Organizational Behavior Chapter 7**

What the 2 Tertiary prevention activities?

1. Opening up—traumatic, distress-inducing events are an unfortunate fact of life. One of the most therapeutic responses to such events is to confide in other people. 2. Professional help—confession and opening up may occur in professional healing relationships.

What are the five forms of decision making according to the normative decision theory?

1. Decide—the manager makes the decision alone and either announces it or "sells" it to the group. 2. Consult individually—the manager presents the problem to the group members individually, gets their input, and then makes the decision. 3. Consult group—the manager presents the problem to the group members in a meeting, gets their input, and then makes the decision. 4. Facilitate—the manager presents the problem to the group in a meeting and acts as a facilitator, defining the problem and the boundaries that surround the decision. 5. Delegate—the manager permits the group to make the decision within prescribed limits, providing needed resources and encouragement.

What are the 4 approaches to understanding stress?

1. Homeostatic / medical approach 2. cognitive appraisal approach 3. person-environment fit approach 4. psychoanalytic approach

What are the 3 primary prevention activities?

1. Learned optimism—when one cultivates an optimistic frame of mind, bad life events are bathed in a positive light, preventing future and healing past distress. 2. Time management—setting concrete goals and prioritizing these goals are the most important first steps in time-management skills, ensuring that the most important work and study activities receive enough time and attention. 3. Leisure time activities—leisure time provides employees an opportunity for rest and recovery from strenuous activities at home and work.

Define followership:

Followership is the process of being guided and directed by a leader in the work environment

What is the difference between formal and informal leadership?

Formal leadership is officially sanctioned leadership based on the authority of a formal position. Informal leadership is unofficial leadership accorded to a person by other members of the organization

Conscious capitalism

Four key principles: 1.) Higher purpose ( beyond profit maximization) 2.) Stakeholder interdependence (not shareholder-centric) 3.) Conscious leadership (not "carrots and sticks" 4.) Conscious culture (not bottom-line focused)

How does the Japanese approach to work differ from American?

The Japanese approach to work is collectivist in nature, while the U.S. approach is highly individualized. The Japanese work system emphasizes strategic and cooperative working arrangements.

How does the least preferred coworker scale (LPC) measure leadership style

The LPC Scale measures leadership style by asking leaders to describe the person they least prefer to work with using a sixteen eight-point bipolar adjective sets.

What is the team manager?

The team manager builds a highly productive team of committed people. This leader works to motivate employees to reach their highest levels of accomplishment, is flexible, is responsive to change, and understands the need for change

What are the 3 dimensions of the LPC?

The three dimensions of the leaders' situations are task structure, position power, and leader-member relations.

The motivational approach results in...

higher job satisfaction and higher motivation, but also involves increased training time and a greater chance of errors.

The fight-or-flight stress response is most closely associated with which approach to stress?

homeostatic

The medical approach to stress is most similar to:

homeostatic approach

the person-enviorment approach to stress emphasizes the:

idea that confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role creates stress for that person

The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that:

in the midrange of the stress-performance curve, performance tends to be greatest

What are examples of primary prevention

includes job redesign, goal setting, role negotiation, and career management. A major goal in job redesign should be to increase worker control. Goal-setting activities are designed to increase task motivation while reducing role conflict and ambiguity. Role negotiation allows individuals to modify their work roles. Social support systems provide emotional caring, information, evaluative feedback, modeling, and instrumental support.

Role conflict results from:

inconsistent expectations

conscious capitalism

incorporate four key principles: 1. Higher purpose (beyond profit maximization). 2. Stakeholder interdependence (rather than shareholder-centric). 3. Conscious leadership (instead of "carrots and sticks"). 4. Conscious culture (instead of bottom-line focused). 16

The problem of overspecialization has been addressed by

increasing the variety in jobs (definition of enlargement)

Transformational leaders

inspire and stimulate followers to high performance levels

Self-reliance is a healthy, secure, _____ pattern of behavior.

interdependent

An employee with a major sales presentation on Monday and a sick child at home Sunday night is likely to experience:

interrole conflict

A manager who presses employees for both very fast work and high-quality work would likely cause:

intrarole conflict

All of the following are stress-related interpersonal demands of the workplace except:

intrarole conflict

Positive OB (POB)

involves the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace.czhnhnchnhnhnghtyyyy tryyudyhgncyyhxtnc

Temperance

is a shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and provocation. It promotes self-control, humility, and prudence.

