age, gender, race and role. c. Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for your brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups. B. Prejudices a. An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc that is not necessarily reasonable or logical. C. Attitude a. Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups: the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably toward someone or something.

Degree of Offense for Unauthorized use of OHLEG:

Felony of the Fifth Degree (F-5)

Severity of Crime for Misuse of the LEADS System:

Felony of the Fifth Degree (F-5)

The Area an Officer May Search Incident to a lawful Arrest of that person

Is the area within the person's immediate control at the time of arrest Personal Note: Why can we search incident to arrest? A. Weapons B. Evidence C. To prevent escape

Aggravated Assault 2903.12 (A)(1)-(2)

No Person Shall... KNOWINGLY 1. Cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn 2. Cause or attempt physical harm to another or another's unborn by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance. When... 1. under the influence of a sudden passion or fit of rage 2. Brought on by the serious provocation occasioned 3. Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force.

Menacing by Stalking 2903.211 (A)(1)

No person * by engaging in a pattern of conduct shall... KNOWINGLY, 1. Cause another to believe the offender will cause serious serious physical harm to the other person or a family or household member of the other person. 2. Cause mental distress to the other person or a family or household member of the other person.

Kidnapping 2905.01 (A)(1)-(6)

No person * by force, threat or deception or in the case of a victim under the age of 13 or mentally incompetent, by any means* shall.... With purpose to... 1. To hold as ransom or as a shield or hostage or 2. To facilitate the commission or flight thereafter or 3. To terrorize or to inflict serious physical harm on the victim or another or 4. Engage in sexual activity, as defined in R.C. 2907.01 with the victim against the victim's will or 5. Hinder, impede or obstruct a government function or force any action or concession on the part of governmental authority or 6. Hold in a condition of involuntary servitude. (ACT) 1. Remove another from the place where the person is found. 2. Restrain another of their liberty.

Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (A)

No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying felony) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a felony.

Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (B)

No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying misdemeanor or minor misdemeanor) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a misdemeanor of any degree, regulatory offense, or a minor misdemeanor (not traffic MM)

Murder R.C. 2903.02 (A)

No person shall... PURPOSELY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy

Aggravated Menacing 2903.21 (A)

No person shall... KNOWINGLY, (A) Cause another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm to the... 1. other persons property 2. other person's unborn 3. A member of the other person's immediate family.

Menacing by Stalking 2903.211(A)(2)

No person shall... KNOWINGLY, (ACT) post a message or use any intentionally written or verbal graphic gesture. Through the use of... 1. Form of written communication, 2. Electronic method of remotely transferring information, including, but not limited to, any computer network, computer program, computer system or telecommunication device. 3. With purpose to to the following, i. urge or incite another to commit a violation of division (A)(1).

Negligent Assault 2903.14 (A)

No person shall... NEGLIGENTLY cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn. By means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.

Aggravated Murder R.C. 2903.01 (C)

No person shall... PURPOSELY.... Cause the death of another who is under thirteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offense

Abduction 2905.02 (B)

No person shall... knowingly violate section (A)(1) with sexual motivation.

Kidnapping 2905.01 (B)(1)-(2)

No person shall... knowingly, By force, threat or deception or, in the case of a victim under the age of 13 years old or mentally incompetent, by any means. 1. Remove another person from the place they were found. 2. Restrain another of their liberty. When... under the circumstance that... 1. Create a substantial risk to the victim or 2. In the case of a minor victim, either create a substantial risk of physical harm to the victim or cause physical harm to the victim.

Menacing 2903.22 (A)

No person shall... knowingly, Cause another to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to the 1. person or property of the other person 2. Other's unborn child 3. A member of the other person's immediate family.

Aggravated Murder R.C. 2903.01 (B)

No person shall...Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy While committing or attempting to commit, or while fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit one of the following violent felonies (*): Burglary - Burglary or aggravated burglary Arson - Arson or aggravated arson Rape Robbery - Robbery or aggravated robbery Kidnapping Escape Trespass in a habitation when a person is present or likely to be present Terrorism (*Remember as "BARRKETT")

Aggravated Murder R.C. 2903.01(A)

No person shall...PURPOSELY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another pregnancy... With prior calculation and design.

Ethnic Intimidation 2927.12

No person shall...violate the following sections of the revised code. - 2903.21 Aggravated Menacing - 2903.33 Menacing -2909.06 Criminal Damaging -2909.07 Criminal Mischief -2917.21 (A)(3)(4)(5)- Telecommunications harassment. When it is... by reason of race, color, religion or national origin of another person or group of person's

sexual activity 2907.01 (C)

Sexual conduct or sexual contact or both.

The Purpose of the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution:

To guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches and seizures of persons Personal Notes Reasonable Expectations of Privacy (REP) CATS v Massachusetts (Gambler, Handicap basketball games, take bets, etc.; Between Boston Mass and Miami Florida; Case: FBI "bugged" payphone outside of house and obtained information without a warrant to do so, was a gov't intrusion on REP) Jones v DC Metro PD (Drug trafficker; Maryland; Officers placed GPS tracker on car without an active warrant, warrant was obtained but waited too long to execute (stale warrant), officers were accused of trespassing)

Identify the Primary Reason for the Traffic Enforcement

To reduce traffic collisions, their resulting injuries, and to facilitate the safe and expedient flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic

List All Four Primary Firearms Safety Rules:

Treat all firearms as if they're loaded (SAFE) Never point a firearm at anything you don't want to shoot or destroy (DIRECTION) Keep your finger off the trigger until you've made a conscious decision to shoot (FINGER) Be aware of your backstop and beyond (TARGET)

Public Indecency 2907.09(A)(1)-(3)

(A) No person shall recklessly do any of the following, under circumstances in which the person's conduct is likely to be viewed by and affront others who are in the person's physical proximity and who are not members of the person's household: (1) Expose the person's private parts; (2) Engage in sexual conduct or masturbation; (3) Engage in conduct that to an ordinary observer would appear to be sexual conduct or masturbation.

Sexual Conduct 2907.01 (A)

"Sexual conduct" means vaginal intercourse between a male and female; anal intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex; and, without privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body or any instrument, apparatus, or other object into the vaginal or anal opening of another. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete vaginal or anal intercourse.

Sexual Contact 2907.01 (B)

"Sexual contact" means any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.

Sexual Battery A 5-13

(5) The offender is the other person's natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person. (6) The other person is in custody of law or a patient in a hospital or other institution, and the offender has supervisory or disciplinary authority over the other person. (7) The offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by or serving in a school for which the state board of education prescribes minimum standards pursuant to division (D) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code, the other person is enrolled in or attends that school, and the offender is not enrolled in and does not attend that school. (8) The other person is a minor, the offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by or serving in an institution of higher education, and the other person is enrolled in or attends that institution. (9) The other person is a minor, and the offender is the other person's athletic or other type of coach, is the other person's instructor, is the leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member, or is a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the other person. (10) The offender is a mental health professional, the other person is a mental health client or patient of the offender, and the offender induces the other person to submit by falsely representing to the other person that the sexual conduct is necessary for mental health treatment purposes. (11) The other person is confined in a detention facility, and the offender is an employee of that detention facility. (12) The other person is a minor, the offender is a cleric, and the other person is a member of, or attends, the church or congregation served by the cleric. (13) The other person is a minor, the offender is a peace officer, and the offender is more than two years older than the other person.

B&E 2911.13 (A)

(A) No person by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an unoccupied structure, with purpose to commit therein any theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or any felony.

Negligent Homicide 2903.05 (A)

(A) No person shall NEGLIGENTLY... cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance as defined in section 2923.11 of the Revised Code.

Sexual Imposition 2907.06 (A)(1-5)

(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual contact with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have sexual contact when any of the following applies: (1) The offender knows that the sexual contact is offensive to the other person, or one of the other persons, or is reckless in that regard. (2) The offender knows that the other person's, or one of the other person's, ability to appraise the nature of or control the offender's or touching person's conduct is substantially impaired. (3) The offender knows that the other person, or one of the other persons, submits because of being unaware of the sexual contact. (4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of such person, and the offender is at least eighteen years of age and four or more years older than such other person. (5) The offender is a mental health professional, the other person or one of the other persons is a mental health client or patient of the offender, and the offender induces the other person who is the client or patient to submit by falsely representing to the other person who is the client or patient that the sexual contact is necessary for mental health treatment purposes.

Gross Sexual Imposition

Gross Sexual Imposition 2907.05 (A)(2)

Gross Sexual Imposition 2907.05 (A)(3)

Gross Sexual Imposition (A)(4)

Disrupting Public Services 2909.04 (B)

(A) No person shall knowingly use any computer, computer system, computer network, telecommunications device, or other electronic device or system or the internet so as to disrupt, interrupt, or impair the functions of any police, fire, educational, commercial, or governmental operations.

Vandalism 2909.05 (A)

(A) No person shall knowingly cause serious physical harm to an occupied structure or any of its contents.

Felonious Assault 2903.11 (A)

(A) No person shall knowingly do either of the following: (1) Cause serious physical harm to another or to another's unborn; (2) Cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another's unborn by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.

Officer Initiated Contact:

1. Any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a citizen or a suspect 2. Deployment options are effective for nearly any type of officer initiated contact a. Contact involving an occupied stopped vehicle b. Contact involving an occupied or unoccupied parked vehicle c. Contact involving individual(s) on or off the roadway (e.g., hitchhiking) d. A vehicle stop is one kind of an officer initiated contact

Common Beliefs among Sovereign Citizen Extremists

1. Believe the government has no authority over individuals and they are not bound to statutory law 2. They may call themselves "freemen" or "common law citizens" 3. Since they believe they are sovereign, some believe their crimes and threats to be legal actions 4. Many sovereign citizens reject all forms of government licensing (e.g., driver licenses, vehicle registration) and stop paying taxes

General Indicators of Methamphetamine Labs:

1. Containers with layers of both liquids and solids 2. Containers with multiple layers of liquid 3. Containers with tubes or hoses attached

Acceptable Backing Methods:

1.) With good, routine backing habits, an officer will be able to minimize the risks generated while backing during an emergency. The chances for a backing collision increase with emergency response because officers seldom practice backing at higher speeds with heightened emotions 2.) Back in a straight line if possible a. Keep one hand on the top of the steering wheel b. Turn body to right, look over right shoulder, and look through the rear window if possible or use your mirrors as mentioned in the practical portion c. Check mirrors and front of vehicle periodically d. The front of the vehicle will be extremely sensitive to any steering movements e. Keep speed constant f. Brake smoothly, as front wheel lock up is likely if hard braking is applied g. While backing, especially at higher rate of speed, should the driver start to lose control, stop the vehicle, correct the steering input h. If turning is necessary, the safe completion of the maneuver is more important than the speed of the maneuver i. Avoid backing long distances whenever possible. Turn the vehicle around as soon as possible and maneuver in a forward gear

Differences Between Eustress and Distress:

1. Eustress (i.e., good stress) a. Stress that has a positive motivating force that may lead to an increase in health and performance b. Examples are deadlines, competition, and specialized training opportunities c. From a positive standpoint, eustress is experienced as increased mental alertness and focus d. Positive stress tends to be short lived i. After the challenge is met, the body returns to its normal state ii. This allows the body to rest, recuperate, and reenergize to meet the next challenge 2. Distress (i.e., bad stress) a. Negative, dysfunctional force that may lead to disease and the deterioration of health b. Generally refers to job pressures and demands that trigger negative behaviors (e.g., losing your temper, yelling, excessive force, and/or drug/alcohol abuse) c. Negative stressors have the potential to: i. Cause anxiety or concern ii. Decrease overall performance d. May be short or long term e. Running from crisis to crisis with little time to rest and recover in between places the sufferer in a constant state of high readiness

Four Causes of Illegible Fingerprints:

1. Failure to produce the focal points 2. Allowing the fingers to slip or twist 3. Failure to clean the fingers and equipment of foreign substances and perspiration 4. Insufficient ink

General Indicators of Stimulant Use:

1. Restlessness 2. Talkative 3. Excitation 4. Euphoria 5. Exaggerated reflexes 6. Loss of appetite 7. Anxiety 8. Grinding teeth (i.e., bruxism) 9. Redness to nasal area (if snorting) 10. Body tremors

Principals of Scene Security of a Hazardous Material Incident:

1. Scene security is isolating and protecting the area by prohibiting access 2. May move un-injured, un-contaminated people to outside of the emergency area 3. Anyone inside the area will have to be contained until better equipped responders arrive for decontamination of exposed persons

The Most Crucial Component of the Officer Initiated Contact is the Assessment:

1. Without assessment, officers cannot choose a plan of action 2. The officer is constantly assessing and re-assessing the threat level for factors that may appear or change and necessitate tactical adjustment 3. Assessment can change a situation at any time before and during the vehicle stop. This could be based upon: a. Additional information received b. Officer observations c. Actions by the suspect, passengers, or others within close proximity to the contact

Circumstances when Filming the Police is Permissible

A. At least one party to the encounter consents OR B. When officers are carrying out the the duties in public, so long as it does not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties.

Considerations for Off Duty Situations

A. Behavior, a. An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty b, not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on social media. c. An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics. B. Situational Awareness, a. An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working. b. You never know when you may need to transition quickly from private citizen to a peace officer. c. Make certain to pre-plan with your family should a situation arise while together. d. Create a number of scenarios for your family to practice. e. Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy. C. Be a good witness, a. If a situation arises when police intervention is necessary.

Keys to Determine Whether a Consent Search is Valid

A. Consent is voluntarily given B The person giving consent has authority to do so and no other person with authority, that is present, has refused C. The search is limited to only those places and things that the person expressly or impliedly authorized to be searched D. The search is not unduly intrusive a. While officers may be thorough in their search, they are not permitted to be destructive b. In addition, the length of the search must be consistent with the type and complexity of the search for which permission was granted

Curtilage and Open Fields

A. Curtilage refers to the area immediately surrounding the home, which is usually used for domestic purposes (e.g. garage, yard) B. Curtilage carries the same Fourth Amendment protections as the home C. Any other land is considered open field D. Open Fields carry NO Fourth Amendment protections The United States Supreme Court (USSC) has Established Four Factors to Assist in Determining the Difference: 1. Proximity of the area to the home 2. Whether the area is within an enclosure surrounding the home 3. The nature and uses to which the area is put (e.g. whether the area is used for family) 4. The steps taken by the resident to protect the area from view of passerby

Factors Necessary for the commission of a Crime

A. Desire (Most difficult to change) The motivation behind the criminal behavior. B. Victim the potential target criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking proper security precautions. C. Opportunity (easiest to change) Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim's environment D.O.V. Crime Prevention is About: A. Attitude B. Modifying Behavior 4 "D's" of Crime Prevention: Deny Delay Detect Deter

The Community Bank Account Concept as it relates to Procedural Justice

A. Every encounter is an ethical deposit or withdrawal (an opportunity increase or decrease of public perception of Police legitimacy) B. Deposits Police must build up reserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy, kindness and honesty. C. Withdrawals a. Occur from the community bank account when Police actions reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or disrespectful behavior or when the Police ignore people or betray their trust. i. If a large reserve of trust is not sustained by continual deposits, the community Police relationship will deteriorate. ii. Significant decrease in public approval of the Police after major publicized incidents of misconduct iii. Studies show that even simple, brief encounters can be used to build Police legitimacy when 1. Processes are explained 2. Words are used that communicate respect. D. For a person holding negative attitudes toward the Police, a single positive encounter may not be sufficient to shake pre-existing views, but a sustained exposure to positive interactions can start to reshape them.

To Justify a Warrantless, Non-Consensual Entry into a Private Residence in order to make an Arrest...:

A. Exigent circumstances must exist which demand an immediate response B. Considerations and examples of exigent circumstances a. The time of day of the offense and/or arrest b. The gravity of the underlying offense thought to be in progress (i.e. crime must be serious) c. There is a risk of danger to the police or to other persons inside or outside the dwelling (e.g. the subject is armed) d. The need to prevent a subjects escape e. The need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence f. "Hot Pursuit" of subjects

Two types of bias

A. Explicit bias and Implicit bias - common characteristics a. Everyone possess them b. They have real world effects on behavior c. They can relate for example to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight or age B. Explicit Bias Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category C. Implicit Bias Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness D. Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but are still distinct concepts. a. While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be disassociated from explicit biases - our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our explicit biases. b. Implicit Biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful, and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact your interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote Police legitimacy.

A Person is Seized when...

A. In view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, A reasonable person would believe that the person was not free to leave B. The United States Supreme Court (USSC) listed examples of circumstances that might indicate a seizure, even when the person did not attempt to leave the area a. The threatening presence of several Police Officers b. The display of weapons by Police Officer(s) c. Some physical touching of the person d. Restricting the subjects freedom of movement e. The use of language or tone of voice that indicates that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled f. Manner of questioning

Types of Racism

A. Individual Racism, a. Internalized unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race. B. Interpersonal Racism a. Occurs between individuals. b. Includes public expression of racial prejudice and hate made by individual's. C. Institutional Racism, a. Race based, discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (Schools, media, government, banks) that result in equitable opportunities and impacts b. Occurs within and between institutions c. Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. A bank loan officer representing an institution, treating someone with racial bias; A law enforcement institution treating someone with racial bias). D. Structural Racism a. Refers to the collective way history, culture and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racial intent. b. It is broadly encompassing; It touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge. c. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities and differing outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.

Attempt to commit an Offense

A. It is a crime to.... a. Purposely or knowingly, when such a purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, to.... b. Engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense

3 Resulting Judgments of Police Legitimacy in Action that Translate into Positive

A. Judgement 1 a. Public trust and confidence in the Police as being honest, trying to do the job well, trying to protect the community. b. Result - Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in Police community partnerships. B. Judgement 2 a. Public willingness to defer to the law and Police authority. b. Result - There is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the police as legitimate; In addition to those who see the Police as legitimate have an increased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable information known and suspected offenders. C. Judgement 3 a. Public belief that Police actions are morally justified and appropriate. b. Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis.

Major Components of Criminal Justice System

A. Law Enforcement (e.g. Police Officer, Deputy Sheriff) a. Keep the peace b. Apprehend violators c. Prevent crime d. Provide social services B. Courts a. Hold fair and impartial trials b. Determine guilt or innocence. c. Impose sentences on the guilty. d. Key personnel include judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. C. Corrections - Responsible for supervising offenders a. Prisons/County jails. b. Parole. c. Probation d. Halfway houses e. Work release programs.

The concept of lawful actions and police legitimacy

A. Lawful: Defined by laws and standards B. Criminal Law: Identify what actions are prohibited C. Rules of agency (Administrative rules, general orders, standard operating procedures) D. Constitutional law (4th, 5th and 6th) E. Police Legitimacy: Exists when the public views the Police as authorized to exercise power in order to maintain social order, manage conflicts and solve problems in the community F. Officers can act lawfully and in the parameters of agency policy and the citizenry still not perceive there to be Police legitimacy - There can be lawful, but awful interactions.

The Basis to Legally Seize Evidence

A. Must be based on probable cause B. Probable cause to seize exists if a reasonably prudent person would conclude that the object in question is associated with criminal activity

The Requirements which must be Established before a Terry Pat Down/Frisk:

A. Officers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed AND the suspect poses a threat to them B. Limited to the outer clothing only

Two Pronged Approach to Procedural Justice.

A. Person Based Approach Emphasizing the importance of face to face interactions between an officer and a citizen B. Community Based Model Ultimate goal is to achieve Police legitimacy throughout the entire society

In the Absence of Consent or Exigent Circumstances, Before Entering a Private Residence to make an Arrest, Officers Must....:

A. Personal observations B. Informant's tips C. Reports from other officers or law enforcement agencies D. Leads furnished by the victim or witness of the crime E. Physical evidence found at the scene F. Past criminal record of suspect G. Statements made by a suspect

Sources of Information to Establish Probable Cause to Make a Warrantless Arrest:

Uses of Field Notes

A. Preservation of knowledge, and written form B. Foundation of the formal, written C. Aids in further investigation D. Evidence in court E. Documentation of the officers effort in the field

Culpable Mental State (4)

A. Purposely A person acts a. Purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a result or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish, thereby it is the offenders specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature B. Knowingly a. A person acts Knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature (did the act without the intent) C. Recklessly a. A person acts Recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person's conduct is likely to be of a certain nature D. Negligently a. A person acts Negligently when, because of a substantial lapse of due care, the person first to perceive or avoid a risk that a person's conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature.

