Organic Chemistry
Properties of Carbon
*Tetravalent *Its all of ropes can vary greatly (always solid) *Carbon needs 9,980 F to melt * Atomic Number of 6
Carbon is a nonmetal in group #? of the periodic table.
14
How many chemical bonds can each carbon atom form?
4
When two carbon atoms form triple bonds, how many electrons do they share?
6
Ion
A charged atom or compound
Photosynthesis overview
A chemical reaction that occurs within the chloroplasts of the plant cells. The reaction ultimately uses the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
How is the process of photosynthesis central to sustaining life on Earth?
All the energy used by living things on Earth came from the process of photosynthesis.
Biochemical Compound Classes
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
How many more electrons does carbon need to have a fuller outer energy level?
Carbon needs four more valence electrons, or a total of eight valence electrons, to fill its outer energy level. A full over energy level is the most stable arrangement of electrons.
Organic Chemistry Fact about Carbon
If something has carbon in it is already organic
How many bonds do the carbon atoms are in each of these compounds?
In ethane, two carbon atoms share a single bond. In ethene they share a double bond, and in ethyne they share a triple bond.
Ionic Bond
Nonmetal to metal bond with electrons being exchanged
Covalent Bond
Nonmetal to nonmetal bond with shared electrons
chloroplast
Organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants.
autotroph
Organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using a source of energy such as sunlight.
producer
Organism that produces food (glucose) for itself and other organisms.
What are some uses of synthetic carbon polymers?
Plastics such as polyethylene.
photosynthesis
Process by which specific organisms (including all plants) use the sun's energy to make their own food from carbon dioxide and water; process that converts the energy of the sun, or solar energy, into carbohydrates, a type of chemical energy.
cellular respiration
Process of breaking down glucose to obtain energy in the form of ATP.
Describe an example of a natural carbon polymer
Rubber and cellulose.
glucose
Simple sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6; a product of photosynthesis.
Monomer
Single organic molecule in a chain of many (chainlink)
What two raw materials are needed by plants in order to perform photosynthesis?
Sunlight is necessary. That's why we call it PHOTOsynthesis. And from the environment, photosynthetic organisms must get water & carbon dioxide.
What is the chemical formula for this compound, and what is its name?
The chemical formula is C6H12O6, and the name of the compound is glucose. In this article you'll learn more about glucose and other compounds that are essential to life.
How are the glucose molecules arranged in the cellulose polymer?
The glucose molecules alternate between right-side-up and upside down.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
Through the process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body's cells.
Look back at the chemical formula for titin. In which class of biochemical compounds should it be placed?
Titin is a protein. You can tell because it contains sulfur, and proteins are the only biochemical compounds that contain this element.
True or False: Carbon can form more compounds than any other element.
True
True or False: Methane is an example of a hydrocarbon.
True
Hydrocarbon
a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
Nucleic acids
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus DNA RNA stores genetic information in cells helps cells make proteins
Proteins
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur enzymes hormones speed up biochemical reactions regulate life processes
Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Provide energy to cells, store energy in plants, makes up the cell wall
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Reactants
water + carbon dioxide + sun
Covalent Compound
A compound created using covalent bonds
Polymer
A large molecule that is made out of many smaller molecules that are joined together by covalent bonds.
Ionic Compound
A salt that is formed from ionic bonds
Plants make food in the process of photosynthesis. What biochemical compound is synthesized in photosynthesis?
A: Glucose is synthesized in photosynthesis. Virtually all living things use glucose for energy, but glucose is just one of many examples of biochemical compounds that are found in most or all living things. In fact the similarity in biochemical compounds between living things provides some of the best evidence for the evolution of species from common ancestors. A classic example is the biochemical compound called cytochrome c. It is found in all living organisms because it performs essential life functions. Only slight variations in the molecule exist between closely related species, as you can see in the Figure below. The molecule is identical in humans and their closest relatives, the chimpanzees. And even between humans and the single-celled tetrahymena (pictured in the Figure below), the cytochrome c molecule is nearly 50 percent the same.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate; usable form of energy inside the cell.
How can carbon achieve a full outer energy level?
Carbon can form four covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are chemical bonds that form between nonmetals. In a covalent bond, two atoms share pair of electrons. By forming four covalent bonds, carbon shares four pairs of electrons, thus filling its outer energy level and achieving stability.
What are single double triple carbon bonds?
Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bond with other carbon atoms.
What type of bonds do carbon atoms form?
Carbon forms covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or other elements. There is a great diversity of carbon compounds, ranging in size from just one to thousands of atoms.
How are carbon's valence electrons related to the bonds it forms?
Carbon had four valence electrons, so it can achieve a full outer energy level by forming four covalent bonds.
Define polymer and monomer
Carbon has a unique ability to form many covalent bonds, so it often forms polymer. A polymer is a large molecule that is made up of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers, which are joined together by covalent bonds.
Why is the element carbon so common in matter?
Carbon is so common in matter because it can combine with itself and with many other elements. It can form a great diversity of compounds, ranging in size from just a few atoms to thousands of atoms.
Glucose
Contains cellulose that is a natural polymer of the monomer.
Carbon forms the type of bonds called ? bonds, in which atoms share electrons.
Covalent
What is ATP?
During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP.
What are the two products produced by photosynthesis?
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine with solar energy to create glucose and oxygen
Carbon forms triple bonds with other carbon atoms in the compound named?
Ethyne
True or False: About half of all known compounds contain carbon.
False
Products/Outcomes
Glucose and Oxygen C6H12O6 O2
In which class of biochemical compounds would you place glucose?
Glucose is a sugar in the class carbohydrates. Like other carbohydrates, it contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It provides energy to the cells of living things.
Tetravalent
Has a valence of 4 **** Carbon is the only nonmetal that is tetravalent
heterotroph
Organism which obtains carbon from outside sources.
Valence Electrons
Outermost bonding electrons (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, = 0)
Monomers
Smaller repeating molecules in a polymer.
Lipids
carbon hydrogen oxygen fats oils store energy in animals store energy in plants
Each carbon atom has #? valence electrons
four