Compassion

is a shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering.

Meaningfulness

is defined as "belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self."

Mindfulness

is defined as "the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment."

forgiveness

is defined as "the capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame, and, instead, it is the adoption of positive, forward-looking approaches in response to harm or damage."

Organizational climate

is defined as employees' perceptions "of formal and informal organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines."

Learned optimism is:

is non-negative thinking

Social support

is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships.

Well-being

is the combined impact of five elements—positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA).

Task demands include all of the following except:

leadership style

the biological approach results in..

less physical effort and fatigue and higher job satisfaction, but requires higher financial costs because of the necessity to change equipment in order to achieve those reductions.

The biggest benefits of physical exercise come as a result of:

low intensity exercise

Utilizing the cognitive appraisal approach to stress, problem-focused coping emphasizes:

managing the stressor

Individuals possessing a Type A personality:

may become aggressive, even somewhat hostile when faced with conflict and other work-related difficulties

All of the following are approaches, services, or work arrangements intended to minimize the impact of nonwork demands on work except:

mentoring

two of the most stressful demands people face at work are:

new technologies and lack of control

Which of the following is NOT a mind-body change associated with stress?

normal physical fatigue

Optimists

often view successes as due to their "personal, permanent, and pervasive causes, and negative events to external, temporary, and situation-specific one."

optimists

often view successes as due to their "personal, permanent, and pervasive causes, and negative events to external, temporary, and situation-specific ones."

Benefits of eustress include all of the following except:

overstimulation

Costs associated with absenteeism, tardiness, strikes, work stoppages, and turnover are known as:

participation problems

Three direct costs of organizational distress include:

participation problems, performance decrements, and compensation awards

A manager instructs an employee to ship an item with a minor defect to a customer. This is an example of:

person-role conflict

The approach to stress that is based on the concept of homeostasis is known as:

physiological

Prosocial behaviors

positive acts performed without expecting anything in return

Buffering effect

positive practices buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and stressors

buffering effect

positive practices buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and stressors.

Amplifying effect

positive practices have an amplifying or escalating effect on positive outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital

Job redesign, goal setting, and career management would be organizational stress prevention strategies applied at which stage of prevention?

primary stage

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of stress at work?

psychological demands

The three forms of individual distress include:

psychological, medical, and behavioral problems

Positive OB (POB)

purposely positive approach to managing the behavior of individuals, groups and organizations'

the perceptual / motor approach results in...

reduced likelihood of accidents and errors, and decreased training time, as well as lower job satisfaction and motivation

according to the contingency theory, what is the most appropriate action where it is found there is a misfit between the leader and situation?

reengineer the leaders situation to fit the leaders basic predisposition

Organizational practices

refer to a host of procedures, policies, practices, routines, and rules that organizations use to get things done.

Restorative justice

reflects "a shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders."

Attentional deficit

reflects the inability to focus vividly on an object

An attentional deficit

reflects the inability to focus vividly on an object.

The stress-handling strategy that is considered an alternative to transformational coping and may lead to short-term stress reduction at the cost of long-term healthy life adjustment is:

regressive coping

Virtuousness

represents "what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very best."

An intention

represents an end point or desired goal you want to achieve.

Intention

represents and end point or desired goal you want to achieve

Flourishing

represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA.

Organizations need to be sensitive to sources of stress, which include all of the following except:

resource

All of the following would be considered a source of stress due to interpersonal demands except:

role ambiguity

The two major categories of "role stress" at work include:

role conflict and role ambiguity

Organizational costs of distress may take the form of all of the following except:

sabotage

The psychoanalytic approach to stress most likely include which of the following personality dimensions?

self-esteem

Temperance

shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and provocation. it promotes self-control, humility, and prudence

Compassion

shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering

What is an argument used to support the standardized job approach of scientific management?

simplifying work allowed workers of diverse ethnic backgrounds to work together in a systematic way

The person-environment fit approach to studying and understanding stress emphasizes:

social and organizational role stress

Evaluative feedback is an aspect of a(n) _____ approach to stress prevention.

