OPOTA Final Exam (SPOs)

The process of arresting a juvenile

•The juvenile is suspected of, or caught violating a law -If the offense is minor, the officer may choose to exercise discretion and not file a charge •The officer may counsel the juvenile •The officer may contact the juvenile's guardian •The officer can direct the juvenile and/or guardian to community resources that might provide assistance, if necessary •If the offense is more serious, the officer should begin standard investigation procedures ‒Interview the juvenile to gather information ‒The officer might contact the juvenile's guardian at this time; this is as a matter of consideration, not as a matter of law •If the officer believes probable cause exists to charge the youth, the youth can be taken into custody for processing ‒Fingerprinting ‒Photograph ‒Interrogation •The juvenile may be placed in juvenile detention or released to the guardian •Again, the officer should take the opportunity to refer the juvenile and his/her guardian to community resources •Interview and interrogation considerations ‒As previously discussed, juveniles are afforded the same rights as adults in investigatory procedures (e.g., search/seizure, self-incrimination) ‒Therefore, in a custodial interrogation encounter, the officer must inform the youth of the Miranda warning and ensure his/her rights are understood ‒When questioning a juvenile, the officer should consider several factors •The age of the youth - if the youth is old enough to understand his/her rights and the severity of the situation ‒This is critically important during a custodial interrogation ‒The U.S. Supreme Court held a child's age is a relevant factor to consider in determining whether the child is in custody for purposes of Miranda rights •Mental state - is the juvenile free of intellectual disability? •Physical state - is the youth experiencing drug and/or alcohol impairment? •Are there any language or cultural barriers? •Considerations while on school grounds ‒Schools are trusted with the care of children while on the grounds during school hours ‒Therefore, some schools have a strict policy and procedure regarding who is allowed access to juveniles •Some schools might require a member of staff to be present when an officer needs to make contact with a student •Other schools will require the juvenile's guardian to be present, or will contact the guardian to alert him/her of the officer's request •Again, there is no statutory requirement for the officer to notify the parent of an interview/interrogation; in addition, the school has no legal authority to prevent the officer from conducting his/her investigation •However, depending on the nature of the investigation and the officer's departmental policy and procedure, the officer might consider conducting the interview at another time and place •Conversely, there might be schools that give officers full access to students •It is important to maintain positive, working relationships with school personnel •Oftentimes, when a peace officer is called to a school to investigate a situation involving a juvenile, school officials have conducted their own investigation •The officer can review information, statements, and evidence from the school's investigation in order to help establish probable cause •The officer should also become familiar with charges that are specific to violations on or near school grounds, and those that have increased penalties •Disorderly Conduct - M-4, if in the vicinity of a school or in a school safety zone •Illegal Conveyance of a Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Ordnance in School Safety Zone ‒F-5 ‒Also applies to objects indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not it is capable of being fired; however, the penalty is an M-1 if the object is indistinguishable •Improperly Discharging Firearm in a School Safety Zone ‒F-2 ‒Also includes discharging a firearm within 1000 feet of a school premises with intent to cause physical harm to another who is on school grounds, cause panic or fear of physical harm to another, or cause the evacuation of the school •Several of the R.C. Chapter 2925 Drug Offenses have increased penalties if committed in a school safety zone or in the vicinity of a juvenile

How to Recognize When a Situation is Classified as a Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

•The incident includes one or more occurrences of injury or damage •At least one occurrence of injury or damage was not the direct result of cataclysm (i.e., an avalanche, landslide/mudslide, hurricane, cyclone, downburst, flood, torrential rain, cloudburst, lightning, tornado, tidal wave, earthquake, volcanic eruption) •The incident involved one or more motor vehicles •At least one motor vehicle was in-transport •The incident was an unstabilized situation •The unstabilized situation originated on a trafficway or the injury or the damage occurred on a trafficway •If the incident involved a railway train in-transport, a motor vehicle was involved prior to any injury or damage involving the train •Neither an aircraft in-transport nor a watercraft in-transport was involved in the incident •If all of these conditions are met and the property damage is over $1,000, the officer will need to complete an OH-1

Factors to consider in determining if an individual is in custody

•The location of the interrogation •The number of officers present •The attitude of the officers toward the person being questioned •The stage of the investigation (e.g., initial contact, jail interview, suspect's court status) •Whether or not the suspect is free to leave

Sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use: sound

•What the officer hears as they approach the scene •What is being said around the community •What the officer hears through intelligence reports •Slurred, excited, or altered speech •What is learned through informants

Reasons for establishing effective communications with the media

•You and the media each have a job to do and each can benefit from the cooperative nature of the other •For the media, information from law enforcement is necessary for them to develop and produce accurate news stories •For the law enforcement agency, media coverage influences public perception •Media provides a quick way to reach large audiences -Agencies need a method of distributing information to the public about developing situations and threats and requesting assistance with investigations, and media can fill that role

Characteristics of a crisis state

- An episode of mental and/or emotional upheaval or distress that creates instability or danger, and causes behavior that is considered disruptive by the community, by friends or family members of the person, and/or by the person - The elements of disruption and danger are why, in these situations, many people call law enforcement rather than emergency medical services or mental health agencies •Often there is a precipitation event that triggers the crisis -Examples •An emotional event (e.g., the death of a loved one, an act of violence, divorce, job loss) •Medical event (e.g., a reaction to medication, a reaction caused by a failure to take medication) ‒The person's perception to the event may be accurate, erroneous, or somewhere in between ‒Regardless of the accuracy of their perception, the person's normal methods of coping and solving problems fail, resulting in A breakdown in control, An inability to respond appropriately, A feeling of being "overwhelmed"

Officer liability when responding to emergency calls

- An officer who is responding to an emergency call is governed by the sovereign immunity standard - Emergency call- a call to duty, including, but not limited to, communications from citizens, police dispatchers, and personal observations by peace officers of inherently dangerous situations that demand an immediate response on the part of a peace officer

Steps for administering first aid to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical agent OC

•Remove individual from the contaminated area •Flush exposed tissue with clean, fresh water •Do not use oily ointments or soaps containing oils or lotions as they tend to hold OC particles on the skin. Never use any decontaminant that contains chlorine bleach as it may cause a reaction that is worse •If the individual's condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention

Main responsibilities when responding to a crime in progress

•Respond to the incident in the most safe and tactically sound manner •Secure the scene •Preliminary investigation

Typical dispositions when resolving a crisis intervention incident

- Arrest - De-escalate and refer for follow-up care and support - Voluntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider - Involuntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider

General rules for effective courtroom testimony

- Be early - be professional - wear your uniform or business attire - speak loudly, clearly, and with confidence - give concise, clear, and complete answers - avoid talking with potential or actual jurors

Causes of compromised coping capabilities

- Brain chemistry - Deterioration of the brain - Developmental disabilities - Damage to the brain through blunt force - Damage to the brain through severe stress and trauma - Unbearable stress that causes suicidal thinking or actions - Substance abuse

Factors that influence the stopping distance

- Driver - Environment - Vehicle

Necessary steps in preparing for court

- Ensure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court - contact the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed - review notes and/or reports pertinent to the case

When handcuffing may be considered unreasonable force

•The Fourth Amendment prohibits unduly tight or excessively forceful handcuffing during the course ofa seizure •Absent exigent circumstances, an officer choosing to handcuff a peaceable arrestee in a manner likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force •An officer that makes a brief examination of a severe obvious medical injury and chooses to handcuff in a manner that is likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force ‒In order for an excessive force claim based on unduly tight handcuffing to survive summary judgment, a plaintiff must offer sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that all of the following exist •Plaintiff complained that the handcuffs were too tight •The officer ignored those complaints •The plaintiff experienced some physical injury resulting from the handcuffing

Peace Officer's Priorities in Protecting the Scene of a Crash

•The first priority is to protect the crash victims and the first responders •Always wear your high visibility safety vest when directing traffic or investigating crashes •Check for injuries ‒Even if you were dispatched to a non-injury crash, check for injuries ‒EMS should always be requested to respond to the scene if an injury is reported or suspected ‒If responding to a fatality, always protect and cover up the deceased victims ‒Any injured or deceased victims should be treated the same as you would treat your own family members •Protect the involved vehicles and other evidence at the crash scene •Place sufficient and adequate warning devices (e.g., signs, reflectors, flares or fusees, traffic cones) on approaches to the scene as well as appropriate directional signs within the scene area, to give proper warning to drivers and other highway users

Conditions under the ORC that allow a peace officer to remove a child from their caregiver

- If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is suffering from illness or injury and is not receiving proper care, as described in R.C. 2151.03, and the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm - If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is in immediate danger from the child's surrounding and that the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm - If there are reasonable grounds to believe that a parent, guardian, custodian or other household member of the child's household has abused or neglected another child in the household and to believe that the child is in danger of immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm from that person - if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the conduct, conditions, or surrounding of the child are endangering the health, welfare, or safety of the child

Reasons vehicles are stolen

- Joyriding/ transportation - To commit other crimes - Theft for profit/ commercial theft - Owner give ups

Unloading the shotgun

- Keep the muLe pointed in a safe direction with the safety on - remove the round from the chamber - depress the action release lever - with the trigger finger placed along the side of the receiver, the non-dominant hand slowly pulls the action to the rear - push the carrier - cover the ejection port with either hand - with the fingers curled under the loading through and forming a pocket at the ejection port, pull action to the rear with a sharp motion - rotate the weapon so the loading port is facing you - depress the shell stops located inside the loading port - guide the shell from the magazine tube out of the loading through into your hand - repeat this procedure until the magazine is empty •Visually and physically inspect the chamber •Inspect the inside of the chamber, on the carrier, and in the magazine tube for shells remaining in the shotgun •Close the action by pushing the action handle forward •With the muzzle pointed in a safe direction, disengage the safety •Pull the trigger in order to release the hammer spring

The basis to legally seize evidence

- Must be based on probable cause - Probably cause to seize exists if a prudent person would conclude that the object in question is associated with criminal activity

Relevant factors in determining if force was reasonable

- Severity of the crime suspected (e.g. theft vs. armed robbery) - Whether the suspect is an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others - Whether the suspect is actively resisting - Whether the suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight

Acceptable hand movements for steering methods

- Shuffle steering - Hand over hand - Evasive steering

An officer may conduct a protective search of a motor vehicle for weapons when...

- The officer has lawfully stopped the vehicle AND - The officer has reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, to believe that the driver or passenger is dangerous and can gain immediate control of a weapon

Factors that will determine the reasonableness of the length of time involved in a motor vehicle detention

- The purpose of the stop, AND - The time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes AND - Whether the officers diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the subject

Four primary firearms safety rules

- Treat all firearms as if they are loaded - Never point a firearm at untying you don't want to shoot or destroy - Keep your finger off the trigger until you have made a conscious decision to shoot - Be aware of your backstop and beyond

When use of a chemical weapon may be considered unreasonable force

- Using chemical weapons on an arrestee who has already been subdued and who poses no threat is excessive force (i.e. it is not reasonable to use a chemical weapon on someone after they quit resisting) - Whenever you use a chemical weapon on someone who is already handcuffed, especially in a cruiser, the court is going to take a very hard look at the use of that chemical weapon. - There are circumstances when using a chemical weapon on someone handcuffed or secured in a vehicle might be reasonable and justifiable, by you will have to articulate that the person's conduct posed a danger to themselves, you, or the public given the fact the person was in restraints

Core concepts of community policing

- a partnership between the police and the community - crime prevention - organizational change of the agency - a problem- solving approach to the police role that is proactive

General elements of a crime

- a prohibited act (acts reps) and... - a specific mental intent (mens Rea) that... - occur at the same time (concurrence) and... - bring about a particular result made unlawful by the statue (causation)

Types of information to be recorded in field notes

- complete information on victims, witnesses, and suspects involved - date and time of offense or incident being reported - location of occurrence - type of place where offense or incident took place - details of offense or incident took place - disposition of evidence, property, and subjects - corresponding report number

The four core principles/ pillars of procedural justice

- giving other a voice - neutrality in decision making - respectful treatment - trustworthiness

Guidelines to be followed when taking field notes

- head notebook page with day and time of shift - do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident - write or print neatly so you can read and understand your notes later - record all information in ink - let victims and witnesses talk through the event before you start recording notes - ask clarifying follow-up questions - be as complete as possible - consider the use of electronic data device or template - do not record personal information in your notebook

When it comes to clandestine labs, law enforcement officers are only reasonable for...

- identifying what appears to be the components of a clandestine laboratory - they are not responsible for positive identification of clandestine laboratories

Using electrical weapons

- it is unreasonable to use an electrical weapon on a non-resisting or passively resisting suspect - in cases where the court has concluded that an officer's use of force was justifiable because it was in response to active resistance, some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect had suggested a deliberate choice to be defiant - in the excessive force context, noncompliance alone does not indicate active resistance; there must be something more - when an officer employs an electrical weapon on a suspect who is actively resisting, such action does not constitute unreasonable force

Variables an officer should use to assess the presence of an imminent threat

- likelihood of a weapon being present - capability of that weapon - proximity of the parties at risk relative to the weapons capabilities (e.g. knife in the hands of someone 50 yards away vs. 10 yards away) - exposure of the officers or others (e.g. cover, concealment, physical barriers) - subject's actions independent of weapons and the likelihood of injury if those actions continue

Uses of field notes

- preservation of knowledge in written form - foundation of the formal written report - Aids in further investigation - evidence in court - documentation of the officer's efforts in the field

State the purpose of the bill of rights

- protect an individual's freedoms - prevent the government from interfering in protected rights

Factors considered in determining if the inventory of a motor vehicle is reasonable

- the car was lawfully impounded - the inventory was conducted after the impoundment - the owner was not present to make other arrangements for the safekeeping of the vehicle - the inventory was prompted by valuables in plain view and was pursuant to standard police procedure - the inventory was not a pretext to conceal an investigatory search

Difference between traditional encounters and special populations encounters

... is the increased need to be non-confrontational Special population encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation

Communication between the escorting officers and detention facility personnel

... is vital for the welfare of the arrestee and the investigation of offenses The arresting officer may have discovered relevant information in the course of the incident leading to the arrest •Combative •Suicidal - now or in the past •Medical condition (chronic and/or injuries) •Mental condition •Escape risk •Any other condition that would require special attention If the arresting officer is not the escorting officer, every effort should be made to communicate this information through the escorting officer to detention facility personnel Officer success and safety is dependent upon relationships •Arresting officers need to understand how the booking process is completed and what information is needed •The booking process is a two way street ‒Information gathered by the arresting agency assists in the safe and efficient performance of detention facility operations ‒Information gathered by detention facility operations assists the arresting agency in case investigation and can provide vital evidence •Fostering communication will increase the capabilities of all agencies and enhance the safety of both arrestees and officers

Right side walk up

•Right-Side Walk-up ‒Most Americans are right handed, and the officer will have a better view of the occupant's right hand as it is more difficult to hide with body position ‒Any actions to toss contraband into another part of the vehicle or hand it off will be easier to see ‒Allows a greater plain view of the interior ‒Provides greater time and distance from the driver should he/she become hostile or aggressive •Differences from Left-Side Walk-up ‒When you get to the front bumper of the cruiser, move quickly, but under control, across the front of the cruiser until aligned slightly right of the right side front bumper ‒If walking behind the cruiser, move to the rear of the cruiser while assessing. Then move quickly, but under control, across the rear of the cruiser until aligned slightly right of the right side rear bumper of the cruiser ‒Addressing the suspect will be from a position equal with the passenger side door jamb slightly behind the vehicle operator ‒The officer should be prepared for sudden activity from the interior and in a stance conducive to accessing weapons and/or retreating to cover

Principles of scene security of hazardous material incident

•Scene security is isolating and protecting the area by prohibiting access •May move un-injured, un-contaminated people to outside of the emergency area •Anyone inside the area will have to be contained until better equipped responders arrive for decontamination of exposed persons

In the absence of consent or exigent circumstances, before entering a private residence to make an arrest, officers must

•Secure the appropriate warrant or warrants, including -Arrest warrant(s), and ... -If making an arrest in the home of a third party, a search warrant to search the premises for the person to be arrested •Reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address listed on the warrant, and •Knock and announce their presence

The connection between in-groups, out-groups and police legitimacy

•Some individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the police contact

Sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use: smell

•Specific scents of drugs (e.g., marihuana, cocaine) •Cover-up scents (e.g., incense, cologne, air fresheners) •Odors associated with manufacture (e.g., solvent, ammonia, sulfur)

Recognize a peace officer's duties in response to the gang problem

•Stay educated on gang trends, names, colors, members •Document any potential gang activity with notes and photography •Become familiar with jurisdiction and take notice of repeat offenders and the nicknames used •Develop contacts with other agencies to share information

Components of bias

•Stereotypes - generalizations about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.e., cognitive component) ‒We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role ‒Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups •Prejudices - an often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc. that is not necessarily reasonable or logical •Attitude - positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something

Major items for which the officer must be alert for during a medical/ mental health screening

•Suicide thoughts or plan •Current serious or potentially serious medical or mental health issues needing immediate attention •The use of an electronic weapon, pepper spray or other less lethal use of force during the arrest •Assaultive behavior •Body deformities and ease of movement •Condition of skin

Red flag indicators of human trafficking

•Suspicious locations - indicators observed from outside a location may include ‒Windows that are blocked, blackened out, barred, or sealed ‒Doors that are chained, locked, sealed ‒Guards and/or guard dogs ‒Surveillance cameras and buzzer systems for entry ‒Gates, barbed wire fencing, self-contained camps or compounds ‒Large amount of foot traffic in and out of location, especially males ‒Lighted "open" sign on building after regular business hours ‒Rear entrance only for a business •Indicators observed from inside a location may include ‒Large amounts of cash on site ‒Multiple laptops or cell phones ‒Appointment and receipt books/ledgers ‒Appearance that individuals are living on site of a business (e.g., restaurant, nail salon) ‒Sparse rooms with beds or mattresses ‒Prostitution paraphernalia (e.g., high heels, lingerie, lotions, creams, wipes, condoms) ‒Large amounts of repay/reloadable credit cards ‒Marbles, playing cards, poker chips in bucket or jar may be an example of showing payment in certain types of brothels ‒Evidence of frequent travel (e.g., bus/plane tickets) •General working conditions ‒Unpaid, paid very little, or paid only through tips ‒Work excessive and/or unusual hours ‒Live and sleep where they work ‒Provided daily transportation to and from work •Suspicious behaviors ‒Encounters with migrant workers and/or in a legitimate business where a supervisor attempts to keep the group away from law enforcement or attempts to control all communication ‒Often the word used for the sex trafficker is husband, boyfriend, "dope boy," drug supplier ‒No personal identification (e.g., passport, driver's licenses, social security card) or the person is not in control of his/her own documents •Mental health ‒Signs of emotional abuse (e.g., demeanor is fearful, submissive, anxious, tense, nervous, restless, depressed, paranoid, irritable, aggressive) ‒Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior or aggressive, hostile, or defiant behavior when approached by law enforcement •Physical health ‒Signs of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, torture (e.g., cigarette burns, scars, bruises, broken bones) ‒Signs of poor health and hygiene (e.g., underweight, malnourished, lice, excessive bed bug bites, bad teeth) •Lack of control ‒Signs of physical restraint, confinement, or control ‒Signs of psychological control ‒Very little or no control over money, bank account, records, and/or documents ‒Cannot speak for self, or a third party must be present and/or translating; must be given permission before responding to questions ‒Appears anxious around "family member" or interpreter, or relies on one person to speak for a whole group ‒Not free to come and go as he/she pleases, or has an escort (e.g., a driver or "body guard") at all times when out in public ‒Is unable to attend religious activities or gatherings or is required to be escorted ‒Signs of branding through tattoos to show ownership by trafficker ‒Unable to make decisions on own without fear or approval ‒Few or no personal possessions (e.g., clothing, family pictures, financial records) •Specific traffic stop indicators ‒Sex/labor traffickers like to control their victims by fear and move them around frequently ‒While not an exhaustive list, the existence of any of these indicators during a traffic stop should warrant an officer taking a closer look at the situation and asking additional questions targeted at determining how the occupants know each other, where they are going, and where they are from ‒One person in a vehicle speaks for all occupants ‒Adult driver with unrelated younger passengers ‒Stories given don't match one another or are inconsistent with the evidence or presenting circumstances ‒Story appears rehearsed ‒Passengers have no identification or don't know what city they are in ‒Contents of vehicle reveals their travel is fast and frequent (e.g., fast food items, little or no luggage, multiple hotel key cards, bus/plane tickets) ‒Vehicle contains multiple cell phones, laptops, pre-pay or reloadable credit cards, ledger or appointment books ‒Large amount of cash in the vehicle ‒Passengers are found to be in an active missing or runaway status, especially juveniles ‒Prostitution paraphernalia is present •Similar indicators may be present in a labor trafficking case

Goals in a high-risk vehicle stop

•Take all the time needed to pre-plan the stop •If possible, wait for backup prior to initiating the stop •If the suspect forces the stop, cover the vehicle from the safest location possible and hold position until backup arrives •In a perfect situation, it is safest to have four officers on scene •Cruiser positions should be positioned so as to create a wall between officers and the suspect(s) •Maintain cover and concealment in a low profileposition ‒The engine block provides more effective cover than other areas of the vehicle ‒Cruiser tires may offer some protection from rounds striking the ground •Maintain weapons coverage on all suspects until all are in custody •Initially, control three main things ‒Keys •Placed on the roof •Thrown out the window •Brought back to you •Circumstances or personal choice dictate which action is chosen •The goal is to keep the vehicle from being driven away ‒Hands •Out the window •Fingers interlaced on top of head •Out to the side with palms up •The goal being the suspect(s) cannot access a weapon •Under certain conditions (i.e., presence of a K9) have them open the vehicle doors ‒Eyes •Direct away from officer's actions •The goal being the suspect(s) cannot plan an attack •One officer, if not the primary officer, must be designated to issue assignments to other officers and commands to suspects •At least one officer should have a long gun (e.g., rifle, shotgun) and be assigned to cover the suspects and vehicle throughout the stop •Suspects are called out one at a time, starting with the driver, and are placed in a position of disadvantage (e.g., kneeling, prone) - several options are available to communicate these orders ‒Use of the cruiser public address system ‒Use of a strong voice Follow the stages of arrest in proper order 1.Control 2.Handcuff 3.Search 4.Officers assigned this task should not have long guns, as they will need to go hands on and must holster to do so •Clear the suspect vehicle - in all options, initially use the public address system to give any remaining suspects the opportunity to come out •Consider the following options ‒Using a K-9, if available and there is an open suspect vehicle door ‒Cruiser drive by with cover officer walking beside ‒Chemical weapon deployment from a delivery system that allows officers to maintain cover (e.g., pepper ball) ‒Officer approach - presents the most risk to officers •Two officers are designated to make a rapid, low profile approach to respective positions at the rear corners of the suspect vehicle ‒Stacking variation driver side - make a rapid, low profile approach to respective positions on the driver side rear quarter panel of the vehicle ‒Stacking variation passenger side - make a rapid, low profile approach to respective positions on the passenger side rear quarter panel of the vehicle •There are two schools of thought on touching the trunk ‒Touch the trunk to ensure against unexpected opening ‒Do not touch the trunk; this action may give away your position and slow the approach •Check the rear seat by a "quick peek" method •Yell "clear" or "suspect" •Check the front seat in the same manner •Any observed suspects should cause officers to seek cover and issue additional commands •If the interior is clear, retrieve the keys and check the trunk, staying close to the vehicle on each officer's respective side •In all actions, crossfire situations must be avoided