The Relationship between Race, Genetics and Physical Characteristics.

A. Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar observable physical characteristics. B. It is not, as many people think, based on genetics. C. Despite surface appearance, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species. D. Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so-called race from another. E. This is because most genetically influenced traits like hair, skin, eye shape, blood type, athleticism and intelligence are inherited completely independent from one another.

In the Absence of Consent or Exigent Circumstances, Before Entering a Private Residence to make an Arrest, Officers Must....:

A. Secure the appropriate warrant or warrants, including: Arrest warrant(s), and.... If making an arrest in the home of a third party, A search warrant to secure the premises for the person to be arrested B. Reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address listed on the warrant and C. Knock and announce their presence

The Elements of Probable Cause to Arrest are Satisfied When:

A. The officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed, and the person is about to be arrested, committed that unlawful act Personal Notes Affidavit - A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court. Needed for a Warrant A. Nature of offense (objective and factual) B. Description (physical) C. ORC # and definition D. Copy of complaint (Affidavit) E. Persons information/descriptors F. Date and Time Only 48 hours to charge someone

Criteria to Establish the Plain View Exception to the Search Warrant Requirement:

A. The officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation was made and.... B. The incriminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent (i.e. Equates to Probable Cause) and..... C. The officers must have a lawful right of access to the object

The Ultimate Reason for Law Enforcement Training 1-1

A. To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public.

Purpose of the Bill Of Rights

A. To protect an individual's freedoms B. To prevent the government from interfering in protected rights

Goals of Sentencing

A. To punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender. B. Protect society. C. Restore the victim as much as possible.

Steps for Administering First Aid to an Individual Who Has Been Exposed to the Chemical Agent CS:

1. First aid a. Remove individual from the contaminated area b. Encourage the individual to remain calm c. Advise the individual no to rub his/her eyes d. Flush affected tissue area with clean, fresh water e. If the individual's condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention

Continuum of Compromise

A. Transformation from idealistic ethical officer to a self-serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process. a. Process i. Begins with a perceived sense of victimization. ii. Victimization can lead to a sense of entitlement. iii. Entitlement ncan lead to acts of omissions on the job, and progress to acts of commission, including criminal.

Essential Questions Answered in a Report

A. Who B. What C. When D. How E. Where F. Why

Steps in the Decision Making Model and the application of PLUS Filters.

Step 1 a. Define the problem, being aware that how you define the problem determines where and how you will look for solutions. STEP 2 a. Identify alternative solutions available to address the problem - At a minimum 3, and ideally more than 5. Step 3 a. Evaluate the identified alternatives list the pros and cons of each; Differentiate between known facts and personal beliefs of the situation. 4. Make the decision. 5. Implement the decision. Evaluate the decision.

Two Modes of Thinking

System 1 (Automatic thinking) System 2 (deliberate thinking) A. Practical Purpose a. Simplifies tasks (e.g. driving, tying shoes) which most can do without having to systematically and deliberately think about each step B. Protection Mechanism a. We evaluate everything we see and everyone we meet with 200 milliseconds to determine if something is threatening or not.

Reckless Homicide 2903.041 (A)

No Person shall... RECKLESSLY, cause death of another or the unlawful termination of another's Pregnancy

Aggravated Vehicular Assault 2903.08 (A)(1)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... (strict Liability) Cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn, As a proximate result of committing a violation of 1. R.C. 4511.19 (OVI) OR 2. R.C. 1547.11(A) (OVI for watercraft , water ski's vessels, airplanes.) 3. R.C. 4561.15(A)(3) (unsafe operation of an aircraft) OR 4. Committing a violation of substantially equivalent Municipal Ordinance.

Aggravated Vehicular Homicide 2903.06 (A)(1)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... (strict liability) cause death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy. As the proximate result of committing a violation of OVI (4511.19) or 1547.11 (A) (OVI for motor vessels, airplanes) or 4561.15 (A)(3) (Unsafe operation of Aircraft) or Committing violation of a substantially equivalent municipal ordnance

vehicular homicide 2903.06 (A)(3)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... NEGLIGENLTY or (Strict liability) When, as the proximate result of committing, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle or motorcycle in a construction zone, a speeding offense, cause death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy. When...the persons whose death is caused or whose pregnancy is unlawfully terminated in a construction zone at the time of the offenders commission of the reckless operation the construction zone.

Vehicular Assault 2903.08 (A)(2)(b)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... Recklessly cause serious physical harm to another person or another's unborn

Aggravated Vehicular Homicide 2903.06(A)(2)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... Recklessly or (Strict liability) When, as the proximate result of committing, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle or motorcycle in a construction zone, a reckless... Death of another or unlawful termination of another's pregnancy's. When...the persons whose death or whose pregnancy is unlawfully terminated in a construction zone at the time of the offenders commission of the reckless operation the construction zone.

Vehicular Assault 2903.08 (A)(2)(a)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall...(Strict liability) as the proximate result of committing, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle or motorcycle in a construction zone, a RECKLESS offense. Cause serious physical harm to another person or another's unborn. When... the serious physical harm is caused or whose unborn the serious physical harm is caused in the construction zone of the offender's commission of the reckless operation offense in the construction zone.

Vehicular Assault 2903.08 (A)(3)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall.... (negligently) (Strict liability) as the proximate result of committing, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle or motorcycle in a construction zone, a speeding offense. When... the person to whom or whose unborn child the serious physical harm is caused is in the construction zone at the time of the offender's commission of the speeding offense in the construction zone.

Abduction 2905.02 (A)(1)-(2)

No person * without the privilege to do so * shall... knowingly, By force or threat... (1) By force or threat, remove another from the place where the other person is found; (2) By force or threat, restrain the liberty of another person under circumstances that create a risk of physical harm to the victim or place the other person in fear; (3) Hold another in a condition of involuntary servitude.

Aggravated Murder R.C. 2903.01 (D)

No person [*who is under detention as a result of a felony conviction or who breaks that detention] shall... PURPOSELY Cause the death of another (*See above)

Contributing to Unruliness or Delinquency of a Child 2919.24 (B)(1)-(3)

No person including a parent, guardian or other custodian of a child shall.... (recklessly) Either Aid abet induce cause encourage or attribute, to OR Act in a way tending to cause... A child or ward of the juvenile court to become an unruly or delinquent child OR Act in a way that contributes to an adjuration of the child as a delinquent child based on the child's violation of a court order adjudicating the child an unruly child for being an habitual truant.

Murder 2903.02 (A)

No person shall... KNOWINGLY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy When... · Under the influence of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage ... · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force

Voluntary Manslaughter R.C. 209.03 (A)

Voluntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.03 (B)

Interference with custody 2919.23(A)(1)-(3)

No person shall... Knowing the person is without privilege or Being reckless in that regard. Entice, take, keep or harbor a person from the parent guardian, or custodian of the person and...The person is A child under 18, or a mentally or physically handicapped child under the age of 21 or a person committed by law to an institution for delinquent, unruly, neglected, abused, or dependent children or a person committed by law to an institution for the mentally ill or an institution for persons with intellectual disabilities

Aggravated Murder 2903.01 (E)

No person shall... PURPOSELY.... Cause the death of a law enforcement officer whom the offender knows or has reasonable cause to know is a LE officer When... · Victim was engaged in LE duties OR · Specific purpose was to kill a LE officer

Menacing by Stalking 2903.211 (A)(3)

No person shall... knowingly, violate (A)(1) or (A)(2) or cause another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm. With sexual motivation.

Vandalism 2909.05(B)(1a-b)

No person shall... knowingly, cause physical harm to property that is owned or possessed by another, when either of the following applies,

Interference with Custody 2919.23 (B)

No person shall...(Recklessly) Aid, abet induced, cause or encourage a child or a ward of the juvenile court that has been committed to the custody of any person, department, or public or private institution to leave that custody without legal consent.

Endangering Children (R.C. 2919.22) (C)

No person when one or more children the age of 16 of the age are 18, streetcar, or trackless trolley shall... (strict liability) operate a, streetcar, or trackless trolley within Ohio in violation of 4511.19.

Criminal Child Enticement 2905.05 (C)

No person, for any unlawful purpose other than, or in addition to, that proscribed by division (A) of this section, shall engage in any activity described in division (A) of this section.

Criminal Child Enticement 2905.05 (B)

No person, with a sexual motivation, shall violate division (A) of this section.

Identity Fraud 2913.49 (D)

No person, with intent to defraud, shall permit another person to use the person's own personal identifying information.

Unlawful Restraint 2905.03(A)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall knowingly restrain another of the other person's liberty.

Importuning 2907.07 (A)

(A) No person shall solicit a person who is less than thirteen years of age to engage in sexual activity with the offender, whether or not the offender knows the age of such person.

Unlawful Sexual Conduct with a Minor

(A) No person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with another, who is not the spouse of the offender, when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, or the offender is reckless in that regard.

Criminal Trespassing 2911.21 (A)(3)

(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following: (3) Recklessly enter or remain on the land or premises of another, as to which notice against unauthorized access or presence is given by actual communication to the offender, or in a manner prescribed by law, or by posting in a manner reasonably calculated to come to the attention of potential intruders, or by fencing or other enclosure manifestly designed to restrict access;

Assault 2903.13 (A)

(A) No person shall knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another's unborn.

Identity Fraud 2913.49 (E)

(E) No person who is permitted to use another person's personal identifying information as described in division (D) of this section shall use, obtain, or possess the other person's personal identifying information with intent to defraud any person by doing any act identified in division (B)(1) or (2) of this section.

How to Interview a Human Trafficking Victim:

1) Preferably before the interview, identify other resource agencies in your area and communicate with them; consider a. Human trafficking task force b. Federal law enforcement agencies c. Other local law enforcement agencies d. Human trafficking coalitions e. Social service providers f. Nonprofit organizations 2) If you are the responding officer to a situation, your preliminary interview will be your key to gathering information as to whether or not you should investigate further or contact additional resources 3) You may encounter traffickers who will attempt to offer explanations of the situation, which makes it extremely important for you to note the following about others at the crime scene a. What are their living conditions? b. What are their working conditions? c. Are there indications of restricted movement (e.g., are they allowed to leave)? d. Are they forced to make frequent moves? e. Are there any behavioral indicators of severe dependency (e.g., submissive behavior, fearful behavior in the presence of others)? f. Who is in physical possession of their legal documents or identification? g. Who insists on providing information to law enforcement? h. Are they in the country legally? i. Do you need an interpreter on scene? (Be wary of people already on the scene who volunteer to interpret - they may be the traffickers, so you will want to briefly screen them) 4) What to expect from victims a. When identifying and recovering potential victims, it's important to have realistic expectations b. Most victims do not self-identify as victims and will often deny they are in a situation of exploitation or abuse to protect their perpetrators as they are more fearful of retaliation c. Victims may remain silent and fearful or may project anger and aggression toward law enforcement as a defense mechanism d. It may take multiple interactions and interviews with victims to begin piecing together their stories. Patience is crucial, especially when the victim is a minor or foreign national who may not know the norms of the justice system e. Many victims have been brainwashed and have been coached in their stories by their perpetrators. They will resort to using those stories until trust is established f. It's important to remember that re-telling their stories may be traumatic and/or seen as shameful, making them reluctant to give the story upfront 5) Building rapport with the human trafficking victim will help you get more information and help to minimize stress and fear the victim may be experiencing a. Rapport can be built with time, a non-threatening demeanor, and repeated assurances to the victim that you are there to help b. A good way to begin building a rapport is to ask very simple, general questions c. Make it a conversation d. Appease; don't be confrontational 6) Interview considerations a. It is important to minimize fear and build trust with victims while also being honest about the circumstances being investigated b. The process of building trust can be more successful when law enforcement makes an effort to be victim centered 7) Recommendations for law enforcement a. Minimize the number of individuals at the interview site when doing the interview b. Provide access to an interpreter, even if the victim speaks conversational English c. Watch for signs of discomfort and/or exhaustion d. Allow access to food, water, and breaks e. Avoid using intimidation tactics on the victim (e.g., do not threaten arrest, deportation, or taking the victim's children) f. Avoid physical contact with the victim g. Be patient and allow the truth to unfold h. Avoid using terms or language the victim does not use i. Avoid referring to victims as prostitutes, illegals, slaves, etc. j. Avoid the term pimp when referring to the suspect - instead use whatever terminology the victim uses (e.g., boyfriend) k. Don't make promises you can't keep l. Choose an appropriate interview location 8) Interview location a. You should interview any potential victims outside of the presence of the suspected trafficker b. The interview site should not be at a location where the perpetrator can easily intimidate the victim c. If the victim is in close proximity to the perpetrator, you may get the victim away from the perpetrator by explaining that you need him/her to come to your vehicle so you can gather some more identifying information, rather than saying you need to interview him/her d. Consider the level of comfort available at the interview site over extended hours of interviewing and interaction

General Indicators of Inhalant Use:

1. Disorientation 2. Slurred speech 3. Residue of substance on hands, face, and/or clothing 4. Confusion 5. Possible nausea

Simple Protocol for First Responders at Possible Clandestine Laboratories:

1. Do not touch anything 2. Do not sniff anything 3. Do not open anything 4. Follow agency policy/procedure

Options for Handling a Threat from a Companion Animal:

1. Distractions and escape options a. If a dog encounter turns threatening, determine if any distractions are available (e.g., ball or stick lying on ground, dog treat) b. If your vehicle is close by and you have distracted the doggo, consider slowly backing up toward protection or get in your vehicle c. If you are not able to get to your vehicle, determine if there is something in your surroundings that you can put between you and the dog i. Garbage can ii. Garbage can lid iii. Clipboard iv. Chair 2. Intermediate weapons a. If distractions or escaping the situation are impractical or unavailable, you may need to use other items that are available on your person b. Impact weapons can be used for blocking, redirecting a dog attack, or used as a bite stick; be aware that the motions involved in opening, may be seen as threatening by some dogs 3. OC is the only chemical weapon that can be highly effective on dogs and, therefore, is the only chemical weapon that should be considered for use on dogs a. Because of differences in anatomy and physiology of animals, dogs experience few, if any, of the symptoms induced by CN in humans b. Likewise, CS is virtually ineffective on on-human animals 4. Electrical weapons a. In field reports of electrical weapon use on dogs, most officers reported that the period of immobilization was shorter than for people b. When using an electrical weapon on dogs, officers must deploy it differently than when using it on people c. Most of a dog's body mass is horizontal or parallel to the ground, therefore, the electrical weapon needs to be held sideways so that the probes spread horizontally when fired d. Due to the fact that dogs are smaller than people, officers firing electrical weapons must be closer to a dog than to a person, less than 10 feet e. Have a backup plan because animals can move fast, and you are very close to the animal at this point 5. Environmental weapons (e.g., flashlights, clipboards, fire extinguishers) can be used for blocking or redirecting a doggo attack a. Fire extinguishers serve a dual purpose are they are also a highly effective tool if discharged toward a dog b. Not only can fire extinguishers produce a startling expanding and cold cloud, but they also produce an aversive noise and have a bad taste and odor 6. Lethal force a. As for the legal standards regarding the use of force and animals, the companion animals do not, themselves, independently have legal rights, their owners certainly do b. Because the courts consider companion animals to be personal property, they consider use of force against a companion animal a seizure under the Fourth Amendment subject to the reasonableness standard c. You should be prepared to submit a detailed report of the encounter, just like you would with other incidents d. Keep in mind most doggos are much smaller than a human threat; always be aware of the direction of your muzzle and what is beyond the threat e. When a LEO shoots a dog that does not constitute a serious threat, community trust is eroded, and the department is opened to potential lawsuits or other legal action f. Always follow your agency policy and procedures

Two Most Common Methods by Which an Officer May Be Injured or Killed During an Officer Initiated Contact:

1. Felonious assault 2. Crash

General Indicators of Hallucinogen Use:

1. Hallucinations 2. Dazed appearance 3. Body tremors 4. Uncoordinated 5. Perspiring 6. Disorientation 7. Paranoia 8. Difficulty in speech 9. Nausea 10. Piloerection (i.e., goose bumps)

The Color Code and Each Associated Agent that may be used by Law Enforcement Agencies:

1. HC (i.e., smoke) a. Labeling color code - Yellow b. Produces a thick, heavy cloud of smoke c. Uses i. Cover for tactical movement ii. Checking wind direction iii. Used with other chemical agents to hold that agent closer to the ground iv. Helps carry other agents further d. Odor ranges from none to sweet smell e. Psychological effects - slight irritation to the eyes and respiratory system 2. CS a. Labeling color code - Blue b. Lachrymator c. Has a pepper odor d. It is manufactured from two chemicals that form a wet, flaky powder and is classified as an irritant e. Incapacitation time factor i. Effective in 3-5 seconds ii. More potent that OC f. Characteristics i. 30-45 minute effective time ii. Subjects under chemical influences or those with a mental illness may react slowly iii. CS gas rises (i.e., apply low on a crowd and it will rise) g. Psychological effects i. Extreme burning of the eyes accompanied by copious flow of tears ii. Involuntary closures of the eyes; however, strong willed individuals may be able to overcome this response iii. Runny nose, sinus discharge, nasal drip iv. Stinging sensation on moist skin v. Tightness in the chest airways and throat that is sometimes described as feeling like a heart attack vi. Dizziness vii. Prolonged exposure can result in nausea and vomiting 3. OC a. Labeling color code - Orange b. Flammability i. Stream delivery products are non-flammable ii. Foaming products are flammable c. The effects are mostly evident within seconds after use and last approximately 30 minutes d. OC gas is heavier than air (i.e., apply it high and it will fall) e. Description i. Oily resin in a refined form ii. Odorless f. Psychological effects i. Burning and inflammation to 1. Exposed skin 2. Mucous membranes 3. Eyes 4. Nose ii. Causes involuntary eye closure g. General psychological effects i. Panic ii. Possible loss of will to fight 4. Possible health hazards of chemical agents (these hazards occur in very high concentrations) a. Can cause dehydration under heavy concentration b. Can cause chemical burns c. Death can result for people who have had heart, lung, or kidney problems d. Using wet towels as a mask may cause the skin to burn e. Repeated contact with some agents may cause skin inflammation f. Ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea g. Temporary effects may be more severe on those persons who are asthmatic or suffer from emphysema h. May affect the elderly as well as small children more severely 5. Forms of chemical agent dissemination a. Micro-pulverized powder (i.e., explosion) i. Agent is disseminated in a dust cloud ii. Presents little or no fire hazard iii. May be deployed indoors and outdoors iv. Agents in expulsion form 1. CS 2. OC 6. Pyrotechnic (e.g., combustible that creates fire) a. Compressed agent cakes or pellets are combined with a pyrotechnic compound b. The pyrotechnic compound is ignited and the agent is carried in the smoke cloud c. Best used in outdoor deployments where there is a less risk of igniting fires d. Available in continuous discharge grenade form or canister form that can be fired from a 40mm launcher 7. Fog a. Outdoor deployment b. Heated formula creates a vapor to carry the agent 8. Liquid a. An agent is suspended in a liquid b. Agent is disseminated by evaporation or direct contact 9. Chemical agent delivery systems a. Grenades i. Types 1. Expulsion/blast dispersion a. Powdered agent b. Generates a dust cloud 2. Aerosol a. Fuse ignition delivers an aerosol fog b. Non-flammable 3. Pyrotechnic ii. Deployment 1. Hand thrown 2. Launched a. 12 gauge shotgun with launching apparatus

Two Approach Patterns:

1. Left-side walk-up 2. Right-side walk-up 3. Left-side walk-up: a. Approach preparation b. Visually monitor the occupant actions - shoulders, hands, eyes c. Maintain weapon awareness i. Keep jacket zipped, if worn, and tucked away from the firearm ii. Keep the holster retention secured d. Begin the approach and sensory sweep i. Wait for a break in traffic that will allow time to exit and approach ii. To maintain noise discipline, don't slam the cruiser door iii. Approach, keeping close to the cruiser, near the door and hood iv. After passing front bumper of cruiser, cut in and follow a path aligned with the left side of the suspect's vehicle v. Rely on hearing and peripheral vision to monitor traffic e. Mid approach i. Monitor actions of the driver and passengers continually, with glances at other areas ii. Monitor brake lights and trunk f. Application of brake or reverse lights evaluate the threat g. There are two schools of thought on touching the trunk, and which one used will be determined by assessment i. Touch the trunk to ensure against unexpected opening ii. Do not touch the trunk; this action may give away your position and slow the approach h. Check rear seat area to confirm number of occupants i. Take note of unusual sounds or smells j. Contact at the suspect's vehicle i. Stay behind the rear or trailing edge of the front door ii. Your body should be close to, but not touching, the suspect's vehicle 1. This position will create a severe angle for the suspect attempting to shoot the officer 2. Staying behind the trailing edge of the door prevents the officer from being struck by the door opening iii. Concentrate on occupant's/s' hands and sudden movements iv. Verbally address the suspect. Be polite but in control v. What questions or statements should the officer make and in what order? 1. Greet - Greet the suspect 2. I.D. - Identify yourself and your agency 3. Reason - State the reason for the vehicle stop 4. Request the suspect's operator's license, proof of insurance, and CCW license, if necessary vi. Never reach in the vehicle to grab anything from any occupant with your dominant hand vii. Take the documents with your non-dominant hand viii. Hold the license high enough so you need only move your eyes to see both the license and the suspect's hands ix. Advise the suspect that you are going back to your cruiser to review the documents and, for his/her safety, he/she should remain in the vehicle and await your return k. Returning to the cruiser - pre-citation and post-citation i. Utilize a technique based on your assessment of the suspect and traffic that maintains your safety ii. One option is to turn your head "down the middle" toward the curb nearest the passenger side of the cruiser (i.e., driver's side for the right side approach) iii. Upon reaching the cruiser door, pause and check the suspect's position and movement again iv. Take a mental snapshot of the vehicle and occupant position(s) l. Generating a citation and re-approaching the vehicle i. Your primary concern must be your safety ii. Divided attention provides an opportunity for aggressive actions by any vehicle occupant iii. Monitor the occupant's/s' actions frequently and check mirrors to maintain traffic awareness iv. Any unnecessary sound should being eliminated (e.g., turn down any music) v. When generating a citation, keep the interior lights to a minimum. Red lighting allows less cruiser interior visibility vi. When you have completed any necessary checks and paperwork, if the assessment has not changed, you can return to the suspect's vehicle to return documents and/or enforcement papers vii. Re-approach the suspect vehicle with the same officer safety diligence and assessment performed in the initial approach viii. Safely return to the cruiser 4. Right-side walk-up: a. Most Americans are right handed, and the officer will have a better view of the occupant's right hand as it is more difficult to hide with body position b. Any actions to toss contraband into another part of the vehicle or hand it off will be easier to see c. Allows a greater plain view of the interior d. Provides greater time and distance from the driver should he/she become hostile or aggressive 5. Differences from left-side walk-up a. When you get to the front bumper of the cruiser, move quickly, but under control, across the front of the cruiser until aligned slightly right of the right side front bumper b. If walking behind the cruiser, move to the rear of the cruiser while assessing. Then move quickly, but under control, across the rear of the cruiser until aligned slightly right of the right side rear bumper of the cruiser c. Addressing the suspect will be from a position equal with the passenger side door jamb slightly behind the vehicle operator d. The officer should be prepared for sudden activity from the interior and in a stance conducive to accessing weapons and/or retreating to cover

Surveillance Methods:

1. Mobile - Foot surveillance a. Plainclothes assignment i. Used when suspects are walking in public locations where they may meet with other suspects and/or make drops (e.g., drugs, money, information) ii. Is the most successful using multiple officers (e.g., three) 1. Surveillant A keeps a very close tail immediately behind the subject 2. Surveillant B Follows behind Surveillant A and the subject 3. Surveillant C observes from across the street parallel with the other two 4. If the subject turns a corner or enters a building, Surveillant A keeps walking and B or C picks up the tail iii. The target can be handed off to other officers if necessary iv. Often used during a dignitary or witness protection detail v. Usually, but not always, covert in nature b. Tactics i. Cross to the other side of the street ii. Talk to someone iii. Read something iv. Buy something v. Tinker with a car vi. If the subject stops suddenly, walk on by without paying attention 2. Mobile - Vehicle surveillance a. Officer considerations i. Have the ability to conduct simultaneous tasks 1. Operate recording equipment 2. Maintain radio contact 3. Note taking ii. Have the ability to react to or anticipate the subject's moves 1. Subject changes vehicles 2. Subject enters high traffic situation iii. Interference 1. People a. Subject's associated potentially conducting counter surveillance b. Innocent bystanders 2. Traffic a. Congestion b. Construction c. Traffic signals d. Multiple subject vehicles - be aware the subject could possibly be traveling with associates in other vehicles that might be aware of an officer's presence b. Techniques i. Shadowing - one officer in one car following the subject ii. Paralleling 1. One or more officers travel along parallel streets 2. If the subject makes a turn, the paralleling unit can resume the shadow 3. Useful technique in urban areas iii. Leapfrog - if possible, make sure vehicles used are appropriate for the neighborhood 1. The lead car slows down and allows another officer to pass and become the lead car 2. Useful if the lead officer feels the subject is getting suspicious iv. Progressive 1. Surveillance conducted in stages 2. The subject is followed from each point of his/her travels 3. Can be time consuming depending on how long the subject stays at each location c. Signs surveillance has been compromised i. The subject takes frequent right, left, or U turns ii. Stops, pulls or steps over, and waits/watches iii. Varies speed iv. Takes highway exits and gets right back on v. Stops beyond a hill or crest vi. If the officer notices counter surveillance d. Cautions i. Following too close 1. If the target makes a stop, make sure not to get boxed in 2. Always allow room to move around the subject's vehicle if you need to leave quickly ii. Interstate/highway shadowing 1. Allow as much distance as possible to avoid detection 2. You do not need to see the subject, just the subject's vehicle 3. Fixed/stationary surveillance a. An officer maintains a continuous view of the suspect, the suspect's location, or a location the suspect is expected to return to b. Special vehicles are especially useful for this type of surveillance (e.g., decoy car, work van/truck with hidden surveillance equipment) c. Make sure the vehicles are appropriate for the neighborhood d. Remember officer safety - if you can see the subject, the subject might be able to see you e. Electronic surveillance can include i. Pole cams ii. Phone rings iii. GPS devices iv. Monitoring social media v. Complex sire taps vi. Consult with legal authority (e.g., prosecutor) regarding any legal requirements if using anything to enhance the ability to observe

Primary Responsibility of the First Responder to a Crime Scene:

1. Officer safety a. Although it may not immediately be apparent, be aware that the offender may still be at the scene and, if this is the case, apprehend him/her b. Keep in mind that the offender is a crime scene in him/her self c. In addition to human threats at crime scenes, you must consider other, not so obvious threats to your safety (e.g., biological hazards, chemicals, fumes, manufactured drugs, booby traps, and structural issues) d. If a weapon is present, you do not need to unload and secure it immediately unless there is a potential risk that the weapon may be touched by an unauthorized person e. While life saving actions always take precedence over evidence collection, you may have to conduct a protective sweep of the scene to ensure that an offender is not present before any life saving measures can take place 2. Rendering Aid a. Once the scene is deemed to be safe, there may be individuals on scene who need first aid b. In cases where aid must be rendered, it is often unavoidable that the crime scene is altered c. If aid is being rendered to individuals at the scene and objects are being moved within the scene, it is imperative that those actions are noted and documented d. Attempt to mitigate any damage done by EMT's through reasonable limitations that do not limit lifesaving procedures (e.g., escort them around the scene, limit how many come in, point out potential evidence, limit access points, prevent from discarding medical supplies) e. If EMT's or other first responders have stepped in blood or other fluids inadvertently, obtain footwear impressions from these individuals to eliminate their footprints from the potential suspects footprints ASAP f. In your report, document any explanations as to why items were moved, their condition prior to being moved, who moved them, and where they were moved to g. If the victim is transported to the hospital, an officer should be assigned to go with the victim to: i. Obtain a consent to search ii. Secure the victim's clothing that may be evidence iii. Witness a dying declaration h. Pronouncement of death: i. In Ohio, a physician may pronounce a person dead without personally examining the body of the deceased only if a competent observed recited the facts of the deceased's present medical condition to the physician and the physician is satisfied that death has occurred 1. The meaning of competent observer is defined in O.A.C. 4731-13-01(C) 2. A law enforcement officer cannot pronounce a person dead and is not defined as a competent observer ii. You need to make sure you follow agency policy and procedures in the event you are responding to a person who is obviously dead (e.g., decapitated, decomposing) 3. Securing the scene a. The size of the perimeter will be determined by the nature of the incident b. A perimeter may be established by simply removing all individuals from the scene and closing a door c. It may be necessary to surround the area (e.g., barrier tape, cones, cruisers, personnel) d. In some cases (e.g., breaking and entering, overnight business burglary), it may be as simple as telling the property owner you will be processing the scene for physical evidence, and asking that they remain out of the way e. Larger more complex scenes may require both an inner and outer perimeter i. The inner perimeter is the perimeter around the actual crime scene 1. Only individuals who have a legitimate purpose (e.g., investigators, EMT's, coroners, body transport personnel) should be allowed in the inner perimeter 2. A crime scene log should be maintained at the inner perimeter to record the names of everyone who enters the inner perimeter along with their in/out times and the reason for their entry ii. Outer perimeter 1. May be as simple as placing a patrol unit at both ends of the block to keep unnecessary persons from approaching the scene 2. It may be permissible to allow other law enforcement or residents onto the street but prohibit all others (e.g., curious citizens, media) 3. It is a good practice to establish the perimeter father out than you think is necessary 4. It is easier to scale back a perimeter than it is to move it out 5. The perimeter should also include entry and escape paths used by the suspect(s) 6. These paths are a good source of evidence (e.g., footwear/tire impressions, discarded evidence) 4. Interacting with witnesses a. Upon your arrival, witnesses are often present, and they may provide you with additional information b. Restrict movement of witnesses to prevent contamination or destruction of evidence i. Separate witnesses so that information is not shared ii. In some cases, it is appropriate to examine and photograph the clothing of witnesses iii. If you are going to examine and photograph the witnesses' clothing, make sure you place the witnesses in good light, photograph their clothes, examine their hands for evidence, and photograph if needed

The Most Utilized Methods of Manufacturing Methamphetamine in Ohio:

1. On pot/Shake-n-Bake method 2. Red Phosphorous method 3. Birch reduction method

Four Dimensions of a Whole Person and the Focus of Each That, Collectively, Contribute to a person's Effectiveness:

1. Physical - A healthy body; strength and endurance 2. Mental - a healthy mind; feeding, challenging, growing the mind 3. Emotional - a healthy heart; positive emotions, managing energy 4. Spiritual - a healthy spirit; purposeful, serving a cause, faithful to self

Paraphernalia Associated with Cocaine Use:

1. Pipes to smoke crack, small mirrors, short plastic straws, rolled up paper tubes, razor blades, small spoons, lighters, butane torch, chore boy, push rod (e.g., coat hanger), tire pressure gauge, aluminum cans, (baking soda, Inositol NOT SPO)

Information an Officer Should Document and Provide when Making a Referral to a Children's Services Agency:

1. Physical abuse a. Serious and/or multiple inflicted injuries to any area of the body b. Any inflicted injury requiring medical attention c. Injury to vulnerable or sensitive areas of the body (e.g., eyes, genitalia) d. Injuries not consistent with the history given e. Widespread bruising f. Multiple injuries in various stages of the healing process g. Corporal punishment of a child less than one year old h. Any dangerous acts (e.g., electric shock, preventing a child from breathing) that place the child at risk of serious harm i. Signs of abusive head trauma/shaken baby syndrome j. Intentionally pulling a child's hair out k. Injury is a result of domestic violence directed at the child l. Caregiver forced the child to eat a non-food item or a food item in an excessive amount that can be toxic m. Caregiver denies child proper amounts of food and water 2. Emotional abuse a. The child is threatened with extreme or sinister punishment b. Caregiver threatens child with a weapon c. Caregiver encourages child to participate in criminal/delinquent behavior d. Caregiver repeatedly involves the child in activities causing significant emotional stress on the child 3. Sexual abuse a. Child under the age of 18 engaged in sexual activity with any relative, regardless of force or coercion b. An adult acting in "Loco Parentis" that engages in sexual conduct/contact with a child c. A child between the ages of 13 and 14 engaged in sexual activity with any person more than 4 years older than the child d. Caregiver touches a child's genitalia for purposes other than hygiene e. Caregiver has the child touch the caregivers genitalia f. Caregiver masturbates in front of the child; asks the child to masturbate g. Caregiver makes no attempt to prevent child from observing sexual behavior h. Caregiver shows child pornographic material i. Caregiver tricks or forces a child into sexual play 4. Drug use and abuse a. A child has access to drugs and/or drum paraphernalia (e.g., needles) b. Caretaker knowingly allows access/exposure to a drug lab c. Child is used as part of a drug distribution operation d. Caregiver is arrested for operating a vehicle under the influence with a child in the car e. Caregiver gives child inappropriate doses of medications creating a threat of harm and/or injury f. Caregiver uses illegal substances with the child g. Caregiver encourages the child to become intoxicated and/or become intoxicated with the caregiver 5. Neglect a. Child left with inappropriate caregiver or no caregiver b. Caregiver cannot provide for the child's basic needs i. Fails to provide food, shelter, clothing ii. Does no provide adequate utilities in home iii. Not providing adequate sustenance to sustain life, weight gain, and/or growth iv. Does not provide for adequate medical care (e.g., sells the child's prescriptions, does not seek medical care for severe injury) c. Caregiver's whereabouts are unknown and the child is found to be alone d. Caregiver tells the child not to return home and provides no alternate placement e. Caregiver leaves child alone for significant amounts of time f. Caregiver leaves infant/toddler in a vehicle with no supervision g. Caregiver's home presents a safety and/or health hazard due to deplorable conditions (e.g., excessive garbage, rotted food, exposed wiring, insect/rodent infestation) h. Caregiver improperly restrains the child (e.g., handcuffed to a bed, taped to a chair) or locks child in a confined space i. Caregiver does not provide for educational needs of the child (e.g., does not send child to school, impedes academic process)

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) Selection Considerations at a Hazmat Incident:

1. Proper selection of PPE for individual responders must be based upon a careful assessment of two factors a. The hazards anticipated to be present or are present at the scene b. The probable impact of those hazards, based upon the mission role of the individual 2. The amount of protection required is material and hazard specific a. The EPA has established a set of four chemical protective PPE ensembles (A through D) that provide certain protection levels and are commonly used by fire and emergency service organizations b. Level D is the lowest level of protection and represents what an average law enforcement officer may have available while on duty c. Law enforcement officers may have PPE available that would provide blood and body fluid pathogen barrier protection i. Outer protective garments - may be configured to cover only parts of the body or torso ii. Gloves iii. Footwear iv. Face protection d. No single type of PPE protects against all hazards and may well be inadequate for the incident to which an officer could respond e. First responder agencies must individually research the available data on the various ensembles and decide, based on duties performed, what combination of PPE is acceptable for the organizations

The AGO Pamphlet Titled Ohio Crime Victims' Rights: Helping Crime Victims Rebuild Their Lives:

1. Provides a compilation of all Ohio statutes relative to victims' rights 2. Contains most of the information peace officers are required to provide to the victim 3. Describe protection orders 4. Identifies services available for victims of crime 5. Includes contact information for state and federal victim services

An Officers Assumed Authority for Traffic Control:

1. R.C.2921.331(A) a. No person shall fail to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer invested with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic

Demonstrate An Unknown-Risk Vehicle Stop:

1. Radio the initiated contact 2. Signal the intention to initiate the contact 3. Conduct approach preparation and exit 4. Conduct approach pattern 5. Make contact at the suspect vehicle 6. Verbally address the suspect 7. Return to the cruiser 8. Re-approach the suspect vehicle 9. Return to the cruiser

Relevant Factors in Determining If Force Was Reasonable:

1. Severity of the crime suspected (e.g., theft vs. armed robbery) 2. Whether the suspect is an immediate threat to the safety of Officer(s) or others 3. Whether the suspect is actively resisting 4. Whether the suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight

Public Safety Exception to the Miranda Warning:

1. Statements elicited from a defendant, as well as real evidence resulting from such statements, may be used in evidence even if the officers do not recite Miranda warning before asking questions if the officers' safety or the safety of others is in jeopardy

Peace Officer's Duties in Response to the Gang Problem:

1. Stay educated on gang trends 2. Document any potential gang activity with notes and photography 3. Become familiar with jurisdiction and take notice of repeat offenders and the nicknames used 4. Develop contacts with other agencies to share information

Goals in a High-Risk Vehicle Stop:

1. Take all the time needed to pre-plan the stop 2. If possible, wait for backup prior to initiating the stop 3. If the suspect forces the stop, cover the vehicle from the safest location possible and hold position until backup arrives 4. In a perfect situation, it is safest to have four officers on scene 5. Cruiser positions should be positioned so as to create a wall between officers and the suspect(s) 6. Maintain cover and concealment in a low profile position a. The engine block provides more effective cover than other areas of the vehicle 7. Cruiser tires may take all the time needed to pre-plan the stop 8. If possible, wait for backup prior to initiating the stop 9. If the suspect forces the stop, cover the vehicle from the safest location possible and hold position until backup arrives 10. In a perfect situation, it is safest to have four officers on scene 11. Cruiser positions should be positioned so as to create a wall between officers and the suspect(s) 12. Maintain cover and concealment in a low profile position a. The engine block provides more effective cover than other areas of the vehicle b. Cruiser tires may offer some protection from rounds striking the ground 13. Maintain weapons coverage on all suspects until all are in custody 14. Initially, control three main things a. Keys i. Placed on roof ii. Thrown out window iii. Brought back to you iv. Circumstances or personal choice dictate which action is chosen v. The goal is to keep the vehicle from being driven away b. Hands i. Out the window ii. Fingers interlaced on top of head iii. Out to the side with palms up iv. The goal being the suspect(s) cannot access a weapon v. Under certain conditions (i.e., presence of a K9) have them open the vehicle doors c. Eyes i. Direct away from officer's actions ii. The goal being the suspect(s) cannot plan an attack d. One officer, if not the primary officer, must be designated to issue assignments to other officers and commands to suspects e. At least one officer should have a long gun (e.g., rifle, shotgun) and be assigned to cover the suspects and vehicle throughout the stop f. Suspects are called out one at a time, starting with the driver, and are placed in a position of disadvantage (e.g., kneeling, prone) - several options are available to communicate these orders i. Use the cruiser P.A. system ii. Use of a strong voice 15. Follow the stages of arrest in proper order: a. Control b. Handcuff c. Search d. Officers assigned this task should not have long guns, as they will need to go hands on and must holster to do so e. Clear the suspect vehicle - in all options, initially use the public address system to give any remaining suspects the opportunity to come out 16. Consider the following options: a. Using a K9, if available and there is an open suspect vehicle door b. Cruiser drive by with cover officer walking beside c. Chemical weapon deployment from a delivery system that allows officers to maintain cover (e.g., pepper ball) 17. Officer approach - presents the most risk to officers a. Two officers are designated to make a rapid, low profile approach to respective positions at the rear corners of the suspect vehicle b. Stacking variation driver side - make a rapid, low profile approach to the respective positions on the driver side rear quarter panel of the vehicle c. Stacking variation passenger side - make a rapid, low profile approach to respective positions on the passenger side rear quarter panel of the vehicle d. There are two schools of thought on touching the trunk i. Touch the trunk to ensure against unexpected opening ii. Do not touch the trunk; this action may give away your position and slow the approach e. Check the rear seat by a "quick peek" method f. Yell "clear" or "suspect" g. Check the front seat in the same manner h. Any observed suspects should cause officers to seek cover and issue additional commands i. If the interior is clear, retrieve the keys and check the trunk, staying close to the vehicle on each officer's respective side j. In all actions, crossfire situations must be avoided