social support system

Flow

state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake

The unconscious preparation to fight or flee that a person experiences when faced with any demand is known as:

stress

A manager's decision to reduce task demands in a stress management situation is:

stressor directed

Positive deviance

successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction

A secondary prevention method of organizational stress is:

team building

The stage in preventive stress management designed to heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain is called:

tertiary prevention

The job strain model presented in your text suggests:

that the combination of high job demand and restricted job decision latitude leads to a high-strain job

define distress

the adverse psychological, physical, behavioral and organizational consequences that may arise as a result of stressful events

Social support

the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships. -Esteem support -Informational support -Social companionship -Instrumental support

Positivity effect

the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from negative energy, or toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting

Mindfulness

the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment

Forgiveness

the capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame, and, instead, it is the adoption of positive, forward-looking approaches in response to harm or damage

Role ambiguity is:

the confusion one experiences related to the expectations of others

Flourishing

the extent to which our lives contain PERMA

Engagement

the extent to which you are physically, cognitively, and emotionally involved with an activity, task, or project

what is accurate in regards to the stress response?

the stress response in the mind and body begins with the release of chemical messengers, primarily adrenaline into the bloodstream

The demand, person, activity, or event that triggers an uncomfortable encounter is known as:

the stressor

resilient

then you have the capacity to consistently bounce back from adversity and to sustain yourself in the face of the demands of positive events.

What is the person-environment fit approach to understanding stress?

this approach emphasizes the idea that confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person. A good person-environment fit occurs when one's skills and abilities match a clearly defined, consistent set of role expectations.

What is the cognitive appraisal approach to understanding stress?

this approach sees stress as a result of a person-environment interaction, yet emphasizes the individual's cognitive appraisal in classifying persons or events as stressful or not. Individuals differ in their appraisals of events and people.

Positive psychological capital

those with high levels have high levels of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HOPE)

positive psychological capital (PsyCap)

those with high levels of ...have high levels of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HERO).

Which of the following is the best example of a positive (challenge) stressor?

time pressure

Hope

to have it you need to have a goal and the determination to achieve it (willpower), and you need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve your goal, even when faced with adversity (waypower)

Virtuousness

what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very best

Attentional hyperactivity

when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing

Upward spirals of positivity

where positive behaviors, feelings, and attitudes, feed your own and those of others in a continual, reinforcing process

upward spirals of positivity,

where your positive behaviors, feelings, and attitudes feed your own and those of others in a continual, reinforcing process.

In the context of meaning of work, similarities among countries appear to exist in

work content and job context

the most notable self-imposed personal demand is probably

workaholism

to have hope

you need to have a goal and the determination to achieve it (willpower), and you need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve your goal, even when faced with adversity (waypower).

Resilient

capacity to consistently bounce back from adversity and to sustain yourself in the face of the demands of positive events

Two of the most stressful demands people face at work are:

change and lack of control

Well-being

combined impact of five elements -- positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA)

Robert Kahn's person-environment fit approach emphasized the idea that:

confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person.

The mechanistic approach results in...

decreased training time and less likelihood of errors, as well as lower job satisfaction and lower motivation.

Strain is the same as:

distress

The adverse psychological, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequence that may occur as a result of stressful events is known as:

distress

The positivity

effect "is the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from negative energy, or toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting."

Organizational climate

employees' perception "of formal and information organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines."

When a secretarial employee is given the responsibility and signature authority to handle certain types of correspondence, the job is:

enriched

Healthy or normal stress is known as:

eustress

Which of the following statements best reflects the support for trait theories to identify universal distinguishing attributes of leaders?

finding on traits as a basis for explaining leader effectiveness are neither strong nor uniform

The person-environment fit approach to stress emphasizes the:

fit between external and internal role expectations

A positive consequence of organizational distress may take the form of:

functional turnover

Job redesign as a stress prevention method may involve any one or all of the following except:

giving the worker inspection responsibility or expanding the employee's job decision latitude

Attentional hyperactivity

happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing.

A personality that tends to be resistant to distress is:

hardy

The natural stress response has been shown to be inherently bad or destructive.

False

Mindlessness

"is a state of reduced attention. It is expressed in behavior that is rigid," or thoughtless.

Flow

"is defined as the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake."

