ORGB Chapter 3 Quiz

In the context of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator of personality, the _____ preference represents where you find energy. a. Extraversion/Introversion b. Sensing/Intuition c. Thinking/Feeling d. Judging/Perceiving

a. Extraversion/Introversion The Extraversion/Introversion preference represents where you find energy. Carl Jung's theory holds that the Extraversion/Introversion preference reflects the most important distinction among individuals.

Carl Jung's theory holds that the _____ preference reflects the most important distinction among individuals. a. Extraversion/Introversion b. Sensing/Intuition c. Thinking/Feeling d. Judging/Perceiving

a. Extraversion/Introversion The Extraversion/Introversion preference represents where you find energy. Jung's theory holds that the Extraversion/Introversion preference reflects the most important distinction among individuals.

According to Charles Spearman, which of the following is the single best predictor of work performance across many occupations and across different cultures? a. General mental ability b. Cognitive behavioral approach c. Psychoanalysis d. Interactional psychology

a. General mental ability Charles Spearman introduced the concept of general mental ability as a measure of an individual's innate cognitive intelligence. General mental ability, which includes a person's skills and abilities, is the single best predictor of work performance across many occupations and across different cultures.

Check My Work Ritchie and Maddox are students pursuing a course in organizational behavior. Ritchie outperforms Maddox in the first exam. Maddox believes that their exam performances cannot be compared as Ritchie is a psychology major and Maddox has a major in accounting. Which of the following best explains Maddox's reaction? a. He has a high self-esteem. b. He has a positive affect. c. He has an external locus of control.

a. He has a high self-esteem Maddox has a high self-esteem. Self-esteem is an individual's general feeling of self-worth. People with inflated self-esteem may brag inappropriately when they find themselves in stressful situations. Individuals with high self-esteem have positive feelings about themselves, perceive themselves to have strengths as well as weaknesses, and believe their strengths are more important than their weaknesses.

_____ is our tendency to prefer information that supports our viewpoints. a. Selective perception b. Stereotype c. Projection d. Self-fulfilling prophecy

a. Selective perception Selective perception is our tendency to prefer information that supports our viewpoints. Individuals often ignore information that threatens their viewpoints.

In the context of personality characteristics in organizations, which of the following statements is true of employees with positive affect? a. They have fewer absentee days. b. They base their behavior on cues from others. c. They behave consistently across situations. d. They focus only on the bad aspects of themselves.

a. They have fewer absentee days. Employees with positive affect have fewer absentee days. Positive affect has also been linked to more life satisfaction and better performance across a variety of life and work domains.

The three major categories of factors that influence our perception of another person include: a. characteristics of ourselves, the target person, and the situation. b. availability of information, the target person, and the situation. c. timing, availability, and consistency of information. d. characteristics of ourselves, the target person, and consistency of information.

a. characteristics of ourselves, the target person, and the situation. Three major categories of factors influence our perception of others. They are characteristics of ourselves as perceivers, characteristics of the target person we are perceiving, and characteristics of the situation in which the interaction takes place.

In the Big Five personality traits, _____ means a person is calm, self-confident, and cool as opposed to insecure, anxious, and depressed. a. emotional stability b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d. openness to experience

a. emotional stability Early personality researchers believed that we must break down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits in order to understand individuals. In the Big Five personality traits, emotional stability means the person is calm, self-confident, and cool as opposed to insecure, anxious, and depressed.

The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else's behavior is called _____. a. fundamental attribution error b. self-serving bias c. discounting attribution error d. self-fulfilling prophecy

a. fundamental attribution error The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else's behavior, known as the fundamental attribution error. A supervisor attributing an employee's good performance to internal causes such as effort or ability may give a larger raise than a supervisor attributing the good performance to external causes like help from others or good training.

The discounting principle is a characteristic of _____. a. the situation b. a perceiver c. a target d. an introvert

a. the situation The strength of situational cues also affects social perception. Some situations provide strong cues about appropriate behavior. In these situations, we assume that the individual's behavior can be accounted for by the situation and may not reflect the individual's disposition. This is the discounting principle in social perception.

