Outside

Medicine or Physiology

1970s war on cancer affects ___ prize. More attention to immune systems

Whistleblower

A ___ is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

Donna Strickland

CPA was developed by Gérard Mourou, a former engineer and senior scientist at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), and ___ '89 (PhD), who were jointly awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics for their research.

Will

On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last ___ and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality.[25] After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, US$472 million, for prizes set forth in will

conflict thesis

The "___" is a historiographical approach in the history of science which maintains that there is an intrinsic intellectual conflict between religion and scienceand that the relationship between religion and science inevitably leads to hostility; examples to support this thesis have commonly been drawn from the relations between science and religion in Western Europe.

Drake Equation

The Drake Equation is used to estimate the number of communicating civilizations in the cosmos, or more simply put, the odds of finding intelligent life in the universe. N = The number of civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy whose electromagnetic emissions are detectable.

Office of Scientific Integrity

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) is a U.S. government agency that focuses on research integrity, especially in health. It was created when the ___ (OSI) in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the ___ Review in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health merged in May 1992. The Office of Research Integrity oversees and directs Public Health Service (PHS) research integrity activities on behalf of the Secretary of Health and Human Services with the exception of the regulatory research integrity activities of the Food and Drug Administration.

Directed Evolution of Enzymes

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2018 with one half to Frances H Arnold "for the ___", and the other half jointly to George P Smith and Sir Gregory P Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies".

Fringe Culture

Typically, a "___" expands and grows into a counterculture by defining its own values in opposition to mainstream norms. Countercultures tend to peak, then go into decline, leaving a lasting impact on mainstream cultural values.

Marcello Truzzi

___ (September 6, 1935 - February 2, 2003) was a professor of sociology at New College of Florida and later at Eastern Michigan University, founding co-chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), a founder of the Society for Scientific Exploration,[1] and director for the Center for Scientific Anomalies Research. ___ was an investigator of various protosciences and pseudosciences and, as fellow CSICOP cofounder Paul Kurtzdubbed him "the skeptic's skeptic". He is credited with originating the oft-used phrase "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof", though earlier versions existed. ___ was skeptical of investigators and debunkers who determined the validity of a claim prior to investigation. He accused CSICOP of increasingly unscientific behavior, for which he coined the term pseudoskepticism. ___ held that CSICOP researchers sometimes also put unreasonable limits on the standards for proof regarding the study of anomalies and the paranormal. ___ co-authored a book on psychic detectives entitled The Blue Sense: Psychic Detectives and Crime. It investigated many psychic detectives and concluded: "[W]e unearthed new evidence supporting both sides in the controversy. We hope to have shown that much of the debate has been extremely simplistic."[6] The book also stated that the evidence didn't meet the burden of proof demanded for such an extraordinary claim.[7] Although he was very familiar with folie à deux, ___ was very confident a shared visual hallucination could not be skeptically examined by one of the participators. Thus he categorized it as an anomaly. In a 1982 interview ___ stated that controlled ESP (ganzfeld) experiments have "gotten the right results" maybe 60 percent of the time.[8] This question remains controversial. ___ remained an advisor to IRVA, the International Remote Viewing Association, from its founding meeting until his death.[9]

John E. Mack

___ M.D. was an American psychiatrist, writer, and professor and department head at Harvard Medical School. In 1976, ___ won the Pulitzer Prize for his book A Prince of Our Disorder on T.E. Lawrence. In the early 1990s, ___ commenced a decade-plus psychological study of 200 men and women who reported recurrent alien encounter experiences. Such encounters had seen some limited attention from academic figures, R. Leo Sprinkle perhaps being the earliest, in the 1960s. ___, however, remains probably the most esteemed academic to have studied the subject. Similarly, the BBC quoted ___ as saying, "I would never say, yes, there are aliens taking people. [But] I would say there is a compelling powerful phenomenon here that I can't account for in any other way, that's mysterious. Yet I can't know what it is but it seems to me that it invites a deeper, further inquiry." In May 1994, the Dean of Harvard Medical School, Daniel C. Tosteson, appointed a committee of peers to confidentially review ___'s clinical care and clinical investigation of the people who had shared their alien encounters with him (some of their cases were written of in ___'s 1994 book Abduction). Angela Hind wrote, "It was the first time in Harvard's history that a tenured professor was subjected to such an investigation. Concluding the fourteen-month investigation, Harvard then issued a statement stating that the Dean had "reaffirmed Dr. ___'s academic freedom to study what he wishes and to state his opinions without impediment," concluding "Dr. ___ remains a member in good standing of the Harvard Faculty of Medicine." (___ was censured in the committee's report for what they believed were methodological errors, but Dean Tosteson took no action based on the committee's assessment.) He had received legal help from Roderick MacLeish and Daniel Sheehan,[12] (of the Pentagon Papers case)[13] and the support of Laurance Rockefeller, who also funded ___'s non-profit organization for four consecutive years at $250,000 per year.