Negative emotions

-Are limiting -Spur you to act in narrow or specific ways

Positive emotions

-Are resources that fuel individual, group, and organizational success -Help build social, psychological, and physical resources -Combat negative emotions -Broaden your mindset, open you to consider new things -Have benefits which endure over long periods of time -Broaden your perspective about how to overcome challenges -Build on themselves resulting in a spread of positive emotions -Strengthens relationships with others (the R component in PERMA)

Inhibitors of mindfulness

-Attentional deficit -Attentional hyperactivity

Efficacy

-Confidence in your ability to do something -Influences the world around you and your ability to deal with inherent challenges and opportunities -When high, leads to being more confident and positive

Strategies to increase positivity

-Create high-quality connections -Cultivate kindness -Develop distractions -Dispute negative self-talk and thoughts

Strategy to increase positivity

-Create high-quality connections -The only person in the room- -Support -Give trust -Goof off -Cultivate kindness -Develop distractions (negativity) -Dispute negative self-talk and thoughts

Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships

-Esteem support -Informational support -Social companionship -Instrumental support

Benefits of virtuous leadership

-Financial performance -Customer satisfaction -Positive organizational climate -Measures of organizational effectiveness

Virtuous leadership

-Greater good -Trust -Integrity -Forgiveness

Positive deviance is associated with

-Higher overall job performance -Less burnout -Increased commitment -Higher job satisfaction -Fewer sick days

Those with high levels of Psychological Capital have high levels

-Hope -Efficacy -Resilience -Optimism

Benefits of mindfulness

-Increased physical, mental, and interpersonal effectiveness -More effective communication -More balanced emotions -Personal effectiveness

Benefits of mindfulness

-Increased physical, mental, and interpersonal effectiveness -More effective communications -More balanced emotions -Personal satisfaction

Culture

-Long-term -Harder to change -example: personality

Waypower

-Means for achieving the goal -Need to see alternative paths to achieve the goal

Optimism

-Optimists view successes as due to their personal, permanent, and pervasive causes, and negative events to external, temporary, and situation-specific causes -Optimists are realistic and flexible -Optimism is self-inspirational

Positive emotions have desirable effects on

-Organizational commitment -Creativity -Decision making -Intentions to quit -Performance -Stress

Well-being is the combined impact of five elements (PERMA)

-P = Performance emotions -E = Engagement -R = Relationships -M = Meaning -A = Achieving -Flourishing reflects the extent to which our lives contain PERMA

Elements of flourishing

-Positive emotions -Engagement -Relationships -Meaning -Achievement

How positivity works

-Positive emotions -Mindfulness -Psychological capital and signature strengths -Organizational culture and climate

Relationships

-Positive emotions are associated with activities involving others -Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships

Organizational values

-Restorative justice -Comparison -Temperance

Climate

-Short-term -Easier to change -example: mood

Mindlessness

-State of reduced attention expressed in behavior that is rigid or thoughts -Typified by a failure to control emotions -Requires minimal information processing -Automatic -Associated with poor mental and physical health

Positive emotions outcomes

-Stronger social relationships -Prosocial behaviors -Liking of yourself and others -Stronger bodies and immune systems -Original thinking

Mindfulness

-The awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose -Is in the present moment -Is nonjudgmental to the unfolding of experience moment by moment -Requires effort because the brain works in ways that detract from staying focused -Improves interpersonal communication -Requires attentional balance

The power of positive emotions

-They are contagious -They can offset negative emotions

Organizational practices

-Training -Support programs -Human resource, practices, programs, and policies

Type B personalities display insecure behavior and may respond aggressively in conflict situations.

False

Describe 6 patterns of working that have been studied in different countries

1. Pattern A people define work as an activity in which value comes from performance and for which a person is accountable. It is generally self-directed and devoid of negative affect. 2. Pattern B people define work as an activity that provides a positive personal affect and identity. It contributes to society and is not unpleasant. 3. Pattern C people view work as an activity where profits accrue to others by performance. Work is strenuous and somewhat compulsive. 4. Pattern D people define work as a physical activity directed by others, and usually devoid of positive affect and is unpleasantly connected to performance. 5. Pattern E people see work as a physically and mentally strenuous activity. 6. Pattern F people define work as an activity constrained to specific time periods that does not create positive affect when performed. Work is defined most positively and with the most balanced personal and collective reasons for participating in the Netherlands. In contrast, work is least positive in Germany and Japan.

What are the 3 secondary prevention activities?