The interactional psychology approach points out the need to study both persons and situations. The situation includes _____. a. work group b. personality c. perception d. emotions

a. work group The interactional psychology approach points out the need to study both persons and situations. The situation consists of the environment a person operates in, including the organization, work group, personal life situation, job characteristics, and other environmental influences.

In the context of personality measurement tools, the _____ elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli. a. behavioral test b. projective test c. self-report questionnaire d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

b. projective test In the context of personality measurement tools, projective test elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli. During projective tests, individuals are shown a picture, abstract image, or photo and are asked to describe what they see or to tell a story about it.

In the context of barriers to social perception, _____ are also called the Pygmalion effect. a. projections b. self-fulfilling prophecies c. first-impression errors d. selective perceptions

b. self-fulfilling prophecies Self-fulfilling prophecies, also called the Pygmalion effect, interfere with social perception in that our expectations affect the way we interact with others such that we provoke the very response we expect. A manager's expectations of an individual affect both the manager's behavior toward the individual and the individual's response.

Which of the following is one of the most important determinants of self-efficacy? a. Negative affect b. High self-esteem c. Previous success d. Self-monitoring

c. Previous success Previous success or performance is one of the most important determinants of self-efficacy. People who trust their own efficacy tend to attempt difficult tasks, persist in overcoming obstacles, and experience less anxiety when faced with adversity.

In the context of characteristics of a perceiver, which of the following factors will affect social perception? a. Physical appearance b. Verbal communication c. Self-concept d. Nonverbal cues

c. Self-concept A factor that can affect social perception is the perceiver's self-concept. The better we understand ourselves, the more accurate our perceptions of others.

Which of the following statements is true of failure-oriented individuals? a. They attribute their failures to lack of effort. b. They behave consistently across situations. c. They attribute their failures to lack of ability. d. They pay less attention to situational cues.

c. They attribute their failures to lack of ability. Achievement-oriented individuals attribute their success to ability and their failures to lack of effort—both internal causes. Failure-oriented individuals attribute their failures to lack of ability and may develop feelings of incompetence as a result.

Which of the following statements is true of employees with high general self-efficacy? a. They may express doubts about performing new tasks well. b. They don't react well to close supervision. c. They have more confidence in their job-related abilities. d. They prefer not to participate in decision making.

c. They have more confidence in their job-related abilities. Employees with high general self-efficacy have more confidence in their job-related abilities and other personal resources that help them function effectively on the job. People with low general self-efficacy often feel ineffective at work and may express doubts about performing new tasks well.

In the context of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator of personality, the _____ preference describes the way we prefer to make decisions. a. Extraversion/Introversion b. Sensing/Intuition c. Thinking/Feeling d. Judging/Perceiving

c. Thinking/Feeling The Thinking/Feeling preference describes the way we prefer to make decisions. The Feeling preference makes decisions in a personal, value-oriented way. The Thinking preference makes decisions in a logical, objective fashion, whereas the Feeling preference makes decisions in a personal, value-oriented way.

Which of the following is a proposition of interactional psychology? a. Behavior is a function of a discontinuous, unidirectional interaction of a person in a situation. b. A person is inactive in the interactional process and is unaffected by the situation he or she is in. c. Two aspects of a situation are important: the objective situation and the person's subjective view of the situation. d. People's cognitive, affective, motivational, and ability factors do not vary.

c. Two aspects of a situation are important: the objective situation and the person's subjective view of the situation. We must know something about the person and something about the situation in order to understand human behavior. One of the four propositions of interactional psychology is that two aspects of a situation are important: the objective situation and the person's subjective view of the situation.

In the context of the Big Five personality traits, _____ people are more motivated and perform better than others. a. emotionally stable b. agreeable c. conscientious d. extraverted

c. conscientious Across many occupations, conscientious people are more motivated and perform better than others. But different patterns of the Big Five traits are related to high performance in different occupations and work situations. Managers with emotional stability and extraversion are top performers.