Germany

___ to US, success in winning Nobels

J. B. Rhine

___, was an American botanist who founded parapsychology as a branch of psychology, founding the parapsychology lab at Duke University, the Journal of Parapsychology, the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, and the Parapsychological Association.

ESPionage

https://www.cbsnews.com/video/esp-and-espionage-how-psychics-aided-the-u-s-government/

Selection Effect

Nobel prize has a notorious ___. ___ is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.

Optical Tweezers

Arthur Ashkin's ___: the Nobel Prize-winning technology that changed biology. The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to three pioneers of the laser technology that has made a big impact on the world. The other recipient was Arthur Ashkin for his groundbreaking work on ___. This method of using light to capture and manipulate tiny objects has changed the way we're able to study microscopic life.The energy carried by light is fundamental to life on our planet. But as well as energy, light beams also have a momentum, which is called radiation pressure. This means that if I shine a laser pointer at you, in addition to making you ever so slightly hotter, it will push you away with a very small force. Ashkin showed that if the laser beam was focused very tightly using a microscope then, rather than pushing objects away with radiation pressure, it would counter-intuitively attract particles towards it. When the laser beam was then moved, the particles would follow it, held in the focus of the beam at all times. Perhaps the greatest impact of ___ has been in biophysics. Optical tweezers can be used to sort healthy cells from infected ones, or identify those that might be cancerous.

Physics

In the field of ___: Crash second half of 70s Crash second half of 90s (end of cold war) The few ___ scientists left pondering the nature of reality were doomed in the sour academic job market of the 1970s, after Sputnik-driven education funding had dried up. "No field grew faster than physics after World War II, and no field crashed harder in the 1970s," Kaiser says." -->

Anti-Soviet Bias

Pro-US tendency, ___ they don't like communists Economics was not on Nobel's original list of prize disciplines. Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank created the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969. Although it is governed by the same rules as the others, many, including members of the Nobel family, criticized this prize for violating Nobel's intent. As of 2010, the faculty of the University of Chicago had garnered nine Prizes—far more than any other university. This led to claims of bias against alternative or heterodox economics

Negative Immune Regulation

The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of ___. Monoclonal antibodies with capacity to unleash responses against tumors are nowadays often referred to as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Tasuko Honjo

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to James P. Allison and ___ for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

James P. Allison

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to ___ and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

Cash

The Nobel Prize comes with a diploma, medal, and ___ award. Here is a look at how much the Nobel Prize is worth. Each year the Nobel Foundation decides on the ___ prize awarded to each Nobel laureate. The ___ prize is 8 million SEK (about US$1.1 million or €1.16 million)

Bogdanoff Brothers

The ___ are French twin brothers who are television presenters, producers and scientific essayists who, since the 1970s, have presented various subjects in science fiction, popular science and cosmology

Frances H. Arnold

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2018 with one half to ___ "for the directed evolution of enzymes", and the other half jointly to George P Smith and Sir Gregory P Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies".

Gregory P. Winter

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 with one half to Frances H. Arnold California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA "for the directed evolution of enzymes" and the other half jointly to George P. Smith University of Missouri, Columbia, USA and Sir ___ MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"

George P. Smith

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 with one half to Frances H. Arnold California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA "for the directed evolution of enzymes" and the other half jointly to ___ (University of Missouri, Columbia, USA) and Sir Gregory P. Winter MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"

Secret Service

The United States ___ is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting the nation's leaders Investigative Mission - Safeguards the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic-based crimes. Financial investigations include counterfeit US currency, bank & financial institution fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, illicit financing operations, and major conspiracies.