1. Physical exercise—different types of physical exercise are important secondary stress prevention activities for individuals. 2. Relaxation training—reading, massage, and secular yoga practice can all elicit the relaxation response. 3. Diet—diet may play an indirect role in stress and stress management.

what are the 5 core job dimensions?

1. Skill variety is the degree to which the job requires multiple skills and talents. 2. Task identity is the completion of an identifiable piece of work. 3. Task significance is the degree to which the job has a substantial impact. 4. Autonomy is freedom and independence. 5. Feedback is clear and direct information on job performance.

The four job design approaches considered by the interdisciplinary framework..

1. The mechanistic Approach 2. motivational approach 3. biological approach 4. perceptual / motor approach

4 essential qualities of effective followers

1. They practice self-management and self-responsibility. 2. They are committed both to the organization and a purpose, principle, or person outside themselves. 3. They invest in their own competence and professionalism and focus their energy for maximum impact. 4. They are courageous, honest, and credible.

What are the 3 critical physiological states in the job characteristics model?

1. meaningfulness of work (the job is valuable and worthwhile), 2. experienced responsibility for work outcomes (personal accountability), 3.knowledge of results (an understanding of how well one is performing the job).

What are the 4 salient (most noticeable or important) features of the social information processing model of job design?

1. other people provide cues that help workers decipher the work environment. 2. other people help workers judge what is important in a job. 3. other people tell workers how they see those workers' jobs. 4. both positive and negative feedback from others helps workers understand their feelings about their jobs.

what are the 4 traditional approaches to the design of work in America?

1.Work simplification is the standardization and narrow, explicit specification of task activities for workers. 2. Job enlargement and job rotation involve increasing the number of tasks in a job and systematic shifting of workers from one task to another over time, respectively 3. Job enrichment designs jobs by incorporating motivational factors into them and increases the amount of responsibility in a job through vertical loading 4. The Job Characteristics Model focuses on five core job characteristics and three critical psychological states.

Define a job in its organizational context?

A job is a set of specified work and task activities that engage an individual in an organization.

Which of the following is a positive outcome associated with the mechanistic approach to job design?

A lower stress level is a positive outcome associated with the mechanistic approach to job design.

As compared to a leader, a manager:

A manager avoids solitary work activity, preferring to work with others; avoids close, intense relationships and avoids conflict.

What are alienated followers?

Alienated followers think independently and critically, yet are very passive in their behavior.

How does the German approach to work differ from the American?

Americans emphasize personal identity and social benefits of work. The German approach values a highly educated workforce and emphasizes a highly efficient hierarchical work environment

The cognitive appraisal approach to stress emphasizes the fit between a person and his or her environment in terms of individual abilities and task or role demands.

False

Assume you are a supervisor of ten employees, one of whom is clearly a Type A personality. Which of the following approaches would you follow to effectively manage this employee?

Assist the employee through encouraging time management applications and convincing the person to pace him or herself.

Inhibitors of mindfulness

Attentional deficit & Attentional hyperactivity

What is authentic leadership?

Authentic leadership includes transformational, charismatic, or transactional leadership as the situation might demand but only in accordance with the leader's conscious and well-developed sense of values. Because authentic leaders act in ways that are consistent with their value systems, they have a highly evolved sense of moral right and wrong

What are the differences between autocratic and democratic work environments?

Autocratic and democratic are usually easy for students to differentiate. The leader with an autocratic style uses strong, directive actions to control the rules, regulations, activities, and relationships in the work environment. In contrast, the leader with a democratic style uses interaction and collaboration with followers to direct work and the work environment.

What are the behavioral consequences of distress?

Behavioral problems include workplace aggression, substance abuse, and accidents.

Compare House's path-goal theory of leadership with the situational leadership model.

Both path-goal theory and Situational Leadership Model are contingency theories of leadership that examine specific leader behaviors that are most effective in specific situations. Both propose four similar leadership styles. 1. Path-goal—directive, supportive, participative, and achievement oriented 2. Situational Leadership—telling, selling, participating, and delegating While path-goal theory examines characteristics of both the followers and the work environment as situational characteristics, the situational leadership model only examines the maturity level of followers as a situational characteristic.

What is charismatic leadership?

Charismatic leadership results when a leader uses the force of personal abilities and talents to have profound and extraordinary effects on followers. Charismatic leadership is especially effective in times of uncertainty

What is involved in comprehensive health promotion programs?