A Peace Officer's Priorities in Protecting the scene of a Crash:

1. The 2. The first priority is to the crash victims and the first responders 3. Always wear your high visibility safety vest when directing traffic or investigating crashes 4. Check for injuries: a. Even if you were dispatched to a non-injury accident, check for injuries b. EMS should always be requested to respond to the scene if an injury is reported or suspected c. If responding to a fatality, always protect and cover up the deceased victims d. Any injured or deceased victims should be treated the same as you would treat your own family members 5. Protect the involved vehicles and other evidence at the crash scene 6. Place sufficient and adequate warning devices (e.g., signs, reflectors, flares, fuses, traffic cones) on approaches to the scene as well as appropriate directional signage within the scene area, to give proper warning to drivers and other highway users

Information an Officer Must Relay to a Defendant Concerning the Defendant's failure to Appear in Court at the Time Stated on the Affidavit or Pay for a Traffic Ticket:

1. The defendant's driver's license or commercial driver's license will be suspended 2. The defendant is not eligible for reissuance of a license or certification of registration until the person appears and complies with all orders of the court 3. The defendant remains subject to any applicable criminal penalties

Interrogation:

1. The formal, systematic, or intensive questioning by the police of a person arrested or suspected of committing a crime

Strip Search:

1. The inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities

Considerations to be Made When Investigating a Missing Child or Adult and When Recovering a Victim of Human Trafficking:

1. The missing child or adult you are investigating may be a victim of human trafficking; the victim of human trafficking that you are recovering may have been reported missing

The Process for Arresting a Juvenile:

1. The juvenile is suspected of, or caught violating a law a. If the offense is minor, the officer may choose to exercise discretion and not file a charge i. The officer may counsel the juvenile ii. The officer may contact the juvenile's guardian iii. The officer can direct the juvenile and/or guardian to community resources that might provide assistance, if necessary 2. If the offense is more serious, the officer should begin standard investigation procedures a. Interview the juvenile to gather information b. The officer might contact the juvenile's guardian at this time; this is a matter of consideration, not as a matter of law 3. If the officer believes probable cause exists to charge the youth, the youth can be taken into custody for processing a. Fingerprinting b. Photograph c. Interrogation 4. The juvenile may be placed in juvenile detention or released to the guardian 5. Again, the officer should take the opportunity to refer the juvenile and his/her guardian to community resources 6. Interview and interrogation considerations a. As previously discussed, juveniles are afforded the same rights as adults in investigatory procedures (e.g., search/seizure, self-incrimination) b. Therefore, in a custodial interrogation encounter, the officer must inform the youth of the Miranda warning and ensure his/her rights are understood c. When questioning a juvenile, the officer should consider several factors i. The age of the youth - if the youth is old enough to understand his/her rights and the severity of the situation 1. This is critically important during a custodial interrogation 2. The U.S. Supreme Court held a child's age is a relevant factor to consider in determining whether the child is in custody for purposes of Miranda rights ii. Mental state - is the juvenile free of intellectual disability? iii. Physical state - is the youth experiencing drug and/or alcohol impairment? iv. Are there any language or cultural barriers? 7. Considerations while on school grounds a. Schools are trusted with the care of children while on the grounds during school hours b. Therefore, some schools have a strict policy and procedure regarding who can access juveniles 8. Some schools might require a member of staff to be present when an officer needs to make contact with a student 9. Other schools will require the juvenile's guardian to be present, or will contact the guardian to alert him/her of the officer's request 10. Again, there is no statutory requirement for the officer to notify the parent of an interview/interrogation; in addition, the school has no legal authority to prevent the officer from conducting his/her investigation 11. However, depending on the nature of the investigation and the officer's departmental policy and procedure, the officer might consider conducting the interview at another time and place 12. Conversely, there might be schools that give officers full access to students 13. It is important to maintain positive, working relationships with school personnel 14. Oftentimes, when a peace officer is called to a school to investigate a situation involving a juvenile, school officials have conducted their own investigation 15. The officer can review information, and evidence from the school's investigation in order to help establish probable cause 16. The officer should also become familiar with charges that are specific to violations on or near school grounds, and those that have increased penalties 17. Disorderly Conduct - M-4, if in the vicinity of a school of safety zone 18. Illegal Conveyance of a Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Ordinance in School Safety Zone a. F-5 b. Also applies to objects indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not it is capable of being fired; however, penalty is an M-1 if the object is indistinguishable 19. Improperly Discharging Firearm in a School Safety Zone a. F-2 b. Also, incudes discharging a firearm within 1000 feet of a school premises with the intent to cause physical harm to another who is on school grounds, cause panic or fear of physical harm to another, or cause the evacuation of the school 20. Several of the R.C. Chapter 2925 Drug Offenses have increased penalties if committed in a school safety zone or in the vicinity of a juvenile

Interview:

1. The questioning of a victim, witness, or other person with information related to an incident or case

What First Responders Should Ensure Before Collecting a Device That May Hold Electronic Evidence:

1. The scene has been secured and documented 2. Legal authority exists to seize evidence 3. Appropriate personal protective equipment is used

Ohio Statutory Rights Provided to Victims of Crime include...:

1. The right to have written information regarding rights as a crime victim be provided by the investigating enforcement agency 2. The investigating LE agency must give, in writing, all of the following information a. An explanation of the victim's rights under R.C. Chapter 2930 b. Information about medical, counseling, housing, emergency, and any other services that are available to a victim c. Information about the Ohio Victims of Crime Compensation Program, and... d. Information about protection that is available to the victim, including protective orders issued by the court e. The right to receive information about the criminal investigation from the investigation LE agency f. (With certain exceptions) the right to the prompt return of property 3. Exceptions - property will not immediately be returned when... a. Ownership of property is disputed b. The prosecutor certifies to the court the need to retain the physical property (e.g., weapon) rather than a photograph or other evidentiary substitute c. A judge grants the defendant's motion to use the property in his/her defense d. The right to have a representative who may exercise the rights of the victim e. The right to notification of the arrest or detention of the suspected offender f. The right to notification if a violent offender escapes custody before trial or sentencing g. The right to confer with the prosecutor and receive notice of court proceedings h. The right, (if requested by the victim), to notification of substantial delay in the prosecution i. The right to be present at court proceedings j. The right to have identification information (e.g., address, telephone numbers, place of employment) kept confidential k. The right to be free of intimidation from the offender l. The right to have contact with the defendant minimized during criminal proceedings m. The right to make a statement (victim's impact statement and victim's statement) to the court n. The right, (upon request of the victim), to notice of a defendant's acquittal or conviction o. The right, (upon request of the victim), to notice of a defendant's court appeal p. The right, (upon the request of the victim), to notice of defendant's incarceration and release date q. The right to make a statement prior to a defendant's judicial or early release r. The right, (upon the request of the victim of a sexually oriented or child-victim oriented offense) to notice that the offender has registered with the sheriff and to receive other relevant offender information (e.g., the offender's address, place of employment, photograph) s. The right free from employee discipline for court attendance necessary to protect the victim's rights t. The right to receive information regarding the potential availability of financial awards

Miranda Warning:

1. The suspect has the right to remain silent 2. If the suspect gives up the right to remain silent, anything the suspect says can be used in a court of law against him or her 3. The suspect has the right to speak to an attorney and have an attorney present when being questioned by the police 4. If the suspect cannot afford one, an attorney will be appointed to represent the suspect before questioning begins

Two Conditions for an Officer to Read the Miranda Warning to a Suspect:

1. The suspect is in custody AND 2. The suspect is being questioned/interrogated

The Standard against Which a Waiver Will Be Judged When an Accused Waives his/her Miranda Rights:

1. The warning and waiver have been given and that the statements were made knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently

Types of Resistance:

1. There are two basic types of resistance: active resistance and passive resistance a. Passive Resistance - When a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction i. It is unreasonable to use significant force on a restrained subject, even if some level of passive resistance is presented ii. When a suspect refuse to follow an officer's orders but otherwise poses no safety threat, use of significant force is unreasonable iii. Failing to exit a vehicle is passive resistance iv. Noncompliance, not paired with any signs of verbal hostility or physical resistance, is passive resistance b. Active Resistance - When a person exhibits resistant movements to avoid physical control or, as a passive resistor, the person presents a credible threat to an officer (e.g., lying on hands and not responding to commands to make hands visible) i. Force is only justifiable in the face of active resistance, (i.e., some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect suggesting volitional and conscious defiance) ii. If a suspect actively resists arrest, officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by using an electrical weapon to subdue him/her

Explosive Effects of an IED:

1. Thermal a. High explosives - short duration b. Low explosives - long duration c. Powdered aluminum or magnesium may be used to increase thermal effect (i.e., raise the temperature) 2. Blast a. The two phases of a blast are positive and negative b. In the positive phase, the blast wave moves out and pushes the air out creating a vacuum c. The negative phase is when the air rushes back to fill the vacuum or void caused by the initial positive phase 3. Fragmentation - the material thrown out by the blast that is in close proximity to the point of detonation a. Primary - made up of the container, munitions case, or shrapnel. Moves thousands of feet per second b. Secondary - may include primary fragmentation and debris located near the blast area. Moves hundreds of feet per second

Common Uses for Mobile Field Force:

1. To control unruly crowds, whether hostile or passive 2. To seal off problem areas, regardless of size 3. To rescue citizens or officers from crowds 4. To clear an area of hostile individuals by use of proactive tactics 5. To apprehend multiple offenders a. Keys to successful use of field force i. Pre-planning

1. The formal, systematic, or intensive questioning by the police of a person arrested or suspected of committing a crime

1. To obtain information relevant to an investigation 2. To discover additional evidence relevant to an investigation or establish innocence 3. To obtain accurate and truthful information which may or may not lead to a confession or an admission

Why Surveillance Should Be Conducted:

1. To verify the reliability of information, a tip, or complaint received 2. To protect a government official or other dignitary 3. To obtain sufficient evidence in order to make an arrest or to secure a search warrant 4. To aid in the apprehension of wanted persons or suspects 5. To prevent the commission of a crime 6. To determine locations or drop points of illegal or stolen items 7. To determine residences and hangouts of the surveillance target 8. To study the physical layout of a structure to assist in determining the most feasible method of conducting a raid or approach for an apprehension or rescue

Traditional and Non-traditional Media:

1. Traditional media - sources include television, radio, and print sources and the social media and internet accounts they maintain 2. Non-traditional media - sources include individuals or groups, operating outside of the traditional media outlets, who regularly post information on websites and social media platforms, as well as "citizen journalists" who randomly and opportunistically capture events that have the potential to go viral

The Role of a Peace Officer Regarding Traffic

1. Traffic Enforcement and Investigation a. Traffic Enforcement: i. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the primary tool used to reach the scene of a crime and elude the police is a vehicle 1. The criminal uses the vehicle to get to the crime scene 2. The criminal uses the vehicle as part of the crime 3. The criminal uses the vehicle to leave the crime scene ii. As a PO, if you have probable cause to believe a violation of law exists, then it is your duty and responsibility to take appropriate enforcement action iii. Traffic law enforcement is important in reducing general crime 1. Crimes (e.g., robbery, rape, vehicle theft) may be prevented by a visible police presence 2. The criminal wants to conduct activity without being detected or identified at or near the scene of a crime 3. If the criminal knows there's a great possibility of being contacted by officers, the criminal may choose not to commit the crime or move to a lesser enforced jurisdiction b. Traffic Investigation: i. Officer's will investigate traffic collisions, including hit skip and serious injury involving felony charges ii. They will also investigate specific complaints (e.g., violator's passing school buses, traffic control device not being followed, road rage incidents) iii. Officer's need to be aware that these investigations may turn into something more than just a traffic violation

Clearing Intersections:

1.) Allow for others to adjust to the law enforcement vehicle's approach 2.) Adjust your speed so that others see and hear the emergency warning devices 3.) Use quick, yet thorough, searching methods to clear the intersection to the left, front, and right streets a. Place your chin near your shoulder from left to right b. In order to ensure center vision down cross lanes 4.) Look for additional emergency response vehicles 5.) Change siren pattern to attract attention with a different sound a. Change pitch in advance of intersection b. Return to two handed driving near intersection and concentrate on lane clearing c. The goal is to make sure you have a clear path before you enter the intersection 6.) Intersections are extremely hazardous areas; be aware of limited sight, driver confusion, drivers turning in front of you, and cross traffic unaware of your approach 7.) Never assume an intersection is clear simply because of a green signal or the presence of another officer "holding" the intersection; it is the responsibility of the emergency vehicle operator to make sure the way is clear before entering the intersection 8.) On approach to a multilane intersection, use the lane by lane clearing approach a. Visually clear each lane before you proceed through the intersection b. For example, look and say to yourself, "lane 1, left, right, clear. Lane 2, left, right, clear," etc. 9.) A complete stop at intersections may be the safest option on emergency response

Factors to Consider when determining to Initiate a Vehicle Pursuit:

1.) Legal authority and agency policy a. The guidelines set forth by state law and agency policy ARE NOT OPTIONAL b. Officers are bound by these restrictions whether they personally agree with them or not c. Officers must be absolutely sure what the state law and agency policy allows and that they do not exceed those limits

The Route an Officer should Select when Responding to an Emergency:

1.) The quickest most direct route

Identify the Ohio Revised Code that Covers Driver's License Suspensions:

4510.11

Identify the Ohio Revised Code Section that Covers Moving Violations

4511 Traffic Laws- Operation of Motor Vehicles

Identify the Ohio Revised Code Chapter that Covers Motor Vehicle Crime:

4549.

Student Performance Objective (SPO): 1-1

A. Explains the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question B. Explains the ultimate reason for law enforcement training

The Four Core Principles/ Pillars of Procedural Justice

A. Giving others a voice (i.e. listening) B. Neutrality in decision making C. Respectful treatment D. Trustworthiness A. Voice a. People want an opportunity to explain their situation or tell their side of the story to the officer. b. In practice i. The opportunity for the citizen to make arguments and preserve evidence should occur before you make a decision about how you are going to resolve the conflict. 1. Active listening during this phase makes people feel that they are part of the process and have input, even if it does not impact your decision. B. Neutrality a. concept i. People react positively to evidence that the authorities with whom they are dealing are neutral. 1.Components a. Consistency in decision making for all persons every time b. Decisions are reasoned, objective and factually driven c. Respect for the rules and legal principles d. Transparency and openness about the rules and procedures used to make the decisions facilitates perception of neutrality. 2. In practice a. First secure the situation; Then explain your reason for being there i. When Providing the explanation: 1. Tell the truth 2. Use simple language 3. Be complete in our explanation ii. Check your decision making for effects of implicit biases iii. Right wrongs (when you're wrong, admit it, apologize for it, and work to correct it) do not let pride get in the way of doing the right thing. C. Respectful Treatment. a. Respect is an active process of non-judgmentally engaging people from all backgrounds. b. It is different than tolerance, which is neither positive or negative and requires minimal effort. c. It is practiced to increase our awareness and effectiveness i. Concept 1. People are sensitive to whether they're treated with dignity and politeness and whether their rights are being respected; They will react very negatively to dismissive or demanding interpersonal treatment. ii. In Practice 1. Treat others with respect, equality and dignity 2. Make direct eye contact 3. Address them appropriately 4. Give them your individual attention 5. Be sensitive to cultural differences 6. Do not use inflammatory words or phrases 7. Thank them for their cooperation 8. Show sensitivity to the importance that others place on an issue 9. Show concern for and acquire about their health and well being 10. Be empathetic to their situation 11. Use the golden rule. D. Trustworthiness a. Concept i. People react favorably when they believe that officers are sincerely trying to act on behalf of the best interest of the citizens with whom they interact b. In practice i. Conveyed through the other three pillars ii. Taking their needs and concerns into account iii. Explaining your actions and decisions iv. Using the golden rule 1. Tips for building relationships of trust: a. Strive to understand the communities in which you work b. If you are in a community that largely speaks another language, make an effort to learn key words and phrases c. Be professional but approachable d. Say hello e. Stop in neighborhood establishments and meet the owners and people who work there f. Do not stay constantly engaged in conversations with your partner to the extent that residents feel uncomfortable approaching you g. When in a patrol car and approaching someone, proceed slowly and with the windows open a little h. Encourage community participation. i. Make a conscious effort to respond to the concerns of all residents; If you're not able to immediately able to address a concern, collect the citizens information and follow up in a timely manner. j. Do not become argumentative if a citizen has a complaint or concern no matter the reasonableness of the complaint or concern; Instead, refer the citizen to your agency complaint process and/or bring the issue to your supervisor's attention.

Considerations when exercising discretion

A. Use sound judgement to determine which laws are to be formally enforced. B. Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation. Prevention Patrol: Deter crime Interrupt a crime in progress Position the officers to respond to emergency situations Increase of feeling of security to citizens. Incident Response: Officers respond to minor situations Typical dispositions include: Gathering information Directing parties to community resources Restore order Complete reports Emergency Response: Takes precedence over all other calls Less common than routine incident calls Includes incidents. Criminal Investigation: Process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible. Investigations carried out by detectives Responding officer secures and protects the scene Detective should be able to pick up where the responding officer left off.

Considerations Officers should be Mindful of when Making a Terry Stop:

A. Use the least intrusive means of detention and investigation reasonably available that will achieve the goal B. Conduct the business of the stop as quickly as possible as to not prolong the period of involuntary detention C. If during that detention, additional facts are uncovered that supply the officer with probable cause to arrest, the individual may be arrested D. If grounds for an arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee must be released or the encounter risks becoming a "De Facto" arrest

Plain Feel Doctrine

A. While an officer may not search for objects other than weapons on a Terry stop, if an officer physically feels an object that the officer immediately recognizes as contraband, the object may be seized even if the officers know it is not a weapon B. This only applies when the identity of the object is immediately apparent to the officer from its shape and the way it feels C. When the incriminating nature of the object is immediately apparent, seizing it does not invade the subjects privacy beyond what is allowed in a Terry frisk Personal Notes: 4 Elements to an Arrest The intent to arrest The authority to arrest Seizure and/or detention Understanding: Does the person understand why they are being arrested?

An Officer can Search a Motor Vehicle When...

For any type of contraband or other evidence of a crime once probable cause has been established In general, under the Motor Vehicle Exception, officers can search ALL containers and receptacles (locked or unlocked) found anywhere in the vehicle that may contain the item sought by police

M.A.R.C.H.

M- Move to cover, massive hemorrhage, mental status, check hands A-Airway Respiration C-Circulation H-Hypothermia

Factors that Will Determine the Reasonableness of the Length of Time Involved in a Motor Vehicle Detention:

Purpose of the stop, AND.... 1.The time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes and.... 2. Whether the officer diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the subject

Hot/Fresh Pursuit

The pursuit, without unreasonable interruption of a person who is trying to avoid arrest

PLUS filters defined

a. P=Policies: Is it consistent with my agencies policies and procedures b. L=Legal: Is the action lawful c. U=Universal: Does it conform to the universal principles and values of my agency d. S=Self: Does it align with my beliefs of what is right, good and fair. B. PLUS filters should be applied at each of the following steps of the decision making model: STEP 1 (i.e. define the problem) Does the existing situation violate any PLUS considerations STEP 3 (i.e. evaluate alternative solutions) Do the alternatives resolve or create any PLUS considerations, and if so, are the ethical tradeoffs acceptable STEP 6 (i.e. evaluate the decision) Does the solution resolve all PLUS considerations, or were unintended or unforeseen PLUS considerations created

External and Internal Influences on Behavior.