The balance between first amendment rights and the need to protect public safety and property

•The First Amendment does not protect against unlawful, violent, or destructive behavior •Law enforcement's responsibility is to objectively discern when a lawful protest becomes unlawful •The goal is to protect lawful activity while identifying and isolating unlawful behavior •Peace officers must not be influenced by the content of the opinions, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, religion, or political affiliation of anyone exercising their constitutional rights

Sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use: touch

•The U.S. Supreme Court has stated police may seize nonthreatening contraband detected through the sense of touch during a protective pat down search so long as the search stays within the bounds marked by Terry (i.e., Terry v. Ohio) •Securing a suspect

Information an Officer Must Relay to a Defendant Concerning the Defendant's Failure to Appear in Court at the Time Stated on the Affidavit or Pay for a Traffic Ticket

•The defendant's driver's license or commercial driver's license will be suspended •The defendant is not eligible for reissuance of a license or certification of registration until the person appears and complies with all orders of the court •The defendant remains subject to any applicable criminal penalties

Personal protection equipment (PPE) selection considerations at a hazmat incident

•Proper selection of PPE for individual responders must be based upon a careful assessment of two factors -The hazards anticipated to be present or are present at the scene -The probable impact of those hazards, based upon the mission role of the individual •The amount of protection required is material and hazard specific -The EPA has established a set of four chemical protective PPE ensembles (A through D) that provide certain protection levels and are commonly used by fire and emergency service organizations -Level D is the lowest level of protection and represents what an average law enforcement officer may have available while on duty -Law enforcement officers may have PPE available that would provide blood and body fluid pathogen barrier protection •Outer protective garments - may be configured to cover only parts of the body or torso •Gloves •Footwear •Face Protection -No single type of PPE protects against all hazards and may well be inadequate for the incident to which and officer could respond -First responder agencies must individually research the available data on the various ensembles and decide, based on duties performed, what combination of PPE is acceptable for the organizations

The relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics

•Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics •It is not, as many people think, based on genetics •Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species and ... •Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so-called race from another •This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another

External influences on behavior

•Relationships with friends and family •Local citizens •Local media •Department regulations •Interdepartmental politics •Police subculture •Officer's own ethical and moral beliefs and values •Anger •Greed •Lust •Internal rationalizations made prior to or after misconduct

Common methods thieves use to defeat the federal certification label on a vehicle

•Removal and reapplication of a different label from a donor car •Alteration of the existing label •Replacement with a counterfeit label

Steps for administering first aid to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical agent CS

•Remove individual from the contaminated area •Encourage the individual to remain calm •Advise the individual not to rub his/her eyes •Flush affected tissue areas with clean, fresh water •If the individual's condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention

Importance of safety belts and other occupant protection devices

•Required by the Ohio Revised Code •Better vehicle control thereby reducing the chances of becoming involved in a collision •Less chance of injury or death if involved in a collision while using a properly adjusted vehicle restraint system •Role model to community

Responsibilities of a law enforcement agency in a missing child case

•Response to the missing child report should be immediate •Understand there is no waiting period before a child can be reported missing •Immediately enter the information regarding all missing children, including runaways, into NCIC •Notify neighboring agencies •Notify the FBI, who are mandated to assist in searches for missing children under the age of 12 years old •Remove entry from NCIC if child is found

General indicators of stimulant use

•Restlessness •Talkative •Excitation •Euphoria •Exaggerated reflexes •Loss of appetite •Anxiety •Grinding teeth (i.e., bruxism) •Redness to nasal area (if snorting) •Body tremors

Two modes of thinking

1. Automatic (system 1) ‒Characteristics •Unconscious •Effortless •Automatic •Uses associative memory •Very fast •Practical purpose - simplifies tasks (e.g., driving, tying shoes) which most adults can do without having to systematically and deliberatively think about each step2. More deliberative (system 2) ‒Characteristics •Conscious •Effortful •Controlled •Deliberative •Slower •Protection mechanism - we evaluate everything we see and everyone we meet within 200 milliseconds to determine if something is threatening or not

Considerations for off duty situations

1. Behavior •An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty •Not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on social media •An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics 2. Situational awareness •An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working •You never know when you may need to transition quickly from a private citizen to a peace officer •Make certain to preplan with your family should a situation arise while together. Create a number of scenarios for your family to practice •Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy Be a good witness if a situation arises when police intervention is necessary •If the situation involves a reasonable belief of serious physical harm, provide a response as soon as practical •However, if the situation is less serious, the best course of action is to observe the incident until uniformed officers respond •If you become involved, make contact withdispatch as soon as possible to provide information about the incident and information about yourself (e.g., clothing you are wearing, car you are driving, description of offenders and victims, pertinent officer safety information)

Steps in the decision making model and the application of PLUS filters

1. Define the problem, being aware that how you define the problem determines where and how you will look for solutions 2. Identify alternative solutions available to address the problem- at a minimum three, and, ideally, more than five 3. Evaluate the identified alternatives- list the pros and cons of each; differentiate between known facts and personal beliefs about the situation 4. Make the decision 5. Implement the decision 6. Evaluate the decision

Four causes of illegible fingerprints

1. Failure to produce the focal points 2. Allowing the fingers to slip or twist 3. Failure to clean the fingers and equipment for foreign substances and perspiration 4. Insufficient ink

Two most common methods by which an officer may be injured or killed during an officer initiated contact

1. Felonious assault 2. Crash

Cardinal rules of crime scene photography

1. Fill the frame - Too many time, the primary subject can get lost in the background - If the background elements are not considered essential to the close-up try to minimize or eliminate them 2. Maximize depth of field - if substantial pieces of evidence are out of focus, it may not be a 'fair and accurate representation of the scene' - as you looked around the scene, each part was in focus, and you photograph should accurately represent that 3. Keep the lens perpendicular to the subject - if he close-up is parallel to the subject, the close-up may not be able to be used for comparison - using a tripod will often help with the lighting/shadowing when taking perpendicular photographs

The concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy

1. Lawful - defined by laws and standards •Criminal law - identifies what actions are prohibited •Rules of agency (e.g., administrative rules, general orders, standard operating procedures) •Constitutional law (e.g., Fourth, Fifth, Sixth Amendments) •Officers can act lawfully and within the parameters of agency policy and the citizenry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy - there can be lawful, but awful interactions 2. Police legitimacy - exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power in order to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community

Four Dimensions of a Whole Person and the Focus of Each That, Collectively, Contribute to a Person's Effectiveness

1. Physical - a healthy body: strength and endurance 2. Mental - a healthy mind: feeding, challenging, growing the mind 3. Emotional - a healthy heart: positive emotions, managing energy 4. Spiritual - a healthy spirit: purposeful, serving a cause, faithful to self

Methods of lineups

!. Showup: A police procedure in which a suspect is shown singly to a witness for identification, rather than as part of a lineup 2. Photo lineup: Identification procedure in which an array of photographs, including a photograph of the suspected perpetrator of an offense and additional photographs of other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the offense 3. Live lineup: An identification procedure in which a group of persons, including the suspected perpetrator of an offense and other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the offense

Preserving digital evidence from mobile devices

"Dumb" phones (e.g., older cell phones, flip phones) •Power off •Remove battery •Place in evidence bag •Document chain of custody information on evidence tag Smart devices (e.g., iDevice, Android) •If it is powered off, leave it off •If it is powered on and locked with a password -Attempt to get password from the suspect -Note date, time, and password type (e.g., 4-digit, alphanumeric) -Place in airplane mode, if available -Power off, if airplane mode is unavailable -Document chain of custody information on evidence tag •If it is powered on and locked with a password (cont.) -Place in Faraday Bag •If a Faraday Bag is not available, wrap the device in aluminum foil •Take to lab as quickly as possible, as battery life will drain quickly •If the device is powered on and not locked with a password −Place device in airplane mode which allows for no carrier connectivity, but still may have Wi-Fi connectivity to open networks −Because some phones have remote wiping programs, consider turning off the Wi-Fi connections −Disable password screens and auto lock, if possible −Power off, if airplane mode is unavailable −Place in evidence bag; a Faraday Bag is preferred −Document chain of custody information on evidence tag −Take to lab for immediate acquisition because the battery life is draining •It is ok to use your agency camera to take pictures of evidence that is located on a computer or phone screen, but you should never use the suspect's or victim's phone to take screen shots of the evidence

Fruits of the poisonous tree

(i.e., evidence that is obtained illegally) If a confession is derived immediately from an unlawful arrest or illegal search, the confession is tainted and it may not be used against a suspect

Types of child abuse

- Physical abuse- an act of commission toward a child by the parent or caregiver that results in harm to the child or is intended to harm the child - Neglect- an act of omission that can be a single event or a pattern of unsafe or inadequate care - sexual abuse- engaging in sexual activities with children who cannot give consent and do not understand the significance of sexual acts - Emotional abuse- damaging interactions between a parent or caregiver and child that are repeated, resulting in the child feeling unwanted, unloved or worthless

Circumstances when an officer may use deadly force to scheme seizure

- The USSC determined that the fourth amendment permits law enforcement officers to use deadly force to achieve seizures in two general circumstances 1. to protect themselves or others from immediate threats of serious physical injury and/or 2. to prevent escape of a fleeing 'dangerous' person

Requirements of a well written report

- complete - factual - accurate - objective

Reasons for tracing stolen property

- may reveal perpetrator - may reveal other investigative leads - may reveal other crimes - recovery for victim

Dangerous ordnance

1.Any automatic or sawed-off firearm, zip-gun, or ballistic knife a)A ballistic knife is a knife with a detachable blade that is propelled by a spring-operated mechanism. 2.Any explosive device or incendiary device 3.Nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, nitrostarch, PETN, cyclonite, TNT, picric acid, and other high explosives; amatol, tritonal, tetrytol, pentolite, pecretol, cyclotol, and other high explosive compositions; plastic explosives; dynamite, blasting gelatin, gelatin dynamite, sensitized ammonium nitrate, liquid-oxygen blasting explosives, blasting powder, and other blasting agents; and any other explosive substance having sufficient brisance or power to be particularly suitable for use as a military explosive, or for use in mining, quarrying, excavating, or demolitions 4.Any firearm, rocket launcher, mortar, artillery piece, grenade, mine, bomb, torpedo, or similar weapon, designed and manufactured for military purposes, and the ammunition for that weapon 5.Any firearm muffler or suppressor 6.Any combination of parts that is intended by the owner for use in converting any firearm or other device into a dangerous ordnance 7.Does not include items in R.C. 2923.11(L) (e.g., antique cannons and artillery pieces, firearm with percussion cap or one to be used with black powder)

Steps to insert a nasopharyngeal airway

1.NPAs are designed to be inserted in the casualty's right nostril, but will still be effective if inserted in the left 2.Use the head tilt/chin lift maneuver to open the casualty's airway 3.Apply water-based lubricant to NPA, if available 4.Push the tip of nose upward 5.Insert the airway, pushing towards the casualty's back, rather than up 6.Gently advance the NPA until the flange rests against the nostril 7.Roll casualty onto his/her side (i.e., recovery position) or into a position of comfort for him/her

2907.24 soliciting

1.Statutory Elements - Division (A) A.(A)(1) No person shall solicit another who is 18 years of age or older to engage with such other person in sexual activity for hire B.(A)(2) No person shall solicit another to engage with such other person in sexual activity for hire if the other person is 16 or 17 years of age and the offender knows that the other person is 16 or 17 years of age or is reckless in that regard C.(A)(3) No person shall solicit another to engage with such other person in sexual activity for hire if either of the following applies... 1)The other person is less than 16 years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person 2)The other person is a developmentally disabled person and the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe the other person is a developmentally disabled person 2.Statutory Elements - Division (B) A.No person, with knowledge that the person has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, shall engage in conduct in violation of division (A) of this section 1.Degree of Offense A.Soliciting another who is eighteen years of age or older, M-3, if violates division (A)(1) B.Soliciting another if the other person is sixteen or seventeen years of age and offender knows, F-5, if violates division (A)(2) C.Soliciting another less than sixteen or who is developmentally disabled and the offender knows, F-3, if violates division (A)(3) D.Engaging in Solicitation after a Positive HIV Test, F-3, if violates division (B) E.If the person in committing the offense, or in attempting to commit the offense, was in, on, or used a motor vehicle, the court may impose a license suspension between 3 months and 2 years or require a number of community service hours. 2.Interpretation of Elements A.Forbids solicitation of paid sexual activity regardless of whether the person soliciting is buying or selling his/her favors B.It forbids professional as well as casual solicitation

Possession of deadly weapon while under detention 2923.131

1.Strict Liability Offense. 2.Illegal for any person under detention in a detention facility to possess a deadly weapon. 3.Detention includes, but is not limited to, arrest, confinement in a vehicle subsequent to an arrest, confinement in any public or private facility for custody of persons charged with or convicted of a crime. 4.Detention facility = any public or private place used for the confinement of a person charged with or convicted of any crime.

Recognizing criminal gangs and members

A group must meet all four criteria below to be considered a criminal gang •Recurrent interaction - the group interacts together on a regular and recurring basis •Organization/structure/leadership ‒Formal or informal identifiable structure, organization, or leadership within the group ‒These aspects may change and become more distinct as the group changes, grows, or alters its activities •Unity and signs of unity - the group demonstrates an apparent cohesiveness and allegiance that manifests itself in a common name, symbol, or sign •Pattern of criminal gang activity - members of the group, individually or collectively, engage in criminal activity that ‒Benefits the group or ‒Is related to the beliefs of, or membership in, the group, or ‒Enhances a member's status within the group In addition, members of a criminal gang usually share the following traits •Group name •Symbols, tattoos, or graffiti •Style of dress •Frequent congregation upon or laid a claim to a specific geographic location

Culpable mental state: knowingly

A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature

Culpable mental state: negligently

A person acts negligently when, because of a substantial lapse from due care, the person fails to perceive or avoid a risk that the person's conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature

Culpable mental state: purposely

A person acts purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender's specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature

Culpable mental state: recklessly

A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person's conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature

Sawed-off firearm

A shotgun with a barrel less than 18 inches long, OR a rifle with a barrel less than 16 inches long, OR a shotgun or rifle less than 26 inches long overall

The relationship between a student performance objective and a test question

A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question

Tenets of below 100

1. Wear your belt 2. Wear your vest 3. Watch your speed 4. WIN- What's important now? 5. Remember: complacency kills!

List the goals of sentencing

1. punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender 2. Protect society 3. Restore the victim as much as possible

2907.22 Promoting prostitution

1.Statutory Elements A.Knowingly B.Establish, maintain, operate, manage, supervise, control, or have interest in a brothel OR C.Supervise, manage, or control the activities of a prostitute in engaging sexual activity for hire OR D.Transport another or cause another to be transported in order to facilitate the other person's engaging in sexual activity for hire OR E.For the purpose of violating or facilitating a violation of this section, induce or procure another to engage in sexual activity for hire 2.Degree of Offense A.F-4 B.F-3, if the victim is a minor. 1.Interpretation of Elements A.Forbids various acts which would further the business enterprise of prostitution B.Strict liability as to age is imposed when a victim is a minor and the punishment is more severe in such cases C.This encompasses the business of operating an escort service where sex for hire is involved

The smith system

An approach to driving that includes a five stop system in which you must practice all steps until they become routine 1. aim high in driving - look as far ahead as possible to keep the driver's view up rather than looking down at the area in front of the car 2. keep your eyes moving - establish an orderly visual search pattern (e.g. look near, far, to the left and right, in the mirrors, at the instrument panel) 3. Get the big picture- become aware of the whole traffic scene. This is the mental process of putting together the clues received form the first two steps 4. Leave yourself an out- avoid being boxed in, maintain a space cushion, increase space cushion as weather or circumstances dictate, constantly plan for eventuality of evasive actions 5. Make sure others see you - advantageous lane position, headlight use during the day, a communication mode for getting drivers to be aware of one another's presence to avoid surprise situations

The evidentiary standard on which to base an arrest

An arrest must be based on probable cause

Lethality assessment to determine a person's suicidal intent

An officer can assess a person's suicidal intent by asking questions that try to uncover the person's thoughts. This is represented by the LAST model. - Lethality of chosen method - Availability of chosen method (do they actually possess the means to harm themselves) - Specificity of the plan (specific details about time, method, etc. versus vague ideas) - Timing- proximity of help

When an officer can use the rationale from Terry to detain a person

An officer may detain an individual based upon the officer's reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity was being planned or was in the process of being executed

Areas of concern related to a vehicle stop assessment

Assessment can be divided into three distinct but overlapping areas of concern •Pre-contact - any prior knowledge, information or observations that the officer has or experiences before the contact occurs •Environment - weather, terrain, location, and observable obstacles in the area •Sensory sweep - information gained from using any of the officer's five senses during and after the approach

Indicators and behavior of defined criminal activity and potential terrorism

Breach/attempted intrusion ‒Unauthorized personnel attempting to enter or actually entering a restricted area, secured protected site, or nonpublic area ‒Impersonation of authorized personnel (e.g., police/security officers, janitor, or other personnel) Misrepresentation ‒Presenting false information or misusing insignia, documents, and/or identification to misrepresent one's affiliation as a means of concealing possible illegal activity Theft/loss/diversion ‒Stealing or diverting something associated with a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site (e.g., badges, uniforms, identification, emergency vehicles, technology, documents {classified or unclassified}), which are proprietary to the facility/infrastructure or secured protected site Sabotage/tampering/vandalism ‒Damaging, manipulating, defacing, or destroying part of a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site Cyberattack ‒Compromising or attempting to compromise or disrupt an organization's information technology infrastructure Expressed or implied threat ‒Communicating a spoken or written threat to commit a crime that will result in death or bodily injury to another person or persons or to damage or compromise a facility/infrastructure or secured protected site Aviation activity ‒Learning to operate or operating an aircraft, or interfering with the operation of an aircraft in a manner that poses a threat of harm to people or property and that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person ‒Such activity may or may not be a violation of Federal Aviation regulations

4510

Driver's license suspensions

4511.33

Driving in marked lanes

4511.29

Driving left of center of roadway in overtaking and passing traffic proceeding in the same direction

4511.30

Driving upon left side of roadway

4511.204

Driving while texting

Differences between eustress and distress

Eustress (i.e., good stress) •Stress that has a positive motivating force that may lead to an increase in health and performance •Examples are deadlines, competition, and specialized training opportunities •From a positive standpoint, eustress is experienced as increased mental alertness and focus •Positive stress tends to be short-lived −After the challenge is met, the body returns to its normal state −This allows the body to rest, recuperate, and re-energize to meet the next challenge Distress (i.e., bad stress) •Negative, dysfunctional force that may lead to disease and the deterioration of health •Generally refers to job pressures and demands that trigger negative behaviors (e.g., losing your temper, yelling, excessive force, and/or drug/alcohol abuse) •Negative stressors have the potential to −Cause anxiety or concern −Decrease overall performance •May be short or long term •Running from crisis to crisis with little time to rest and recover in between places the sufferer in a constant state of high readiness

To justify a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a private residence in order to make an arrest

Exigent circumstances must exist which demand an immediate response •Considerations and examples of exigent circumstances -The time of day of the offense and/or the arrest -The gravity of the underlying offense thought to be in progress (i.e., the crime must be serious) -There is a risk of danger to the police or to other persons inside or outside the dwelling (e.g., the subject is armed) -The need to prevent a subject's escape -The need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence -"Hot pursuit" of a subject

Recognizing risks associated with hazardous materials

Exposure to hazardous materials •Acute - a dose or doses received in a short period of time •Chronic - a long term or reoccurring dose •Both types can have either immediate (e.g., vomiting or diarrhea) or long term effects (e.g., cancer) depending on the material and level of exposure

Possible stress reactions during a life threatening encounter

Fight •If in the position of fighting for your life or someone else's, you are already programmed to destroy that threat by any means possible •Your body's autonomic nervous system is preparing for battle and/or attempting to minimize damage Flight •Chemical changes under high stress also produce a natural urge to get away from that threat as quickly as possible •As animals of prey, we are programmed for speed and flight from danger •This reaction can be very frustrating for officers, since many times we feel this is not an option Freeze •The overload of stress may cause the body to lock up •Freezing may be an attempt to not be perceived as a threat •Much like the frustration with the flight response, this is not an option and can be overcome through proper training

The cycle of fire

Fire - shooter engages the trigger - round begins to travel down the barrel Unlock - the instant the round leaves the barrel, the slide unlocks from the barrel - the slide moves rearward independently of the frame Extract - the extractor removes the expended cartridge from the chamber of the barrel Eject - ejector mechanism engages the expended cartridge - casing is removed Cock - striker/hammer resets Feed - slide moves forward - round is stripped from top of magazine Chamber - round starts movement into chamber Lock - slide closes - Cartridge is locked into position for firing

The Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway (OHLEG) is to be utilized...