Comprehensive health promotion programs are aimed at establishing "strong and resistant hosts" by teaching individual prevention and lifestyle change.

What is consideration?

Consideration is leader behavior aimed at nurturing friendly, warm working relationships, as well as encouraging mutual trust and interpersonal respect within the work unit.

According to the situational leadership model, a ________ style is characterized by low task behavior and low relationship behavior.

Delegating

What is Strain?

Distress

According to Harry Levinson and Freudian psychoanalytic theory, self-image is the embodiment of a person's perfect self.

False

Counterdependence is a healthy, secure, interdependent pattern of behavior that is useful when facing stressful situations.

False

Emotional toxins typically don't spread through a work environment and cause a range of disturbances.

False

Individuals who display hardiness tend to be Type A personalities.

False

Interrole conflict is caused by conflicting expectations related to a single role.

False

What is the psychoanalytic approach to understanding stress?

Freudian psychoanalytic theory can help people understand the role of unconscious personality factors as causes of stress within a person. Applying this psychoanalytic approach, Harry Levinson argued that two elements of the personality interact to cause stress—ego-ideal and the self-image. Stress results from the discrepancy between the idealized self (ego-ideal) and the real self-image; the greater the discrepancy, the more stress a person experiences.

Attentional hyperactivity

Happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing

Willpower

Having a goal and the determination to achieve it

Attentional deficit

Inability to focus vividly on an object

How do individual differences moderate the relationship between stress and strain?

Individual differences play a central role in the stress-strain relationship. Individual differences, such as gender and Type A behavior pattern, enhance vulnerability to strain under stressful conditions. Other individual differences, such as personality hardiness and self-reliance, reduce vulnerability to strain under stressful conditions.

What is initiating structure?

Initiating structure is leader behavior aimed at defining and organizing work relationships and roles, as well as establishing clear patterns of organization, communication, and ways of getting things done.

What are interpersonal demands?

Interpersonal demands are emotional toxins, sexual harassment, and poor leadership.

The ________ is a framework for understanding person-job fit through the interaction of core job dimensions with critical psychological states within a person.

Job characteristics model

What are the key job parameters to be considered when examining the effects of work design on health and well-being?

Key job design parameters include—worker control through opportunity to control aspects of work and the workplace, machine and task design, and performance-monitoring feedback systems; uncertainty reduction by providing timely and complete information, clear and unambiguous work assignments, improved communication, and employee access to information sources; conflict management through participative decision making, supportive supervisory styles, and sufficient resources; and task/job design improvement by enhancing core job characteristics.

________ is a major task-related source of stress, especially in positions that are difficult and psychologically demanding.

Lack of control

Which of the following is a leader personality characteristic examined under early trait theories?

Leader personality characteristics that have been examined include originality, adaptability, introversion—extroversion, dominance, self-confidence, integrity, conviction, mood optimism, and emotional control.

Define leadership:

Leadership in organizations is the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment

The typical ________ approach emphasizes performance, accountability, and other- or self-directedness in defining work.

The Japanese approach emphasizes performance, accountability, and other- or self-directedness in defining work.

Positive emotions can offset negative emotions

Need multiple positives experiences to counter a negative experience

What are non work demands?

Nonwork demands may broadly be identified as impositions from an individual's personal life environment (home demands) and self-imposed restrictions (personal demands).

Flourish

Occurs with achievement is pursued for its own sake

_______ identifies a job in relation to other parts of an organization.

Organizational position identifies a job in relation to other parts of an organization.

List the positive and negative outcomes of the four job design approaches considered by the interdisciplinary framework.

Outcomes of the mechanistic approach include decreased training time and less likelihood of errors, as well as lower job satisfaction and lower motivation. The motivational approach results in higher job satisfaction and higher motivation, but also involves increased training time and a greater chance of errors. The biological approach results in less physical effort and fatigue and higher job satisfaction, but requires higher financial costs because of the necessity to change equipment in order to achieve those reductions. Outcomes of the perceptual/motor approach include reduced likelihood of accidents and errors, and decreased training time, as well as lower job satisfaction and motivation

People look at work differently, and there are distinctive patterns that people use in defining work. Which one of the following statements provides an accurate description of the patterns people use in defining work?

Pattern F people define work as an activity constrained to specific time periods that does not bring positive affect through its performance.

