Org BH Chapter 7

General efficacy is statelike

FALSE - traitlike

A recent meta-analysis evaluating the effects of behavioral modeling training (BMT) found that the greatest impact of BMT was when all these factors were present EXCEPT: A. practice included trainer-generated scenarios. B. trainers were instructed to set goals. C. trainees' supervisors were also trained. D. rewards and sanctions were instituted in the trainees' work environment.

A. practice included trainer-generated scenarios.

Which of the following statements is true regarding happiness according to Diener and Biswas-Diener? A. Happiness is a process. B. Happiness is a place. C. There is no such thing as an optimal level of happiness. D. Happiness shares a linear relationship with health and longevity.

A. Happiness is a process.

In positive psychology, this has been defined as "a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk." A. Resilience B. Hope C. Self-efficacy D. Optimism

A. Resilience

In the field of positive organizational behavior, which process can contribute to the learning of optimism? A. Social learning process of modeling B. Social persuasion C. Physiological and psychological arousal D. Mastery experience or performance attainment

A. Social learning process of modeling

According to the cognitive abilities related to job performance, which mental ability should a supervisor following organization policy on sexual harassment have? A. Verbal comprehension B. Memory C. Spatial visualization D. Perceptual speed

A. Verbal comprehension

Which among the following is a descriptor of the positive primary emotion of surprise? A. Wonder B. Zest C. Euphoria D. Infatuation

A. Wonder

In comparison to self efficacy, self-esteem is: A. a global construct of one's evaluation and belief of overall worthiness. B. changing over time as new information and task experiences are gained. C. a current assessment of one's future success at a task. D. one's belief about a task-and context-specific capability.

A. a global construct of one's evaluation and belief of overall worthiness.

Applied to the workplace, _____ refers to the aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully accomplish a task. A. ability B. experience C. training D. opportunity

A. ability

As an important part of the positive psychology movement, _____ popularity and importance reflect societal trends valuing the good life and what makes people happy. A. subjective well-being's B. social structuring's C. optimism's D. self-efficacy's

A. subjective well-being's

According to Bandura, efficacy depends on how the individual interprets and cognitively processes the _____. A. success B. objective C. ideology D. information

A. success

What does Bandura strongly emphasize as being the most pervading and important of the psychological mechanisms of self-influence? A. Optimism B. Self-efficacy C. Resilience D. Hope

B. Self-efficacy

Which of the following indicates whether the magnitude is strong and likely to produce perseverance when difficulties are encountered? A. Motivation B. Strength C. Relations D. Feedback

B. Strength

In order to be included in positive organizational behavior, a construct must: A. be atheoretical. B. have reliable and valid measures. C. be traitlike. D. be a physiological resource capacity.

B. have reliable and valid measures.

It is the capability for _____ that serves as the theoretical basis for self-efficacy. A. adaptation B. self-reflection C. behavioral patterns D. learning

B. self-reflection

Bandura categorized his approach to training and development into three areas. Which of the following areas includes instructive modeling, guided skill perfection, and transfer of training back to the job to ensure self-directed success? A. Development of self-regulatory competencies B. Cognitive mastery modeling C. Guided mastery D. Learned behavior

C. Guided mastery

Which among the following statements is true regarding general self efficacy? A. It is highly variable depending on the task. B. It is cognitively processed by the individual before any effort is expended. C. It is like a personality trait. D. It is statelike.

C. It is like a personality trait.

Which of the following statements is true regarding PsyCap? A. It focuses on human capital i.e. knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience. B. It is a first-order core construct. C. It was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors. D. It was found to be more stable than recognized personality traits.

C. It was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors.

Which among the following is a valued subjective experience according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi? A. Altruism B. Perseverance C. Satisfaction D. Tolerance

C. Satisfaction

According to Daniel Goleman, which among the following EI dimensions is characterized by the ability to shake off negative emotions and get back on constructive track for problem solution? A. Self-awareness B. Social skills C. Self-management D. Empathy

C. Self-management

Which of the following statements is true regarding the multiple intelligences identified by Gardner? A. They can be equated with a learning style. B. They can be equated with a working style. C. They are based wholly on empirical evidence. D. They represent a domain.