For law enforcement/ criminal justice purposes only and is not for personal use or gain

Sexual contact

For the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person, any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the •Thigh •Genitals •Buttock •Pubic region •If the person is a female, a breast

Similarities and differences between traditional and non-traditional media

Similarities: - both afforded the same first amendment protections - both entitled to the same physical access to the scene of an incident as each other and any private citizen - both want access to information, in a user-friendly form, with audio and visuals, and they want it in a timely fashion - both are entitled to the same access to information as each other and any private citizen Differences - non-traditional media's primary objective is often sensationalism, whereas on of traditional media's primary objectives is accuracy - Non-Traditional media is often advocacy focused, whereas traditional media is objective focused - Non-tradional media is not held to a professional standard, whereas traditional media is held to the professional standards •Non-traditional media is less interested in relationship building with law enforcement because non-traditional media reporting is event driven, whereas traditional media, which regularly interacts with law enforcement on a variety of news events, is interested in developing good rapport with law enforcement

4511.21

Speed limits- assured clear distance

Identifying when protection orders are applicable: SSOOPO

Stalking Protection Orders - Stalking or Sexually Oriented Offense Protection Order (SSOOPO) •Protects the victim of stalking and sexually oriented offenses from a non-family or non-household member •Issued through the common pleas court •Available for victims whether or not criminal charges are filed •It has the same two levels (i.e., Ex parte and Final) as the CPO

Public safety exception to the Miranda warning

Statements elicited from a defendant, as well as real evidence resulting from such statements, may be used in evidence even if the officers do not recite the Miranda warning before asking questions if the officers' safety or the safety of others is in jeopardy

Cumulative stress

Stress arousal that slowly builds up over time and may lead to the erosion of coping mechanisms or to a state of mental exhaustion •Cumulative stress is actually a product of multiple stress events over a period of time and cannot be avoided •Unlike eustress, distress, and critical incident stress, you may be able to manage cumulative stress •If each individual stress event is managed in a healthy manner, you can avoid the buildup of stress and the negative byproducts it creates •Sources that create cumulative stress can be both personal and professional

Types of racism

Individual racism - Internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race Interpersonal racism - Occurs between individuals. Includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals Institutional racism •Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts •Occurs within and between institutions •Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someone with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treating someone with racial bias) Structural racism •Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racializedoutcomes, even in the absence of racist intent •It is broadly encompassing - it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge •Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional

Three resulting judgments of police legitimacy in action that translate into positive results

Judgment - Public trust and confidence in the police as being honest, trying to do jobs well, trying to protect the community Result - Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police-community partnerships Judgment - Public willingness to defer to the law and police authority Result - There is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the police as legitimate; in addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an increased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable information about known and suspected offenders Judgment - Public belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis

Chain of custody

Labeling evidence •Tags should be directly attached to the evidence packaging at the time of the collection •Should never be removed Factors to show integrity of evidence in the chain of custody •Evidence collected at a crime scene is the same as presented in court •The item must not be altered or changed •Chain must be maintained in order to document reasons why any party has dealt with the evidence Information a chain of custody must reflect •Who found or had contact with the evidence •To whom the evidence was given •Reason the evidence was given to that person •When and by whom the evidence was returned •Where and how the evidence was stored until taken to court •Any changes which were made to the evidence Paperwork for the chain of custody must remain with the evidence Information which must be shown on an evidence tag •Date recovered •Time recovered •Exact location of recovery •Report/case number •Item number •Thorough description of the item •Recovering officer's initials/badge number •Marked to show bio-hazard and/or sharp object •Victim's name, if known •Type of crime

LEAPS and its five basic communication tools that assist in generating compliance

Listen- actively listen and look interested Empathize- try to understand where the person is coming from Ask- general, open-ended questions and opinion seeking questions to gain understanding Paraphrase- in your own words, repeat the person's message Summarize- condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable

Identifying when protection orders are applicable: TPO

TPO •A TPO is an order from the court that is available after a family or household member is charged with a violent or sexually oriented offense •It removes the suspect from the shared residence and has other restrictions •In effect for the length of the case •It can be received by the victim at any time starting with arraignment, but it is over when the case is over •A TPO can be requested by -The complainant -The alleged victim -A family or household member of the alleged victim or -A peace officer may file the motion on behalf of the victim if the victim is so badly injured from the incident that he/she is hospitalized or unable to attend court -The court on its own motion •Officer documentation is key •The person who requested the order shall appear before the court to provide the information concerning the basis of the motion (e.g., if the victim is the one who has filed to obtain a TPO, the victim must come to court for the TPO hearing)

Interrogation

The formal, systematic, or intensive questioning by the police of a person arrested or suspected of committing a crime

Strip search

The inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities

Considerations to be made when investigating a missing child or adult and when recovering a victim of human trafficking

The missing child or adult you are investigating may be a victim of human trafficking; the victim of human trafficking that you are recovering may have been reported missing

The elements of probable cause to arrest are satisfied when...

The officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and the person about to be arrested committed that unlawful act

Hot/ fresh pursuit

The pursuit, without unreasonable interruption, of a person who is trying to avoid arrest

Interview

The questioning of a victim, witness, or other person with information related to an incident or a case

The route an officer should select when responding to an emergency

The quickest, most direct route

Common methods used to initiate an IED

Time fired •IED initiated after pre-set time delay •Can be mechanical, analog, digital, or electronic timing mechanisms (e.g., clock, watches, integrated circuits, timers, burning fuse) Victim operated •IED initiated by actions of unsuspecting individuals •Can be caused by things such as disturbance, pressure, pressure release, tension/pull, tension release/push, light, sound, magnetic, and infra-red devices Command initiated •Bomber to choose optimum moment to initiate IED •Can be initiated by cell phones, radios, doorbells, keyless entry system, pagers, any combination of transmitter/receiver, mechanical (pull/release), car alarms, command wire

4513.03

Time for lighted lights on motor vehicles

Paraphernalia associated with heroin use

Tiny knotted balloons the size of a pencil eraser, syringes, spoons, cotton swabs, cigarette filters, pieces of foil, bottoms of soda cans, gel capsules, folded paper (or wax) bindles (e.g., lottery ticket cards), small squares cut from grocery bags, small containers of water, containers made to carry some or all of the paraphernalia

The ultimate reason for law enforcement training

To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public

Why the closure stage provides an important opportunity for law enforcement

To learn not only about how the runaway survived, but to investigate if other crimes were being committed at home that may have caused the child to run

Primary reason for traffic enforcement

To reduce traffic collisions, their resulting injuries, and to facilitate the safe and expedient flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic

Traditional and non-traditional media

Traditional media: sources include television, radio and print sources and the social media and internet accounts they maintain Non-traditional media: sources include individuals or groups, operating outside of the traditional media outlets, who regularly post information on websites and social media platforms, as well as 'citizen journalists' who randomly and opportunistically capture events that have the potential to go viral

4511.39

Turn and stop signals

Different types of building searches

Unknown Risk (e.g., open doors, alarm drops, suspicious activity) •Officer is unsure if the area or structure is occupied •Whether an officer thinks a suspect is in the building or not, the search should always be conducted as if a suspect was in the structure •Do not become complacent •Searching a building is a practiced skill ‒Use every opportunity to practice the skill ‒Work with your partner to develop cohesion High Risk (e.g., active shooter, hot pursuit situations) •High risk searches involve prior knowledge or circumstances indicating a likelihood of serious physical harm •Risk of the offender escaping •This may require the officer to respond immediately to avoid injury or death to an innocent civilian

Sexual conduct

Vaginal intercourse between a male and female; anal intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex; and without privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body or any instrument, apparatus, or other object into the vaginal or anal opening of another

Recognizing the need for additional resources

When first responders realize the incident they have responded to involves hazardous materials, they must communicate all information gathered during the approach and the initial scene survey to dispatch or the command post (if it has been established) on a dedicated radio frequency ‒Provide responding agencies with timely and accurate information •Other agencies can be tapped for additional resources •Potential responding agencies ‒Fire ‒Various law enforcement agencies ‒Emergency Medical Services ‒Hazardous material response teams ‒FBI (if WMD related incidents) ‒EPA ‒Public health agencies ‒Public Utilities Commission ‒Environmental clean-up companies ‒Other necessary information (if applicable and available) may include: •The chemical name •Associated placard or U.N. number •Weather conditions and wind direction •Status of hazardous material container(s) (e.g., stable, leaking, burning) •The location impacted Victims' injuries

Using the North American emergency response guidebook (NAERG)

By following the directions found on page one of the book, decisions can be made on how to safely protect both the responder and the public •Identify the material by finding any of the following ‒The four-digit material identification number on a placard, panel, package, or shipping document, OR ‒The name of the material on a placard, package or shipping document, OR ‒Table of markings, labels, and placards (but only if materials cannot be specifically identified by using the shipping papers, numbered placard, or orange panel number) •Then look up the material's three-digit guide number in: ‒The yellow section, if you have the four digitnumber ‒The blue section, if you have the material name •The three-digit guides are in the orange section ‒This is the most important section of the Guidebook, where all of the safety recommendations are listed ‒Each of these has a three-digit number designation and is in a two page format ‒The first page provides safety information ‒The second page provides emergency response guidance and activities for fire situations, spill or leak incidents, and first aid ‒Each is designed to cover a group of materials which possess similar chemical characteristics •Any entry that is highlighted in green indicates there are initial isolation and protective action distances associated with that entry that can be found in the green section. These include . . . ‒Materials that are toxic by inhalation ‒Includes certain chemical warfare agents and materials that produce toxic gases upon contact with water •Presence or absence of fire (still in green section) ‒If there is no fire §Go directly to table 1 §Look up the ID number and name of material §Identify initial isolation and protective action distances •Presence or absence of fire (still in green section) (cont.) ‒If a fire is involved §Also consult the assigned guide on the orange pages §If applicable, apply the evacuation information shown under the heading "public safety" •Tables

Agent categories most likely to be encountered by first responders

C - Chemical B - Biological R - Radiological N - Nuclear E - Explosive

Difference between class and individual characteristics

Class characteristics •Traits or characteristics of evidence that allow the item to be compared with a group •Shared by all members of its class •Cannot be identified to a single source •Example - the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 is manufactured to have a particular design; all size 11 Nike Air Max soles manufactured from the same mold will have the same general appearance Individual characteristics •Traits or characteristics of an item of evidence that allows the item to be compared with a specific object or person •The comparison will determine whether or not the item originated from the object or person (i.e., allows for individualization of evidence) •Example - cuts, scratches, wear pattern, or other defects on the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 distinguish one shoe from another

Loading the shotgun

Condition 4 - magazine tube empty - chamber empty - action locked open - safety on - point the muzzle in a safe direction and visually and physically inspect the chamber and magazine tube to ensure the weapon is unloaded Condition 3 (cruiser ready) - close action halfway, physically and visually ensure there is no round on the carrier, push the action handle forward - take the safety off - With the muzzle pointed in a safe direction, press the trigger to uncock the hammer - load the magazine tube - the chamber is empty Condition 2 - put the safety on - charge the chamber (loaded) - action is cocked - There is now a round in the chamber Condition 1 - chamber is loaded - magazine tube is loaded - action is cocked - safety is off - shotgun is ready to be fired

Difference Between Contact and Induced Damage

Contact Damage - caused by direct contact with some object which is not a part of the vehicle •External contact damage most often appears as collapsed or deformed areas of vehicles, tears or punctures, scratches, or smeared material, transferred from one vehicle to another or one object to another •Internal contact damage is found inside the vehicle and is caused when vehicle occupants strike the dashboard, steering wheel, windows, or when objects within the vehicle strike interior parts of the vehicle •Relating internal contact damage to injuries sustained by the vehicle occupants assists in determining the seating positions of the occupants Induced Damage - occurs when part of the vehicle is displaced •Induced damage is often found adjacent to or around the contact damage and is caused by the forces of the contact damage •While the area may not have contacted any other object, it was damaged by the force of the crash

Dynamics of steering

Countersteering - a method of counteracting the forces created in a skid, dry or wet, by steering in the direction of the skid, or the intended path of travel Understeering - usually caused by excessive speed. The vehicle will have a tendency to continue in a straight line and resist turning due to a loss of traction with the front tires (i.e., wheels are turned and the vehicle continues straight) Oversteering •Reduces the desired cornering radius as a vehicle progresses through a turn, requiring the driver to rotate the steering wheel away from the direction of the turn •Is the result of excessive speed, or hydroplaning, or improper braking as the rear wheels lose their lateral traction before the front tires, causing the rear of the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn

Difference between cover and concealment

Cover - a position or situation affording protection from gunfire •Officers should always seek the best position of cover available •Advantages ‒Offers ballistic protection from being shot ‒May allow time to assess situation ‒Allows officer to fire at the threat while minimizing exposure of themselves •Disadvantages ‒May not provide full ballistic protection ‒May limit visibility ‒Difficult to move from Concealment - anything that protects from being observed •Concealment alone does not protect an officer from the suspect's fire •If cover is not available, officer should seek concealment •Advantages ‒Protection from observation ‒May not limit officer's visibility to return fire ‒May provide time to evaluate situation •Disadvantages - does not provide ballistic protection

4511

Covers moving violations

Paraphernalia associated with methamphetamine use

Cut straws, pipes, mirrors, needles, butane torches, foil, MSM (joint supplement mainly used to cut ice/crystal meth)

Three types of comb search teams

Occupant team - most common •Best method for a rapid search •An immediate source of assistance for searching the facility •Personnel are familiar with the area to be searched and know what does or doesn't belong •Occupants cannot be compelled to search and must be warned of the dangers •Are not usually trained in search procedures and are not as thorough as a trained team Supervisory team •Is a fast approach and least disruptive to area •Is best type with a covert search •Supervisors may not be as familiar with the area so the searchers may not know what does or doesn't belong •It is easier to train a small number of supervisors than the whole staff Trained team •Made up of personnel trained in bomb search techniques •The best trained team is made up of personnel from the target facility −A proactive training program should be conducted with personnel from vulnerable targets (e.g., schools, courts) −Even when personnel from the facility are not trained, someone from the target facility should accompany searchers to provide advice •Usually the most thorough team •May be augmented with police or fire personnel

The requirements which must be established before a Terry pat down/frisk

Officers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed AND the suspect poses a threat to them

Two legal foundations for making a vehicle stop

Probable cause - when the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he/she has reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person to believe that an offense has been, or is being, committed by the person to be arrested Reasonable suspicion - is less than probable cause but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgments, and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed

An officer's assumed authority for traffic control

R.C. 2921.331(A) No person shall fail to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer invested with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic

What the officer should do if the initial investigation is complete and the child is still missing

Reach out to additional resources, such as surrounding agencies, a local Child Abduction Response Team (CART) (if one is in your area), BCI, and the FBI

Techniques used to obtain legible fingerprints

Rolled impressions - printed individually and are located at the top of the card •Have the individual wash hands with soap and water •Thoroughly dry hands with a paper towel •Have the individual being fingerprinted stand in front of the fingerprint stand at forearm's length away •Carefully ink the bulb of each finger to be printed from the tip to just below the first joint •Lay each of the subject's fingers on the side of the bulb, with bulb facing away from you, on the card or scanner •Press lightly, roll the finger to the other side until it faces in the opposite direction •Print each finger separately -Beginning with the right thumb and proceeding with •The index finger •The middle finger •The ring finger •The little finger •The hand should be rotated from the more difficult to the easy position ‒The thumb should be rolled toward the individual ‒The fingers should be rolled away from the center of the individual's body ‒This relieves the strain and leaves the finger relaxed upon the completion of rolling so that they may be lifted easily from the card without danger of slipping, which smudges and blurs prints ‒The position of both the subject and the technician should be natural and relaxed if the best fingerprints are to be obtained •The subject should be advised to ‒Relax ‒Refrain from trying to help the officer •Instruct the individual to look at some object and not to look at his/her hands •Plain/flat impressions - printed last and located at the bottom of the card ‒Press all four fingers straight down simultaneously and keep them angled to keep all prints in the allotted space ‒Thumbs are pressed straight down either individually or simultaneously

Paraphernalia associated with marihuana use

Rolling papers, cigars to make a "blunt," small plastic baggies, "stash cans," deodorizers, incense, pipes (e.g., metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, ceramic), bongs, roach clips, vaporizing devices, cones, scented cigar or blunt wrappers, one hitters

2923.13 having weapons under disability

1.Statutory Elements a)Unless relieved from disability b)Knowingly c)Acquire, have, carry, or use d)Any firearm or dangerous ordnance IF 1)Fugitive from justice OR 2)Under indictment for or prior conviction of any felony offense of violence ORadjudicated a delinquent child for an offense, that if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense of violence OR 3)Under indictment for or prior conviction of any felony offense involving illegal possession, use, administration, distribution, sale or trafficking of any drug of abuse OR adjudicated a delinquent child for an offense, that if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense involving illegal possession, use, administration, distribution, sale or trafficking of any drug of abuse OR 4)Drug dependent, in danger of drug dependence, or chronic alcoholic OR Under adjudication of mental incompetence, has been adjudicated a mental defective, has been committed to a mental institution, has been found to be a mentally ill person subject to court order, or an involuntary patient other than one who is a patient only for purposes of 1.Degree of Offense - F3 2.Interpretation of Elements a)If convicted of Attempted Drug Abuse, a person is prohibited from acquiring, having, carrying, or using a firearm or dangerous ordnance

Using weapons while intoxicated 2923.15

1.Statutory Elements a)Use or carry b)Any firearm or dangerous ordnance c)While under the influence of alcohol or any drug of abuse 2.Degree of Offense (M-1) 3.Interpreting the Elements a)Possessing or using a weapon without having complete control over one's faculties presents a societal danger b)No exceptions - the law applies to on and off-duty police officers, as well as every person who is under the influence and has a weapon

2907.25 prostitution- after positive HIV test

1.Statutory Elements - Division (A) A.Engage in sexual activity for hire 2.Statutory Elements - Division (B) A.With knowledge that the person has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome... B.Engage in sexual activity for hire 3.Degree of Offense A.M3 - Prostitution, if violates division (A) B.F3 - Engaging in Prostitution after a Positive HIV Test, if violates division (B)

2907.23 enticement or solicitation to patronize a prostitute; procurement of a prostitute for another

1.Statutory Elements - Division (A) A.Knowingly and for gain . . . B.Entice or solicit another person to patronize a prostitute or brothel or C.Procure a prostitute for another to patronize or D.Take or direct another at his/her own request to any place for the purpose of patronizing a prostitute 2.Statutory Elements - Division (B) A.Having authority or responsibility over the use of premises . . . B.Knowingly C.Permit the premises to be used for the purpose of engaging in sexual activity for hire 1.Degree of Offense A.M-1 B.F-4, If the prostitute who is procured is under 16 years of age C.F-5, If the prostitute who is procured is 16 or 17 years of age 2.Interpretation of Elements A.Covers different kinds of conduct: 1)Pimping 2)Pandering

Perform a frisk search

1.When the subject is entering the facility and is handcuffed, instruct the subject to face the wall in the searching area 2.While the subject is handcuffed, put him/her in a position of disadvantage (e.g., lean against the wall/counter, bend at the waist) 3.The searching officer should place his/her body in a position so as to control the subject and provide officer safety 4.Prior to searching, the officer should ask the subject questions pertinent to officer safety and jail security a.Do you have any weapons or anything that can harm me (e.g., razors, needles)? b.Do you have any drugs or paraphernalia? c.Do you have any medical issues that I need to be aware of? 5.Visualize the subject's body in four quadrants divided with a vertical centerline and a horizontal line at the waist 6.Choose a side and search top to bottom, use a systematic approach, remove all items from the subject's possession, and check the hair/head area 7.When one side is complete, repeat for the opposite side 8.Remove handcuffs after initial search 9.As handcuffs are removed, instruct arrestee to place hands flat against the wall or counter in front of him/her, or in an alternative position (e.g., hips, at his/her side) 10.Instruct the subject not to remove hands for any reason until instructed to do so 11.Instruct the subject to take minimum of three steps back from the wall and separate his/her feet equal to the width of his/her shoulders 12.When the subject is in an off-balance position, begin a more thorough search 13.Searching officer places his/her body in position so as to control the subject and protect himself/herself 14.Begin search with right cuff of right arm, running hand along the top of arm to arm pit area 15.Return hand to cuff and run hand along bottom side of arm being searched to arm pit 16.Reach in front of the subject, beginning at the neck area, and search down to waist 17.Carefully search the subject's head, hair, and ears 18.Place hand at back of neck and search down to waist 19.Place hand in front of the subject at waist level, run hand from the center point of stomach around right side to the small of the back 20.Return hand to center point of stomach and carefully check waistband of the subject's pants 21.Begin search of right leg starting at front of lower stomach, bring hand around right side squeezing pocket area, and proceeding down outside of right leg 22.After searching outside of leg, bring hand to the subject's crotch from behind the subject, reaching high into groin and proceeding down inside of leg to ankle, under cuff of pants, around ankle, checking top of sock 23.Change position for searching left side of body, following steps from #12 - #22 24.Using both hands, check the collar area of clothing, proceeding to waist area, moving down the chest to the waist 25.Move hands to the back of the neck and bring them down the back to the waist 26.Instruct the subject to remove right shoe with right hand, keeping the left hand flat on wall, and place the shoe on the floor 27.Instruct the subject to remove left shoe with left hand, keeping the right hand flat on wall, and place shoe on the floor 28.Instruct the subject to remove hands from wall and place both hands on his/her hips 29.Instruct the subject to face away until told otherwise 30.Check the subject's shoes 31.Check inside of shoes, soles/heels, and tap shoes against the floor or wall to dislodge any concealed items 32.When finished, place shoes back on floor 33.Instruct the subject to turn around and stand with back against wall 34.Instruct the subject to remove any jewelry and then check his/her mouth 35.During the search, if any contraband is found, remove it and begin search again, from step #12

IS A "B-B"/AIRSOFT GUN A DEADLY WEAPON?

A "B-B" gun may be a deadly weapon if capable of inflicting death, as a bludgeon, or perhaps as used in some other manner. This capability, however, is a factual issue to be determined by the trier of fact (i.e., judge or jury)

Acceptable backing methods

With good, routine backing habits, an officer will be able to minimize the risks generated while backing during an emergency. The chances for a backing collision increase with emergency response because officers seldom practice backing at higher speeds with heightened emotions Back in a straight line if possible •Keep one hand on the top of the steering wheel •Turn body to the right, look over right shoulder, and look through the rear window if possible or use your mirrors as mentioned in the practical portion •Check mirrors and front of vehicle periodically •The front of the vehicle will be extremely sensitive to any steering movements •Keep speed constant •Brake smoothly, as front wheel lock up is likely if hard braking is applied •While backing, especially at higher rate of speed, should the driver start to lose control, stop the vehicle, correct the steering input •If turning is necessary, the safe completion of the maneuver is more important than the speed of the maneuver •Avoid backing long distances whenever possible. Turn the vehicle around as soon as possible and maneuver in a forward gear

Would the following be considered a deadly weapon: an unloaded gun brandished during a robbery or an assault

YES - As a matter of law, whether loaded or unloaded. (State v. Meek (1978))

Would the following be considered a deadly weapon: a hunting knife used in the commission of a rape.

YES, because it is a device, designed to cut and capable of inflicting death, possessed, and carried as a weapon.

Would the following be considered a deadly weapon: a pistol used in the commission of a robbery

YES, because it is a device, designed to fire a projectile and capable of inflicting death, possessed and carried as a weapon.

Can an everyday item constitute a 'deadly weapon?'

Yes, it depends on the circumstances.

Can a gun be considered a deadly weapon and NOT a firearm?