A. External Influences: a. Relationships with friends and family b. Local citizens c. Local media d. Department regulations e. Interdepartmental politics f. Police subculture B. Internal influences a. Officers own ethical and moral beliefs and values b. Anger c. Greed d. Lust e. Internal rationalizations made prior to or after misconduct.

Probable Cause to Search

A. Facts sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that specific objects associated with the crime exists, and they will be found in the place to be searched.

Types of Searches

A. Full Searches a. Conducted to gather criminal evidence b. Must be based on probable cause c. Requires either a search warrant or a recognized exception to the warrant requirement in order to execute B. Sweeps a. Used to disarm the person to protect the officer b. Authority based on reasonable suspicion that a person lawfully detained is armed and dangerous C. Inventories a. An inventory is not necessarily a search under the Fourth Amendment standards b. It is used to catalog property that police have taken into custody c. The grounds to conduct an inventory comes from the need to adhere to department policy, to secure property and to protect the agency from claims of lost, stolen or damaged property

Strategies to counter Implicit Biases

A. Guarding against its influences in decision making a. Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential biases b. Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair c. Know when you are susceptible c1.Conditions: c2. Ambiguous or incomplete information c3. Time constraints c3a. Comprised cognitive control High cognitive overload (processing many thoughts at one time) c3b. Fatigue (tired) B. Result a. When the previous factors are present which they often are in the law enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to system 1 thinking C. Response a. Engage deliberative processing; slow down your thinking. D. Overcome biases a. Reorganize your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred and creates a process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased one Counter Stereotypic Imaging Develop new associations by looking at positive examples that challenge negative associations Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references Be empathetic Effort Required Intention, attention and time are needed to build new associations well enough for them to compete with a person implicit biases.

Under Terry, A Lawful Investigatory Stop Requires that an Officer....:

A. Have reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate the stop a. The officer must be able to articulate the reasons for his/her belief that criminal activity was "afoot" - i.e. the officer must reasonably suspect that.... i. A crime is about to be committed OR.... ii. A crime is being committed B. Officers should consider the totality of the circumstances. While none of the circumstances standing alone may justify a Terry stop, when considered together, they may amount to reasonable suspicion C. An officer may give weight to his/her experience, and to the reasonable inference that he/she is entitled to draw from the circumstances, and facts in light of that experience Personal Notes 3 Categories of Informants a. Citizens b. Confidential/reliable informants c. Anonymous informants ORC 2921.29 - a. Failure to Disclose Failure to provide an I.D. to a law enforcement officer (Name, Address, DOB)

Guidelines to be followed when taking Field Notes

A. Head notebook page with the date and time of shift B. Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident C. Write or print notes neatly so you can read and understand your notes later D. Record all information in ink E. Let witness and victims talk through the event before you start recording notes F. Ask clarifying follow up questions G. Be complete as possible H. Consider the use of electronic device or template I. Do not record personal information in your notebook

Factors Considered in Determining if an Inventory of a Motor Vehicle is Reasonable

A. The car was lawfully impounded B. The inventory was conducted after the impoundment C. The owner was not present to make other arrangements for the safekeeping of the vehicle D. The inventory was prompted by valuables in plain view and was pursuant to standard police procedure E. The inventory was not a pretext to conceal an investigatory search

An Officer May Conduct a Protective Search of a Motor Vehicle for Weapons When...:

A. The officer has lawfully stopped the vehicle and... B. The officer has reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, to believe that the driver or passenger is dangerous and can gain immediate control of a weapon

Hazardous Materials Defined:

Hazardous Materials - any item or agent (biological, chemical, radiological, and/or physical), which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors

Vehicular Manslaughter 2903.06 (A)(4)

No person * while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft or aircraft shall... (intent satisfied if underlying offense is established) Death of another or termination of another's pregnancy. As a proximate result of committing a violation of 1. Any provision of any section contained in Title XLV of the revised code that is a minor misdemeanor... OR 2. Committing a violation of a substantially equivalent municipal ordinance, regardless of the penalty set by the ordinance of the violation.

Endangering Children (R.C. 2919.22) (A)

(A) No person, who is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or person in loco parentis of a child under eighteen years of age or a mentally or physically handicapped child under twenty-one years of age, shall create a substantial risk to the health or safety of the child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support. It is not a violation of a duty of care, protection, or support under this division when the parent, guardian, custodian, or person having custody or control of a child treats the physical or mental illness or defect of the child by spiritual means through prayer alone, in accordance with the tenets of a recognized religious body.

Trafficking in Persons 2905.32 (A)(1)-(3)

(A) No person shall knowingly recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain, or knowingly attempt to recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain, another person if either of the following applies: (1) The offender knows that the other person will be subjected to involuntary servitude or be compelled to engage in sexual activity for hire, engage in a performance that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented, or be a model or participant in the production of material that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented. (2) The other person is less than eighteen years of age or is a person with a developmental disability whom the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe is a person with a developmental disability, and either the offender knows that the other person will be subjected to involuntary servitude or the offender's knowing recruitment, luring, enticement, isolation, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, or maintenance of the other person or knowing attempt to recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain the other person is for any of the following purposes: (a) For the other person to engage in sexual activity for hire with one or more third parties; (b) To engage in a performance for hire that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented; (c) To be a model or participant for hire in the production of material that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented

Unauthorized use of a Vehicle 2913.03(A)

(A) No person shall knowingly use or operate an aircraft, motor vehicle, motorcycle, motorboat, or other motor-propelled vehicle without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent.

Unauthorized use of property 2913.04(A)

(A) No person shall knowingly use or operate the property of another without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent.

Criminal Child Enticement 2905.05(A)

(A) No person, by any means and without privilege to do so, shall knowingly solicit, coax, entice, or lure any child under fourteen years of age to accompany the person in any manner, including entering into any vehicle or onto any vessel, whether or not the offender knows the age of the child, if both of the following apply: (1) The actor does not have the express or implied permission of the parent, guardian, or other legal custodian of the child in undertaking the activity. (2) The actor is not a law enforcement officer, medic, firefighter, or other person who regularly provides emergency services, and is not an employee or agent of, or a volunteer acting under the direction of, any board of education, or the actor is any of such persons, but, at the time the actor undertakes the activity, the actor is not acting within the scope of the actor's lawful duties in that capacity.

Burglary 2911.12 (A)(1-3)

(A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall do any of the following: (1) Trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any criminal offense; (2) Trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an occupied structure that is a permanent or temporary habitation of any person when any person other than an accomplice of the offender is present or likely to be present, with purpose to commit in the habitation any criminal offense; (3) Trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an occupied structure, with purpose to commit in the structure or separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any criminal offense.

Arson 2909.03 (A)(1)

Arson 2909.03 (A)(2)

(A) No person, by means of fire or explosion, shall knowingly do any of the following: (1) Cause, or create a substantial risk of, physical harm to any property of another without the other person's consent; (2) Cause, or create a substantial risk of, physical harm to any property of the offender or another, with purpose to defraud;

Voyeurism 2907.08(A)

(A) No person, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying the person's self, shall commit trespass or otherwise surreptitiously invade the privacy of another, to spy or eavesdrop upon another.

Robbery 2911.03 (A)(1-3)

(A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense or in fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the following: (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender's person or under the offender's control; (2) Inflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict physical harm on another; (3) Use or threaten the immediate use of force against another.

Disrupting Public Services 2909.04 (A) (1-3)

(A) No person, purposely by any means or knowingly by damaging or tampering with any property, shall do any of the following: (1) Interrupt or impair television, radio, telephone, telegraph, or other mass communications service; police, fire, or other public service communications; radar, loran, radio, or other electronic aids to air or marine navigation or communications; or amateur or citizens band radio communications being used for public service or emergency communications; (2) Interrupt or impair public transportation, including without limitation school bus transportation, or water supply, gas, power, or other utility service to the public; (3) Substantially impair the ability of law enforcement officers, firefighters, rescue personnel, emergency medical services personnel, or emergency facility personnel to respond to an emergency or to protect and preserve any person or property from serious physical harm.- By any means ** By damaging or tampering with any property.

Victim Mindset as it Pertains to a Victim of Human Trafficking:

1) Why victims do not leave their situations, ask for, or accept help a. Fear of the perpetrator b. Victims may develop traumatic bonds with perpetrators and will defend them at all costs, even their own freedom 2) Sex traffickers often take on the following roles a. Role of protector, makes the victim feel special, or that he/she would die for the victim b. Role of friend, lover, boyfriend, husband c. Role of teach, mentor, father, discipline figure d. They capitalize on girls not knowing what a normal relationship is like and they will groom them into victims to create a sense of family 3) Like domestic violence, the perpetrator of sex trafficking becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim a. The psychology of the victim is shaped by the actions and beliefs of the perpetrator b. The perpetrator often uses a system of punishment and reward - alternating between affection, threats, and violence toward the victim or person or things that the victim loves - in order to keep and maintain control 4) Often the perpetrator has been taking care of the victim for so long that the victim does not know how he/she would obtain basic needs without the perpetrator 5) Isolation, captivity, or confinement 6) Shame or self-blame 7) May be completely unaware of their rights or may have been intentionally misinformed about their rights in this country 8) Fear of law enforcement a. Victims may be hesitant to come forward because of their fear of arrest or deportation i. Traffickers often convince the victim that speaking with law enforcement will result in the victim being arrested, detained, or deported ii. While many victims have been beaten or raped, their current situation may still be better that from where they came iii. In some parts of the world, law enforcement is corrupt and foreign national victims may bring this fear with them iv. Even here, the few officers who abuse their positions of power may make it difficult for victims to trust any law enforcement v. Victims may also think that law enforcement will not believe them vi. Understanding the historical relationship between victims and law enforcement is critical to building trust and rapport with victims vii. Building trust and rapport and showing empathy allow the officers to break down the barrier of victim distrust towards law enforcement

The Differences Between Consent, Compliance, and Coercion:

1. Consent - willingly and freely participating 2. Compliance - "going along with it" due to it being safer 3. Coercion - submitting due to manipulation or verbal pressure

Common Indicators Associated with Stolen Vehicles:

1. Abnormal driver behavior a. Driver may be nervous and take extreme measures to avoid a law enforcement vehicle b. Driver may operate the vehicle with a flat tire - may not have a key to open trunk to change it c. Driver may seem unfamiliar with the controls of the vehicle d. Driver may show little or no regard for the vehicle e. Driver may be dressed inappropriately for the weather (e.g., heavy coat and gloves in summer) 2. License plate irregularities a. Damaged b. Improperly attached or upside down c. Dirty plate on a clean car or vice versa d. Old plate with new screws e. Display of only one plate when two are required f. License plate placed over the top of another one g. Front and rear license plates do not match h. License plate is covered or not illuminated i. Fictitious plate 3. Condition of the vehicle a. Broken or missing glass; a thief will often break out the passenger side window b. Pry marks or scratches around door locks, door handles, window edges, and trunk c. Missing, damaged, or punched locks 4. Unusual transportation of other vehicles or equipment a. Heavy equipment being transported during the overnight or non-business hours b. Motorcycles, ATVs, and dirt bikes being transported during unusual hours and/or not loaded correctly c. Trailers, commercial vehicles, or equipment on the roadway with no visible Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) or Product Identification Number (PIN) where they should be

The Smith System Approach to Driving:

1. An approach to driving that includes a five-step system in which you must practice all steps until they become routine a. Aim high in driving - look as far ahead as possible to keep the driver's view up rather than looking down at the area in front of the car b. Keep your eyes moving - establish an orderly visual search pattern (e.g., look near and far, to the left and right, in the mirrors, at the instrument panel) c. Get the big picture i. Become aware of the whole traffic scene ii. This is the mental process of putting together the clues received from the first two steps d. Leave yourself an out i. Avoid being boxed in ii. Maintain a space cushion (e.g., 2-4 seconds between you and the vehicle in iii. front of you) surrounding your vehicle iv. Increase space cushion as weather or circumstances dictate v. Constantly plan for eventuality of evasive actions e. Make sure others see you i. Advantageous lane position ii. Headlight use during the day iii. A communication mode for getting drivers to be aware of one another's presence to avoid surprise situations

Characteristics of a Crisis State:

1. An episode of mental and/or emotional upheaval or distress that creates instability or danger, and causes behavior that is considered disruptive by the community, by friends or family members of the person, and/or by the person 2. The elements of disruption and danger are why, in these situations, many people call law enforcement rather than emergency medical services or mental health agencies 3. Often there is a precipitation event that triggers the crisis a. Examples i. An emotional event (e.g., the death of a loved one, an act of violence, divorce, job loss) ii. Medical event (e.g., a reaction to medication, a reaction caused by a failure to take a medication) b. The person's perception to the event may be accurate, erroneous, or somewhere in between c. Regardless of the accuracy of their perception, the person's normal methods of coping and solving problems fail, resulting in a breakdown in control, an inability to respond appropriately, a feeling of being "overwhelmed"

Dangerous Ordnance

1. Any automatic or sawed-off firearm, zip-gun, or ballistic knife 2. Any explosive device or incendiary device 3. Nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, nitrostarch, PETN, cyclonite, TNT, picric acid, and other high explosives; amatol, tritonal, tetrytol, pentolite, pecretol, cyclotol, and other high explosive compositions; plastic explosives, dynamite, blasting gelatin, gelatin dynamite, sensitized ammonium nitrate, liquid-oxygen blasting explosives, blasting powder, and other blasting agents, and any other explosive substance having sufficient brisance or power to be particularly suitable for use as a military explosive, or for use in mining, quarrying, excavating, or demolitions 4. Any firearm, rocket launcher, mortar, artillery piece, grenade, mine, bomb, torpedo, or similar weapon, designed and manufactured for military purposes, and the ammunition for that weapon 5. Any firearm muffler or suppressor 6. Any combination of parts that is intended by the owner for use in converting any firearm or other device into a dangerous ordnance

Firearm

1. Any deadly weapon capable of expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or combustible propellant 2. Includes an unloaded firearm and any firearm that is inoperable but can be readily rendered operable 3. Before a defendant can be convicted of a firearm offense, evidence must be presented regarding the operability of the firearm at the time the offense was committed

Explosive Device:

1. Any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of an explosion and 2. Consisting of an explosive substance or agency and a means to detonate it 3. Includes, without limitation, any bomb, any explosive demolition device, any blasting cap or detonator containing any explosive charge and 4. Any pressure vessel that has been knowingly tampered with or arranged so as to explode

semi-automatic Firearm

1. Any firearm designed or specially adapted to fire a single cartridge and automatically chamber a succeeding cartridge ready to fire, with a single function of the trigger

Handgun

1. Any firearm that has a short stock and is designed to be held and fired by the use of a single hand, or any combination of parts from which a handgun can be assembled.

Incendiary Device:

1. Any firebomb and any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of fire and 2. Consisting of an incendiary substance or agency and a means to ignite it

Ways to Improve Public Perception by Properly Employing Aspects of Patrol:

1. Exercise authority fairly 2. Be professional in appearance and attitude 3. Manage citizen contacts with the understanding that negative events can be handled in a positive way 4. Temper the operational skills of patrol with the mindset, character, and service in the spirit of what democratic policing promises its citizenry

Indicators and Behaviors of Defined Criminal Activity and Potential Terrorism Nexus Activity

1. Breach/attempted intrusion a. Unauthorized personnel attempting to enter or actually entering a restricted area, secured protected site, or nonpublic area b. Impersonation of authorized personnel (e.g., police/security officers, janitor, or other personnel 2. Misrepresentation a. Presenting false information or misusing insignia, documents, and/or identification to misrepresent one's affiliation as a means of concealing possible illegal activity 3. Theft/loss/diversion a. Stealing or diverting something associated with a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site (e.g., badges, uniforms, identification, emergency vehicles, technology, documents (classified or unclassified)), which are proprietary to the facility/infrastructure or secured protected site 4. Sabotage/tampering/vandalism a. Damaging, manipulating, defacing, or destroying part of a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site 5. Cyber attack a. Compromising or attempting to compromise or disrupt an organization's information technology infrastructure 6. Expressed or implied threat a. Communicating a spoken or written threat to commit a crime that will result in death or bodily injury to another person or persons or to damage or compromise a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site 7. Aviation activity a. Learning to operate or operating an aircraft, or interfering with the operation of an aircraft in a manner that poses a threat of harm to people or property and that would around the suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person b. Such activity may or may not be a violation of Federal Aviation regulations

Agent Categories Most Likely to Be Encountered by First Responders:

1. C - Chemical 2. B - Biological 3. R - Radiological 4. N - Nuclear 5. E - Explosive

Recognize the Difference between Class and Individual Evidence Characteristics:

1. Class characteristics a. Traits or characteristics of evidence that allow the item to be compared with a group b. Shared by all members of its class c. Cannot be identified to a single source d. Example - the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 is manufactured to have a design; all size 11 Nike Air Max soles manufactured from the same mold will have the same general appearance 2. Individual Characteristics a. Traits or characteristics of an item of evidence that allows the item to be compared with a specific object or person b. The comparison will determine whether the item originated from the object or person (i.e., allows individualization of evidence) Example - the cuts, scratches, wear pattern, or other defects on the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 distinguish one shoe from another

Preserving Digital Evidence from Computers:

1. Collect any forensic evidence (e.g., DNA, fingerprints), if applicable 2. Photograph the surrounding area prior to moving any evidence 3. Photograph the front and back of the computer and make a diagram of any cords and connected devices 4. If the computer is off, leave it off. Do not power it on to begin searching it 5. If you reasonably believe the computer is destroying evidence (e.g., remote wipe, remote formatting of the hard drive), immediately shut down the computer by removing the power cord from the back of the computer 6. If the computer is a laptop, unplug from the power source (if necessary), remove the battery (if possible), attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button 7. If the computer is a laptop ... a. Unplug from the power source (if necessary) b. Remove the battery (if possible) c. Attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button 8. If the computer is on, contact should be made with a properly trained Computer Forensic Examiner/Analyst in order to determine how to proceed

Elements of Terrorism

1. Commit a specified offense with purpose to... 2. Intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or... 3. Influence the policy of any government by intimidation or coercion, or... 4. Affect the conduct of any government by the specified offense

Conditions that must be Present for a Situation to be Classified as a Motor Vehicle Accident:

1. Conditions a. The incident includes one or more occurrences of injury or damage b. At least one occurrence of injury or damage was not the direct result of cataclysm (i.e., an avalanche, landslide/mudslide, hurricane, cyclone, downburst, flood, torrential rain, cloudburst, lightning, tornado, tidal wave, earthquake, volcano eruption) c. The incident involved one or more motor vehicles d. At least one motor vehicle was in-transport e. The incident was an unstabilized situation f. The unstabilized situation originated on a trafficway or the injury or the damage occurred on a trafficway g. If the incident involved a railway train in-transport, a motor vehicle was involved prior to any injury or damage involving the train h. Neither an aircraft in-transport nor a watercraft in-transport was involved in the incident 2. If all of these conditions are met and the property damage is over $1,000, the officer will need to complete an OH-1

Upon arrival at the Scene, the Initial Officer Assigned to the Report of a Missing Child Shall:

1. Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report 2. Verify the child is missing 3. Secure a recent photo of the child for upload into NCIC and other distribution

Measures the Officer can take to Minimize Contamination at a Crime Scene:

1. Definitions a. Contamination - the transfer of outside material to the scene (e.g., a hair from the first responder drops off into the scene and it is collected) b. Cross-contamination - the transfer of material between evidence within the scene (e.g., packaging the victim's clothing in the same bag as the suspect's clothing) 2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should include latex/nitrile gloves, shoe covers, respiratory equipment, eye protection, and anything else required by the scene's circumstances 3. To prevent contamination with your DNA, when wearing latex/nitrile gloves, do not touch you face, hair, cell phone, etc. 4. Change gloves often, in between samples, and when soiled, especially if you have had contact with both the victim and the suspect 5. Do not talk over the evidence as your DNA (e.g., saliva spray) could be transferred to the evidence 6. Use disposable or sterilized equipment 7. Sterilize all reusable equipment once you are done (e.g., placards, scales, tripod legs) 8. Be sure you do not use the facilities, phones, change temperature, or lighting controls, eat, 9. drink, smoke, or spit inside the perimeter of the crime scene, as this may disturb evidence that is present 10. An officer should be designated to monitor entry into the scene and keep unauthorized personnel out

Sources of Information for Tracing Stolen Property:

1. Department records and staff a. Vehicle inventories b. Case reports c. Information from other shifts 2. Surrounding jurisdictions 3. Owner/victim 4. Law Enforcement Automated Data System (LEADS)/National Crime Information Center (NCIC) 5. Retailers a. Department stores 6. Auto dealers 7. Commercial/subscription database services (e.g., LeadsOnline.com, Tracechecker.com, social media sources) 8. Confidential informants 9. Pawn shop records a. A pawnbroker must keep a record of every transaction b. Information that a pawnbroker shall provide to the chief of police or sheriff... i. A description of all property pledged or purchased ii. The number of pawn or purchase form used to document purchase 10. Junkyard dealers a. All scrap metal dealers must be registered with the Ohio Department of Public Safety (DPS) b. The dealer must document all purchases with a log that contains... i. Name and residence of the seller ii. Copy of seller's identification card iii. Photograph of the seller iv. License plate number and state of issue of the vehicle the seller is in v. Time and date of the sale vi. Weight of the item vii. Identifying marks such as makes, model numbers, and brand names

Information an Officer Should Gather During a Preliminary Interview in a Family Abduction of a Missing Child:

1. Determine who has custody rights a. Custodial records will be able to demonstrate parentage and the individual's right to physical custody or access b. If you receive conflicting information on who has custody rights, you need to use the court documentation you are provided 2. Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor 3. Ask questions to establish the intent of the abductor a. You must make a determination of whether a child is in danger and whether activating an alert is appropriate b. Asking questions can help establish this i. Is there any reason to believe the person will harm the child? ii. Has the person made any statements such as, "You will never see our child again?" iii. Does the abductor have a history of drug or alcohol abuse iv. Does the abductor have a criminal history? 1. Is there any history of abuse? 2. Is there any history of sexual abuse? 3. Is there any history of violence? c. Ask additional questions i. Does he/she know where the child is? ii. Does he/she know where the abductor is? iii. Is there any place the child would likely be taken?