Schön scandal, Jan Hendrik Schön (b. 1970)

The ___ concerns German physicist ___ (born August 1970 in Verden an der Aller, Lower Saxony, Germany) who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs with semiconductors that were later discovered to be fraudulent.[1] Before he was exposed, ___ had received the Otto-Klung-Weberbank Prize for Physics and the Braunschweig Prize in 2001, as well as the Outstanding Young Investigator Award of the Materials Research Society in 2002, both of which were later rescinded.[2][dubious - discuss] The scandal provoked discussion in the scientific community about the degree of responsibility of coauthors and reviewers of scientific articles. The debate centered on whether peer review, traditionally designed to find errors and determine relevance and originality of articles, should also be required to detect deliberate fraud.

Nobel Prize

The ___ is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. [[Each year, thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists, previous Nobel Laureates and members of parliamentary assemblies and others, are asked to submit candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and universities as possible are represented over time. After receiving all nominations, the Nobel Committees of the four prize awarding institutions are responsible for the selection of the candidates.]]. The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. Swedish National Academcy of Sciences does Nobel Prize (NP) First prize given away in 1901 "Prize must go to living scientist - For works that were published in the preceeding year " If work is done over longer time but proven in that year then person might win prize that year

Replication Crisis

The ___ is an ongoing (2018) methodological crisis primarily affecting the social sciences in which scholars have found that the results of many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce on subsequent investigation, either by independent researchers or by the original researchers themselves.[1][2] The crisis has long-standing roots; the phrase was coined in the early 2010s[3] as part of a growing awareness of the problem. Because the reproducibility of experiments is an essential part of the scientific method,[4] the inability to replicate the studies of others has potentially grave consequences for many fields of science in which significant theories are grounded on unreproducible experimental work. The ___ has been particularly widely discussed in the field of psychology (and in particular, social psychology) and in medicine, where a number of efforts have been made to re-investigate classic results, and to attempt to determine both the reliability of the results, and, if found to be unreliable, the reasons for the failure of replication.[

Grievance Studies affair

The ___, also referred to as "hoax" or the "Sokal Squared" scandal, was an attempt by a team of three authors to create bogus academic papers and submit them to academic journals in the areas of cultural, race, gender, fat, and sexuality studies. 2017-2018

Reproducibility Project (Open Science Collaboration)

The ___: Psychology was a collaboration of 270 contributing authors to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies. This project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder, Brian Nosek, who started the project in November 2011. The results of this collaboration were published in August 2015. Reproducibility is the ability to produce a copy or duplicate, in this case it is the ability to replicate the results of the original studies. The project has illustrated the growing problem of failed reproducibility in social science. This project has started a movement that has spread through the science world with the expanded testing of the reproducibility of published works.[1]

Attribution, Gender

\Issues of ___, who gets credit for which prize. If your advisor got a Nobel Prize, you are more likely to get a prize No women get prize surprise - ___ issues Jews overrepresented, Chinese underrepresented Physics prize is basically for laser physics Longer life rlly helps you win Lasers r still important much bc of this prize

Hwang Woo-suk (b. 1953)

___ (born January 29, 1953)[1] is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. He was called the "Pride of Korea" in South Korea. Soon after the first paper was released, however, an article in the journal Nature charged ___ with having committed ethical violations by using eggs from his graduate students and from the black market.[4] Although he denied the charges at first, ___ admitted the allegations were true in November 2005.[5] Shortly after that his human cloning experiments were revealed to be fraudulent.

Andrew Wakefield

___ is a discredited former British doctor who became an anti-vaccine activist. He was a gastroenterologist until he was struck off the UK medical register for unethical behaviour, misconduct and fraud. After the publication of the paper, other researchers were unable to reproduce Wakefield's findings or confirm his hypothesis of an association between the MMR vaccine and autism,[8] or autism and gastrointestinal disease.[9] A 2004 investigation by Sunday Times reporter Brian Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on ___'s part,[10] and most of his co-authors then withdrew their support for the study's interpretations.