C. They are based wholly on empirical evidence.

When Bandura stated that, "If people see others like themselves succeed by sustained effort, they come to believe that they, too, have the capacity to succeed. Conversely, observing the failure of others instills doubts about one's own ability to master similar activities," what source of efficacy was he talking about? A. Mastery experiences and performance attainments B. Social persuasion C. Vicarious experiences and modeling D. Physiological and psychological arousal

C. Vicarious experiences and modeling

Peterson has pointed out the drawbacks of "realistic optimism" as opposed to "_____" with regard to effective leadership. A. expanded optimism B. group optimism C. false optimism D. slotted optimism

C. false optimism

After the evaluation of the process and the impact of self-efficacy, it is seen that self-efficacy can directly affect all these EXCEPT: A. choice behaviors. B. motivational effort. C. happiness quotients. D. perseverance.

C. happiness quotients.

Whenever Harry experiences a setback, he often attributes it to being his own fault and believes that it will last for a long time. He also tends to think that the problem will affect everything else he does. According to Seligman, Harry's explanatory style in interpreting misfortune can be described as: A. internal, unstable, and global. B. external, stable, and specific. C. internal, stable, and global. D. external, unstable, and global.

C. internal, stable, and global.

According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, a person who processes analytically, calculates, and quantifies is characterized by: A. intrapersonal intelligence. B. musical intelligence. C. logical/mathematical intelligence. D. visual/spatial intelligence.

C. logical/mathematical intelligence.

Positive psychology is concerned with _____ human functioning instead of _____ human functioning. A. random, structured B. creative, routine C. optimal, pathological D. intelligent, routine

C. optimal, pathological

Based on the established research of positive psychologist Ann Masten and her colleagues, resiliency has been found to be influenced and developed by three types of factors: assets, risks, and adaptational processes. As per this research, risk factors can be managed: A. through education, training, and nurturing social relationships. B. by improving the quality of resources available for people to draw upon. C. through appropriate physical and psychological healthcare. D. by developing other positive psychological capacities.

C. through appropriate physical and psychological healthcare.

A person uses mental models, thinks three dimensionally, and pictures how to get places or solve problems is said to possess: A. naturalist intelligence. B. existential intelligence. C. visual/spatial intelligence. D. bodily/kinesthetic intelligence.

C. visual/spatial intelligence.

According to C. Rick Snyder, this is termed as goal-directed energy. A. Pathways B. Quotients C. Creativity D. Agency

D. Agency

Previously in clinical psychology, this was largely portrayed as a uni-dimensional construct involving an overall perception that one can attain his or her goals. A. Optimism. B. Self-efficacy. C. Happiness. D. Hope.

D. Hope.

A knowledge manager who draws from his past experiences in order to advise a newly formed project team is utilizing which of the following mental abilities? A. Verbal comprehension B. Numerical C. Spatial visualization D. Memory

D. Memory

Which among the following is classified as civic virtues and institutions that move individuals towards better citizenship according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi? A. Spirituality B. Optimism C. Interpersonal skill D. Nurturance

D. Nurturance

Which among the following is a guideline prescribed by Lyubomirsky for developing and sustaining happiness? A. Set moderate goals B. Limit one's social connections C. Live for the future D. Practice gratitude

D. Practice gratitude

Among the following variables, deduced through research conducted by Stajkovic and Luthans, this shows a greater average gain in performance than the results from the meta-analyses of other popular organizational behavior interventions. A. Goal setting B. Organizational behavior modification C. Feedback D. Self-efficacy

D. Self-efficacy

Which among the following is a positive individual trait according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi? A. Contentment B. Responsibility C. Hope D. Sensibility

D. Sensibility

A manager in the office, having understood from the nonverbal cues from his staff members that they were unhappy with the new policy being presented, visited each member to explain how they would benefit from it. Which dimension of EI does this situation represent? A. Self-motivation B. Self-management C. Empathy D. Social skills

D. Social skills

According to the Psychological Capital Intervention model, which among the following is a distal outcome? A. Experiencing success B. Developing positive expectancy C. Realistic optimism D. Sustainable veritable performance impact

D. Sustainable veritable performance impact

The key for successful training and transfer to the job with regard to social persuasion is: A. trainees must learn they are the cause of their performance. B. model(s) used should have similar demographic attributes, and the training being done should be similar to what the trainees will be doing back on the job. C. make sure trainees experiencing physical or psychological symptoms interpret them as the nature of the training task and not some personal inadequacy (i.e., lack of ability). D. all comments have impact, so feedback must be phrased positively to build trainee confidence.