People with an internal locus of control don't react well to close supervision, so managers should: a. control their work environments. b. provide them with a more structured work setting. c. give them considerable voice in how work is performed. d. keep a close watch on all their actions.

c. give them considerable voice in how work is performed. Because internals believe they control what happens to them, they will want to exercise control in their work environments. Internals don't react well to close supervision, so managers should give them considerable voice in how work is performed.

In an organization, people with an internal locus of control: a. appreciate more structured work settings. b. prefer not to participate in decision making. c. prefer participative management styles. d. react well to close supervision.

c. prefer participative management styles. In an organization, people with an internal locus of control often report higher job satisfaction, exhibit superior job performance, are more likely to assume managerial positions, and tend to prefer participative management styles more than those with an external locus of control. People who believe they control what happens to them have an internal locus of control, whereas people who believe that circumstances or other people control their fate have an external locus of control.

_____ allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits. a. Attention span b. Self-concept c. Cognitive weighting d. Cognitive complexity

d. Cognitive complexity Cognitive structure, an individual's pattern of thinking, also affects social perception. Cognitive complexity allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits.

Which of the following is a determinant of personality? a. Projection b. Time orientation c. Diversity d. Heredity

d. Heredity Personality has several origins. One determinant is heredity. Researchers have found that identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in very different situations nevertheless shared personality traits and job preferences.

Which of the following statements is true of introverted and conscientious employees? a. They are less motivated and perform poorly. b. They tend to rate others more leniently on peer evaluations. c. They are calm, self-confident, and cool. d. They are less likely to be absent from work.

d. They are less likely to be absent from work. The Big Five are broad, global traits associated with behaviors at work. For example, from preliminary research, we know that introverted and conscientious employees are less likely to be absent from work. Across many occupations, conscientious people are more motivated and perform better than others.

Which of the following statements is true of low self-monitors? a. They offer emotional help to people dealing with work-related anxiety. b. They respond appropriately to changes in the organizational situation. c. They appear more unpredictable. d. They behave consistently across situations.

d. They behave consistently across situations. Low self-monitors pay less attention to situational cues and act from internal states instead. As a result, low self-monitors behave consistently across situations.

Which of the following best defines behavioral measures of personality? a. They are an individual's tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of herself or himself. b. They help people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations. c. They elicit an individual's response to abstract stimuli. d. They examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation.

d. They examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation. Behavioral measures of personality examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation. Some potential problems with behavioral measures include the observer's ability to stay focused and the way the observer interprets the behavior. Additionally, some people behave differently when they know they are being observed.

Managers should encourage employees to raise their self-esteem by: a. measuring the results of employees' tasks. b. providing continual positive feedback to the entire workforce. c. exercising control in their work environments. d. giving them appropriate challenges and opportunities for success.

d. giving them appropriate challenges and opportunities for success. Self-esteem may be strongly affected by situations. Success tends to raise self-esteem, whereas failure lowers it. Managers should thus encourage employees to raise their self-esteem by giving them appropriate challenges and opportunities for success.

In the context of personality measurement tools, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: a. elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli. b. measures the Big Five traits. c. measures Carl Jung's theory of individual differences. d. helps diagnose several neurotic or psychotic disorders.

d. helps diagnose several neurotic or psychotic disorders. The most common method of assessing personality is the self-report questionnaire. One of the more widely recognized questionnaires is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, a comprehensive test assessing a variety of traits that can help diagnose several neurotic or psychotic disorders

Individuals who focus on the good aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general are said to have _____. a. high general self-efficacy b. cultural intelligence c. low self-esteem d. positive affect

d. positive affect Individuals who focus on the positive aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general are said to have positive affect. Individuals with positive affect are more satisfied with their jobs. They are also more likely to help others at work and engage in more organizational citizenship behaviors.

A(n) _____ is a situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior. a. weak situation b. integrative situation c. rigid situation d. strong situation

d. strong situation A strong situation is a situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior. These situations are interpreted in the same way by different individuals, evoke agreement on the appropriate behavior in the situation, and provide cues to appropriate behavior.