Phage Display

___ is a laboratory technique for the study of protein-protein, protein-peptide, and protein-DNA interactions that uses bacteriophages to connect proteins with the genetic information that encodes them. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 with one half to Frances H. Arnold California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA "for the directed evolution of enzymes" and the other half jointly to George P. Smith University of Missouri, Columbia, USA and Sir Gregory P. Winter MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"

Chirped Pulse Amplification (winner)

___ is a technique for amplifying an ultrashort laser pulse up to the petawatt level with the laser pulse being stretched out temporally and spectrally prior to amplification. Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland won part of 2018 physics Nobel (split w Ashkin) for inventing ___. // Mourou and Strickland found that stretching a laser out reduced its peak power, which could then be greatly amplified using normal instruments. It could then be compressed to create the short-lived, highly powerful lasers they were after. They were probably unaware at the time that ___ would make it possible to study natural phenomena in unprecedented ways.[11] ___ could also per definition be used to create a laser pulse that only lasts one attosecond, one-billionth of a billionth of a second. At those timescales, it became possible not only to study chemical reactions, but what happens inside individual atoms. //

Arthur Ashkin

___ is an American scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at age 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate.

Jacques Benveniste

___ was a French immunologist, born in Paris. In 1979 he published a well-known paper on the structure of platelet-activating factor and its relationship with histamine. He was head of INSERM's Unit 200, directed at immunology, allergy and inflammation. As a condition for publication, Nature asked for the results to be replicated by independent laboratories. The controversial paper published in Nature was eventually co-authored by four laboratories worldwide, in Canada, Italy, Israel, and France.[1] After the article was published, a follow-up investigation was set up by a team including physicist and Nature editor John Maddox, illusionist and well-known skeptic James Randi, as well as fraud expert Walter Stewart who had recently raised suspicion of the work of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore.[2] With the cooperation of ___'s own team, the group failed to replicate the original results, and subsequent investigations did not support ___'s findings either. ___ refused to retract his controversial article, and he explained (notably in letters to Nature) that the protocol used in these investigations was not identical to his own. However, his reputation was damaged, so he began to fund his research himself as his external sources of funding were withdrawn. In 1997, he founded the company DigiBio to "develop and commercialise applications of Digital Biology."

Alfred Nobel

___ was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Known for inventing dynamite, ____ also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. ___ created dynamite. At the time seden was a major intellectual powerhouse Trying to produce international cooperation through peaceful international competition. Created Nobel Prize.

Gérard Mourou

___ was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, along with Donna Strickland, for the invention of chirped pulse amplification, a technique later used to create ultrashort-pulse, very high-intensity laser pulses.

Contemporary Science

___: 1. Americanization 2. Credit - everybody publishing, less focus on quality more on quantity, peer review less important 3. Exclusion/Inclusion 4. Data 5. Popularization 6. Cost

AmGen (Study)

___: A biotechnology firm is releasing data on three failed efforts to confirm findings in high-profile scientific journals — details that the industry usually keeps secret. ___, headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California, says that it hopes the move will encourage others in industry and academia to describe their own replication attempts, and thus help the scientific community to get to the bottom of work that other labs are having trouble verifying. The data are posted online at a newly launched channel dedicated to quickly publishing efforts to confirm scientific findings. The 'Preclinical Reproducibility and Robustness' channel is hosted by F1000Research, the publishing platform of London-based publishers Faculty of 1000 (F1000). Scientists who are concerned about the irreproducibility of preclinical research say that they welcome the initiative — but are not sure whether it will gain traction. Open to criticism The idea emerged from discussions at a meeting focused on improving scientific integrity, hosted by the US National Academy of Sciences in 2015. Sasha Kamb, who leads research discovery at Amgen, said that his company's scientists have in many instances tried and failed to reproduce academic studies, but that it takes too much time and effort to publish these accounts through conventional peer-review procedures.

Effects of Replication Crisis

___: What started out a few years ago as a crisis of confidence in scientific results has evolved into an opportunity for improvement. Researchers and journal editors are exposing how studies get done and encouraging independent redos of published reports. And there's nothing like the string of failed replications to spur improved scientific practice.