D. all comments have impact, so feedback must be phrased positively to build trainee confidence.

Service personnel are required to display false expressions and positive emotions such as smiling. This concept is known as: A. concealment. B. camouflage. C. masking. D. emotional labor.

D. emotional labor.

All of the following statements about Seligman's Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) are true, EXCEPT: A. it was designed to determine habitual explanatory style. B. it contains lie scales. C. it has been found to be very difficult to fake optimism. D. it requires respondents to interpret 3 good and 3 bad vignettes.

D. it requires respondents to interpret 3 good and 3 bad vignettes.

Although optimism is sometimes portrayed as a stable personality trait, Seligman has led the way in popularizing _____, which says that anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills to be an optimist. A. learning optimism B. cultivating optimism C. building optimism D. learned optimism

D. learned optimism

Bandura has argued that _____ attributions are causal beliefs about action-outcome contingencies, whereas self-efficacy is an individual's belief about his or her abilities and cognitive resources that can be marshaled together to successfully execute a specific task. A. resiliency B. general self-efficacy C. self-esteem D. locus of control

D. locus of control

According to positive psychologist such as Sonja Lyubomirsky, one's level of H-R-W well-being is determined by all of the following, EXCEPT: A. a genetic, dispositional "hard-wiring" set point. B. life's circumstances. C. intentional activity. D. personal outlook.

D. personal outlook.

The evaluation/perception of how individuals believe they can use abilities or resources to accomplish the given task leads to the expectations of personal efficacy which, in turn, determines all these EXCEPT: A. the decision to perform the specific task in this context. B. the amount of effort that will be expended to accomplish a task. C. the level of persistence that will be forthcoming despite problems, disconfirming evidence, and adversity. D. the kind of relationships formed at the completion of the task.

D. the kind of relationships formed at the completion of the task.

Howard Gardner found that intelligence is mainly genetic and fixed at birth

FALSE - NOT

The first and most theoretically developed and researched positive organizational behavior construct is optimism

FALSE - Self efficacy

According to the three levels of positive psychology identified by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, altruism, responsibility, and tolerance are positive individual traits

FALSE - Three are valued subjective experiences, positive individual traits, civic virtues

The self-efficacy process starts after individuals select their choices and initiate their effort

FALSE - before they select choices

The shortened version of Seligman's theory-based Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) has been found to be very easy to fake optimism

FALSE - difficult for fake optimist

Successful performance automatically raises the level of efficacy.

FALSE - does not

The open to development criterion says that the construct must be traitlike as opposed to statelike in order to be included in positive organizational behavior

FALSE - evidence it's statelike

Hope is a part of mainstream organizational behavior literature

FALSE - makes a good option, but not part of mainstream

According to Diener and Biswas-Diener, happiness is linearly related to health and longevity, relationships, and effectiveness at work.

FALSE - not linear

From studies conducted by Judge and colleagues, it can be concluded that people who are satisfied with their lives tend to be more satisfied at work and vice versa.

FALSE - not vise versa

Optimists make external (not their fault), stable, and specific (problem only in this situation) attributions

FALSE - unstable not stable

According to a research study, PsyCap was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors and negatively to undesired organization cynicism, intentions to quit, and counterproductive workplace behaviors.

TRUE

As per the concept of learned optimism, anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills to be an optimist

TRUE

Cognitive mastery modeling is the ability to learn thinking skills and how to apply them by observing the decision rules and reasoning strategies successful models use as they arrive at solutions to problems and make effective decisions

TRUE

Emotional labor not only has dysfunctional consequences for the employees doing it, but also detracts from effective customer service.

TRUE

Giving people positive feedback and pointing out their strengths for successfully accomplishing a task does not seem to be processed by most people with as much impact as negative feedback

TRUE

Magnitude measures the level of task difficulty that a person believes he or she is capable of executing

TRUE

Personality traits and mood states have separate influences or emotional processing.

TRUE

Pessimism is known to lead to passivity, failure, social estrangement, and, in its extreme, depression and mortality

TRUE

Positive psychological theory and research prefers to use the more precise and operationally defined term subjective well-being, or SWB, instead of happiness.

TRUE

PsyCap is statelike and open to development

TRUE

Psychological capital transcends beyond economic, social, and human capital.

TRUE

Resiliency can be developed through enhancing the assets that a person possesses, through education, training, and nurturing social relationships

TRUE