Achievement

Pertaining to the extent to which you have a self-directed life, containing achievement for its own sake

What are physical demands?

Physical demands include extreme environments, strenuous activities, hazardous substances, and global travel.

What is primary prevention?

Primary prevention is intended to reduce, modify, or eliminate the stress-causing demand or stressor

As a supervisor of claim adjusters for a property and casualty insurance company, you assign and reassign adjusters to handle routine and emergency situations. Your managerial skills have become severely tested because several adjusters, after short-term emergency assignments, are threatening to quit. What short-term approach to their stressful situation would be most appropriate?

Reduce task demands and make sure no adjuster works more than five days a week.

Resilience

Resiliency is the capacity to consistently bounce back from adversity and to sustain yourself in the face of challenges

The path-goal theory of leader effectiveness is based on:

Robert House developed a path-goal theory of leader effectiveness based on an expectancy theory of motivation.

What are role demands?

Role demands include inter-role expectations, intra-role expectations, person-role expectations, and role ambiguity

The two organizational stress prevention methods—team building and social support at work—are ________ .

Secondary prevention

What is secondary prevention?

Secondary prevention is intended to modify the individual's or the organization's response to a demand or stressor

What are sheep?

Sheep are followers who do not think independently or critically and are passive in their behavior

What is the relationship between stress and performance?

Some managers and executives thrive under pressure because they practice what world-class athletes already know—that bringing mind, body, and spirit to peak condition requires recovering energy, which is as important as expending energy. Yerkes-Dodson curve

Flow

State of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake

Define Stress

Stress is the unconscious preparation to fight or flee that person experiences when faced with any demand

Positive deviance

Successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction

Assume the supervisor of a team of 10 employees, one of whom is clearly a Type A personality, what is an approach you would follow to effectively manage this employee?

Suggest some helpful time management applications to the employee, and help the person to pace his or her self

________ are the least disruptive and the lowest-risk followers in an organization.

Survivors

What are survivors?

Survivors are the least disruptive and the lowest-risk followers in an organization

What are task demands?

Task demands related to stress are change, lack of control, career progress, new technologies, and temporal pressure.

In the context of situational favorableness, task structure refers to:

Task structure refers to the degree of clarity, or ambiguity, in the work activities assigned to the group.

What is the Tertiary prevention?

Tertiary prevention is intended to heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

The Yerkes-Dodson law indicates that stress leads to improved performance up to an optimum point. Beyond that point, stress has a detrimental effect on performance. Therefore, healthy amounts of stress are desirable to improve performance by arousing a person to action. The greatest performance benefits from stress are achieved in the mid range of the Yerkes-Dodson curve

What is the authority compliance manager?

The authority-compliance manager has great concern for production and little concern for people

What is the country club manager?

The country club manager has great concern for people and little concern for production.

Engagement

The extent to which you are physically, cognitively, and emotionally involved with an activity, task, or project

What is the impoverished manager?

The impoverished manager has little concern for people or production, avoids taking sides, and stays out of conflicts; he is often referred to as a laissez-faire leader.

What is the laissez faire workplace?

The leader with a laissez-faire style abdicates the authority and responsibility of the position, and this style often results in chaos. It also causes role ambiguity for followers because the leader fails to clearly define goals, responsibilities, and outcomes.

As compared to the management process, the leadership process involves:

The leadership process involves (1) setting a direction for the organization; (2) aligning people with that direction through communication; and (3) motivating people to action, partly through empowerment and partly through basic need gratification.

What is the middle of the road manager?

The middle-of-the-road manager attempts to balance a concern for people and production without a commitment to either

what are the major psychological consequences of distress?

The most common symptoms of psychological distress are depression, burnout, and psychosomatic disorders—physical ailments with psychological origins

what are the major medical consequences against distress?

The most significant medical consequences of distress are heart disease, strokes, backaches, peptic ulcers, and headaches

Which of the following statements is true of the perceptual/motor approach to job design?

The perceptual/motor approach is based on engineering that considers human factors such as ergonomics.

How does the Scandinavian approach to work differ from American approach?

The social democratic tradition in Scandinavia lays stress on social concern over efficiency, with numerous laws supporting the rights and health conditions of workers.

The social information-processing (SIP) model:

The social information-processing (SIP) model emphasizes the interpersonal aspects of work design.