Competition with Nobel Prize

___: ex. fields medal, The MacArthur Fellows Program aka genius grant

The Problem of Credit

___: prior to publication, any investigation must pass the screening of the "peer review." This is a critical part of the process—only after peer review can a work be considered part of the scientific literature. And only peer-reviewed work will be counted during hiring and evaluation, as a valuable unit of work. What are the implications of the current publication system—based on peer review—on the progress of science at a time when competition among scientists is rising? In fact, at least initially, to the eye of an hiring committee the weight of a publication is primarily given by the "impact factor" of the journal in which it appears. The impact factor is a metric of success that counts the average past "citations" of articles published by a journal in previous years. That is, how many times an article is referenced by other published articles in any other scientific journal. This index is a proxy for the prestige of a journal, and an indicator of the expected future citations of a prospective article in that journal. Science is a winner-take-all enterprise, where whoever makes the decisive discovery first gets all the fame and credit, whereas all the remaining researchers are forgotten. Given its importance, publishing in top journals is extremely difficult, and rejection rates range from 80 percent to 98 percent. Such high rates imply that sound research can also fail to make it into top journals. Often, valuable studies rejected by top journals end up in lower-tier journals. // The competition can be fierce and the stakes high. In such a competitive environment, experiencing an erroneous rejection, or simply a delayed publication, might have huge costs to bear. That is why some Nobel Prize winners no longer hesitate to publish their results in low-impact journals.

Nobel Prize Areas

___: six: (peace, literature, physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and economic science). Categories are not hard and fast

Wedge Strategy

The ___ is a creationist political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement. The strategy was put forth in a Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document. The strategy was originally brought to the public's attention when the Wedge Document was leaked on the Web. The strategy was put forth in a Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document. Its goal is to change American culture by shaping public policy to reflect politically conservative fundamentalist evangelical Protestant values. The wedge metaphor is attributed to Phillip E. Johnson and depicts a metal wedge splitting a log. The ___forms the governing basis of a wide range of Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns. The Wedge Document is a publication of the Discovery Institute which outlines their goal to bring the "controversy" over "evolution" versus "intelligent design" into the public arena, in a way politically contrived to get less informed members of the public to side with the idea of "teach both sides" (one side being "science", the other religion). It is the smoking gun that demonstrates that "intelligent design" is "creationism" in a thin disguise. The full text of the document can be found at Text of The ___

Demarcation

The ___ problem in the philosophy of science and epistemology is about how to distinguish between science and non-science, including between science, pseudoscience, and other products of human activity, like art and literature, and beliefs.

Scopes Trial (1925)

The ___, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school.[1] The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.

Fermi Paradox

The ___, is the apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence and high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

Philip Johnson

___ (born June 18, 1940) is a retired UC Berkeley law professor, opponent of evolutionary science, co-founder of the pseudo-scientific intelligent design movement, author of the "Wedge strategy" and co-founder of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (CSC) . He has described himself as "in a sense the father of the intelligent design movement".[1] He is a critic of Darwinism, which he has described as "fully naturalistic evolution, involving chance mechanisms and natural selection".[2] The wedge strategy aims to change public opinion and scientific consensus, and seeks to convince the scientific community to allow a role for theism, or causes beyond naturalistic explanation, in scientific discourse.[3] Johnson has argued that scientists accepted the theory of evolution "before it was rigorously tested, and thereafter used all their authority to convince the public that naturalistic processes are sufficient to produce a human from a bacterium, and a bacterium from a mix of chemicals."[4] The scientific community considers Johnson's defense of intelligent design to be pseudoscientific

Brandon Carter

___ FRS (born 1942) is an Australian theoretical physicist, best known for his work on the properties of black holes and for being the first to name and employ the anthropic principle in its contemporary form. He is a researcher at the Meudon campus of the Laboratoire Univers et Théories, part of the CNRS.

Fringe science

___ is an inquiry in an established field of study which departs significantly from mainstream theories in that field and is considered to be questionable by the mainstream.

State Intervention

___ is any action carried out by the government or public entity that affects the market economy with the direct objective of having an impact in the economy, beyond the mere regulation of contracts and provision of public goods.

Debunking

___ is to expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief)

Lemon v. Kurtzman, Lemon Test

___, 403 U.S. 602, was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled in an 8-1 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act from 1968 was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. ___ (s): Three ... tests may be gleaned from our cases. First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.

Bill Nye

___, is an American science communicator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer. ___ the Science Guy is an American half-hour live action science program that originally was syndicated by Walt Disney Television to local stations from September 10, 1993 to June 20, 1998 and also aired on PBS from 1994 to 1999.

The Blind Watchmaker

___: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design is a 1986 book by Richard Dawkins, in which the author presents an explanation of, and argument for, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. He also presents arguments to refute certain criticisms made on his first book, The Selfish Gene. (Both books espouse the gene-centric view of evolution.) An unabridged audiobook edition was released in 2011, narrated by Richard Dawkins and Lalla Ward.