Indicators and Behaviors of Potential Criminal or Noncriminal Activities Requiring Additional Information During Investigation

1. Eliciting information a. Questioning individuals or otherwise soliciting information at a level beyond mere curiosity b. Usually about particular facets of a facility or building's purpose, operations, security procedures, etc., in a manner that would arouse the suspicion or other criminality in a reasonable person c. Testing or probing security - deliberate interactions with, or challenges to, installations, personnel, or systems that reveal physical, personnel, or cyber security capabilities in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person d. Recruiting/financing - providing direct financial support to operations teams and contacts or building operations teams and contacts, compiling personnel data, banking data, or travel data in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person e. Photography - taking pictures or videos of persons, facilities, buildings, or infrastructure in an unusual or surreptitious manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person f. Examples include taking pictures or video of infrequently used access points, the superstructure of a bridge, personnel performing security functions (e.g., patrols, badge/vehicle checking) and security related equipment (e.g., perimeter fencing, security cameras) 2. Observation/surveillance a. Demonstrating unusual or prolonged interest in facilities, buildings, or infrastructure beyond mere casual (e.g., tourist) or professional (e.g., engineers) interest in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person b. Examples include observation through binoculars, taking notes, attempting to mark off or measure distances, etc. 3. Material acquisition/storage - acquisition and/or storage of unusual quantities of materials such as cell phones, pagers, radio control toy servos or controllers; fuel, chemicals, or toxic materials; and timers or other triggering devices and in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person 4. Acquisition of expertise - attempts to obtain or conduct training in security concepts, military weapons or tactics, or other unusual capabilities in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person 5. Weapons collection/discovery - collection or discovery of unusual amounts or types of weapons including explosives, chemicals, or other destructive materials or evidence, detonations or other residue, wounds, or chemical burns, that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person 6. Sector-specific incident - actions associated with a characteristic of unique concern to specific sectors (e.g., the public health sector) with regard to their personnel, facilities, systems, or functions in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person

Recognizing Risks Associated with Hazardous Materials:

1. Exposure to hazardous materials a. Acute - a dose or doses received in a short period of time b. Chronic - a long term or reoccurring dose c. both types can have either immediate (e.g., vomiting or diarrhea) or long term effects (e.g., cancer) depending on the material and level of exposure

Eight Techniques of Active Listening:

1. Emotional labeling (i.e., identifying the other person's emotions) a. Provides the opportunity for the other person to acknowledge his/her emotions and possibly explain their cause b. Validates what the other person is saying rather than minimizing it c. Once the emotions have been acknowledged, there is a better opportunity for the person's balance between emotion and cognition to be restored and facts to be developed 2. Reflecting/mirroring (i.e., repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis) a. Helps validate for the other person that you are listening and understanding b. May encourage the other person to continue speaking c. Much shorter format than paraphrasing 3. Paraphrasing (i.e., restating in your own words the crux of the other person's message) a. Demonstrates listening and understanding b. Gives the other person the opening to clarify or correct his/her meaning 4. Summarizing (i.e., extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) a. Validates for the other person that he/she has been heard and understood b. Reflects effort to understand the other person's viewpoint of the situation c. It is a crucial part of active listening, as it can bring a sense of relief to the other person and, thereby, reduce his/her actions that are being emotionally driven 5. Silence and effective pauses (i.e., deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) a. Silence - allowing there to be silence before speaking prevents prematurely cutting off the other person and gives the other person the opportunity to continue speaking b. Pauses - when speaking, pauses increase attention and focus when they are used before a meaningful statement and prompt reflection when they are used after a meaningful statement 6. Minimal encouragements (i.e., verbal, and non-verbal cues used when listening to indicate attention the other person's words) a. Examples of verbal minimal encouragements - "uh-huh," "yes," "okay," "go on" b. Examples of non-verbal minimal encouragements - leaning in, nodding head 7. Open ended questions (i.e., questions that require more detailed responses than merely "yes" or "no" to properly answer the question) a. "What" and "how" questions allow you to assess the person's situation b. Avoid "why" questions, which may imply interrogation 8. "I" messages a. Involve the speaker labeling his/her emotions and assigning feelings to his/her interpretation of the situation b. Places focus on the speaker rather than the other person c. Less likely to provoke a defensive or hostile reaction from the other person

The EAR Model's Three Phases of a Crisis Encounter:

1. Engage 2. Assess 3. Resolve 4. Purpose of Engage - to make a connection with the person so you can calm him/her a. The first 10 seconds of a crisis or special populations encounter are critical in setting the tone for de-escalation b. Remove distractions from the scene c. Introduce yourself and ask for the person's name d. State the reason why you are there and let him/her know you are there to help e. If safety is not compromised, remember that special populations encounters are medical encounters and you should begin to look for identifiers f. Ask questions g. Verbalize the subject's observable characteristics h. Ask the person "what help do you need right now?" i. Model calmness that you want the person to mirror j. In order to make a connection and calm the situation during the Engage phase, you need to be empathetic to the person's situation or state of mind, as individuals who feel they are understood are more inclined to calm down k. Speak softly, simply, briefly, and move slowly l. If there is more than one officer present, to avoid confusion, have one take the lead in communicating and de-escalating the situation 5. Purpose of Assess - to gather the information you need about the situation and the person's condition so that you can make the needed resolution a. Remember, your threat assessment is continuous b. If the encounter changes and there is an imminent risk of harm, use the objective reasonableness standard to determine the amount of force necessary to gain control of the situation c. Recognize that the person may be overwhelmed by frightening beliefs, sounds, or other things in the environment d. Be patient during the encounter e. Check to see if a crime has been committed f. If the person perpetrated a crime, you job is go gain control of the situation, which may include trying to de-escalate the person first, and then, provided that no one has been injured, investigate the crime second g. Ask about medical history h. Ask about and/or look for signs of drug or alcohol use i. When possible, and outside of the presence of the person in crisis, talk to other people about the person's medical history, current medications, and ongoing medical treatment j. If you are dealing with a suicidal person, gauge the seriousness of the person's intent using the LAST model k. Be tactfully mindful, but visibly present as non-threatening l. A trained officer can conceal his/her combat ready stance while offering an empathetic tone of voice and appearing non-threatening m. If there is more than one law enforcement officer present, have one take the lead i. Only one of you should speak to the subject, as having more than oner person speaking may be confusing and/or agitating to the subject ii. The other officer(s) should provide cover and avoid directly engaging the subject 6. Purpose of Resolve - to bring the encounter to a safe resolution and get the person to obtain the help the person needs a. The resolution usually depends on whether a crime was committed, if the person meets commitment criteria, and the availability of mental health and diversion resources b. Refer to the decision tree, which was developed to help officers guide their exercise of discretion c. Once you decide on a course of action, forecast your intentions to the person by telling the person what you are about to do or what will happen next; it is important to continually communicate your actions throughout the interaction d. Limit the number of instructions you give at one time e. If you must use force, you can expect many special populations people to have a high threshold for pain and greater than normal strength

Necessary Steps in Preparing for Court:

1. Ensure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court 2. Contact the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed 3. Review notes and/or reports pertinent to the case

Methods of Establishing the Identity of a Vehicle:

1. Ensure the license plate matches the registration 2. Registration must match the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) 3. VIN (for vehicles 1981 or later) 4. Federal certification label a. Must be easily readable without moving any part of the vehicle except an outer door b. Must be affixed to a hinge pillar, or door-latch post, or door edge that meets the door-latch post

Under Ohio's Constitution, All Victims of Crime are...:

1. Entitled to justice and due process throughout the criminal and juvenile justice systems 2. To ensure that, the Ohio constitution provides such persons with rights that are to be protected in a manner no less vigorous than the rights afforded to the accused 3. The constitutional rights provided to victims include the ... a. Right to be treated with fairness and respect for the victim's safety, dignity, and privacy b. Right to reasonable and timely notification of all public proceedings in the case c. Right to be present and heard at all court proceedings, including the right to petition the court to protect victim's rights d. Right to reasonable protection from the accused or any person acting on behalf of the accuses e. Right to notice of the release or escape of the accused f. Right to refuse discovery requests made by the accused, except as authorized by Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution g. Right to confer with the attorney for the government h. Right to the prompt conclusion of the case i. Right full and timely restitution

Basic Procedures for Photographing Crime Scenes:

1. Establish a break between different scenes by using a title card or take a picture that contains identifying info at the beginning of the series (e.g., take picture of address first, take a picture of the car with front license plate first) 2. Document the entire scene using overall photos 3. Photograph all fragile items of evidence (e.g., footwear marks, bloodstain patterns on body) using both the evidence establishing and close-up shots 4. Place photo placards in the scene next to all items of interest and reshoot a second series of overall photos 5. Document all know evidence items with evidence establishing shots and evidence close-up shots 6. Use placards sequentially whenever possible to clearly differentiate the various items of evidence from one another (e.g., do not start with number two, then go to number five, and number 9; start with number one and progress sequentially) 7. If items are discovered later in processing (e.g., during second or third rechecks), ensure that all appropriate photographs are taken 8. This may require taking additional overall photographs even though the original scene is altered

Practical and Legal Considerations when Taking a Person into Emergency Custody:

1. Every reasonable and appropriate effort must be made to take persons into custody in the least conspicuous manner possible 2. You must provide the person with the following information: a. Your name, title, and agency b. That the person is not under arrest, and c. That the person is being taken for examination by mental health professionals at a specified mental health facility which has to be identified by name to the person with mental illness 3. You must provide a written statement (i.e., Application for Emergency Admission) of belief to the hospital containing: a. The circumstances under which the person was taken into custody, and b. The reason for your belief that emergency admission is appropriate

Emergency Decontamination Procedures:

1. First responders should be aware of the decontamination procedure should they be required to undergo the procedure or start the process for another 2. Regardless of the many variables that may be encountered in an incident. The basic principles of any decontamination operation are easy to remember and summarize a. Get it off b. Keep it off c. Contain it (i.e., prevent cross contamination) 3. If immediate medical attention is necessary for saving lives in a chemical exposure, emergency decontamination is possible a. Typically performed by fire personnel b. Victims are washed with copious amounts of water after removing all clothing 4. If fire personnel are not available and the following questions have been considered, then the procedure can be performed by anyone, using any water source available a. Do victims need to be decontaminated immediately or can they wait? b. Is it safe to conduct decontamination? c. Is there a safe place to conduct decontamination? d. What alternative decontamination methods are available? e. Are there adequate resources available to conduct the operation and, if not, can additional resources be obtained in a timely fashion? f. What is the time limit available to conclude decontamination before the victims deteriorate further? 5. Caution must be taken not to touch exposed victims 6. Steps for emergency decontamination a. Wet the victim with water b. Strip the victim down to their underclothing c. Continue to flush with water d. Cover them with blankets and clothing 7. For nuclear and biological exposure a. Wetting down exposed surfaces will help prevent contamination from re-suspending in the air b. For liquid contamination it may be necessary to blot the agent off of exposed skin immediately c. Remove all clothing down to the underclothing d. Flush with copious amounts of water e. Cover them with blankets or clothing 8. Medical personnel and facilities must be notified if victims are exposed 9. First responders whose clothing and equipment have been contaminated but who are not in need of immediate medical attention... a. Must report to an established decontamination area b. Clothing, equipment, and accessory items must be left at the decontamination area until they can be decontaminated or disposed of

Indicators of a Sovereign Citizen Extremist Encounter

1. First, officers should recognize that the mere claim of being a sovereign citizen is not a crime; however, some law enforcement encounters with sovereign citizens have proven to be dangerous and even deadly 2. Officers should take extra precaution when coming in contact with a perceived sovereign citizen 3. A common way to encounter a sovereign citizen is a traffic stop. Indicators of potential sovereign citizen encounters during traffic stops are unusual license plates bearing terminology such as... a. UCC Followed by numbers b. Republic of (state) c. Diplomat (no country listed) d. A fictitious country or Native American tribe e. DOT f. Postmaster g. Constitution or constitutionalist h. Exempt 4. Unusual behavior during the stop a. Refusal to lower window or only slightly lower it b. Refusal to show driver license c. Produce legal-like paperwork instead of vehicle registration d. Make a recording of the encounter e. Provide only his/her first name or refuse to provide name entirely f. Sign citation with: i. TDC (i.e., threat, duress, and coercion) ii. UD (i.e., under duress) iii. "Without Prejudice" 5. Unusual conversation and statements a. Claim a driver license is not needed b. Say he/she is a freeman traveling upon the land c. State he/she is not engaged in business and not using the vehicle commercially d. State the officer has no right to speak with him/her e. Order the officer to provide his/her oath of office documentation f. Claim he/she is opening under "God's laws," not "man's laws" g. Claim his/her actions are supported by the Uniform Commercial Code h. Attempt to read the officer his/her "rights" i. State he/she is a diplomat j. Tell the officer to expect to be billed for taking his/her time k. Might ask the officer, "Has a complaint been made against me?" 6. Property rights beliefs commonly held by many sovereign citizens a. They can do what they please with their land b. Their property is an "embassy" c. Their property and vehicles are not subject to search by police and may pot waring notes stating such d. Often refuse to permit public officials and others on to their property (e.g., police, meter readers) i. Threaten to shoot trespassers ii. Post threats specific to law enforcement

Hazards Common at All Clandestine Labs:

1. Flammable atmospheres 2. Strong concentrated acids 3. Ignition sources 4. Toxic and poisonous gases 5. Dangerous individuals

Locating Agencies Must Confirm "Hit" Confirmation:

1. For any records received in response to LEADS and/or NCIC inquiry prior to taking the following actions based upon a. Arresting the wanted person b. Detaining the missing person c. Seizing the stolen property d. Charging the suspect with violating a protection order

The Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway (OHLEG) is to be utilized...:

1. For law enforcement/criminal justice purposes only and is not for personal use or gain

Dynamics of Braking:

1. Front wheel lock up a. Caused by improper brake adjustment or slick spot on the road b. Causes reduced braking ability and loss of steering c. Rear wheels act as a rudder and maintain straight ahead slide 2. All wheels locked up a. Caused by a panic situation in which brakes are applied abruptly and hard enough to lock all four wheels b. The vehicle will probably skid in a straight line as long as variables such as road surface, tire tread, and air are fairly even 3. Rear wheel lock up a. Caused by improperly adjusted brakes which cause rear wheels to lock while the front wheels continue to rotate b. Vehicle will rotate around center mass in the horizontal plane 4. Brake fade a. No feedback from the brake when pressure is applied b. Is most common during a drive when frequent use of the brakes does not allow for proper cooling (i.e., overheated brakes) 5. Weight transfer a. Vehicle accelerates i. The front lifts, causing weight in the rear to increase ii. Weight shift to the rear can cause loss of traction for front-wheel drive vehicles iii. Can increase traction for rear wheel drive vehicles b. Vehicle brakes i. Weight is transferred to front wheels ii. Front brakes have higher braking efficiency c. Change of direction i. Transfers weight from one side of the vehicle to the other ii. More noticeable in vehicles with higher center of gravity d. Environmental factors i. Road surface · Wet or dry · Surface debris · Pavement type and temperature ii. Road design · Flat or uphill · Curve · Crowned or banked iii. Visibility relative to perception time · Weather conditions · Day or night · Blind spots and other traffic iv. Wind 6. Vehicle condition a. Braking system i. Poorly maintained ii. Low brake fluid b. Suspension system and steering components i. Bad shock absorbers ii. Broken or worn tie rods c. Tires i. Improper tire tread ii. Improper tire pressure, alignment, or balance

Factors that Coupled with Mental Illness Produce the Greatest Increase in the Potential for Violence:

1. History of violence 2. Substance abuse and dependence 3. Personality disorders (e.g., antisocial disorder, conduct disorder) 4. Psychotic thoughts (e.g., paranoid delusions, command hallucinations) 5. Young male 6. Under social stress (e.g., poor, homeless) 7. Recent personal stress, crisis, or loss (e.g., unemployment, divorce, separation, victim of crime in the past year) 8. Early exposure to violence (e.g., family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record)

Initiation of the Incident Command System:

1. ICS is mandated by federal law (OSHA rule 1910.120) for scene management a. Most effective tool for scene management b. Due to the many agencies that will respond to an emergency, it is imperative that all responders understand a common command system and structure c. This saves time and allows individual agencies to focus on a common goal d. As soon as practical after the onset of an incident, the first responder must establish an ICS and a command post e. A complete summary of actions taken to the point of the ICS commander taking control must be communicated to the ICS commander so he/she may grasp the situation status f. That official is then in charge of the scene and should brief other first responders on the scene

How to Establish Rapport with a Subject:

1. Identify the purpose of the interview 2. Offer the subject the ability to choose the time of the interview 3. Ask introductory/non-threatening questions

Guidelines an Officer Should Follow When Interacting with the Media:

1. In general... a. Be prepared to think on your feet i. Be familiar with your agencies policies and procedures ii. Respond within those policies and procedures b. Maintain a professional decorum at all times c. Give consistent information to all media outlets; make certain that all media on the scene receive the same message d. Never speak off the record 2. When media arrives at the scene, make certain the crime scene is secured a. Establish a safe staging area for media b. Advise media of the approximate timeframe that information will be made available c. If you are going to refer the media to a supervisor or public information officer (PIO), be aware that camera crews may still be recording and you may indirectly make a statement to the media by your actions and demeanor 3. Preparing to give a statement a. Prepare key messages; decide on one or two major points you wish to make b. Be cognizant of personal appearance c. Be aware of what is in the background 4. Giving a statement a. Avoid distracting mannerisms b. Make eye contact, but don't stare into the camera c. Keep your voice at a normal, conversational level; be aware of how your tone may be perceived d. Think before you speak e. Remember, language that works within law enforcement circles may sound less tactful to a civilian audience f. Explaining the process of what is happening can be helpful, even if it is obvious, but... g. Keep your comments direct, concise, and brief; avoid police jargon h. Be message driven, not question driven i. Don not feel the need to fill "dead air" - stay on point, make your statement or answer the question, then stop talking j. Don't hesitate to correct yourself - accuracy is vital 5. Additional tips for specific circumstances a. Questions you cannot answer b. Never give a personal opinion, speculate, predict, lie or guess c. Do not say "no comment"

Why it is an Officer's Responsibility to Investigate All Aspects of the Runaway's Life:

1. In the past, runaways, especially older teens, were viewed as a social problem best handled by families, teachers, or social service professionals 2. Today, law enforcement is more aware f the fact that all missing children, including runaways, are at risk and need to be located as quickly as possible for these primary reasons 3. Life on the run for these children is extremely dangerous 4. The longer they are on the street, the greater their chances of falling victim to those who wish to exploit them, including the potential of becoming victims of human trafficking 5. Too often runaways are running from something at home (e.g., abuse, neglect)

When to Seek Assistance:

1. Individual coping skills are not working 2. Your friends or family notice emotional responses or behavior that differ from your norm 3. When you don't "feel like yourself" (e.g., disorientation, depression) 4. Suicidal or homicidal thoughts or plans

The Role of the First Responder to a Hazardous Materials Incident:

1. Is limited to the awareness level 2. The first responder is to make use of scene assessment and rapid recognition and identification of the incident type and the material involved in order to... 3. Take appropriate protective action for himself or herself and others 4. Establish scene control by isolating the incident and denying entry 5. Notify proper personnel to mitigate the incident 6. If and/or when safe to do so, document and retain the evidentiary value of anything in and around the scene should assessment indicate a crime has been committed

Procedures for When a suspicious Item Is Found

1. It is imperative that personnel involved in a search understand that their role is only to search for and report suspicious objects 2. Under no circumstances should anyone move, jar, or touch a suspicious object or anything attached to it - always suspect the device is armed and ready to fire 3. Communicate clear instructions to anyone in the area of the device and prevent others from approaching 4. Do not use radios or cell phones in the immediate vicinity of a suspected item (e.g., threat of RCIED) 5. Notify other search teams and suspend search 6. Secure area where item is located, but do not guard it (i.e., stay away from the item) 7. Always be aware of secondary devices - they are usually targeted towards first responders 8. Begin evacuation procedures 9. Notify fire, emergency medical services, and bomb squad

Using Electrical Weapons:

1. It is unreasonable to use an electrical weapon on a non-resisting or passively resisting suspect 2. In cases where the court has concluded that an officer's use of force was justifiable because it was in response to active resistance, some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect had suggested deliberate choice to be defiant 3. In the excessive force context, noncompliance alone does not indicate active resistance; there must be something more 4. When an officer employs an electrical weapon on a suspect who is actively resisting, such action does not constitute unreasonable force

Reasons Vehicles are Stolen:

1. Joyriding/transportation 2. To commit other crimes 3. Theft for profit/commercial theft 4. Owner gives up

Elements of the Offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25:

1. Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member 2. Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member 3. By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member

Describe Chain of Custody:

1. Labeling evidence a. Tags should be directly attached to the evidence packaging at the time of collection b. Tags should never be removed 2. Factors to show integrity of evidence in the chain of custody a. Evidence collected at a crime scene is the same as presented in court b. The item must not be altered or changed c. Chain must be maintained to document reasons why any party has dealt with the evidence 3. Information a chain of custody must reflect... a. Who found or had contact with the evidence b. To whom the evidence was given c. Reason the evidence was given to that person d. When and by whom the evidence was returned e. Where and how the evidence was stored until taken to court f. Any changes that were made to the evidence 4. Paperwork for chain of custody must remain with the evidence 5. Information that must be shown on an evidence tag... a. Date recovered b. Time recovered c. Exact location of recovery d. Report/case number e. Item number f. Thorough description of the item g. Recovering officer's initials/badge number h. Marked to show biohazard and/or sharp object i. Victim's name if known j. Type of crime

Recognizing the Presence of Hazardous Materials at an Emergency:

1. Limited to the awareness level 2. Recognition - the first responder must be able to recognize a hazardous materials incident and initiate an appropriate and safe response. This holds true whether the incident is an actual release, potential release, or threat 3. Survey the scene from an upwind/upstream position looking for... a. Direct visible evidence i. Spreading vapor cloud or smoke ii. Unusual colored smoke iii. Flames iv. Dying or discolored vegetation v. Container deterioration vi. Container bulging vii. Sick or dying humans and/or animals viii. Discoloration of piping or valves ix. PPE failures b. Physical indicators i. Rainbow sheen on water surfaces ii. Wavy vapors over a volatile liquid iii. Frost or ice buildups near leak iv. Containers deformed by the force of an accident v. Activated pressure relief devices vi. Pinging or popping sounds from heat or cold exposed containers c. Chemical reactions i. Heat ii. Unusual or unexpected temperature drop iii. Extraordinary fire conditions iv. Peeling or discoloration of a container's finish v. Spattering or boiling of unheated materials vi. Distinctively colored vapor clouds vii. Smoking or self-igniting materials viii. Unexpected deterioration of equipment ix. Peculiar smells x. Unexplained changes in ordinary materials xi. Symptoms of chemical exposure d. Evidence of explosive devices i. Structural collapse ii. Blast pattern marks/craters iii. Fragmentation damage iv. Bomb components/fragments v. Witness accounts vi. Booby traps vii. Surrounding populations viii. Dispersion pathways ix. Suspicious persons around the scene 4. Maintaining situational awareness a. In a hazardous materials event, situational awareness is more than just a size-up of the incident- it is a continuous process i. Initial assessment ii. Interpreting signs iii. Assessing what is happening over the life of the incident iv. Predicting outcomes based on a plan of action b. Barriers to maintain vigilance i. Competing priorities ii. Distractions iii. Information overload c. The assessment i. Must be accomplished from a safe distance ii. From an uphill and upwind position iii. If it cannot be accomplished, just coordinate the response and wait for trained personnel 5. Be vigilant for potential ignition sources in areas adjacent to the incident a. Vehicles (parked and moving) b. Open flames (e.g., flares, pilot lights) c. Lightning or static discharges d. Electrical sources (e.g., downed power lines)

Basic Concepts of Perimeter Crowd Control:

1. Linear Strategy - Deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographical barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area 2. Cordoning - Surrounding a problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides 3. Sectoring - Dividing the cordoned off area into smaller size units in which control can be re-established sector by sector once enough police resources are assembled to regain control

LEAPS and its Five Basic Communication Tools that Assist in Generating Compliance:

1. Listen - Actively listen and look interested 2. Empathize - Try to understand where the person is coming from 3. Ask - Ask general, open-ended questions and opinion seeking questions to gain understanding 4. Paraphrase - In your own words, repeat the person's message 5. Summarize - Condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable

Three Broad Categories of Exigent Circumstances

1. Lives or property are in imminent danger or a serious crime is in progress 2. Evidence will be destroyed or moved if officers postpone taking action until a search warrant can be obtained 3. Officers are in Hot Pursuit of a felon who flees and takes refuge inside

Information the Officer Should Relay to the Communication Center Prior to Activating the Overhead Lights and/or Siren:

1. Location (e.g., street/mile marker, cross reference) a. In terms of officer safety, this is the most vital piece of information the officer can relay, which is why it is called in first b. The backup officers will know where to proceed to render aid 2. Vehicle Registration (i.e., state, type, number) a. An example would be Ohio Passenger ABC 123 b. Learn the phonetic alphabet by practicing when not engaged in a contact c. Officers will be nervous when making the stop and knowing the phonetic alphabet is one less thing to complicate concentration 3. Vehicle Characteristics (i.e., make, model, color, body style) a. An example would be Honda Civic, black, 2 door b. Any other distinguishing factors that would allow backup officers to immediately spot the vehicle, e.g., i. Damage to the vehicle ii. Hard or soft top iii. Window tint iv. Bumper or window stickers 4. Occupants - call in... a. The number of occupants b. Their perceived gender and race c. Any other distinguishing characteristics 5. Nature of the offense (contingent on threat assessment) a. Understand that the relative severity of the offense does not always correlate to the threat level encountered b. An officer may wish to advise the communication center of the nature of the violation if the officer senses a heightened level of threat c. All officers should monitor communications and stay attuned to the nature of the contact a fellow officer is initiating d. This will enable all to start toward an area before being dispatched - the time saved by this will equate to precious seconds and also foster a culture of personal concern

Loss Model:

1. Loss of Reality 2. Loss of Hope 3. Loss of Control 4. Loss of Perspective

Individual Approaches to Stress Management:

1. Manage responsibility 2. Practice self-awareness 3. Have a balanced lifestyle 4. Apply stress reduction techniques 5. Take time for life 6. Humor

General Indicators of Cannabis Use:

1. Marked reddening of the conjunctiva (i.e., white part of the eyeball) 2. Body tremors 3. Odor of marijuana 4. Disoriented 5. Relaxed inhibitions 6. Difficulty in dividing attention

Reasons for Tracing Stolen Property:

1. May reveal perpetrator 2. May reveal other investigative leads 3. May reveal other crimes 4. Recovery for victim

Mob-Hostile/Aggressive Crowd:

1. Mob behavior is exhibited by... a. Persons under stimulus of intense excitement and agitation... b. Who lose their sense of reason, law and order, and respect for others 2. Ohio law describes a mob as a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose and intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending to exercise correctional power over other persons by violence and without authority of law 3. These groups are most likely to violate the law 4. Types of mobs a. Escape mob i. Highly emotionally charged crowd that is driven by fear ii. This fear creates unreasonable and frantic behavior that drives the crowd to seek individual safety iii. Difficult to control, so it is best to try to control their movement by routing them to areas where the potential for injury is lessened iv. Trying to block them in areas may increase the possibility of injury to the mob and the officers trying to contain them b. Aggressive mob i. Will attack, riot, and terrorize others ii. Goal is the destruction of property and physical attacks on others iii. These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped c. Acquisitive (i.e., looting) mob i. Has the desire to acquire something for free; loot for things such as food or merchandise ii. May also try to take the officer hostage d. Expressive mob i. Is expressing intense feelings or revelry ii. Usually follows some special event (e.g., rival football game) iii. Can be very destructive

Tactics and Behaviors to Avoid While Engaging in De-escalation:

1. Moving suddenly, giving rapid orders, or shouting 2. Forcing a discussion 3. Maintaining direct and continuous eye contact 4. Touching the person without letting the person know you intend to do so, unless essential to safety 5. Crowding the person or moving into his/her comfort zone 6. Expressing anger, impatience, or annoyance 7. Assuming that a person who does not respond is ignoring you 8. Using sarcasm or inflammatory language 9. Lying or misleading the person to calm him/her down, unless extreme circumstances exist

Basic Requirements for Body Cavity Searches:

1. Must obtain a search warrant unless there is a medical emergency justifying the search 2. Must be conducted under sanitary conditions in a location that permits only the person being searched and the person(s) conducting the search to observe 3. Must be performed by a medical professional (i.e., physician, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse) of the same sex

Steps to Insert a Nasopharyngeal Airway:

1. NPA's are designed to be inserted in the casualty's right nostril, but will still be effective if inserted on the left 2. Us the head tilt/chin lift maneuver to open the casualty's airway 3. Apply water-based lubricant to NPA, if applicable 4. Push the tip of nose upward 5. Insert the airway, pushing towards the casualty's back, rather than up 6. Gently advance the NPA until the flange rests against the nostril 7. Roll casualty onto his/her side (i.e., recovery position) or into a position of comfort for him/her

Clues to Aid in Hazard Identification:

1. Occupancy/location 2. Containers 3. Markings and colorings 4. Placards/labels a. Placards are usually on bulk containers, diamond shaped, and 10 ¾ inch square b. Labels are similar to placards in appearance and must be securely affixed to packages containing hazardous materials. They are designed for non-bulk packages 5. Shipping papers/Safety Data Sheets (SDS)/Facility pre-plans a. Shipping papers (e.g., orders, bills of lading, and manifests) i. Provides a record of what is being transported ii. Provides first responders with necessary information for emergency response iii. Are required for every mode of transportation iv. Should only be checked when you know that a close approach of the incident is safe b. Basic description will follow a sequence best remembered by the acronym ISHP i. I = Identification number - identified in the Hazardous Materials Table ii. S = Shipping name (proper) - Identified in the Hazardous Materials Table iii. H = Hazard Class or division iv. P = Packing group, identified in Roman Numerals, when required 6. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) stand-alone from shipping papers and provide specific information on individual product hazards, safety precautions, and the manufacturer's contact information 7. Senses/employees/witnesses a. A first responder's scenes can assist in detecting the presence of hazardous materials i. Smell 1. Odors such as rotten fruits, eggs, and freshly cut grass are characteristics of certain hazardous materials 2. Clandestine drug labs produce distinct odors dependent on the chemicals used in manufacturing the illegal substance 3. Some of these can rapidly desensitize one's sense of smell ii. Sight 1. Color of smoke and flame iii. Feel 1. Irritation of the eyes or skin iv. Hearing 1. Hearing can be the most important senses as sounds of hissing, fizzing, and whistling are all indicators of an escaping gas or a reaction 2. A high-pitched sound could indicate an immediate Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) 3. These same sensory experiences had by employees and witnesses should be uncovered through initial questioning on the scene and can be valuable information to help prevent additional exposure

Three Types of Bomb Search Teams

1. Occupant team - most common a. Best method for a rapid search b. An immediate source of assistance for searching the facility c. Personnel are familiar with the area to be searched and know what does or doesn't belong d. Occupants cannot be compelled to search and must be warned of the dangers e. Are not usually trained in search procedures and are not as thorough as a trained team 2. Supervisory team a. Is a fast approach and least disruptive to area b. Is best type with a covert search c. Supervisors may not be as familiar with the area so the searchers may not know what does or doesn't belong d. It is easier to train a small number of supervisor than the whole staff 3. Trained team a. Made up of personnel trained in bomb search techniques b. The best trained team is made up of personnel from the target facility i. A proactive training program should be conducted with personnel from vulnerable targets (e.g., schools, court) ii. Even when personnel from the facility are not trained, someone from the target facility should accompany searchers to provide advice iii. Usually the most thorough team iv. May be augmented with police or fire personnel

An Officer May Arrest, Rather Than Issue a Citation, for a Minor Misdemeanor If One of the Following Applies:

1. Offender requires medical care or is unable to provide for his/her own safety 2. Offender will not or cannot offer satisfactory proof of his/her identity 3. Offender refuses to sign the citation 4. Offender has previously been issued a citation for the commission of that particular misdemeanor and failed to satisfy obligations to appear

Balancing the First Amendment Rights and the Need to Protect Public Safety and SPO Property:

1. The First Amendment does not protect against unlawful, violent, or destructive behavior 2. Law enforcement's responsibility is to objectively discern when a lawful protest becomes unlawful 3. The goal is to protect lawful activity while identifying and isolating unlawful behavior 4. Peace officers must not be influenced by the content of the opinions, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, religion, or political affiliation of anyone exercising their constitutional right

Preliminary Sexual Assault Victim Interview Considerations and Techniques:

1. Offer the victim the option of having a victim advocate or other support person present during the preliminary and follow-up interviews 2. Victims who work with a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) and advocate are more likely to remain engaged throughout the criminal justice process 3. A spouse, or boyfriend or girlfriend, or parent may not be the most appropriate support person to have present during an interview because the victim may hesitate to reveal all details of the assault in front of someone with whom they are close 4. Victims may, however, be uncomfortable asking friends or family members to leave the interview 5. You should privately address this with the victim and take action to support the victim's wishes 6. When available, male/female response teams are helpful for sexual assault cases 7. Allow the victims to give their account in a narrative form without undue interruption 8. Ask the victim what he/she was thinking and/or feeling during the encounter and during the interview a. This information and documentation of the victim's fear, confusion, and feelings may be helpful if the victim later remembers more information or changes the order of events 9. Ask about strangulation a. Victims may experience delayed symptoms (i.e., days later) resulting in difficulty breathing and possibly death b. Signs and symptoms of strangulation should be documented 10. If strangulation is indicated or suspected, officers should refer the victim to seek medical attention 11. Incomplete, inconsistent, or untrue statements by the victim a. A victim often may disclose partial details because the victim is still dealing with the effects of being traumatized or ... b. The person is uncomfortable in the LE interview i. The victim may not want to disclose acts that may be illegal ii. A victim may be reluctant to describe how the suspect degraded him/her, either with cruel comments or humiliating acts 12. Be familiar with traumatic memory 13. With traumatic memory, it should be understood that the first report may not be accurate a. Some memory recover occurs after the first sleep cycle b. It's best, though, to provide up to three days before interviewing again i. At 24 hours, the memory will be the most accurate, but may not be the most complete ii. From there, additional memory may be recovered, but may also be contaminated 14. When interviewing victims of sexual assault ... a. Be prepared for ... i. A narrative that is fragmented and non-linear ii. Gaps in memory iii. Recall of certain facts and not others, even though they happened simultaneously b. Be cautious of ... i. Misinterpreting signs of trauma as indicators of deception

Evidence at the Scene of a Crash that should be Documented with Photograph's:

1. Officers should photograph everything that was damaged and all physical evidence 2. The entire sequence of events for OH-1 3. The approach to the crash scene a. Photograph the approach and the departure directions of all operators i. Photograph the view from the driver's perception point ii. View from the driver's reaction point iii. View from the driver's point of no escape b. Do the same for pedestrians 4. Surface marks on the roadway a. Photograph debris and marks left upon the roadway and other surfaces b. Photograph debris and roadway marks in the direction of movement the vehicle or object that made them was traveling 5. The area of impact (i.e., the area between the vehicles involved) 6. Final rest a. Show where the vehicles came to rest and in what position b. If victims or pedestrians are thrown clear of vehicles, photograph their final rest positions in the same way as a vehicle's final rest 7. Evidence from the scene a. Tire marks should be documented from the beginning of the mark to the end of the mark b. Photograph areas of the tire mark that explain a vehicle's movement (e.g., offset tire marks, the separation of front and rear tire marks) c. Photograph any traffic control devices d. Document the position of missing or damaged traffic signs e. Vehicle damage should be photographed at the scene as additional damage may occur when the vehicles are moved or removed from the scene of the traffic crash 8. To corroborate eyewitness statements, take photographs of the scene from his/her position and eye level

Questioning of a Suspect Who Has Previously Invoked Miranda Rights:

1. Once a suspect has been arraigned and has claimed counsel at the arraignment or preliminary hearing, the suspect may waive counsel's presence and provide officers with a statement pursuant to a valid waiver of Miranda 2. Police can further question a suspect who has previously been advised of his/her rights if a. The officer again advises the suspect of the Miranda rights and the suspect waives the rights AND b. The suspect expressly initiates the contact with officer 3. If there is a break in custody for interrogation purposes, police may initiate further questioning of a suspect 14 days after release from custody

R.C. 2923.1211

1. Open Carry - Ohio's concealed carry laws do not regulate "open" carry of firearms; the open carry of firearms is legal in Ohio 2. Falsification of Concealed Handgun License - Possessing a Revoked or Suspended Concealed Handgun License

Crime Scene Photography Perspective/Viewpoints:

1. Overall establishing shots a. Depicts the general condition and layout of the scene b. Capture how the scene is oriented, where major visible landmarks (e.g., doors, furniture, bodies) are, and the condition of the scene prior to significant alteration c. Overall pictures are taken in two distinct fashions during crime scene processing i. The first occurs prior to the introduction of any scales or photo placards ii. Later, as you identify specific areas of evidence and placards are introduced, take another set of overall shots d. Corners and side approach i. Stand in each corner and take overlapping photographs ii. Stand at the sides and take perpendicular photos iii. Pictures should overlap approximately 30% iv. In addition to a set of photos from eye level, other angles may be needed to thoroughly document the scene 2. Midrange or evidence establishing shots a. Often times, the evidence consists of small items that will not appear as recognizable objects in the overall photos b. Provided with the overall and close up photos, the viewer has no means in determining where in the scene the item was located c. Frame the item in conjunction with some obvious landmark that is evident in the overall shots d. Unlike the name suggests, the pictures are not necessarily taken from a distance in the in the middle of the overall and close up shots; it is important to remember their purpose is to establish where the evidence is located in relationship to objects in overall shots 3. Close-up shots a. To achieve good quality close up shots, you mist fill the frame with the object b. Close up shots should be created with and without the evidence placards and scales present, if needed c. Extreme close ups, or macro shots, you mist fill the frame with the object

Resources to Use in Establishing the Value of Stolen Property:

1. Owner/victim 2. Retailers (e.g., department store, car dealer) 3. Bank loan departments 4. Ohio Revised Code (i.e., R.C. 2913.61) 5. Internet resources (e.g., Kelly Blue Book, eBay)

Steps for Junctional Hemorrhage Control:

1. Pack wound with gauze or hemostatic gauze 2. Hold direct pressure for a minimum of three minutes, if possible 3. Apply trauma dressing

Assessing a Dog's Behavior:

1. Signs of a relaxed dog a. Body posture - relaxed, weight carried evenly, may observe a play bow or body wiggle b. Tail - relaxed and in neutral position, may be wagging c. Ears - relaxed and in neutral position d. Mouth - appears "soft", may be open, tongue hanging out, mouth may be closed with lips relaxed over teeth e. Eyes - "soft", relaxed, eyebrows neutral, normal pupil size, steady, relaxed gaze 2. Signs of a defensively threatening dog a. Body posture - muscles tense, weight shifted back, low to ground, may roll to expose to belly, holding one paw up b. Tail - stiff, usually tucked or low to the ground, may be wagging (slowly or rapidly) c. Piloerection (i.e., goosebumps) - may or may not be present, may be seen as a "blowing coat" d. Ears - pulling back against head e. Mouth - lips pulled back, may be growling or snarling, often see excessive panting, lip licking, chewing, yawning f. Eyes - vigilant with pupils dilated, eyebrows furrowed, scanning/darting eyes, "whale eye" 3. Signs of an offensively threatening dog a. Body posture - "hard and stiff", muscles tensed, weight forward, may be very still b. Tail - carried high, often wagging slowly and methodically c. Piloerection - usually present d. Mouth - top lip pulled up, baring front teeth only, growling, snapping, borking e. Eyes - hard stare, wide open or squinted/hooded, eyebrows tensed, pupils dilated f. Be aware that offensively threatening doggos could exhibit all of these behaviors and still be quiet and still; be aware that quiet dogs can still attack

Similarities and Differences between Traditional and Non-traditional Media:

1. Similarities a. Both afforded the same First Amendment protections b. Both entitled to the same physical access to the scene of an incident as each other and any private citizen c. Both want access to information, un a user-friendly form, with audio and visuals, and they want it in a timely fashion d. Both are entitled to the same access to information as each other and any private citizen 2. Differences a. Non-traditional media's primary objective is often sensationalism, whereas one of traditional media's primary objectives is accuracy b. Non-traditional media is often advocacy focused, whereas traditional media is objective focused c. Non-traditional media is not held to a professional standard, whereas traditional media is held to the professional standards of journalism d. Non-traditional media is less interested in relationship building with law enforcement because non-traditional media reporting is event driven, whereas traditional media, which regularly interacts with law enforcement on a variety of news events, is interested in developing good rapport with law enforcement

Major Items for Which the Officer Must Be Alert for During a Medical/Mental Health Screening:

1. Suicide thoughts or plans 2. Current serious or potentially serious medical or mental health issues needing immediate attention 3. The use of an electronic weapon, pepper spray or other less lethal use of force during the arrest 4. Assaultive behavior 5. Body deformities and ease of movement 6. Condition of skin

Ways to Counter Common Defense Attorney Tactics:

1. Tactic - asking if the officer has spoken with other parties involved with the case (e.g., other attorneys, investigators, witnesses) a. Used to make officers think that if they have done so, they have done something wrong 2. Counter tactic - answer truthfully a. Officers are permitted to talk to these people b. Officer, however, can't tell them what to say 3. Tactic - rapid fire questioning a. Used to confuse the officer and force inconsistent answers 4. Counter tactic - slow the pace by pausing before answering a. Remain calm b. This will prohibit the attorney from building momentum c. Ask to have the question repeated if unsure how or what to answer 5. Tactic - repeated questioning a. Used in an attempt to obtain conflicting responses 6. Counter tactics a. Tell the truth b. Know the facts of the case and the material upon which you will be testifying 7. Tactic - verbal badgering and staring a. Used to anger the officer so the officer loses composure 8. Counter tactics a. Remain calm b. Look at the person who is asking the question, then answer the question to the jury or judge 9. Tactic - asking two questions at the same time a. Used in an attempt to confuse the officer 10. Counter tactics a. Remain calm b. Ask the attorney which question should be answered first 11. Tactic - friendly counsel a. Used in an attempt to place the officer in a false level of comfort 12. Counter tactics a. Stay alert and listen b. Be aware the purpose of the friendly demeanor may be to lull the officer into a false sense of security so the officer becomes sloppy with the testimony 13. Tactic - misquoting the officer's testimony a. Used to confuse the officer or get different information before the jury 14. Counter tactics a. Listen carefully to the questions asked by the attorney b. If the attorney paraphrases the officer's testimony differently than how it was presented, correct the error (i.e., don't be afraid to tell the defense attorney that he/she is wrong) c. If the attorney uses the officer's testimony in a follow up question incorrectly, make the correction 15. Counter tactics a. However, be careful not to repeatedly ask to clarify answers (unless correcting the defense). Answering simply and honestly should prevent from having to do so 16. Tactic - the "CSI effect" a. Used in an attempt to show that the officer did not use the most scientifically advanced techniques in the investigation 17. Counter tactics a. Remain calm b. Answer only the question that has been presented to you and do not editorialize about the science involved in police work. If anything needs clarification or further explanation, the prosecution can address it through additional questioning

Identifying When Protection Orders are Applicable:

1. Temporary Protection Orders (TPO) a. A TPO is an order from the court that is available after a family or household member is charged with a violent or sexually oriented offense b. It removes the suspect from the shared residence and has other restrictions c. In effect for the length of the case d. It can be received by the victim at any time starting with arraignment, but it is over when the case is over e. A TPO can be requested by i. The complainant ii. The alleged victim iii. A family or household member of the alleged victim or iv. A peace officer may file the motion on behalf of the victim if the victim is so badly injured from the incident that he/she is hospitalized or unable to attend court v. The court on its own motion f. Officer documentation is key g. The person who requested the order shall appear before the court to provide the information concerning the basis of the motion (e.g., if the victim is the one who has filed to obtain a TPO, the victim must come to court for the TPO hearing) 2. Criminal Protection Order (CRPO) a. Issued by the court after a non-family/non-household member is charged with a violent, menacing, or sexually oriented criminal offense b. CRPO is like a TPO for non-family or non-household members 3. Civil Protection Order (CPO) a. Another option for a victim is the CPO, which is obtained through the domestic relations or common pleas court even though criminal charges have not been filed b. Broader in the scope than a TPO because It can be in effect up to five years and it can include other provisions (e.g., child support, custody) c. A person may initially file for a TPO and then petition for a CPO. If this is the case, know that once the CPO is issued, the TPO becomes invalid d. For a peace officer, this is important because if both orders are on file, the officer will need to charge with a violation of the CPO e. There are two levels to the CPO (i.e., Ex parte and Final) and the specific terms of either order are enforceable once the suspect is aware of that order. If the officer enforces the order by arresting the suspect for violation of the order, the prosecutor will need to show that the CPO had been formally "served" upon the suspect before the violation f. It is essential that the peace officer documents information showing why he/she believed that the protection order was valid and that the offender knew of the existence of the order g. All law enforcement agencies must maintain an index of protection orders within their jurisdiction h. If the officer is unable to independently verify, the protection order is still enforceable if it is valid on its face, and the officer may be immune from liability resulting in enforcing it 4. Stalking Protection Orders - Stalking or Sexually Oriented Offense Protection Order (SSOOPO) a. Protects the victim of stalking and sexually oriented offenses from a non-family or non-household member b. Issued through the common pleas court c. Available for victims whether or not criminal charges are filed d. It has the same two levels (i.e., Ex parte and Final) as the CPO

Practical and Sensitive Responses to the Four Core Needs of Crime Victims:

1. The need to be and feel safe (i.e., safety) a. Reassure and continue to reassure victims that they are safe in LE presence b. Be attentive to your own words, tone of voice, posture, mannerisms, and actions, and how those may impact the victim's sense of safety and security c. The to express and process their emotions (i.e., healing) i. Do 1. Exercise patience ii. Don't 1. Assume that a victim, who is not yet ready to express his/her needs because of trauma is being uncooperative 2. Try to frame the victim's experience by referencing similar experiencing 3. "Second guess" the victim's response to the crime 4. Become "overly-helpful" by making decisions and choices for the victim d. The need to know what comes next and to receive fair treatment (i.e., justice) i. Have information and referral system with names, addresses, telephone numbers, emails, and websites for appropriate referrals ii. Give the victim a copy of the Ohio Attorney General's Office produce pamphlet, Ohio Crime Victim's Rights: Helping Crime Victims Rebuild Their Lives e. The need to pay for unexpected financial losses or bills (i.e., restitution) i. Do ask about and document any financial burdens the crime may have imposed on the victim (e.g., costs associated with medical care, childcare, transportation to doctors and hospitals, lost work time, home repairs) ii. Do talk with victims about who they can turn to for emergency help iii. Do tell the victims of violent crimes about the Ohio Victim Compensation Program and provide the toll free number (1-800-582-CVSS/1-800-582-2877)

Objective Evidence that the Crime was Motivated by Hate or Bias:

1. The offender and victim were of a different race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and/or gender identity 2. Bias-related oral comments, written statements or gestures were made by the offender indicating his/her bias 3. The presence of visible symbols of hatred and/or bias 4. The victim is a member of a spiritual group that is overwhelmingly outnumbered by other residents in the neighborhood where the victim lives, and the incident took place 5. The victim was visiting a neighborhood where previous hate crimes had been committed and where tensions remained high against the victim's group 6. Several incidents occurred in the same locality, at or about the same time, and involved victims of similar demographics (e.g., race, gender identity) 7. A substantial portion of the community where the crime occurred perceived that the incident was motivated by race 8. The victim was engaged in activities related to his or her race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity at the time of the offense; Or, if not a member of that group, was a member of an advocacy group supporting the target group 9. The incident coincided with a holiday or date of significance relating to a group (e.g., MLK day, Rosh Hashanah, Ramadan) 10. The offender was previously involved in a hate crime or is a hate group member 11. A hate group claimed responsibility for the crime or is active in the neighborhood

Sequence of Events:

1. The various events that make up a traffic crash; officers should ensure his/her investigation and report covers all of these events: a. Indicate the series of events in sequence for each vehicle/unit b. To describe the sequence of events, begin with the first crash event that applies to each traffic unit c. If the crash event began with a non-collision (e.g., motor vehicle leaves the roadway to the right), list the first event from the non-collision events category d. If the crash event began with a collision with a person, vehicle, or object not fixed (e.g., motor vehicle colliding with a motor vehicle in transport), list the first event from the collision with person, vehicle, or object not fixed e. A collision with a fixed object will occur after the first event f. Enter as many as six events for each traffic unit g. If the number of events exceeds six, include the first harmful event and the most harmful event, then list the next four most relevant events, giving preference to other harmful events h. Document what the traffic unit did or what it hit, not what the unit is (e.g., in a one vehicle collision where the vehicle hit a telephone pole, we can assume that the motor vehicle was in transport; if the vehicle did not hit another motor vehicle in transport, do not indicate "motor vehicle in transport" in the sequence of events section) i. Ask yourself the following questions to assist in filling out this section: i. What did this unit do? ii. What did this unit hit? j. The "07" or "separation of units" option should only be used when the vehicles involved were towing something (e.g., when the vehicle being towed is separated from the vehicle doing the towing) k. First harmful and most harmful should each be one of the six sequence of event options that you already chose

Reasons a Victim May Delay or Fail to Report a Rape or Sexual Assault:

1. The victim is still suffering from the trauma of the event 2. The victim knew the perpetrator or had so acquaintance-type relationship with the perpetrator 3. The victim is intimidated by the perpetrator's position, power, or social status 4. The victim may self-blame and think he or she was responsible for creating the risk 5. Drugs or alcohol may have impaired the victim's judgement and memory 6. The victim may feel responsible for not doing more (e.g., fighting, screaming) to prevent what happened, especially if the victim has no visible injury 7. Encounters with the criminal justice system - e.g., the victim may have an arrest record or an outstanding warrant 8. The victim may have been victimized previously and the victim ... a. Did not feel supported or believed when reporting the previous incident b. Fears that having been victimized multiple times lowers the likelihood of being believed and receiving support 9. The victim may feel embarrassed and ashamed, which may make it difficult to tell others what happened

Mechanisms of Harm Presented to First Responders:

1. Thermal (fire and/or explosion) a. Heat from a fire or released by a chemical reaction b. Extreme cold, such as liquefied gas or cryogenic liquids 2. Radiological a. Alpha radiation - will not penetrate the skin but, if breathed in, will cause long-term respiratory damage b. Beta radiation - will penetrate the skin but not deep tissue. If breathed in, it will cause severe internal damage c. Gamma radiation - this is pure radiation energy and will penetrate through the entire body causing whole body tissue damage d. Risk is dependent on several factors i. Total amount (i.e., dose) of radiation received ii. The dose rate (i.e., how fast it was received) iii. The specific type of radiation 3. Asphyxiation a. Oxygen deficiency - oxygen deficient atmosphere which can be caused by displacement or consumption f available oxygen b. Chemical reaction - toxic substances can cause physical pathological changes within the body preventing the body from properly using oxygen c. The release of certain products (e.g., nitrogen) can deplete the oxygen level below survival limits 4. Chemical exposure a. Toxic or poisonous effects b. Destructive human tissue effects 5. Etiological (biological hazards) a. Bacterial infections b. Viral infections 6. Mechanical (physical hazards) a. Debris b. Shrapnel

Common Methods Used to Initiate an IED:

1. Time fired a. IED initiated after pre-set time delay b. Can be mechanical, analog, digital, or electronic timing mechanisms (e.g., clock, watches, integrated circuits, timers, burning fuse) 2. Victim operated a. IED initiated by actions of unsuspecting individuals b. Can be caused by things such as disturbance, pressure, pressure release, tension/pull, tension release/push, light, sound, magnetic, and infrared devices 3. Command initiated a. Bomber to choose optimum moment to initiate IED b. Can be initiated by cell phones, radios, doorbells, keyless entry system, pagers, any combination of transmitter/receiver, mechanical (pull/release), car alarms, command wire

Paraphernalia Associated with Heroin Use:

1. Tiny knotted balloons the size of a pencil eraser, syringes, spoons, cotton swabs, cigarette filters, pieces of foil bottoms of soda cans, gel capsules, folded paper bindles (e.g., lottery ticket cards), small squares cut from grocery bags, small containers of water, containers made to carry some or all of the paraphernalia

Two General Types of Building Searches:

1. Unknown risk (e.g., open doors, alarm drops, suspicious activity) a. Officer is unsure if the area or structure is occupied b. Whether an officer thinks a suspect is in the building or not, the search should always be conducted as if a suspect was in the structure c. Do not become complacent d. Searching a building is a practical skill i. Use every opportunity to practice this skill ii. Work with your partner to develop cohesion 2. High risk (e.g., active shooter, hot pursuit situation) a. High risk searches involve prior knowledge or circumstances indicating a likelihood of serious physical harm b. Risk of the offender escaping c. This may require the officer to respond immediately to avoid injury or death to an innocent civilian

Traffic Direction and Control Actions:

1. Use the information received from communications as well as your knowledge of the immediate area and beyond 2. Confirm your geographical location with dispatch 3. Perform a preliminary analysis of current situation 4. Identify actions required to mitigate the situation 5. Identify resources required to support those actions 6. Identify any unique safety situations as you arrive

When Using Chemical Weapons May Be Considered Unreasonable Force:

1. Using chemical weapons on an arrestee who has already been subdued and who poses no threat is excessive force (i.e., it is not reasonable to use a chemical weapon on someone after they have quit resisting) 2. Whenever you use a chemical weapon on someone who is already handcuffed, especially in a cruiser, the court is going to take a very hard look at the use of that chemical weapon 3. There are circumstances when using a chemical weapon on someone handcuffed or secured in a vehicle might ne reasonable and justifiable, but you will have to articulate that the person's conduct posed a danger to himself/herself, you, or the public, given the fact the person was in restraints

Recognizing the Need for Additional Resources:

1. When first responders realize the incident they have responded to involves hazardous materials, they must communicate all information gathered during the approach and the initial scene survey to dispatch or the command post (if it has been established) on a dedicated radio frequency a. Provide responding agencies with timely and accurate information i. Other agencies can be tapped for additional resources 2. Potential responding agencies a. Fire b. Various law enforcement agencies c. Emergency Medical Services d. Hazardous material response teams e. FBI (if WMD related incidents) f. EPA g. Public health agencies h. Public Utilities Commission i. Environmental clean-up companies 3. Other necessary information (if applicable and available includes: a. The chemical name b. Associated placard or U.N. number c. Weather conditions and wind direction d. Status of hazardous material container(s) (e.g., stable, leaking, burning) e. The location impacted f. Victim's injuries

Ways to Reduce Injury or Property Damage when a Collision is Imminent:

1.) Avoid having the collision take place in the driver's quarter of the vehicle 2.) Try to strike the object on an angle, thus deflecting some of the impact forces 3.) Maintain steering and braking control to avoid colliding with additional objects after the first collision 4.) Steer to the rear - steering for the rear of the other vehicle minimizes injury by avoiding the passenger compartment and minimizes crash severity by striking the lightest area of most vehicles 5.) If possible, look through the collision for a clear path of travel

Primary Considerations for Discontinuing a Vehicle Pursuit:

1.) The safety of the public and yourself

The Relationship Between Degrees of Suspicion and the Responses Allowed by the Constitution:

Personal Notes: A. Limited Seizure - Briefly detained for an investigation B. Full Seizure - Arrest C. 3 types of law enforcement interactions with citizens: a. Consensual b. Detain c. Arrest D. Probable Cause b. A reasonably prudent person would believe the person to be arrested and the place of crime or that place to be searched contains evidence of a crime b. Totality of circumstances used to determine if Probable Cause existed or not E. 2 types of probable cause Observable Probable Cause Informational Probable Cause. Terry v Ohio 1963, October 31 (Halloween); Officer McFadden of the Cleveland PD observed a group of 3 men "casing a place" by making 12 separate passes and looking into the window of a store. As the men were approaching the store in what appeared to be an attempted robbery, Officer McFadden stopped them and "frisked" Terry to which he discovered a concealed handgun. At that time, Officer McFadden arrested Mr. Terry for illegally carrying a concealed weapon. During court proceedings, Terry's attorney filed for a motion to suppress the evidence under the exclusionary rule, but the motion was denied. The case went up to the United States Supreme Court where On June 10, 1968, the Supreme Court issued an 8-1 decision against Terry that upheld the constitutionality of the "stop-and-frisk" procedure as long as the police officer performing it has a "reasonable suspicion" that the targeted person is acting suspiciously and may be "armed and presently dangerous.''

OPOTA 2020-2021

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