Positive Organizational Behavior

The study and application of positively oriented human resources strengths and the psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for improvement performance in today's workplace

How do non work demands affect an individual?

The wide array of home and family arrangements in contemporary American society has created great diversity in the arena of home demands. Traditional and nontraditional families may experience demands that create role conflicts or overloads that are difficult to manage. Workaholism, a form of addiction, may be the most notable of the self-imposed personal demands. Another type of personal demand comes from civic activities, volunteer work, and organizational commitments to religious or public service organizations.

What are the costs of distress to organization?

Three major costs of organizational distress are participation problems, performance decrements, and compensation awards. Participation problems include absenteeism, tardiness, strikes and work stoppages, and turnover. Performance decrements are the costs resulting from poor quality or low quantity of production, grievances, and unscheduled machine downtime and repair. Compensation awards are the organizational costs resulting from court awards for job distress.

What is transformational leadership?

Transformational leaders inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance. They rely on their personal attributes instead of their official position to manage followers.

Change and lack of control are two of the most stressful demands people face at work.

True

Employee assistance programs have been designed in part to provide help to employees in coping with nonwork demands.

True

It is unfortunate that stress carries a negative connotation as though it were something to be avoided.

True

Men and women have different vulnerabilities to stress.

True

Nonwork demands may broadly be identified as home demands from an individual's personal life environment and personal demands that are self-imposed.

True

Primary stress prevention is designed to reduce and possibly eliminate the source of stress, or the stressor.

True

Problem-focused coping focuses on managing and controlling the stressor.

True

Psychological detachment from work can be a successful strategy for coping with work stressors and reduce the psychological strain associated with work place bullying.

True

Regardless of the stress approach used, the stress response can be characterized by a predictable sequence of mind and body events.

True

Role ambiguity and task uncertainty both indicate lack of information.

True

Self-reliant individuals tend to be better at transformational coping.

True

The fight-or-flight response to stress is based on an environmental demand that upsets a person's natural steady state according to the homeostatic approach.

True

The stress response can activate some bodily systems and cause others to operate at reduced capacity.

True

Transformational coping is actively changing an event into something less subjectively stressful by viewing it in a broader life perspective.

True

Type A behavior is also labeled coronary-prone behavior.

True

True or False: Most organization prevention is primary?

True.

Positive emotions are contagious

Upward spirals of positivity,where positive behaviors, feelings, and attitudes feed your own and those of others in a continual, reinforcing

Which of the following people developed the idea of the stress response?

Walter B. Cannon

Meanigfulness

When someone feels a sense of belonging and serving something that is bigger than self

When compared to a manager, a leader is more likely to be someone who:

Whereas leaders agitate for change and new approaches, managers advocate stability and the status quo.

What are yes people?

Yes people are followers who do not think independently or critically, yet are very active in their behavior

An individual who is relatively good at transformational coping is/has:

a hardy personality

Organizational practices

a host of procedures, policies, practices, routines, and rules that organizations use to get things done

Restorative justice

a shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders

Mindlessness

a state of reduced attention. it is expressed in behavior that is rigid, or thoughtless

Why should organizations be concerned about stress at work?

a variety of indirect costs of mismanaged stress for an organization, such as low morale, dissatisfaction, breakdowns in communication, and disruption of working relationships

What is the homeostatic / medical approach to understanding stress?

according to this approach, stress occurs when an external, environmental demand upsets an individual's natural steady-state balance, called homeostasis. Walter B. Cannon developed this approach and believed that the body was designed with natural defense mechanisms to keep it in homeostasis.

Secondary prevention is intended to:

alter or modify the individual's or the organization's response to a demand

Workaholism refers to:

an imbalanced preoccupation with work at the expense of home and personal life satisfaction

An employee assistance program is:

an individual prevention approach to stress relief or reduction

Psychosomatic disorders:

are physical ailments that begin in the mind

Prosocial behaviors

are positive acts performed without expecting anything in return.

Kotter suggests that leadership and management:

are two distinct, yet complementary systems of action in organizations

positive deviance

as "successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction."

According to blake and Moutons leadership grid, an impoverished manager is one who

avoids taking sides and stays out of conflicts

The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests the relationship between stress level and performance arousal is:

bell-shaped

Meaningfulness

belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self

job enlargement was developed to overcome the problem of:

boredom associated with overspecialized work