Yes. Example:A pistol that is broken in a way where a bullet cannot chamber, but is brandished as a weapon or used as a bludgeon, may constitute a "deadly weapon," but not a "firearm" because it is inoperable and cannot readily be rendered operable.

4511.81

child restraint system- child highway safety fund

A person is seized when...

in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would believe that the person was not free to leave •The USSC listed examples of circumstances that might indicate seizure even when the person did not attempt to leave the area -The threatening presence of several officers -The display of a weapon by an officer(s) -Some physical touching of the person -Restricting the subject's freedom of movement -The use of language or tone of voice that indicates that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled -Manner of questioning

R.C. Section that covers definitions related to motor vehicle offenses

is located in the .01 section of each chapter

4511.12

obedience to traffic control devices

4511.20

operation in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property (reckless operation)

4511.41

right-of-way rule at intersections

4511.43

right-of-way rule at through highways, stop signs, yield signs

4511.42

right-of-way rule when turning left

Sexual activity

sexual conduct, sexual contact or both

4513.071

stop light

General indicators of depressants use

•"Drunken" behavior and appearance •Uncoordinated •Drowsy •Sluggish •Disoriented •Thick, slurred speech •Unsteady, staggering (i.e., gait ataxia)

General indicators of narcotic use

•"On the nod" (i.e., an alternately wakeful and drowsy state) •Droopy eyelids •Depressed reflexes •Dry mouth •Facial itching •Low/raspy speech •Fresh puncture marks may be evident

Mob behavior

•A MOB is exhibited by persons under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation; who lose their sense of reason, law and order, and respect for others •Ohio law describes a mob as a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose and intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending to exercise correctional power over other persons by violence and without authority of law Escape mob •Highly emotionally charged crowd that is driven by fear •This fear creates unreasonable and frantic behavior that drives the crowd to seek individual safety •Difficult to control, so it is best to try to control their movement by routing them to areas where the potential for injury is lessened •Trying to block them in areas may increase the possibility of injury to the mob and the officers trying to contain them Aggressive mob •Will attack, riot, and terrorize others •Goal is the destruction of property and physical attacks on others •These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped Acquisitive (i.e., looting) mob •Has the desire to acquire something for free; loot for things such as food or merchandise •May also try to take the officer hostage Expressive mob •Is expressing intense feelings or revelry •Usually follows some special event (e.g., rival football game) •Can be very destructive

Operator certification levels for LEADS Users

•A fully qualified operator (FQO) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to enter, cancel, clear, modify, query, locate, detain, and submit hit confirmations •An inquiry only operator (INQ) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to query, locate, and submit hit confirmations only •A mobile data terminal (MDT) operator is someone who can operate a mobile access device •There is no MDT certification •An MDT operator will have an FQO or INQcertification which permits them to operate a LEADS access device •A LEADS practitioner is non-certified personnel authorized to receive LEADS data

Common indicators associated with stolen vehicles

•Abnormal driver behavior −Driver may be nervous and take extreme measures to avoid a law enforcement vehicle −Driver may operate the vehicle with a flat tire - may not have a key to open the trunk to change it −Driver may seem unfamiliar with the controls of the vehicle −Driver may show little or no regard for the vehicle −Driver may be dressed inappropriately for the weather (e.g., heavy coat and gloves in summer) •License plate irregularities ‒Damaged ‒Improperly attached or upside down ‒Dirty plate on a clean car or vice versa ‒Old plate with new screws ‒Display of only one plate when two are required ‒License plate placed over the top of another one ‒Front and rear license plates do not match ‒License plate is covered or not illuminated ‒Fictitious plate •Condition of the vehicle ‒Broken or missing glass; a thief will often break out the passenger side window ‒Pry marks or scratches around door locks, door handles, window edges, and trunk ‒Missing, damaged, or punched locks •Unusual transportation of other vehicles or equipment ‒Heavy equipment being transported during the overnight or non-business hours ‒Motorcycles, ATVs, and dirt bikes being transported during unusual hours and/or not loaded correctly ‒Trailers, commercial vehicles, or equipment on the roadway with no visible Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) or Product Identification Number (PIN) where they should be

Signs of gang membership

•Admits to being a member of a group that meets the Revised Code criteria of a gang •A reliable informant identifies the person as a gang member •Resides in or frequents a particular gang's area •Adopts a particular gang's style of dress, symbols, or tattoos •Associates with known gang members or association can be proved through social media or other means •Has been arrested in the company of identified gang members for offenses consistent with gang activity •Has a documented criminal history •An individual must meet two or more of the indicators to be considered a gang member

Alternatives to a continued vehicle pursuit

•Aircraft involvement •Investigate later (e.g., you know who the suspect is, you have vehicle license plate information); send officers to the residence of registered owner •Suspect may come to you •Termination techniques with additional training

When the missing person is 21 years of age or older and foul play is suspected

•All information contained in the report must be entered into NCIC within 7 days •However, officers are strongly encouraged to enter the information immediately

Clearing intersections

•Allow for others to adjust to the law enforcement vehicle's approach •Adjust your speed so that others see and hear the emergency warning devices •Use quick, yet thorough, searching methods to clear the intersection to the left, front, and right streets −Place your chin near your shoulder from left to right −In order to ensure center vision down cross lanes •Look for additional emergency response vehicles •Change siren pattern to attract attention with a different sound −Change pitch in advance of intersection −Return to two handed driving near intersection and concentrate on lane clearing −The goal is to make sure you have a clear path before you enter the intersection •Intersections are extremely hazardous areas; be aware of limited sight, driver confusion, drivers turning in front of you, and cross traffic unaware of your approach •Never assume an intersection is clear simply because of a green signal or the presence of another officer "holding" the intersection; it is the responsibility of the emergency vehicle operator to make sure the way is clear before entering the intersection •On approach to a multilane intersection, use the lane by lane clearing approach −Visually clear each lane before you proceed through the intersection −For example, look and say to yourself, "Lane 1, left, right, clear. Lane 2, left, right, clear," etc. −A complete stop at intersections may be the safest option on emergency response

Federal and Ohio Juvenile holding violations occur when...

•An accused or adjudicated status offender is held securely •An accused delinquent offender is held over six hours, if alleged to have committed a felony offense •An accused delinquent offender is held over three hours, if alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or status offense •An adjudicated delinquent is sentenced to a secure adult jail/prison •Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders

Surveillance methods: fixed/ stationary

•An officer maintains a continuous view of the suspect, the suspect's location, or a location the suspect is expected to return to •Special vehicles are especially useful for this type of surveillance (e.g., decoy car, work van/truck with hidden surveillance equipment) •Make sure vehicles are appropriate for the neighborhood •Remember officer safety - if you can see the subject, the subject might be able to see you •Electronic surveillance can include ‒Pole cams ‒Phone rings ‒GPS devices ‒Monitoring social media ‒Complex sire taps Consult with legal authority (e.g., prosecutor) regarding any legal requirements if using anything to enhance the ability to observe

Identifying when protection orders are applicable: CPO

•Another option for a victim is the CPO, which is obtained through the domestic relations or common pleas court even though criminal charges have not been filed •Broader in scope than the TPO because it can be in effect up to five years and it can include other provisions (e.g., child support, custody) •A person may initially file for a TPO and then petition for a CPO. If this is the case, know that once the CPO is issued, the TPO becomes invalid •For a peace officer, this is important because if both orders are on file, the officer will need to charge with a violation of the CPO There are two levels to the CPO (i.e., Ex parte and Final) and the specific terms of either order are enforceable once the suspect is aware of that order. If the officer enforces the order by arresting the suspect for violation of the order, the prosecutor will need to show that the CPO had been formally "served" upon the suspect before the violation •It is essential that the peace officer documents information showing why he/she believed that the protection order was valid and that the offender knew of the existence of the order •All law enforcement agencies must maintain an index of protection orders within their jurisdiction •If the officer is unable to independently verify, the protection order is still enforceable if it is valid on its face, and the officer may be immune from liability resulting in enforcing it

Firearm definition

•Any deadly weapon capable of expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or combustible propellant •Includes an unloaded firearm and any firearm that is inoperable but can be readily rendered operable •Before a defendant can be convicted of a firearm offense, evidence must be presented regarding the operability of the firearm at the time the offense was committed

Explosive device

•Any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of an explosion and •Consisting of an explosive substance or agency and a means to detonate it •Includes, without limitation, any bomb, any explosive demolition device, any blasting cap or detonator containing an explosive charge and •Any pressure vessel that has been knowingly tampered with or arranged so as to explode

Explosive device

•Any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of an explosion, and consisting of an explosive substance or agency and a means to detonate it. Includes without limitation any: •Bomb •Explosive demolition device •Blasting cap or detonator containing an explosive charge •Pressure vessel knowingly tampered with or arranged so as to explode

Zip gun

•Any firearm of crude and extemporized manufacture •Any device (e.g., starter's pistol) that is not designed as a firearm, but that is specifically adapted for use as a firearm •Any industrial tool, signaling device, or safety device that is not designed as a firearm, but that as designed is capable of use as such, when possessed, carried, or used as a firearm

Incendiary device

•Any firebomb and any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of fire and •Consisting of an incendiary substance or agency and a means to ignite it

Incendiary device

•Any firebomb, and any device designed or specially adapted to cause physical harm to persons or property by means of fire, andconsisting of an incendiary substance or agent and a means to ignite it.

Four elements that should be used to determine the primary physical aggressor in a domestic violence incident

•Any history of domestic violence or other violent acts by either person involved in the alleged offense that the officer can reasonably ascertain •Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self-defense •Each person's fear of physical harm, if any, resulting from the other person's threatened use of force against any person or resulting from the other person's use or history of the use of force against any person, and the reasonableness of that fear •The comparative severity of any injuries suffered by the persons involved in the alleged offense

Left-side walk-up

•Approach preparation •Visually monitor the occupant actions - shoulders, hands, eyes •Maintain weapon awareness ‒Keep jacket zipped, if worn, and tucked away from your firearm ‒Keep holster retention secured •Begin the approach and sensory sweep ‒Wait for a break in traffic that will allow time to exit and approach ‒To maintain noise discipline, don't slam the cruiser door ‒Approach, keeping close to the cruiser, near the door and hood ‒After passing front bumper of cruiser, cut in and follow a path aligned with the left side of the suspect's vehicle ‒Rely on hearing and peripheral vision to monitor traffic •Mid approach ‒Monitor actions of the driver and passengers continually, with glances at other areas ‒Monitor brake lights and trunk •Application of brake or reverse lights elevate the threat •There are two schools of thought on touching the trunk, and which one used will be determined by assessment ‒Touch the trunk to ensure against unexpected opening ‒Do not touch the trunk; this action may give away your position and slow the approach ‒Check rear seat area to confirm number of occupants ‒Take note of unusual sounds or smells •Contact at the suspect's vehicle ‒Stay behind the rear or trailing edge of the front door ‒Your body should be close to, but not touching, the suspect's vehicle •This position will create a severe angle for the suspect attempting to shoot the officer •Staying behind the trailing edge of the door prevents the officer from being struck by the door opening ‒Concentrate on occupant's/s' hands and sudden movements •Verbally address the suspect. Be polite but in control ‒Greet - greet the suspect ‒I.D. - identify yourself and your agency ‒Reason - state the reason for the vehicle stop ‒Request the suspect's operator's license, proof of insurance, and CCW license, if necessary ‒Never reach in the vehicle to grab anything from any occupant with your dominant hand ‒Take the documents with your non-dominant hand ‒Hold the license high enough so you need only move your eyes to see both the license and the suspect's hands ‒Advise the suspect that you are going back to your cruiser to review the documents and, for his/her safety, he/she should remain in the vehicle and await your return •Returning to the cruiser - pre-citation and post-citation ‒Utilize a technique based on your assessment of the suspect and traffic that maintains your safety ‒One option is to turn your head "down the middle" toward the curb nearest the passenger side of the cruiser (i.e., driver's side for right side approach) ‒Upon reaching the cruiser door, pause and check the suspect's position and movement again ‒Take a mental snapshot of the vehicle and occupant position(s) •Generating a citation and re-approaching the vehicle ‒Your primary concern must be your safety ‒Divided attention provides an opportunity for aggressive actions by any vehicle occupant ‒Monitor the occupant's/s' actions frequently and check mirrors to maintain traffic awareness ‒Any unnecessary sound should be eliminated (e.g., turn down any music) ‒When generating a citation, keep interior lights to a minimum. Red lighting allows less cruiser interior visibility ‒When you have completed any necessary checks and paperwork, if the assessment has not changed, you can return to the suspect's vehicle to return documents and/or enforcement papers ‒Re-approach the suspect vehicle with the same officer safety diligence and assessment performed in the initial approach ‒Safely return to the cruiser

Generally accepted ethical responsibilities of peace officers

•Are found in professional codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct •Are owed to ‒Your community and its citizens ‒The law enforcement profession ‒Your agency ‒Your family ‒Yourself •Includes acting with integrity and treating everyone professionally

Circumstances when filming police officers is permissible

•At least one party to the encounter consents or •When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties

Ways to reduce injury/ property damage when a collision is imminent

•Avoid having the collision take place in the driver's quarter of the vehicle •Try to strike the object on an angle, thus deflecting some of the impact forces •Maintain steering and braking control to avoid colliding with additional objects after the first collision •Steer to the rear - steering for the rear of the other vehicle minimizes injury by avoiding the passenger compartment and minimizes crash severity by striking the lightest area of most vehicles •If possible, look through the collision for a clear path of travel

Ways to maintain situational awareness while conducting searches

•Be conscious of and avoid normalcy bias that develops from taking multiple similar calls that do not produce a threat •Avoid locking your focus on any one thing at the expense of what is happening around you •If working alone, continually stop, look, and listen so you are aware of your environment •If working with others, have one person focused on the search and one focused on covering the searching officer

Interviewing a returned runaway child

•Begin by building rapport with the child -Interview the child in a comfortable location -Recognize that the child may not want to have his/her parents present -Be aware of your verbal tone and body language, avoiding intimating posture, gestures, tone, and wording •Ask open-ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., neglect, abuse, domestic violence) is being committed at home -"Why did you leave?" -"Have you run away before, and if so, why?" -"Describe how safe you feel at home. What is it like at your house?" •Ask open-ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., abuse, assault, human trafficking, drug use) occurred while he/she was on the streets and ascertain ‒"How did you survive on the street?" (i.e., how they met their basic needs of food, shelter, and safety) ‒"Were you abused or assaulted while away and, if so, by whom and under what circumstances?" -"Were you provided with drugs and, if so, what types, by whom, and under what circumstances?" -"With whom did you live and what is your relationship to that person?" -"Were you asked for sex or to engage in sexual acts for money, things, or a place to stay?"

Common beliefs among sovereign citizen extremists

•Believe the government has no authority over individuals and they are not bound to statutory law •They may call themselves "freemen" or "common law citizens" •Since they believe they are sovereign, some believe their crimes and threats to be legal actions •Many sovereign citizens reject all forms of government licensing (e.g., driver licenses, vehicle registration) and stop paying taxes

Bias-based profiling and criminal profiling

•Bias-based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably •Bias-based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation •Criminal profiling - based on observed behaviors and characteristics •Bias-based profiling - the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention

Assessing a dog's behavior: signs of an offensively threatening dog

•Body posture - "hard and stiff," muscles tensed, weight forward, may be very still •Tail - carried high, often wagging slowly and methodically •Piloerection - usually present •Ears - erect and forward, little movement •Mouth - top lip pulled up, baring front teeth only, growling, snapping, barking •Eyes - hard stare, wide open or squinted/hooded, eyebrows tensed, pupils dilated •Be aware that the offensively threatening dog could exhibit all of these behaviors and still be quiet and still; be aware that quiet dogs can still attack

Assessing a dog's behavior: signs of a defensively threatening dog

•Body posture - muscles tense, weight shifted back, low to ground, may roll to expose belly, holding one paw up •Tail - stiff, usually tucked or low to the ground, may be wagging (slowly or rapidly) •Piloerection (i.e., goosebumps) - may or may not be present, may be seen as a "blowing coat" •Ears - pulling back against head •Mouth - lips pulled back, may be growling or snarling, often see excessive panting, lip licking, chewing, yawning •Eyes - vigilant with pupils dilated, eyebrows furrowed, scanning/darting eyes, "whale eye"

Assessing a dog's behavior: signs of a relaxed dog

•Body posture - relaxed, weight carried evenly, may observe a play bow or body wiggle •Tail - relaxed and in neutral position, may be wagging •Ears - relaxed and in neutral position •Mouth - appears "soft," may be open, tongue hanging out, mouth may be closed with lips relaxed over teeth •Eyes - "soft," relaxed, eyebrows neutral, normal pupil size, steady, relaxed gaze

Criteria that must be met for activating an endangered missing child alert

•Child is under 18 years old •The missing child is lost or a non-witnessed/non-confirmed abduction •The child's whereabouts are unknown •The disappearance of the child poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the child

Preserving digital evidence from computers

•Collect any forensic evidence (e.g., DNA, fingerprints), if applicable •Photograph the surrounding area prior to moving any evidence •Photograph the front and back of the computer and make a diagram of any cords and connected devices •If the computer is off, leave it off. Do not power it on to begin searching it •If you reasonably believe the computer is destroying evidence (e.g., remote wipe, remote formatting of the hard drive), immediately shut down the computer by removing the power cord from the back of the computer •If the computer is a laptop, unplug from the power source (if necessary), remove the battery (if possible), attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button •If the computer is a laptop ... ‒Unplug from the power source (if necessary) ‒Remove the battery (if possible) ‒Attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button •If the computer is on, contact should be made with a properly trained Computer Forensic Examiner/Analyst in order to determine how to proceed

Criteria that must be met before activating an amber alert

•Confirmation that the child is under 18 years old •Belief that the abduction poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the child •Sufficient descriptive information about the child, the suspect, and/or the circumstances surrounding the abduction to believe that activation of the alert will help locate the child •Determine that the child is not a runaway and has not been abducted as a result of a family abduction, unless the investigation determines the child is in immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death

Keys to determine whether a consent search is valid

•Consent is voluntarily given •The person giving consent has authority to do so and no other person with authority, that is present, has refused •The search is limited to only those places and things that the person expressly or impliedly authorized to be searched •The search is not unduly intrusive -While officers may be thorough in their search, they are not permitted to be destructive -In addition, the length of the search must be consistent with the type and complexity of the search for which permission was granted

General indicators of methamphetamine labs

•Containers with layers of both liquids and solids •Containers with multiple layers of liquid •Containers with tubes or hoses attached

Sources of information for tracing stolen property

•Department records and personnel •Surrounding jurisdictions •Owner/victim •Law Enforcement Automated Data System (LEADS)/National Crime Information Center (NCIC) •Retailers •Auto dealers •Commercial/subscription database services •Confidential informants •Pawn shop records •Junkyard/salvage dealers

Methods of controlling traffic

•Let people know you are in command of the traffic situation •Starting and stopping traffic ‒Look at and point directly at the driver ‒Give clear directions by using arm movement ‒Make certain that traffic is completely stopped before starting traffic in another direction ‒Slow or timid drivers may be urged to speed up by increasing the rapidity of the arm movement; however, wild arm gestures and shouting may confuse nervous drivers •Turning movements ‒Look at and point directly at driver ‒Point in direction of the turn ‒Be sure to stop the traffic coming in the opposite direction before allowing left turns •Pedestrian traffic ‒Pedestrians are more difficult to control •They tend to cross at will if you stop traffic thereby hindering turning movements •Talk to them so that they know you haven't forgotten about them ‒To a certain degree, pedestrians will do what they want. At an intersection with heavy pedestrian traffic, it may be of best interest to stop all traffic and let them cross in all directions until the group size is manageable

Legal gambling in Ohio

•Licensed casino games, which are regulated by the Ohio Casino Control Commission (OCCC) •Games regulated by the Ohio Lottery Commission (OLC) ‒Instant lottery tickets ‒Keno ‒Video Lottery Terminals (VLT) located at racinos •Licensed bingo, which is regulated by the Ohio Attorney General (OAG) •Licensed horse racing, which is regulated by the Ohio State Racing Commission •Skill-based amusement machines, which are regulated by the Ohio Casino Control Commission

Options for handling a threat from a companion animal

Distractions and escape options •If a dog encounter turns threatening, determine if any distractions are available (e.g., ball or stick lying on the ground, dog treat) •If your vehicle is close by and you have distracted the dog, consider slowly backing up toward protection or get in your vehicle ¨If you are not able to get to your vehicle, determine if there is something in your surroundings that you can put between you and the dog ‒Garbage can ‒Garbage can lid ‒Clipboard ‒Chair Intermediate weapon options •If distractions or escaping the situation are impractical or unavailable, you may need to use other items that are available on your person •Impact weapons can be used for blocking, redirecting a dog attack, or used as a bite stick; be aware that the motions involved in opening, may be seen as threatening by some dogs •OC is the only chemical weapon that can be highly effective on dogs and, therefore, is the only chemical weapon that should be considered for use on dogs ‒Because of differences in anatomy and physiology of animals, dogs experience few, if any, of the symptoms induced by CN in humans ‒Likewise, CS is virtually ineffective on non-human animals Electrical weapon •In field reports of electrical weapon use on dogs, most officers reported that the period of immobilization was shorter than for people •When using an electrical weapon on dogs, officers must deploy it differently than when using it on people •Most of a dog's body mass is horizontal or parallel to the ground, therefore, the electrical weapon needs to be held sideways so that the probes spread horizontally when fired •Due to the fact that dogs are smaller than people, officers firing electrical weapons must be closer to a dog than to a person, preferably less than 10 feet •Have a backup plan because animals can move fast, and you are very close to the animal at this point Environmental weapons (e.g., flashlights, clipboards, fire extinguishers) can be used for blocking or redirecting a dog attack •Fire extinguishers serve a dual purpose as they are also a highly effective tool if discharged toward the dog •Not only can fire extinguishers produce a startling expanding and cold cloud, but they also produce an aversive noise and have a bad taste and odor Lethal force •As for the legal standards regarding the use of force and animals, the companion animals do not, themselves, independently have legal rights; their owners certainly do •Because the courts consider companion animals to be personal property, they consider use of force against a companion animal a seizure under the Fourth Amendment subject to the reasonableness standard •You should be prepared to submit a detailed report of the encounter, just like you would do with other incidents •Keep in mind that most dogs are much smaller than a human threat; always be aware of the direction of your muzzle and what is beyond the threat •When a law enforcement officer shoots a dog that does not constitute a serious threat, community trust is eroded and the department is opened to potential lawsuits or other legal action •Always follow your agency policy and procedures

Two types of bias

Explicit bias and implicit bias - common characteristics •Everyone possesses them •They have real-world effects on behavior •They can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age Explicit bias - conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category Implicit bias - preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness •Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but they are still distinct concepts ‒While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be dissociated from explicit biases - our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our explicit beliefs ‒Implicit biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful, and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact our interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote police legitimacy

Degree of offense for unauthorized use of OHLEG

F5

Severity of crime for misuse of the LEADS system

F5

Attempt to commit an offense (2923.02)

It is a crime to... - purposely or knowingly, when such purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, to... - engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense

4511.25

Lanes of travel upon roadways of sufficient width

After an inventory search of a vehicle, a firearm is found in between the console and the side of the passenger seat inside a piece of carpet that came up the side of the console, close to the gearshift. Defendant is currently under indictment for Trafficking in Cocaine. Is this a violation of having weapons under disability?

a.Yes - the statute requires that the person "have" a firearm, and this can mean actively or constructively possessing the firearm. Here we have "constructive possession." b. Constructive Possession - exists when a person has the ability to exercise dominion and control over the object, even though that object may not be within his/her immediate physical possession. In the example, the Defendant had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the firearm because it was in close proximity to the gear shift.

Common motivations of bombers

Ideological •Follows a belief or ideology •Tend to build more professional devices •May have radical political or religious beliefs Experimentation •Typically youthful or immature offenders •Drawn by excitement and noise •May stay and watch the device explode •Many construct incendiary devices and use readily available materials Vandalism •Commits destruction for the sake of the act itself •Many are amateurs •May be experimenters and are usually juveniles Profit •Used for direct or indirect profit •May be criminal element (e.g., insurance fraud) •Normally sophisticated and incendiary in nature Emotional release •Usually have a mental illness •May have sexual connotations related to the bombing itself Revenge •Closely associated with the emotional release bombers •May be motivated by real or imagined transgressions by the target with some being domestic related •Usually well-constructed devices and are victim operated Recognition •Individual creates devices to become a hero •Occasionally these bombers are found among public safety personnel who attempt to increase their stature by being first on the scene •Firefighters starting fires with incendiary devices are one of the more common violators

Elements of the offense of domestic violence 2919.25

• (A) Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member • (B) Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member • (C) By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member

The area an officer may search incident to lawful arrest of that person

is the area within the person's immediate control at the arrest location

The purpose of the 4th amendment to the US constitution

is to guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures of persons

4513.22

mufflers

4513.09

red light or flag required

4513.05

tail lights and illumination of rear license plate

Curtilage and open fields

•Curtilage refers to the area immediately surrounding the home, which is usually used for domestic purposes (e.g., garage, yard) •Curtilage carries the same Fourth Amendment protection as the home •Any other land is considered open field •Open fields carry no Fourth Amendment protections •The USSC has established four factors to assist in determining the difference -Proximity of the area to the home -Whether the area is within an enclosure surrounding the home -The nature and uses to which the area is put (e.g., whether the area is used for family purposes) -The steps taken by the resident to protect the area from view of passersby •No single factor is determinative

General indicators of cannabis use

•Bloodshot eyes •Body tremors •Odor of marihuana •Disorientated •Relaxed inhibitions •Difficulty in dividing attention

Evidence on or in the area of the VIN plate that indicates a vehicle may be stolen

•Characters on plate that are not clean and clear (e.g., too big, too small, markings not consistent with manufacturer) •Scratches or paint on the plate •Inconsistencies with rivets •Scratches, smeared glue, or adhesive residue on the area around the plate •Evidence the windshield has been removed •Crooked VIN plate •Damage to dashboard near the VIN plate

Elements of terrorism

•Commit a specified offense with purpose to... •Intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or •Influence the policy of any government by intimidation or coercion, or •Affect the conduct of any government by the specified offense

Upon arrival at the scene, the initial officer assigned to the report of a missing child shall

•Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report •Verify the child is missing •Secure a recent photo of the child for upload into NCIC and other distribution

Information an officer should gather during a preliminary interview in a daily abduction missing child case

•Determine who has custody rights -Custodial records will be able to demonstrate parentage and the individual's right to physical custody or access -If you receive conflicting information on who has custody rights, you need to use the court documentation you are provided •Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor •Ask questions to establish the intent of the abductor -You must make a determination of whether a child is in danger and whether activating an alert is appropriate -Asking questions can help to establish this •Is there any reason to believe the person will harm the child? •Has the person made any statements such as, "You will never see our child again?" •Does the abductor have a history of drug or alcohol abuse? •Does the abductor have a criminal history? -Is there any history of abuse? -Is there any history of sexual abuse? -Is there any history of violence? •Ask additional questions -Does he/she know where the child is? -Does he/she know where the abductor is? -Is there any place the child would likely be taken?

General indicators of inhalant use

•Disorientation •Slurred speech •Residue of substance on hands, face, and/or clothing •Confusion •Possible nausea

Simple protocol for first responders at possible clandestine laboratories

•Do not touch anything •Do not sniff anything •Do not open anything •Follow agency policy/procedure

Describe the major components of the criminal justice system

1. Law enforcement 2. Courts 3. Corrections

Practical and legal considerations when taking a person into emergency custody

- Every reasonable and appropriate effort must be made to take persons into custody in the least conspicuous manner possible. You must provide the person with the following information - Your name, title and agency - That the person is not under arrest, and - That the person is being taken for examination by mental health professionals at a specified mental health facility which has to be identified by name to the person with mental illness - You must provide a written statement (application for emergency admission) of belief to the hostile containing - the circumstances under which the person was taken into custody and - the reason for your belief that emergency admission is appropriate - The application for emergency admission for (i.e. pink slip), provided by the Ohio Mental Health and Addiction Services, must contain facts which describe specific actions, incident, or event. The facts provide evidence that a person engaged in conduct which forms the basis for a finding of probable cause to believe that they may have a mental illness and are in need of court-ordered hospitalization. - Start by listing how you became aware of the person and the situation - Then list the information gained during the engage phase - Describe what you observed - include facts that were provided to you by the person or others - it is essential that you articulate not just what happened, but how what happened caused you to believe that the person may be a mentally ill person subject to hospitalization, and what caused you to believe that they represented a substantial risk of physical harm to themselves or others if allowed to remain at liberty pending examination - Close by stating, 'based on what has been listed, I believe this person is subject to emergency admission.'

An officer can search a motor vehicle....

- For any type of contraband or other evidence of a crime once probable cause has been established - In general, under the motor vehicle exception, officers can search all containers and receptacles (locked or unlocked) found anywhere in the vehicle that may contain the item sought by police.

Under Terry, a lawful investigatory stop requires that an officer...

- Have reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate the stop - the officer must be able to articulate the reasons for their belief that criminal activity was 'afoot'- i.e., the officer must reasonably suspect that... - crime is about to be committed or - crime is being committed •Officers should consider the totality of circumstances. While none of the circumstances standing alone may justify a Terry stop, when considered together, they may amount to reasonable suspicion •An officer may give weight to his/her experience, and to the reasonable inference that he/she is entitled to draw from the circumstances and facts, in light of that experience

Factors that coupled with mental illness produce the greatest increase in the potential for violence

- History of violence - Substance abuse and dependence - Personality disorders (e.g. antisocial disorder, conduct disorder) - Psychotic thoughts (e.g. paranoid delusions, command hallucinations) - Young male - Under social stress (poor, homeless) - Recent personal stress, crisis, or loss (unemployment, divorce, separation, victim of crime in the past year) - Early exposure to violence (family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record)

The relationship between degrees of suspicion and the responses allowed by the constitution

1. Degree of suspicion: proof beyond a reasonable doubt Response permitted by the constitution: suspect may be convicted of the crime and punished 2. degree of suspicion: probable cause to believe that the suspect is guilty response permitted by the constitution: suspect may be arrested 3. degree of suspicion: reasonable suspicion that the suspect is involved in criminal activity response permitted by the constitution: suspect may be seized and detained for a brief investigation 4. degree of suspicion: hunch response permitted by the constitution: interactions must be consensual

Factors necessary for the commission of a crime (crime triangle)

1. Desire •The motivation behind criminal behavior (e.g., financial gain, power, revenge, fear, narcotics usage) •This factor is the most difficult to change 2. Victim •The potential target •Criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking proper security precautions •Difficult to change this factor due to individual personalities 3. Opportunity •Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim's environment (e.g., locking doors/windows, removing valuables from open view, good lighting) •Most effective area to concentrate crime prevention strategies

Eight techniques of active listening

1. Emotional labeling (identifying the other person's emotions) 2. Reflecting/mirroring (repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis) 3. Paraphrasing (restating in your own words the crux of the person's message) 4. Summarizing (extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) 5. Silence (deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) 6. Minimal encouragements (verbal and non-verbal cues used when listening to indicate attention to the other person's words 7. Open-ended questions (questions that require more detailed responses than merely 'yes,' or 'no.' 8. 'I' messages (involve the speaker labeling their emotions and assigning feelings to their interpretation of the situation)

A peace officer's main goals

1. Enforce laws 2. Preserve the peace 3. Prevent crimes 4. Protect civil rights and liberties 5. Provide services

The EAR model's three phases of a crisis encounter

1. Engage- to make a connection with the person so you can calm them 2. Assess- to gather the information you need about the situation and the person's condition so that you can make the need resolution 3 Resolve- to bring the encounter to a safe resolution and get the person to obtain the help the person needs

Routes through which hazardous materials can enter the body

1. Inhalation 2. ingestions 3. absorption 4. injection

Three broad categories of exigent circumstances

1. Lives or property are in imminent danger or a serious crime is in progress 2. Evidence will be destroyed or moved if officers postpone taking action until a search warrant can be obtained 3. Officers are in hot pursuit of a felon who flees and takes refuge inside

Loss model

1. Loss of reality (the person may be frightened, confused and have difficulty concentrating or communicating. They may appear to be experiencing delusions or hallucinations) 2. Loss of hope (The person may be emotional, very withdrawn, fatigued, feeling overwhelmed, crying, in despair, or presenting suicidal talk or gestures. They may have strong feelings of helplessness, hopelessness or worthlessness. They may have experienced a recent loss) 3. Loss of control (this person may be angry, irritable, or hostile. Can present as a victim and they do not feel listened to. They may be manipulative, impulsive destructive or argumentative.) 4 Loss of perspective (this person is anxious, worried, or nervous, which can escalate to feeling panicked. Physical symptoms include trembling, shaking, chest pain and/or discomfort. The person could also seem overly energetic or be displaying extreme highs and lows during the encounter)

The primary responsibilities of the first responder to a crime scene

1. Officer safety 2. render aid 3. secure the scene 4. deal with witnesses

Possession of firearm in beer liquor permit premises- prohibition, exception

1.Statutory Elements a)Possess b)A firearm c)In any room in which any person is consuming beer or intoxicating liquor in a premises for which a D permit has been issued under R.C. Chapter 4303 OR d)In an open air arena for which a permit of that nature has been issued 2.Degree of Offense a)F-5 b)F-3 if violation involves knowingly carrying or having the firearm concealed on the offender's person or concealed ready at hand

Mechanisms of harm presented to first responder

1. Thermal (fire and/or explosion) •Heat from a fire or released by a chemical reaction •Extreme cold, such as liquefied gas or cryogenic liquids 2. Radiological • Alpha radiation - will not penetrate the skin but, if breathed in, will cause long-term respiratory damage • Beta radiation - will penetrate the skin but not deep tissue. If breathed in, it will cause severe internal damage• •Gamma radiation - this is pure radiation energy and will penetrate through the entire body causing whole body tissue damage •Risk is dependent on several factors ‒Total amount (i.e. dose) of radiation received ‒The dose rate (i.e. how fast it was received) ‒The specific type of radiation 3. Asphyxiation •Oxygen deficiency - oxygen deficient atmosphere which can be caused by displacement or consummation of available oxygen •Chemical reaction - toxic substances can cause physical pathological changes within the body preventing the body from properly using oxygen •The release of certain products (e.g., nitrogen) can deplete the oxygen level below survival limits 4. Chemical exposure •Toxic or poisonous effects •Destructive human tissue effects 5. Etiological (biological hazards) •Bacterial infections •Viral infections 6. Mechanical (physical hazards) •Debris •Shrapnel

Two general categories of vehicle stops

1. Unknown risk: A vehicle stop which has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash 2. High-risk: a vehicle stop which has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash

Essential questions answered in a report

1. Who 2. What 3. When 4. How 5. Where 6. Why

2907.323 illegal use of minor in nudity-oriented material or performance

1.Statutory Elements A.Photograph, create, direct, produce, or transfer (1) any material or performance (2) showing a minor who is not the actor's child or ward (3) in a state of nudity UNLESS: 1)The material or performance is or is to be sold, disseminated, displayed, possessed, controlled, brought, or caused to be brought into this State... 2)For a bona fide artistic, medical, scientific, educational, religious, governmental, judicial, or other proper purpose... 3)By or to a person having a proper interest (i.e., physician, psychologist, sociologist, scientist, teacher, person pursuing bona fide studies or research, librarian, member of the clergy, prosecutor, or judge) AND 4)The minor's parents, guardian or custodian consents in writing to the photographing of the minor, to the use of the minor in the material or performance, or to the transfer of the material and to the specific manner in which the material or performance is to be used OR 1.Statutory Elements B.Photograph or consent to photographing one's minor child or ward (1) in a state of nudity OR (2) use or transfer a material or performance of that nature UNLESS 1)The material or performance is or is to be sold, disseminated, displayed, possessed, controlled, brought, or caused to be brought into this State... 2)For a proper purpose... 3)By or to a person having a proper interest AND 4)The minor's parents, guardian or custodian consents in writing to the photographing of the minor, to the use of the minor in the material or performance, or to the transfer of the material and to the specific manner in which the material or performance is to be used 1.Statutory Elements C.Possess or view any material or performance that shows a minor who is not the actor's child or ward in a state of nudity UNLESS 1)The material or performance is or is to be sold, disseminated, displayed, possessed, controlled, brought, or caused to be brought into this State or presented... a)For a proper purpose b)By or to a person having a proper interest OR c)The person knows that the parents, guardian, or custodian has consented in writing to the photographing or use of the minor in a state of nudity and to the manner in which the material or performance is used or transferred 2.Degree of Offense A.F2 B.F5, if possess or view (F4 if prior conviction of this or other specific offenses) 1.Interpretation of Elements A.Case Law 1)Ohio may constitutionally proscribe (i.e., ban) the private possession and viewing of child pornography because the State's interest in protecting the victims of child pornography outweighs the viewer's First Amendment rights 2)Even though on its face the statute purports (i.e., intends) to prohibit protected expression, it survives over-breadth scrutiny because of the narrow construction of the Ohio Supreme Court 3)Prohibits possession or viewing material which constitutes a lewd exhibition or focuses on the minor's genitals B.Mistake of age is NOT a defense C.The "proper purposes" exceptions are affirmative defenses

2907.31 disseminating matter harmful to juveniles

1.Statutory Elements A.With knowledge of its character or content B.Recklessly . . . C.Directly sell, deliver, furnish, disseminate, provide, exhibit, rent, or present any material or performance which is obscene or harmful to juveniles to . . . 1)A juvenile OR 2)A group of juveniles OR 3)A law enforcement officer posing as a juvenile OR 4) A group of law enforcement officers posing as juveniles OR D. Directly offer or agree to sell, deliver, furnish, disseminate, provide, exhibit, rent, or present any material or performance which is obscene or harmful to juveniles to . . . A.A juvenile OR B.A group of juveniles OR C.A law enforcement officer posing as a juvenile OR D.A group of law enforcement officers posing as juveniles OR 1.Statutory Elements CON'T E.While in the physical proximity of the juvenile or law enforcement officer posing as a juvenile, allow any juvenile or law enforcement officer posing as a juvenile to review or peruse any material or view any live performance that is harmful to juveniles 2.Degree of Offense A.M-1, if material or performance presented is harmful to juveniles, but not obscene B.F-5, if material or performance is obscene C.F-4, if material or performance presented is obscene and the juvenile is under 13 years of age 3.Interpretation of Elements 1)Allows businesses to accept the usual means of documentary evidence of age or marital status 2)Allows proscribed materials to be presented for medical, educational, or other proper purposes 3)"Present to a juvenile" means a direct presentation to specific juvenile(s) as opposed to a presentation to the general public 1.Interpretation of Elements A.Affirmative Defenses for materials that are obscene or harmful to juveniles: 1)Material or performance was furnished or presented for a bona fide medical, scientific, educational, governmental, judicial, or other proper purpose by a physician, psychologist, sociologist, scientist, teacher, librarian, clergyman, prosecutor, judge, or other proper person 2)Except as provided in R.C. 2907.31 (B)(3), mistake of age is not a defense to a charge under R.C. 2907.31 B.Affirmative Defenses to a charge that involves material or a performance that is harmful to juveniles but not obscene: 1)Defendant is the parent, guardian, or spouse of the juvenile involved 2)The juvenile involved, at the time of the conduct in question, was accompanied by the juvenile's parent or guardian who, with knowledge of its character, consented to the material or performance being furnished or presented to the juvenile 3)Juvenile displayed false ID and person to whom ID was shown did not have reasonable cause to believe juvenile was under 18 and unmarried

2907.321 Pandering obscenity involving a minor

1.Statutory Elements A.With knowledge of the character of the material or performance involved . . . B.Create, reproduce, or publish: (1) any obscene material (2) that has a minor as one of its participants or portrayed observers OR C.If a minor is one of the participants or portrayed observers of any obscene material... (1) promote or advertise for sale or dissemination OR (2) sell, deliver, disseminate, display, exhibit, present, rent, or provide OR (3) offer or agree to sell, deliver, disseminate, display, exhibit, present, rent, or provide OR D.Create, direct, or produce... (1) an obscene performance (2) that has a minor as one of its participants OR E.Advertise or promote for presentation, present, or participate in presenting... (1) an obscene performance, (2) that has a minor as one of its participants OR F.Buy, procure, possess, or control ... (1) any obscene material (2) that has a minor as one of its participants OR G.Bring or cause to be brought into this State... (1) any obscene material... (2) that has a minor as one of its participants or portrayed observers 1.Degree of Offense A.F2 B.F4, if buy, procure, possess, or control (F3 if prior conviction of specific offenses) 2.Interpretation of Elements A.This section does not apply to any material or performance that is sold, disseminated, displayed, possessed, controlled, brought, or caused to be brought into this State, or presented for a bona fide medical, scientific, educational, religious, governmental, judicial, or other proper purpose, by or to a physician, psychologist, sociologist, scientist, teacher, person pursuing bona fide studies or research, librarian, clergyman, prosecutor, judge, or other person having a proper interest in the material or performance B.Mistake of age is no defense C.The trier of fact may infer that a person in the material or performance involved is a minor if the material or performance, through its title, text, visual representation, or otherwise, represents or depicts the person as a minor 1.Interpretation of Elements CON'T A.Harmful to juveniles - the quality of any material or performance describing or representing nudity, sexual conduct, sexual excitement, or sado-masochistic abuse in any form to which all of the following apply 1)The material or performance, when considered as a whole, appeals to the prurient (i.e., lustful) interest of juveniles in sex 2)The material or performance is patently offensive to prevailing standards in the adult community as a whole with respect to what is suitable for juveniles 3)The material or performance, when considered as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, and scientific value for juveniles A.Obscene - when considered as a whole and judged with reference to ordinary adults or, if it is designed for sexual deviates or other specifically susceptible group, judged with reference to that group, any material or performance is "obscene" if any of the following apply 1)Its dominant appeal is to prurient interests 2)Its dominant tendency is to arouse lust by displaying or depicting sexual activity, masturbation, sexual excitement, or nudity in a way that tends to represent human beings as mere objects of sexual appetite 3)Its dominant tendency is to arouse lust by displaying or depicting bestiality, or extreme or bizarre violence, cruelty, or brutality 4)Its dominant tendency is to appeal to scatological (i.e., excremental) interest by displaying or depicting human bodily functions of elimination in a way that inspires disgust or revulsion in persons with ordinary sensibilities, without serving any genuine scientific, educational, sociological, moral, or artistic purpose A.Obscene CON'T 5)It contains a series of displays or descriptions of sexual activity, masturbation, sexual excitement, nudity, bestiality, extreme or bizarre violence, cruelty, or brutality, or human bodily functions of elimination, the cumulative effect of which is a dominant tendency to appeal to prurient or scatological interest, when the appeal to such an interest is primarily for its own sake or for commercial exploitation, rather than primarily for a genuine scientific, educational, sociological, moral, or artistic purpose B.The basic guidelines for the trier of fact is the 3-prong test from the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miller v. California (1973): 1)Whether the average person applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest and 2)Whether the work depicts or describes in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law and 3)Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value C.Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment

2923.12 Carrying concealed weapons (CCW)

1.Statutory Elements a)Division (A) 1)Knowingly 2)Carry or have, concealed 3)On the person's person or concealed ready at hand a.A deadly weapon other than a handgun OR b.A handgun other than a dangerous ordnance OR c.A dangerous ordnance a)Division (B) 1)No person having been issued a concealed handgun license shall 2)If stopped for a law enforcement purpose and carrying a concealed handgun a.Fail to promptly inform any law enforcement officer who approaches the person after the person has been stopped that the person has been issued a concealed handgun license and that the person is then carrying a concealed handgun OR b.Knowingly fail to keep the person's hands in plain sight at any time after any law enforcement officer begins approaching the person while stopped and before the law enforcement officer leaves, unless the failure is pursuant to and in accordance with directions given by a law enforcement officer OR 3)If stopped for a law enforcement purpose and carrying a concealed handgun, and if approached by any law enforcement officer while stopped a.Knowingly remove or attempt to remove the loaded handgun from the place in which the person is carrying it OR b.Knowingly grasp or hold the loaded handgun OR c.Knowingly have contact with the loaded handgun by touching it with the person's hands or fingers UNLESS the person removes, attempts to remove, grasps, holds, or has contact with the loaded handgun pursuant to and in accordance with directions given by the law enforcement officer OR 4)If stopped for a law enforcement purpose and carrying a concealed handgun a.Knowingly disregard or fail to comply with any lawful order of any law enforcement officer given while the person is stopped b.Including, but not limited to, a specific order to the person to keep the person's hands in plain sight 1.Degree of the Offense a)If violates Division (A) 1)M1 2)F-4, if a.Prior conviction of this section or of any offense of violence OR b.If weapon is a firearm that is either loaded or for which the offender has ammunition ready at hand OR c.If the weapon is a dangerous ordnance 3)F-3, if the offense is committed aboard an aircraft, or with the purpose to carry a concealed weapon aboard an aircraft, regardless of the weapon involved 4)NOTE - if the person promptly produces a valid license to carry a concealed handgun, and the person was not knowingly in a place prohibiting concealed handguns, the person shall not be arrested 5)NOTE - a charge under Division (A) may be reduced if the offender later produces the offender's license or was not knowingly in a place prohibiting concealed weapons a)If violates Division (B) 1)M1 2)F-4, if violates specific section(s) if prior conviction of that specific section(s) 3)Can result in suspension of CCW license

Illegal Conveyance or Possession of Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Ordnance or of Object Indistinguishable From Firearm in School Safety Zone 2923.122

1.Statutory Elements a)Division (A) 1)Knowingly 2)Convey or attempt to convey 3)A deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance 4)Into a school safety zone b)Division (B) 1)Knowingly 2)Possess 3)A deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance 4)In a school safety zone 1.Statutory Elements a)Division (C) 1)Knowingly 2)Possess 3)An object 4)In a school safety zone IF a.The object is indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not the object is capable from being fired AND b.The person indicates that the person possesses the object and that it is a firearm, OR the person knowingly displays or brandishes the object and indicates that it is a firearm. 2.Degree of Offense a)Violate Division (A) or (B) - F5, F4 if prior conviction b)Violate Division (C) - M1, F5 if prior conviction a)This Section is not applicable to: 1)Officers, agents, or employees of this or any other state or the United States, or to law enforcement officers authorized to carry deadly weapons or dangerous ordnance AND acting within the scope of their duties 2)Security guard employed by board of education or the governing body of a school while on duty 3)Any other person authorized by board of education or governing body to convey or possess a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance 4)Any person employed in this state, who is authorized to carry deadly weapons or dangerous ordnance, and who is subject to and in compliance with the requirements of R.C. 109.801 (annual requalification), unless the appointing authority of the person has expressly specified that this exemption does not apply to the person.

Improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle 2923.16

1.Statutory Elements a)Division (A) 1)Knowingly 2)Discharge a firearm 3)While in or on a motor vehicle b)Division (B) 1)Knowingly 2)Transport or have a loaded firearm in a motor vehicle WHEN a.The firearm is accessible to the operator or any passenger b.Without leaving the vehicle a)Division (C) 1)Knowingly 2)Transport or have a firearm in a motor vehicle UNLESS 3)The person may lawfully possess that firearm, the firearm is unloaded, AND the firearm is carried in one of the following ways: a.In a closed box, package, or case OR b.In a compartment that can be reached only by leaving the vehicle OR c.In plain sight and secured in a rack or holder made for that purpose OR d.If the firearm is at least 24 inches in length measured from the muzzle to the part of the stock furthest from the muzzle, and if the barrel is at least 18 inches in length, either in plain sight with the action open or the weapon stripped, OR if the firearm is of a type on which the action will not stay open or which cannot easily be stripped, in plain sight. a)Division (D) 1)Knowingly 2)Transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle 3)if at any time of that transportation or possession a.The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of a abuse, or a combination of them OR b.The person has a concentration of alcohol prohibited for persons operating a motor vehicle a)Division (E) 1)No person having been issued a concealed handgun license 2)Who is the driver or occupant of a motor vehicle that is stopped as a result of a traffic stop or for some other law enforcement purpose AND who is transporting or has a loaded handgun in any manner shall: a.Fail to promptly inform any law enforcement officer who approaches the vehicle while stopped that the person has been issued a concealed handgun license and that the person possesses or has a loaded handgun in the motor vehicle OR b.Fail to promptly inform the employee of the unit who approaches the vehicle while stopped that the person has been issued a concealed handgun license and that the person possesses or has a loaded handgun in the commercial motor vehicle OR GROUP ACTIVITY - WATCH VIDEO AND DISCUSS a.Knowingly (1) fail to remain in the motor vehicle while stopped, OR (2) fail to keep hands in plain sight after the officer begins approaching the person and before the officer leaves UNLESS in accordance with directions given by the law enforcement officer OR b.Knowingly (1) contact the loaded handgun by touching it with the person's hands or fingers in the motor vehicle at any time after the officer begins approaching and before the officer leaves UNLESS the person has contact with the loaded handgun pursuant to officer directions OR (2) disregard or fail to comply with any lawful order of the officer, including a specific order to keep the person's hands in plain sight m4-F4

2907.21 compelling prostitution

A.Knowingly B.Compel another to engage in sexual activity for hire OR C.Induce, procure, encourage, solicit, request, or otherwise facilitate... 1)A minor to engage in sexual activity for hire, whether or not the offender knows the age of the minor OR 2)A person the offender believes to be a minor to engage in sexual activity for hire, whether or not the person is a minor OR D.Pay or agree to pay a minor directly or through a minor's agent, so that the minor will engage in sexual activity, whether or not offender knows the age of the minor OR E.Pay or agree to pay a person the offender believes to be a minor, either directly or through the person's agent, so that the person will engage in sexual activity, whether or not the person is a minor OR F.Pay a minor, either directly or through the minor's agent, for the minor having engaged in sexual activity pursuant to a prior agreement, whether or not offender knows the age of the minor OR G.Pay a person the offender believes to be a minor, either directly or through the person's agent, for the person having engaged in sexual activity pursuant to a prior agreement, whether or not the person is a minor OR H.Allow a minor to engage in sexual activity for hire if the person allowing the child to engage in sexual activity for hire is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or person in loco parentis of the minor OR I.Allow a person the offender believes to be a minor to engage in sexual activity for hire if the person allowing the person to engage in sexual activity for hire is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or person in loco parentis of the person the offender believes to be a minor, whether or not the person is a minor

Critical incident stress

Any event which has a stressful impact sufficient enough to overwhelm the usually effective coping skills Trauma - an emotional response to a terrible event •An event or the combination of several events that overwhelms the ability to cope •Trauma is so catastrophic that it may evoke symptoms in almost anyone regardless of background •A normal reaction by a normal person to an abnormal event •The response to trauma is different for every person Possible responses following a critical incident •Physical ‒Fatigue, nausea, muscle tremors, twitches ‒Elevated blood pressure, headaches, thirst ‒Visual difficulties, grinding of teeth, weakness ‒Dizziness, profuse sweating, chills ‒Vomiting, fainting ‒Seek immediate medical attention for •Chest pain, difficulty breathing, symptoms of shock •Emotional ‒Anxiety, guilt, grief, denial, severe panic ‒Emotional shock, fear, uncertainty, depression ‒Loss of emotional control, agitation, apprehension ‒Inappropriate emotional response, intense anger, feeling overwhelmed •Cognitive ‒Confusion, lack of attention span ‒Poor decision making, poor concentration/memory ‒Hypervigilance or lowered alertness ‒Difficulty identifying familiar objects or people ‒Poor problem solving, poor abstract thinking ‒Loss of orientation or awareness of time, place, or person ‒Disturbed thinking, nightmares, intrusive images •Behavioral ‒Change in society, withdrawal, emotional outbursts ‒Increase/loss of appetite, suspiciousness, pacing ‒Change in communication skills, startle reflex ‒Increase in alcohol consumption, inability to rest ‒Antisocial acts, nonspecific bodily complaints ‒Erratic movements, change in sexual functioning •Spiritual ‒Loss of a sense of purpose ‒Loss of a belief in a just world ‒Withdrawal from faith ‒Anger at, or doubt the existence of, God ‒Religious/spiritual hallucinations

Semi-automatic firearm

Any firearm designed or specially adapted to fire a single cartridge and automatically chamber a succeeding cartridge ready to fire, with a single function of the trigger

Handgun

Any firearm that has a short stock and is designed to be held and fired by the use of a single hand, OR any combination of parts from which a handgun can be assembled

Illegal gambling in Ohio

Any gambling that is required to be licensed or regulated by the state that is being conducted without that license or regulation

Deadly weapon

Any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried or used as a weapon

Categories of persons who fall within the meaning of family or household member

Any of the following who is residing or has resided with the offender •A spouse, a person living as a spouse, or a former spouse of the offender •A parent, foster parent, or a child of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity (i.e., blood) or affinity (i.e., marriage) to the offender •A parent or a child of a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity or affinity to a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender •The natural parent of any child of whom the offender is the other natural parent or is the putative (i.e., alleged) other natural parent

Officer initiated contact

Any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a suspect or citizen •Deployment options are effective for nearly any type of officer initiated contact -Contact involving an occupied stopped vehicle -Contact involving an occupied or unoccupied parked vehicle -Contact involving individual(s) on or off the roadway (e.g., hitchhiking) -A vehicle stop is one kind of an officer initiatedcontact

Probable cause to search requires...

Facts sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution to believe that a crime has been or is being committed, and that specific objects associated with the crime exist, and they will be found in the place to be searched.

Dynamics of braking

Front wheel lock up •Caused by improper brake adjustment or slick spot on the road •Causes reduced braking ability and loss of steering •Rear wheels act as a rudder and maintain straight ahead slide All wheels locked up •Caused by a panic situation in which brakes are applied abruptly and hard enough to lock all four wheels •The vehicle will probably skid in a straight line as long as variables such as road surface, tire tread, and air pressure are fairly even Rear wheel lock up •Caused by improperly adjusted brakes which cause rear wheels to lock while front wheels continue to rotate •Vehicle will rotate around center mass in the horizontal plane Brake fade •No feedback from the brake when pressure is applied •Is most common during a drive when frequent use of the brakes does not allow for proper cooling (i.e., overheated brakes) Weight transfer - occurs when the vehicle changes velocity or direction Vehicle accelerates •The front lifts, causing weight in the rear to increase •Weight shift to the rear can cause loss of traction for front-wheel drive vehicles •Can increase traction for rear-wheel drive vehicles •Vehicle brakes −Weight is transferred to front wheels −Front wheels have higher braking efficiency •Change of direction −Transfers weight from one side of the vehicle to the other −More noticeable in vehicle with a higher center of gravity Environmental factors •Road surface −Wet or dry −Surface debris −Pavement type and temperature •Road design −Flat or uphill −Curve −Crowned or banked Visibility relative to perception time •Weather conditions •Day or night •Blind spots and other traffic Wind Vehicle condition •Braking system −Poorly maintained −Low brake fluid •Suspension system and steering components −Bad shock absorbers −Broken or worn tie rods •Tires −Improper tire tread −Improper tire pressure, alignment, or balance

Types of searches

Full Searches •Conducted to gather criminal evidence •Must be based on probable cause •Require either a search warrant or a recognized exception to the warrant requirement in order to execute Limited weapons searches - i.e., frisks and protective sweeps •Used to disarm the person to protect officers •Authority based on reasonable suspicion that a person lawfully detained is armed and dangerous Inventories •An inventory is not necessarily a search under Fourth Amendment standards •It is used to catalog property that police have taken into custody •The grounds to conduct an inventory comes from the need to adhere to department policy, to secure the property, and to protect the agency from claims of lost, stolen, or damaged property

Surveillance methods: mobile

Mobile - Foot surveillance Plainclothes assignment •Used when suspects are walking in public locations where they may meet with other suspects and/or make drops (e.g., drugs, money, information) •Is most successful using multiple officers (e.g., three) -Surveillant A keeps a very close tail immediately behind the subject -Surveillant B follows behind surveillant A and the subject -Surveillant C observes from across the street parallel with the other two -If the subject turns a corner or enters a building, surveillant A keeps walking and B or C picks up the tail •The target can be handed off to other officers if necessary •Often used during a dignitary or witness protection detail •Usually, but not always, covert in nature •Tactics -Cross to the other side of the street -Talk to someone -Read something -Buy something -Tinker with a car -If the subject stops suddenly, walk on by without paying attention Mobile - Vehicle surveillance •Officer considerations ‒Have the ability to conduct simultaneous tasks •Operate recording equipment •Maintain radio contact •Note taking −Have the ability to react to or anticipate the subject's moves •Subject changes vehicles •Subject enters a high traffic situation −Interference •People -Subject's associates potentially conducting counter surveillance -Innocent bystanders •Traffic -Congestion -Construction -Traffic signals −Multiple subject vehicles - be aware the subject could possibly be traveling with associates in other vehicles that might be aware of an officer's presence •Techniques -Shadowing - one officer in one car following the subject -Paralleling •One or more officers travel along parallel streets •If the subject makes a turn, the paralleling unit can resume the shadow •Useful technique in urban areas ‒Leapfrog - if possible, make sure vehicles used are appropriate for the neighborhood •The lead car slows down and allows another officer to pass and become the lead car •Useful if the lead officer feels the subject is getting suspicious ‒Progressive •Surveillance conducted in stages •The subject is followed from each point of his/her travels •Can be time consuming depending on how long the subject stays at each location •Signs surveillance has been compromised -The subject takes frequent right, left, or U turns -Stops, pulls or steps over, and waits/watches -Varies speed -Takes highway exits and gets right back on -Stops beyond a hill or crest -If the officer notices counter surveillance •Cautions ‒Following too close •If the target makes a stop, make sure to not get boxed in •Always allow room to move around the subject's vehicle if you need to leave quickly -Interstate/highway shadowing •Allow as much distance as possible to avoid detection •You do not need to see the subject, just the subject's vehicle

Would the following be considered a deadly weapon: a loaded, but inoperable, 9 mm handgun tucked into a waistband and not otherwise brandished or used as a weapon

NO -- It lost the sole function for which it was designed -- it's inoperable. It was not designed to be used as a bludgeon. So, it is no longer a deadly weapon, UNLESS there is some evidence it was used as a bludgeon or otherwise used, possessed or carried as a weapon.

Would the following be considered a deadly weapon: a rubber dagger carried or possessed to create the illusion of a weapon

NO, because it is inherently incapable of inflicting death. (State v. Taulbee (1979))

Crime scene photograph perspectives/ viewpoints

Overall or establishing shots •Depicts the general condition and layout of the scene •Capture how the scene is oriented, where major visible landmarks (e.g., doors, furniture, bodies) are, and the condition of the scene prior to significant alteration •Overall pictures are taken in two distinct fashions during crime scene processing -The first occurs prior to the introduction of any scales or photo placards -Later, as you identify specific areas of evidence and placards are introduced, take another set of overall shots Corners and sides approach •Stand in each corner and take overlapping photographs •Stand at the sides and take perpendicular photographs •Pictures should overlap approximately 30% •In addition to a set of photos from eye level, other angles may be needed to thoroughly document the scene Mid-range or evidence establishing shots •Often times the evidence consists of small items that will not appear as recognizable objects in the overall photographs •Provided with only the overall and close-up photographs, the viewer has no means in determining where in the scene the item was located •Frame the item in conjunction with some obvious landmark that is evident in the overall shots •Unlike the name suggests, the pictures are not necessarily taken from a distance in the middle of the overall and close-up shots; it is important to remember their purpose is to establish where the evidence is located in relationship to objects in the overall photos Close-up shots •To achieve good quality close-up shots, you must fill the frame with the object •Close-up shots should be created with and without the evidence placards and scales present, if needed •Extreme close-ups or macro shots may require additional training and specialized equipment

PLUS filters

P= policies- is it consistent with my agency's policies and procedures L= legal- is the action lawful? U= universal- does it conform to the universal principles and values of my agency? S= self- does it align with my beliefs of what is right, good and fair?

Types of resistance

Passive resistance - when a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction •It is unreasonable to use significant force on a restrained subject, even if some level of passive resistance is presented •When a suspect refuses to follow an officer's orders but otherwise poses no safety threat, use of significant force is unreasonable •Failing to exit a vehicle, in itself, is passive resistance •Noncompliance, not paired with any signs of verbal hostility or physical resistance, is passive resistance Active resistance - when a person exhibits resistive movement to avoid physical control or, as a passive resistor, the person presents a credible threat to an officer (e.g., lying on hands and not responding to commands to make hands visible) •Force is only justifiable in the face of active resistance, (i.e., some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect suggesting volitional and conscious defiance) •If a suspect actively resists arrest, officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by using an electrical weapon to subdue him/her

Information an officer should document and provide when making a referral to a children's service agency

Physical abuse •Serious and/or multiple inflicted injuries to any area of the body •Any inflicted injury requiring medical attention •Injury to vulnerable or sensitive areas of the body (e.g., eyes, genitalia) •Injuries not consistent with the history given •Widespread bruising •Multiple injuries in various stages of the healing process •Corporal punishment of a child less than one year old •Any dangerous acts (e.g., electric shock, preventing a child from breathing) that place the child at risk of serious harm •Signs of abusive head trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome •Intentionally pulling a child's hair out •Injury is a result of Domestic Violence directed at the child •Caregiver forced the child to eat a non-food item or a food item in an excessive amount that can be toxic •Caregiver denies child proper amounts of food and water Emotional abuse •The child is threatened with extreme or sinister punishment •Caregiver threatens child with a weapon •Caregiver encourages child to participate in criminal/delinquent behavior •Caregiver repeatedly involves the child in activities causing significant emotional stress to the child Sexual abuse •Child under the age of 18 engaged in sexual activity with any relative, regardless of force or coercion •An adult acting in loco parentis that engages in sexual conduct/contact with a child •A child between the ages of 13 and 16 engaged in sexual activity with any person more than 4 years older than the child •Caregiver touches a child's genitalia for purposes other than hygiene •Caregiver has the child touch the caregiver's genitalia •Caregiver masturbates in front of the child; asks the child to masturbate •Caregiver makes no attempt to prevent child from observing sexual behavior •Caregiver shows child pornographic material •Caregiver tricks or forces a child into sexual play Drug use and abuse •A child has access to drugs and/or drug paraphernalia (e.g., needles) •Caretaker knowingly allows access/exposure to a drug lab •Child is used as a part of a drug distribution operation •Caregiver is arrested for Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence with a child in the car •Caregiver gives child inappropriate doses of medication creating a threat of harm and/or injury •Caregiver uses illegal substances with the child •Caregiver encourages the child to become intoxicated and/or become intoxicated with the caregiver Neglect •Child left with inappropriate caregiver or no caregiver •Caregiver cannot provide for the child's basic needs -Caregiver fails to provide food, shelter, or clothing -Caregiver does not provide for adequate utilities in the home -Caregiver is not providing adequate sustenance to sustain life, weight gain, and/or growth -Caregiver does not provide for adequate medical care (e.g., sells the child's prescriptions, does not seek medical care for severe injury) •Caregiver's whereabouts are unknown and child is found to be alone •Caregiver tells the child to not return home and provides no alternate placement •Caregiver leaves child alone for significant amounts of time •Caregiver leaves infant/toddler in a vehicle with no supervision •Caregiver's home presents a safety and/or health hazard due to deplorable conditions (e.g., excessive garbage, rotted food, exposed wiring, insect/rodent infestation) •Caregiver improperly restrains the child (e.g., handcuffed to a bed, taped to a chair) or locks child in a confined space •Caregiver does not provide for educational needs of the child (e.g., does not send child to school, impedes academic process)

Paraphernalia associated with cocaine use

Pipes to smoke crack, small mirrors, short plastic straws, rolled up paper tubes, razor blades, small spoons, lighters, butane torch, Chore Boy, push rods (e.g., coat hanger), tire pressure gauges, aluminum cans

Ways to counter common defense attorney tactics

Tactic - asking if the officer has spoken with other parties involved with the case (e.g., other attorneys, investigators, witnesses) •Used to make officers think that if they have done so, they have done something wrong Counter tactic - answer truthfully •Officers are permitted to talk to these people •Officer, however, can't tell them what to say Tactic - rapid fire questioning •Used to confuse the officer and force inconsistent answers Counter tactic - slow the pace by pausing before answering •Remain calm •This will prohibit the attorney from building momentum •Ask to have the question repeated if unsure how or what to answer Tactic - repeated questioning •Used in an attempt to obtain conflicting responses Counter tactics •Tell the truth •Know the facts of the case and the material upon which you will be testifying Tactic - verbal badgering and staring •Used to anger the officer so the officer loses composure Counter tactics •Remain calm •Look at the person who is asking the question, then answer the question to the jury or judge Tactic - asking two questions at the same time •Used in an attempt to confuse the officer Counter tactics •Remain calm •Ask the attorney which question should be answered first Tactic - friendly counsel •Used in an attempt to place the officer in a false level of comfort Counter tactics •Stay alert and listen •Be aware the purpose of the friendly demeanor may be to lull the officer into a false sense of security so the officer becomes sloppy with the testimony Tactic - misquoting the officer's testimony •Used to confuse the officer or get different information before the jury Counter tactics •Listen carefully to the questions asked by the attorney •If the attorney paraphrases the officer's testimony differently than how it was presented, correct the error (i.e., don't be afraid to tell the defense attorney that he/she is wrong) •If the attorney uses the officer's testimony in a follow-up question incorrectly, make the correction Tactic - the "CSI effect" •Used in attempt to show that the officer did not use the most scientifically advanced techniques in the investigation Counter tactics •Remain calm •Answer only the question that has been presented to you and do not editorialize about the science involved in police work. If anything needs clarification or further explanation, the prosecution can address it through additional questioning Counter tactics •However, be careful to not repeatedly ask to clarify answers (unless correcting the defense). Answering simply and honestly should prevent having to do so

Information obtained from LEADS may be shared for...

criminal justice purposes only

Sequence of Events in a Traffic Crash

The various events that make up a traffic crash; officers should ensure his/her investigation and report covers all these events •Indicate the series of events in sequence for each vehicle/unit •To describe the sequence of events, begin with the first crash event that applies to each traffic unit •If the crash event began with a non-collision (e.g., motor vehicle leaves the roadway to the right), list the first event from the non-collision events category •If the crash event began with a collision with person, vehicle, or object not fixed (e.g., motor vehicle colliding with a motor vehicle in transport), list the first event from the collision with person, vehicle, or object not fixed •A collision with a fixed object will occur after the first event •Enter as many as six events for each traffic unit •If the number of events exceeds six, include the first harmful event and the most harmful event, then list the next four most relevant events, giving preference to other harmful events •Document what the traffic unit did or what it hit, not what the unit is (e.g., in a one vehicle collision where the vehicle hit a telephone pole, we can assume that the motor vehicle was in transport; if the vehicle did not hit another motor vehicle in transport, do not indicate "motor vehicle in transport" in the sequence of events section) •Ask yourself the following questions to assist in filling out this section ‒What did this unit do? ‒What did this unit hit? •The "07" or "Separation of Units" option should only be used when the vehicles involved were towing something (e.g., when the vehicle being towed is separated from the vehicle doing the towing) •First harmful and most harmful should each be one of the six sequence of event options that you already chose

The standard against which a waiver will be judged when an accused waives his/her miranda rights

The warning waiver have been given and that the statements were made knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently

Explosive effects of an IED

Thermal •High explosives - short duration •Low explosives - long duration •Powdered aluminum or magnesium may be used to increase thermal effect (i.e., raise the temperature) Blast •The two phases of a blast are positive and negative •In the positive phase, the blast wave moves out and pushes the air out creating a vacuum •The negative phase is when the air rushes back to fill the vacuum or void caused by the initial positive phase Fragmentation - the material thrown out by the blast that is in close proximity to the point of detonation •Primary - made up of the container, munitions case, or shrapnel. Moves thousands of feet per second •Secondary - may include primary fragmentation and debris located near the blast area. Moves hundreds of feet per second

The role of a peace officer regarding traffic is

Traffic enforcement •According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the primary tool used to reach the scene of a crime and to elude the police is a vehicle −The criminal uses the vehicle to get to the crime scene −The criminal uses the vehicle as part of the crime −The criminal uses the vehicle to leave the crime scene •As a peace officer, if you have probable cause to believe a violation of law exists, then it is your duty and responsibility to take appropriate enforcement action •Traffic law enforcement is important in reducing general crime −Crimes (e.g., robbery, rape, vehicle theft) may be prevented by a visible police presence −The criminal wants to conduct activity without being detected or identified at or near the scene of a crime −If the criminal knows there is a great possibility of being contacted by an officer, the criminal may chose not to commit the crime or move to a lesser enforced jurisdiction traffic investigation •Officers will investigate traffic collisions, including hit skip and serious injury involving felony charges •They will also investigate specific complaints (e.g., violator's passing school busses, traffic control devices not being followed, road rage incidents) •Officers need to be aware that these investigations may turn into something more than just a traffic violation

Continuum of compromise

Transformation from idealistic, ethical officer to a self-serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process •Process ‒Begins with perceived sense of victimization ‒Victimization can lead to a sense of entitlement ‒Entitlement can lead to acts of omissions on the job, and progress to acts of commission, including criminal acts

Hidden compartments in vehicles 2923.241

a)Division (B) [Division A is just definitions] 1)Knowingly 2)Design, build, construct, or fabricate a vehicle with a hidden compartment ORmodify or alter any portion of a vehicle in order to create or add a hidden compartment 3)With the intent to facilitate the unlawful concealment or transportation of a controlled substance b)Division (C) a)Knowingly b)Operate, possess, or use a vehicle with a hidden compartment c)With knowledge that the hidden compartment is used or intended to be used to facilitate the unlawful concealment or transportation of a controlled substance c)Division (D) a)Having been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of Aggravated Trafficking in Drugs under R.C. 2925.03 that is a felony of the first or second degree b)Operate, possess, or use a vehicle with a hidden compartment 1.Degree of Offense a)If violate Division (B) - F4, F3 if prior conviction b)If violate Division (C) or (D) - F4, F3 if prior conviction, and F2 if the hidden compartment contains a controlled substance at the time of the offense 2.Interpretation of Elements a)Again, Division (A) contains the definitions b)The section does not apply to 1)Law enforcement officers acting in the performance of their duties 2)Any licensed motor vehicle dealer or manufacturer that in the ordinary course of business repairs, purchases, receives in trade, leases, or sells a motor vehicle 3)A box, safe, container, or other item added to a vehicle for purpose of securing valuables, electronics, or firearms provided that at the time of discovery the box, safe, container, or other item added to the vehicle does not contain a controlled substance or visual residue of a controlled substance

Possessing criminal tools

a)Possess or have under the person's control b)Any substance, device, instrument, or article c)With purpose to use it criminally 1.Degree of Offense - M1, F5 if the tool was intended to commit a felony 2.Interpretation of Elements a)Includes possession of all things intended for criminal use b)The following constitutes prima-facie (legally sufficient) evidence of criminal purpose: 1.Possession or control of any substance, device, instrument, or article designed or specifically adapted for criminal use 2.Possession or control of any substance, device, instrument, or article commonly used for criminal purposes, under circumstances indicating the item is intended for criminal use 3.Possession of any dangerous ordnance, or the materials for making dangerous ordnance, in the absence of circumstances indicating the dangerous ordnance, materials, or parts are intended for legitimate use 4.Possession alone of items designed or specifically adapted for criminal use and having no legitimate purpose establishes a violation (e.g., lock pick)

Improperly Discharging Firearm at or into a Habitation, in a School Safety Zone or with Intent to Cause Harm or Panic to Persons in a School Building or at a School Function 2923.161

a)Without privilege to do so b)Knowingly c)Discharge a firearm at or into an occupied structure that is a permanent or temporary habitation of any individual OR d)Discharge a firearm at, in, or into a school safety zone OR e)Discharge a firearm within 1000 feet of any school building or of the boundaries of any school premises, with the intent to: 1)Cause physical harm to another who is in the school, in the school building, or at a function or activity associated with the school OR 2)Cause panic or fear of physical harm to another who is in the school, in the school building, or at a function or activity associated with the school OR 3)Cause the evacuation of the school, the school building, or a function or activity associate with the school 1.Degree of Offense - F2

The primary consideration for discontinuing a vehicle pursuit is...

always the safety of the public and yourself

Hazardous materials defined

any item or agent (biological, chemical, radiological, and/or physical), which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors

Weapons of mass destruction

any weapon or device that is intended to, or has the capability to cause death or serous bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of •Toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors •A disease organism •Radiation or radioactivity

4513

covers equipment violations

4549

covers motor vehicle crimes

Indicators and behaviors of potential criminal or noncriminal activities requiring additional information during investigation

•Eliciting information ‒Questioning individuals or otherwise soliciting information at a level beyond mere curiosity ‒Usually about particular facets of a facility or building's purpose, operations, security procedures, etc., in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Testing or probing of security - deliberate interactions with, or challenges to, installations, personnel, or systems that reveal physical, personnel, or cyber security capabilities in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Recruiting/financing - providing direct financial support to operations teams and contacts or building operations teams and contacts, compiling personnel data, banking data, or travel data in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Photography - taking pictures or video of persons, facilities, buildings, or infrastructure in an unusual or surreptitious manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person ‒Examples include taking pictures or video of infrequently used access points, the superstructure of a bridge, personnel performing security functions (e.g., patrols, badge/vehicle checking) and security-related equipment (e.g., perimeter fencing, security cameras) •Observation/surveillance ‒Demonstrating unusual or prolonged interest in facilities, buildings, or infrastructure beyond mere casual (e.g., tourists) or professional (e.g., engineers) interest and in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person ‒Examples include observation through binoculars, taking notes, attempting to mark off or measure distances, etc. •Materials acquisition/storage - acquisition and/or storage of unusual quantities of materials such as cell phones, pagers, radio control toy servos or controllers; fuel, chemicals, or toxic materials; and timers or other triggering devices and in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Acquisition of expertise - attempts to obtain or conduct training in security concepts, military weapons or tactics, or other unusual capabilities in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Weapons collection/discovery - collection or discovery of unusual amounts or types of weapons including explosives, chemicals, or other destructive materials or evidence, detonations or other residue, wounds, or chemical burns, that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person •Sector-specific incident - actions associated with a characteristic of unique concern to specific sectors (e.g., the public health sector) with regard to their personnel, facilities, systems, or functions in a manner that would arouse suspicion of terrorism or other criminality in a reasonable person

Methods of establishing the identity of a vehicle

•Ensure the license plate matches the registration •Registration must match the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) •VIN (for vehicles 1981 or later) •Federal certification label −Must be easily readable without moving any part of the vehicle except an outer door −Must be affixed to a hinge pillar, or door-latch post, or door edge that meets the door-latch post

Basic procedures for photographing crime scenes

•Establish a break between different scenes by using a title card or take a picture that contains identifying information at the beginning of the series (e.g., take a picture of the address first, take a picture of the car with front license plate first) •Document the entire scene using overall photographs •Photograph all fragile items of evidence (e.g., footwear marks, bloodstain patterns on the body) using both the evidence-establishing and close-up shots •Place photo placards in the scene next to all items of interest and reshoot a second series of overall photographs •Document all known evidence items with evidence-establishing shots and evidence close-up shots •Use placards sequentially whenever possible to clearly differentiate the various items of evidence from one another (e.g., do not start with #2, then go to #5, and #9, start with #1 and progress sequentially) •If items are discovered later in processing (e.g., during second or third rechecks), ensure that all appropriate photographs are created •This may require taking additional overall photographs even though the original scene has been altered

The community bank account concept as it relates to procedural justice

•Every encounter is either a deposit or withdrawal (i.e., an opportunity to increase or decrease the public's perception of police legitimacy) ‒Deposits - police must build up reserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy, kindness, and honesty ‒Withdrawals - occur from the community bank account when police actions reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or disrespectful behavior, or when police ignore people or betray their trust ‒If a large reserve of trust is not sustained by continual deposits, the community-police relationship will deteriorate •Significant decrease in public approval of the police after major publicized incidents of misconduct •Studies show that even simple, brief encounters can be used to build police legitimacy when ... ‒Processes are explained, and ‒Words are used that communicate respect •For a person holding negative attitudes toward police, a single positive encounter may not be sufficient to shake preexisting views, but a sustained exposure to positive interactions can start to reshape them

Ways to improve public perception by properly employing aspects of patrol

•Exercise authority fairly •Be professional in appearance and attitude •Manage citizen contacts with the understanding that negative events can be handled in a positive way •Temper the operational skills of patrol with the mindset, character, and service in the spirit of what democratic policing promises its citizenry

Civil liability considerations associated with using force against those with diminished capacity/ mental illness

•Federal courts have ruled that the diminished capacity of an unarmed suspect must be taken into account when assessing the reasonableness of the amount of force exerted •Different tactics should be employed against an unarmed, emotionally distraught individual who is resisting arrest or creating a disturbance than would be used against an armed and dangerous criminal who has recently committed a serious offense •An individual does not need to be mentally competent in order to pose a reasonable threat; actual mental state is irrelevant to any determination of reasonableness in the use of deadly force

Emergency decontamination procedures

•First responders should be aware of the decontamination procedure should they be required to undergo the procedure or start the process for another •Regardless of the many variables that may be encountered in an incident, the basic principles of any decontamination operation are easy to remember and summarize ‒Get it off ‒Keep it off ‒Contain it (i.e., prevent cross contamination) •If immediate medical attention is necessary for saving lives in a chemical exposure, emergency decontamination is possible -Typically performed by fire personnel -Victims are washed with copious amounts of water after removing all clothing •If fire personnel are not available and the following questions have been considered, then the procedure can be performed by anyone, using any water source available -Do victims need to be decontaminated immediately or can they wait? -Is it safe to conduct decontamination? -Is there a safe place to conduct decontamination? -What alternative decontamination methods are available? -Are there adequate resources available to conduct the operation and, if not, can additional resources be obtained in a timely fashion? -What is the time limit available to conclude decontamination before the victims deteriorate further? •Caution must be taken not to touch exposed victims •Steps for emergency decontamination ‒Wet the victim with water ‒Strip the victim down to their underclothing ‒Continue to flush with water ‒Cover them with blankets or clothing •For nuclear and biological exposure ‒Wetting down exposed surfaces will helpprevent contamination from re-suspending in the air ‒For liquid contamination it may be necessary to blot the agent off of exposed skin immediately -Remove all clothing down to the underclothing -Flush with copious amounts of water -Cover them with blankets or clothing •Medical personnel and facilities must be notified if victims are exposed •First responders whose clothing and equipment have been contaminated but who are not in need of immediate medical attention ... -Must report to an established decontamination area -Clothing, equipment and accessory items must be left at the decontamination area until they can be properly decontaminated or disposed of

Sources of information to establish probable cause to make a warrantless arrest

•Personal observations •Informant's tips •Reports from other officers or law enforcement agencies •Leads furnished by the victim or witness to the crime •Physical evidence found at the scene •Past criminal record of suspect •Statements made by a suspect

Indicators of a sovereign citizen encounter

•First, officers should recognize that the mere claim of being a sovereign citizen is not a crime; however, some law enforcement encounters with sovereign citizens have proven to be dangerous and even deadly •Officers should take extra precaution when coming in contact with a perceived sovereign citizen •A common way to encounter a sovereign citizen is a traffic stop. Indicators of potential sovereign citizen encounters during traffic stops are unusual license plates bearing terminology such as... -UCC followed by numbers -Republic of (state) -Diplomat (no country listed) -A fictitious country or Native American tribe -DOT -Postmaster -Constitution or constitutionalist -Exempt Unusual behavior during the stop -Refusal to lower window or only slightly lower it -Refusal to show driver license -Produce legal-like paperwork instead of vehicle registration -Make a recording of the encounter -Provide only his/her first name or refuse to provide name entirely -Sign citations with •TDC (i.e., threat, duress, and coercion) •UD (i.e., under duress) •"Without Prejudice" Unusual conversation and statements -Claim a driver license is not needed -Say he/she is a freeman traveling upon the land -State he/she is not engaged in business and not using the vehicle commercially -State the officer has no right to speak with him/her -Order the officer to provide his/her oath of office documentation -Claim he/she is operating under "God's laws," not "man's laws" -Claim his/her actions are supported by the Uniform Commercial Code -Attempt to read the officer his/her "rights" -State he/she is a diplomat -Tell the officer to expect to be billed for taking his/her time -Might ask the officer, "Has a complaint been made against me?" Property rights beliefs commonly held by many sovereign citizens -They can do what they please with their land -Their property is an "embassy" -Their property and vehicles are not subject to search by police and may post warning notes stating such -Often refuse to permit public officials and others on to their property (e.g., police, meter readers) •Threaten to shoot trespassers •Post threats specific to law enforcement

Hazards common at all clandestine labs

•Flammable atmospheres •Strong concentrated acids •Ignition sources •Toxic and poisonous gases •Dangerous individuals

Locating agencies must confirm 'hit' confirmation

•For any records received in response to leads and/or NCIC inquiry prior to taking the following actions based upon ‒Arresting the wanted person ‒Detaining the missing person ‒Seizing the stolen property ‒Charging the subject with violating a protection order

Sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use: sight

•Further investigate anything unusual or out of the ordinary ‒Behavioral (e.g., nervous behavior, looking around, acting paranoid, displaying any signs of drug use, evasion of peace officers) ‒Paraphernalia (e.g., cutting bottoms off aluminum cans, burn marks on foil, books on drugs, paper bindles, plastic baggies, film canisters) •Can often get an idea of what is happening in your neighborhood by visiting the local convenience stores and looking behind the counter ‒Glass roses ‒Chore Boy display ‒Pipes or bongs for "tobacco use only"

Strategies to counter implicit biases

•Guarding against its influence in decision making ‒Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential biases ‒Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair ‒Know when you are susceptible •Conditions ‒Ambiguous or incomplete information ‒Time constraints ‒Compromised cognitive control •High cognitive load (i.e., processing many thoughts at one time) •Fatigue (i.e., tired) •Result - when the previous factors are present, which they often are in the law enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to System 1 thinking •Response - engage deliberative processing; slow down your thinking •Overcoming biases ‒Recognizing your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred creates a process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased one ‒Counter-stereotypic imaging - develop new associations by looking at positive examples that challenge negative associations ‒Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references ‒Be empathetic •Effort required ‒"Intention, attention, and time" are needed to build new associations well enough for them to compete with a person's implicit biases

The color codes of chemical agents that may be used by law enforcement agencies

•HC labeling color code - yellow •CS labeling color code - blue •OC labeling color code - orange

General indicators of hallucinogen use

•Hallucinations •Dazed appearance •Body tremors •Uncoordinated •Perspiring •Disorientated •Paranoia •Difficulty in speech •Nausea •Piloerection (i.e., goose bumps)

Initiation of the incident command system (ICS)

•ICS is mandated by federal law (OSHA rule 1910.120) for scene management ‒Most effective tool for scene management ‒Due to the many agencies that will respond to an emergency, it is imperative that all responders understand a common command system and structure ‒This saves time and allows individual agencies to focus on a common goal ‒As soon as practical after the onset of an incident, the first responder must establish an ICS and a command post ‒A complete summary of actions taken to the point of the ICS commander taking control must be communicated to the ICS commander so he/she may grasp the situation status ‒ ‒That official is then in charge of the scene and should brief other first responders on the scene

How to establish rapport with a subject

•Identify the purpose of the interview •Offer the subject the ability to choose the time of the interview •Ask introductory/non-threatening questions

Preserving non-traditional digital evidence

•If you think electronic evidence may be stored on third party sites, you will need to send the company a letter of preservation immediately so the data is not erased or altered by the user or company •Most social media sites will accommodate letter of preservation requests using the suspect's user name or email address; you will need to be specific on the dates and times you want preserved •Requests to preserve are sent under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 2703(f), and you can ask for anything (e.g., content, non-content) from the past to be preserved •You can only request data or content that was from the past; you cannot request information that has not been created yet (e.g., you cannot request all items the user posts starting tomorrow) •Under the Stored Communications Act, the providers must comply with the letter of preservation request and must hold the information for 90 days •An additional request to preserve will hold the information for an additional 90 days

Critical components of an IED (i.e. PIES-C)

•Power source - can be electrical, mechanical, or chemical •Initiator - most initiators are highly sensitive to heat, shock, and friction. The initiator is required to provide the additional energy needed to start a chain reaction within an explosive •Explosive main charge - the part of the IED that causes most of the damage and injuries by creating the blast pressure which creates fragmentation •Switch - provides an on/off feature that is necessary in an electric circuit to maintain control of the power applied to an initiator. Switches generally perform the function of firing or arming a device •Container - used to conceal, transport, and to increase lethality

Guidelines an officer should follow when interacting with the media

•In general -Be prepared to think on your feet •Be familiar with your agency policies and procedures •Respond within those policies and procedures -Maintain a professional decorum at all times -Give consistent information to all media outlets; make certain that all media on the scene receive the same message -Never speak off the record •When media arrives at the scene, make certain that the crime scene is secured -Establish a safe staging area for media -Advise the media of the approximate timeframe that information will be made available -If you are going to refer the media to a supervisor or public information officer (PIO), be aware that camera crews may still be recording and you may indirectly make a statement to the media by your actions and demeanor •Preparing to give a statement -Prepare key messages; decide on one or two major points you wish to make -Be cognizant of personal appearance -Be aware of what is in the background •Giving a statement -Avoid distracting mannerisms -Make eye contact, but don't stare into the camera -Keep your voice at a normal, conversational level; be aware of how your tone may be perceived -Think before you speak -Remember, language that works within law enforcement circles may sound less tactful to a civilian audience -Explaining the process of what's happening can be helpful, even if it's obvious, but ... -Keep your comments direct, concise, and brief; avoid police jargon -Be message driven, not question driven -Do not feel the need to fill "dead air" - stay on point, make your statement or answer the question, then stop talking -Don't hesitate to correct yourself - accuracy is vital •Additional tips for specific circumstances -Questions you cannot answer -Never give a personal opinion, speculate, predict, lie, or guess -Do not say "no comment"

Why it s an officer's responsibility to investigate all aspects of the runaway's life

•In the past, runaways, especially older teens, were viewed as a social problem best handled by families, teachers, or social service professionals •Today, law enforcement is more aware of the fact that all missing children, including runaways, are at-risk and need to be located as quickly as possible for these primary reasons •Life on the run for these children is extremely dangerous •The longer they are on the street, the greater their chances of falling victim to those who wish to exploit them, including the potential of becoming victims of human trafficking •Too often runaways are running from something at home (e.g., abuse, neglect)

When to seek assistance

•Individual coping skills are not working •Your friends or family notice emotional responses or behavior that differ from your norm •When you don't "feel like yourself" (e.g., disorientation, depression) •Suicidal or homicidal thoughts or plans

Two types of human trafficking included in Ohio's trafficking in persons law

•Involuntary servitude (i.e., labor trafficking) -Being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will •Sex trafficking -Applies to a range of commercial sexual activity, including sex for hire, performances or materials that are obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented (these include materials or performances that show a person participating in or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, bestiality, or that show a person in a state of nudity) -Includes exchange of anything of value (e.g., money, drugs, food, shelter, protection) -Applies differently depending on the victim's age and whether or not the victim has a developmental disability

The role of the first responder to a hazardous materials incident

•Is limited to the awareness Level •The first responder is to make use of scene assessment and rapid recognition and identification of the incident type and the material involved in order to ... •Take appropriate protective action for himself or herself and others •Establish scene control by isolating the incident and denying entry •Notify proper personnel to mitigate the incident •If and/or when safe to do so, document and retain the evidentiary value of anything in and around the scene should assessment indicate a crime has been committed

Identifying when protection orders are applicable: CRPO

•Issued by the court after a non-family/non-household member is charged with a violent, menacing, or sexually oriented criminal offense •CRPO is like a TPO for non-family or non-household members

Procedures for when a suspicious item is found

•It is imperative that personnel involved in a search understand that their role is only to search for and report suspicious objects •Under no circumstances should anyone move, jar, or touch a suspicious object or anything attached to it - always suspect the device is armed and ready to fire •Communicate clear instructions to anyone in the area of the device and prevent others from approaching •Do not use radios or cell phones in the immediate vicinity of a suspected item (e.g., threat of RCIED) •Notify other search teams and suspend search •Secure area where item is located, but do not guard it (i.e., stay away from the item) •Always be aware of secondary devices - they are usually targeted towards first responders •Begin evacuation procedures •Notify fire, emergency medical services, and bomb squad

Criteria that must be met to activate a blue alert

•Law enforcement agency confirmation that ‒A law enforcement officer has been seriously injured or killed, and a suspect has not been apprehended, or ‒That a law enforcement officer is missing while on duty under circumstances warranting concern for the law enforcement officer's safety •Sufficient descriptive information about the suspect or the circumstances surrounding a law enforcement officer's injury, death, or disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert may help locate a suspect or a missing law enforcement officer

Factors to consider when determining to initiate a vehicle pursuit

•Legal authority and agency policy •The guidelines set forth by state law and agency policy are not optional •Officers are bound by these restrictions whether they personally agree with them or not •Officers must be absolutely sure what the state law and agency policy allows and that they do not exceed those limitations

How to interview a human trafficking victim

•Preferably before the interview, identify other resource agencies in your area and communicate with them; consider -Human trafficking task forces -Federal law enforcement agencies -Other local law enforcement agencies -Human trafficking coalitions -Social service providers -Nonprofit organizations •If you are the responding officer to a situation, your preliminary interview will be your key to gathering information as to whether or not you should investigate further or contact additional resources •You may encounter traffickers who will attempt to offer explanations of the situation, which makes it extremely important for you to note the following about others at the crime scene -What are their living conditions? -What are their working conditions? -Are there indications of restricted movement (e.g., are they allowed to leave)? -Are they forced to make frequent moves? -Are there any behavioral indicators of severe dependency (e.g., submissive behavior, fearful behavior in the presence of others)? -Who is in physical possession of their legal documents or identification? -Who insists on providing information to law enforcement? -Are they in the country legally? -Do you need an interpreter on scene? (Be wary of people already on the scene who volunteer to interpret - they may be the traffickers, so you will want to briefly screen them) •What to expect from victims ‒When identifying and recovering potential victims, it's important to have realistic expectations ‒Most victims do not self-identify as victims and will often deny they are in a situation of exploitation or abuse to protect their perpetrators as they are more fearful of retaliation ‒Victims may remain silent and fearful or may project anger and aggression toward law enforcement as a defense mechanism ‒It may take multiple interactions and interviews with victims to begin piecing together their stories. Patience is crucial, especially when the victim is a minor or foreign national who may not know the norms of the justice system ‒Many victims have been brainwashed and have been coached in their stories by their perpetrators. They will resort to using those stories until trust is established ‒It's important to remember that re-telling their stories may be traumatic and/or seen as shameful, making them reluctant to give the story upfront •Building rapport with the human trafficking victim will help you get more information and help to minimize stress and fear the victim may be experiencing ‒Rapport can be built with time, a non-threatening demeanor, and repeated assurances to the victim that you are there to help ‒A good way to begin building rapport is to ask very simple, general questions ‒Make it a conversation ‒Appease; don't be confrontational •Interview considerations ‒It is important to minimize fear and build trust with victims while also being honest about the circumstances being investigated ‒The process of building trust can be more successful when law enforcement makes an effort to be victim centered •Recommendations for law enforcement -Minimize the number of individuals at the interview site when doing the interview -Provide access to an interpreter, even if the victim speaks conversational English -Watch for signs of discomfort and/or exhaustion -Allow access to food, water, and breaks -Avoid using intimidation tactics on the victim (e.g., do not threaten arrest, deportation, or taking the victim's children -Avoid physical contact with the victim -Be patient and allow the truth to unfold -Avoid using terms or language the victim does not use -Avoid referring to victims as prostitutes, illegals, slaves, etc. -Avoid the term pimp when referring to the suspect - instead use whatever terminology the victim uses (e.g., boyfriend) -Don't make promises you can't keep -Choose an appropriate interview location •Interview location -You should interview any potential victims outside of the presence of the suspected trafficker -The interview site should not be at a location where the perpetrator can easily intimidate the victim -If the victim is in close proximity to the perpetrator, you may get the victim away from the perpetrator by explaining that you need him/her to come to your vehicle so you can gather some more identifying information, rather than saying you need to interview him/her -Consider the level of comfort available at the interview site over extended hours of interviewing and interaction

Recognizing the presence of hazardous materials at an emergency

•Limited to the Awareness Level •Recognition - the first responder must be able to recognize a hazardous materials incident and initiate an appropriate and safe response. This holds true whether the incident is an actual release, potential release, or threat Survey the scene from an upwind/upstream position looking for . . . •Direct visible evidence ‒Spreading vapor cloud or smoke ‒Unusual colored smoke ‒Flames ‒Dying or discolored vegetation ‒Container Deterioration ‒Container bulging ‒Sick or dying humans and/or animals ‒Discoloration of piping or valves ‒PPE Failures •Physical indicators ‒Rainbow sheen on water surfaces ‒Wavy vapors over a volatile liquid ‒ Frost or ice buildups near a leak ‒Containers deformed by the force of an accident ‒ Activated pressure relief devices ‒ Pinging or popping sounds from heat or cold exposed containers •Chemical Reactions ‒Heat ‒Unusual or unexpected temperature drop ‒Extraordinary fire conditions ‒Peeling or discoloration of a container's finish ‒Spattering or boiling of unheated materials ‒Distinctively colored vapor clouds ‒Smoking or self-igniting materials ‒Unexpected deterioration of equipment ‒Peculiar smells ‒Unexplained changes in ordinary materials ‒Symptoms of chemical exposure •Evidence of explosive devices ‒Structural collapse ‒Blast pattern marks/craters ‒Fragmentation damage ‒Bomb components/fragments •Witness accounts •Booby-traps •Surrounding populations •Dispersion pathways •Suspicious persons around the scene Maintaining situational awareness •In a hazardous materials event, situational awareness is more than just a size-up of the incident- it is a continuous process ‒Initial assessment ‒Interpreting signs ‒Assessing what is happening over the life of the incident Predicting outcomes based on a plan of action •Barriers to maintaining vigilance ‒Competing priorities ‒Distractions ‒Information overload •The assessment ‒Must be accomplished from a safe distance ‒From an uphill and upwind position ‒If it cannot be accomplished, just coordinate the response and wait for trained personnel

Basic concepts of perimeter crowd control

•Linear strategy - deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographic barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area •Cordoning - surrounding a particular problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides •Sectoring - dividing the cordoned area into smaller sized units in which control can be re-established sector by sector once sufficient police resources are assembled to regain control

Information the officer should relay to the communication center prior to activating the overhead lights and/or siren

•Location (e.g., street/mile marker, cross reference) ‒In terms of officer safety, this is the most vital piece of information the officer can relay, which is why it is called in first ‒The backup officers will know where to proceed to render aid ‒Be sure other responders can find you; try to avoid obscure or little known streets and address numbers if possible ‒The goal is for them to get there, so use cross streets and landmarks when possible •Vehicle registration (i.e., state, type, number) ‒An example would be Ohio passenger ABC 123 ‒Learn the phonetic alphabet by practicing when not engaged in a contact ‒Officers will be nervous when making the stop and knowing the phonetic alphabet is one less thing to complicate concentration •Vehicle characteristics (i.e., make, model, color, body style) ‒An example would be Honda Civic, black, 2 door ‒Any other distinguishing factors that would allow backup officers to immediately spot the vehicle, e.g., •Damage to the vehicle •Hard or soft top •Window tint •Bumper or window stickers •Occupants - call in ... ‒The number of occupants ‒Their perceived gender and race ‒Any other distinguishing characteristics •Nature of offense (contingent on threat assessment) ‒Understand that the relative severity of the offense does not always correlate to the threat level encountered ‒An officer may wish to advise the communication center of the nature of the violation if the officer senses a heightened level of threat ‒All officers should monitor communications and stay attuned to the nature of the contact a fellow officer is initiating ‒This will enable all to start toward an area before being dispatched - the time saved by this will equate to precious seconds and also foster a culture of professional concern

Individual approaches to stress management

•Manage responsibility •Practice self-awareness •Have a balanced lifestyle •Apply stress reduction techniques •Take time for life •Humor

Tactics and behaviors to avoid while engaging in de-escalation

•Moving suddenly, giving rapid orders, or shouting •Forcing a discussion •Maintaining direct and continuous eye contact •Touching the person without letting the person know you intend to do so, unless essential to safety •Crowding the person or moving into his/her comfort zone •Expressing anger, impatience, or annoyance •Assuming that a person who does not respond is ignoring you •Using sarcasm or inflammatory language •Lying or misleading the person to calm him/her down, unless extreme circumstances exist

Basic requirements for body cavity searches

•Must obtain a search warrant unless there is a medical emergency justifying a search •Must be conducted under sanitary conditions in a location that permits only the person being searched and the person(s) conducting the search to observe •Must be performed by a medical professional (i.e., physician, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse) of the same sex

Information stored in the CCH file

•Personal identifier - Name, state ID number, and FBI number of the individual •Demographics - sex, race, birth date, height, weight, eye color, hair color, and birthplace of the individual •An accounting of the individual's progress through the state's criminal justice system, organized by individual arrests •Arrest - date of arrest, arresting agency, case number, name used, and charge •Trial or other resolution - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) •Appeal or retrial - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) •Release, parole, or probation - name of receiving agency, case number, and status of individual (if appropriate); date of action •Each record also contains a reminder that the record only contains information from a single state and the information should only be considered current for the date of request

Clues to aid in hazard identification

•Occupancy/location •Containers •Markings and colorings •Placards / Labels ‒Placards are usually on bulk containers, diamond shaped, and 10 ¾ inch square Labels aresimilar toplacards in appearance and must be securely affixed to packages containing hazardous materials. They are designed for non-bulk packages •Shipping papers/Safety Data Sheets (SDS)/Facility pre-plans ‒ Shipping papers (e.g., orders, bills of lading, and manifests) §Provides a record of what is being transported §Provides first responders with necessary information for emergency response §Are required for every mode of transportation §Should only be checked when you know that a close approach of the incident is safe •Basic description will follow a sequence best remembered by the acronym ISHP I = Identification number - identified in the Hazardous Materials Table S = Shipping name (proper) - identified in the Hazardous Materials Table H = Hazard class or division P = Packing group, identified in Roman Numerals, when required •Safety Data Sheets (SDS) stand alone from shipping papers and provide specific information on individual product hazards, safety precautions, and the manufacturer's contact information •Senses/employees/witnesses ‒A first responder's senses can assist in detecting the presence of hazardous materials §Smell ‒Odors such as rotten fruits, eggs, and freshly cut grass are characteristics of certain hazardous materials ‒Clandestine drug labs produce distinct odors dependent on the chemicals used in manufacturing the illegal substance ‒Some of these can rapidly desensitize one's sense of smell §Sight - color of smoke and flame §Feel •irritation of the eyes or skin §Hearing ‒Hearing can be the most important senses as sounds of hissing, fizzing, and whistling are all indicators of an escaping gas or a reaction ‒A high-pitched sound could indicate an immediate Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) ‒These same sensory experiences had by employees and witnesses should be uncovered through initial questioning on the scene and can be valuable information to help prevent additional exposures

An Officer May Arrest, Rather Than Issue a Citation, for a Minor Misdemeanor if One of the Following Applies

•Offender requires medical care or is unable to provide for his/her own safety •Offender will not or cannot offer satisfactory proof of his/her identity •Offender refuses to sign the citation •Offender has previously been issued a citation for the commission of that particular misdemeanorand failed to satisfy obligations to appear

Evidence at a traffic crash that should be documented with photographs

•Officers should photograph everything that was damaged and all physical evidence •The entire sequence of events for OH-1 •The approach to the crash scene ‒Photograph the approach and the departure directions of all operators •Photograph the view from the driver's perception point •View from the driver's reaction point •View from the driver's point of no escape ‒Do the same for pedestrians •Surface marks on the roadway ‒Photograph debris and marks left upon the roadway and other surfaces ‒Photograph debris and roadway marks in the direction of movement the vehicle or object that made them was traveling •The area of impact (i.e., the area between the vehicles involved) •Final rest ‒Show where the vehicles came to final rest and in what position ‒If victims or pedestrians are thrown clear of vehicles, photograph their final rest positions in the same way as a vehicle's final rest •Evidence from the scene ‒Tire marks should be documented from the beginning of the mark to the end of the mark ‒Photograph areas of the tire mark that explain a vehicle's movement (e.g., offset tire marks, the separation of front and rear tire marks) ‒Photograph any traffic control devices ‒Document the position of missing or damaged traffic signs ‒Vehicle damage should be photographed at the scene as additional damage may occur when the vehicles are moved or removed from the scene of the traffic crash •To corroborate eyewitness statements, take photographs of the scene from his/her position and eye level

Questioning of a suspect who has previously invoked miranda rights

•Once a suspect has been arraigned and has claimed counsel at the arraignment or preliminary hearing, the suspect may waive counsel's presence and provide officers with a statement pursuant to a valid waiver of Miranda •Police can further question a suspect who has previously been advised of his/her Miranda rights if ‒The officer again advises the suspect of the Miranda rights and the suspect waives the rights AND ‒The suspect expressly initiates the contact with officer •If there is a break in custody for interrogation purposes, police may initiate further questioning of a suspect 14 days after release from custody

The most utilized methods of manufacturing methamphetamine in Ohio

•One Pot/Shake-n-Bake method •Red Phosphorous method •Birch Reduction method •Conversion lab

Resources to use in establishing the value of stolen property

•Owner/Victim •Retailers •Bank loan departments •Ohio Revised Code •Internet resources

Steps for junctional hemorrhage control

•Pack the wound with gauze or hemostatic gauze •Apply pressure dressing •Hold direct pressure for a minimum of three minutes, if tactically possible •Reassess and maintain the intervention after any movement of the casualty ‒Do NOT remove an intervention (i.e., tourniquet, wound packing, pressure dressing) once it has been placed ‒Removal should be done by a medical professional only

Driving maneuvers that frequently contribute to law enforcement collisions

•Parking maneuvers •Road positioning •Turnabouts and turns •Lane changes •Driving too fast for conditions

Two- pronged approach to procedural justice

•Person-based approach - emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions between an officer and a citizen •Community-based model - ultimate goal is to achieve police legitimacy throughout entire society

Measures the officer can take to control contamination at a crime scene

•Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for yourself should include latex/nitrile gloves, shoe covers, respiratory equipment, eye protection, and anything else required by the scene's circumstances •Contamination is the transfer of outside material to the scene (e.g., a hair from the first responder drops off into the scene and it is collected) •Cross-contamination is transfer between evidence within the scene (e.g., packaging the victim's clothing in the same bag as the suspect's clothing) •In order to prevent contamination with your DNA, when wearing latex/nitrile gloves, do not touch your face, hair, cell phone, etc. •Change gloves often, in between samples and when soiled, especially if you have had contact with both the victim and the suspect •Do not talk over the evidence as your DNA could be transferred to the evidence (e.g., saliva spray) •Use disposable or sterilized equipment •Sterilize all reusable equipment once you are done (e.g., placards, scales, tripod legs) •Be sure you do not use the facilities or phones, change temperature or lighting controls, eat, drink, smoke, or spit inside the perimeter of the crime scene, as this may disturb evidence that is present

Objective evidence that the crime was motivated by hate or bias

•The offender and victim were of a different race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and/or gender identity •Bias-related oral comments, written statements, or gestures were made by the offender indicating his or her bias •The presence of visible symbols of hatred and/or bias •The victim is a member of a specific group that is overwhelmingly outnumbered by other residents in the neighborhood where the victim lives and the incident took place •The victim was visiting a neighborhood where previous hate crimes had been committed and where tensions remained high against the victim's group •Several incidents occurred in the same locality, at or about the same time, and involved victims of similar demographics (e.g., race, gender identity) •A substantial portion of the community where the crime occurred perceived that the incident was motivated by race •The victim was engaged in activities related to his or her race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity at the time of the offense; or, if not a member of the group, was a member of an advocacy group supporting the target group •The incident coincided with a holiday or a date of significance relating to a particular group (e.g., Martin Luther King Day, Rosh Hashanah, Ramadan) •The offender was previously involved in a similar hate crime or is a hate group member •A hate group claimed responsibility for the crime or is active in the neighborhood

Criteria to establish the plain view exception to the search warrant requirement

•The officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation is made AND •The incriminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent (i.e., equates to probable cause), AND •The officers must have a lawful right of access to the object

Criteria that must be met before activating an endangered missing adult alert

•The person is confirmed to be missing •The individual is 65 years of age or older or has a mental impairment •The disappearance of the individual poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the individual •There is sufficient descriptive information about the individual and the circumstances surrounding the individual's disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert will help locate the individual

Who is at risk for being trafficked?

•The persons most at risk for being trafficked are persons that are ‒Vulnerable ‒Accessible, and/or ‒Lacking in credibility •Examples of at risk persons - Runaways/throwaways ‒Foreign born persons, whether in the country legally or illegally ‒Migrant workers ‒Persons with drug addictions ‒Persons with mental disabilities or illness

What first responders should ensure before collecting a device that may hold electronic evidence

•The scene has been secured and documented •Legal authority exists to seize evidence •Appropriate personal protective equipment is used

Miranda warning

•The suspect has the right to remain silent •If the suspect gives up the right to remain silent, anything the suspect says can be used in a court of law against him or her •The suspect has the right to speak to an attorney and have an attorney present when being questioned by the police •If the suspect cannot afford one, an attorney will be appointed to represent the suspect before questioning begins

Two conditions for an officer to read the Miranda warning to a suspect

•The suspect is in custody AND •The suspect is being questioned/interrogated

Single officer center-fed room entry

•Threshold assessment - When making an entry alone, "slice the pie" as you move from one side of the door the other to check as much of the room as possible prior to entry •Once you enter, check BOTH hard corners with limited penetration first, then scan the area

Single officer corner- fed room entry

•Threshold assessment - when making an entry alone, "slice the pie" as you move from one side of the door to the other to check as much of the room as possible prior to entry •Once you enter, check the hard corner first then scan the rest of the area

Common uses for a mobile field force

•To control unruly crowds, whether hostile or passive •To seal off problem areas, regardless of size •To rescue citizens or officers from crowds •To clear an area of hostile individuals by use of proactive tactics •To apprehend multiple offenders, if required

Purposes of interrogation

•To obtain information relevant to an investigation •To discover additional evidence relevant to an investigation or establish innocence •To obtain accurate and truthful information which may or may not lead to a confession or an admission

Why surveillance should be conducted

•To verify the reliability of information, a tip, or complaint received •To protect a government official or other dignitary •To obtain sufficient evidence in order to make an arrest or to secure a search warrant •To aid in the apprehension of wanted persons or suspects •To prevent the commission of a crime •To determine locations or drop points of illegal or stolen items •To determine residences and hangouts of the surveillance target •To study the physical layout of a structure to assist in determining the most feasible method of conducting a raid or approach for an apprehension or rescue

Considerations when dispatched to a crime in progress

•Urgency of the situation •Safety of any victim who may be under attack •Traffic conditions for other responding units •Agency policy and protocol, if applicable •Anyone and anything that appears to be out of the ordinary for the area •If possible, record or call out license plate numbers of the vehicles leaving the scene or driving around the area •Unless necessary, arrive as quietly as possible •If possible, make your arrival using parallel streets to avoid being seen by a look-out or the suspect •Do not park directly in front of the location unless absolutely necessary

Steps to apply a tourniquet

•Use Body Substance Isolation (BSI) precautions to include, at a minimum, nitrile or latex gloves •Apply direct pressure to the bleed site while accessing the tourniquet •The tourniquet can be applied over a uniform; however, any equipment (e.g., coat, body armor) or personal items (e.g., items in casualty's pockets) that prevent proper tourniquet placement on the body should first be removed •Place as high on the extremity as you can •Tighten until bleeding is controlled ‒Is it tight enough? •There should be no distal pulse •If it does not hurt, it is probably not tight enough ‒If bleeding cannot be controlled, and if available, apply a second tourniquet directly below the first tourniquet •Write the time the tourniquet was applied on the forehead of the casualty or on the tourniquet itself •Reassess and maintain intervention ‒As is tactically feasible, recheck the effectiveness of the tourniquet as each of the following apply ... •Every two to five minutes •After any movement of the casualty •Once the casualty is in the cold zone ‒Tighten the original tourniquet or apply a second tourniquet if bleeding is not controlled ‒Do NOT remove an intervention (i.e., tourniquet, wound packing, pressure dressing) once it has been placed; removal should be done by a medical professional only

Considerations when exercising discretion

•Use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced •Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than a trespassing arrest)

Traffic direction and control actions

•Use the information received from communications as well as your knowledge of the immediate area and beyond •Confirm your geographical location with dispatch •Perform a preliminary analysis of current situation •Identify actions required to mitigate the situation •Identify resources required to support those actions •Identify any unique safety situations as you arrive

Considerations an officer should be mindful of when conducting a Terry stop

•Use the least intrusive means of detention and investigation reasonably available that will achieve the goal •Conduct the business of the stop as quickly as possible so as to not prolong the period of involuntary detention •If, during that detention, additional facts are uncovered that supply the officer with probable cause to arrest, the individual may be arrested •If grounds for an arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee must be released or the encounter risks becoming a de facto arrest

General indicators of dissociative anesthetic use

•Warm to the touch •Perspiring •Blank stare •Repetitive speech •Incomplete verbal responses •Confused •Muscle rigidity •Possibly violent and combative

The plain feel doctrine

•While an officer may not search for objects other than weapons on a Terry stop, if the officer physically feels an object that the officer immediately recognizes as contraband, the object may be seized even if the officer knows it is not a weapon -This only applies when the identity of the object is immediately apparent to the officer from its shape and the way it feels -When the incriminating nature of the object is immediately apparent, seizing it does not invade the subject's privacy beyond what is allowed in a Terry frisk •The officer may not seize an object that, unmistakably, is not a weapon or if determining its identity requires further manipulation -When determining if an object requires further manipulation, (e.g., going in pockets, repeatedly squeezing the object) an additional invasion of privacy is necessary -That is not permitted during a Terry frisk •Once it is determined that an object is not a weapon, the search must stop unless there is a warrant, probable cause for arrest, or consent

Victim mindset as it pertains to a victim of human trafficking

•Why victims do not leave their situations, ask for, or accept help ‒Fear of the perpetrator ‒Victims may develop traumatic bonds with perpetrators and will defend them at all costs, even their own freedom •Sex traffickers often take on the following roles ‒Role of protector, makes the victim feel special, or that he/she would die for the victim ‒Role of friend, lover, boyfriend, husband ‒Role of teach, mentor, father, discipline figure ‒They capitalize on girls not knowing what a normal relationship is like and they will groom them into victims to create a sense of family •Like domestic violence, the perpetrator of sex trafficking becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim ‒The psychology of the victim is shaped by the actions and beliefs of the perpetrator ‒The perpetrator often uses a system of punishment and reward - alternating between affection, threats, and violence toward the victim or persons or things that the victim loves - in order to keep and maintain control •Often the perpetrator has been taking care of the victim for so long that the victim does not know how he/she would obtain basic needs without the perpetrator •Isolation, captivity, or confinement •Shame or self-blame •May be completely unaware of their rights or may have been intentionally misinformed about their rights in this country •Fear of law enforcement ‒Victims may be hesitant to come forward because of their fear of arrest or deportation •Traffickers often convince the victim that speaking with law enforcement will result in the victim being arrested, detained, or deported •While many victims have been beaten or raped, their current situation may still be better than from where they came ‒In some parts of the world, law enforcement is corrupt and foreign national victims may bring this fear with them ‒Even here, the few officers who abuse their positions of power may make it difficult for victims to trust any law enforcement ‒Victims may also think that law enforcement will not believe them ‒Understanding the historical relationship between victims and law enforcement is critical to building trust and rapport with victims ‒Building trust and rapport and showing empathy allows the officers to break down the barrier of victim distrust towards law enforcement

The most crucial component of the officer initiated contact is the assessment

•Without assessment, officers cannot choose a plan of action •The officer is constantly assessing and re-assessing the threat level for factors that may appear or change and necessitate tactical adjustment •Assessment can change a situation at any time before and during the vehicle stop. This could be based upon -Additional information received -Officer observations -Actions by the suspect, passengers, or others within close proximity to the contact

Proactive patrol

•Working to prevent crime rather than waiting for it to occur •The goal for many law enforcement agencies is to move away from incident-driven, reactive policing, and move toward proactive policing •Officers should be conducting proactive patrol anytime they are not responding to calls for service •Officers are encouraged to act on their own initiative and develop information about crime and strategies for its suppression