Creation Museum

"The ___ shows why God´s infallible Word, rather than man´s faulty assumptions, is the place to begin if we want to make sense of our world. This 75,000-square-foot facility allows families to experience earth history as God has revealed it in the Bible. Nearly 150 exhibits feature fearsome animatronic dinosaurs, talking heroes of the faith, and professional displays that honor God´s Word. The museum also boasts a fun-filled, 200-seat special effects theater, a state-of-the-art planetarium, a petting zoo, nature trails, and lots more. At the heart of the ___ is a chronological retelling of biblical history in seven parts called the Seven C´s. Guests step back in time, beginning with Creation, and fast-forward to Christ´s return. Along the way, they see how God´s Word provides the big-picture answers for our most difficult questions, whether about science, the Bible, or our personal relationship with God. The ___ is a Christian evangelistic outreach of Answers in Genesis, as is our sister attraction, the Ark Encounter. Located 40 miles from the museum in Williamstown, Kentucky, the Ark Encounter brings to life the Ark of Noah's day and equips visitors to understand the reality of the events recorded in the book of Genesis."

Project Bluebook

"___was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. It started in 1952, the third study of its kind (the first two were projects Sign (1947) and Grudge (1949)). A termination order was given for the study in December 1969, and all activity under its auspices ceased in January 1970. ___ had two goals: To determine if UFOs were a threat to national security, and To scientifically analyze UFO-related data." "Thousands of UFO reports were collected, analyzed, and filed. As a result of the Condon Report (1968), which concluded there was nothing anomalous about UFOs, and a review of the report by the National Academy of Sciences, Project Blue Book was terminated in December 1969. The Air Force provides the following summary of its investigations: - No UFO reported, investigated and evaluated by the Air Force was ever an indication of threat to our national security; - There was no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as ""unidentified"" represented technological developments or principles beyond the range of modern scientific knowledge; and - There was no evidence indicating that sightings categorized as ""unidentified"" were extraterrestrial vehicles.[" By the time Project Blue Book ended, it had collected 12,618 UFO reports, and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural phenomena (clouds, stars, etc.) or conventional aircraft. According to the National Reconnaissance Office a number of the reports could be explained by flights of the formerly secret reconnaissance planes U-2 and A-12.[2] A small percentage of UFO reports were classified as unexplained, even after stringent analysis. The UFO reports were archived and are available under the Freedom of Information Act, but names and other personal information of all witnesses have been redacted. n response to the Condon Committee's conclusions, Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr. announced that Blue Book would soon be closed, because further funding "cannot be justified either on the grounds of national security or in the interest of science."[28] The last publicly acknowledged day of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, researcher Brad Sparks,[29] citing research from the May, 1970 issue of NICAP's UFO Investigator, reports that the last day of Blue Book activity was actually January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem from overlapping into a fourth decade, and thus altered the date of Blue Book's closure in official files.

The shadows of science

(Pseudoscience is ___): Princeton University historian Michael Gordin. The good part is that scientists should take the proliferation of pseudoscience as a compliment. It's because the public respects and even reveres science that so many fakers and wannabes clothe themselves in scientific trappings. [healthy fringe = prestige of science is high]. The bad news is that pseudoscience can't be eradicated. If scientists try to emphasize some distinguishing trait of science, pseudoscientists will try to copy it. If being published in a peer reviewed journal is important for science, then pseudoscientists will create their own peer reviewed journals devoted to ESP, creationism, or cold fusion. If testability is the key, the pseudoscientists will claim to have passed one.

Ned Feder and Walter Stewart

1993 // Strong pressure is being brought to bear on Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) officials to reverse a May personnel action at the National Institutes of Health. That move, to reassign fraud investigators ___ to new jobs, effectively ended the pair's controversial scientific misconduct research at the institutes. Tactics to influence administrators have included a 33-day protest fast by Stewart and letters supporting the two men and their work from prominent members of Congress. // ___ -- forced into new jobs at the National Institutes of Health in April 1993, ending their decade-long careers as self-styled scientific misconduct investigators and whistleblowers -- have quietly but persistently continued their inquiries into research wrongdoing. They do so now, however, on their own time and with non-governmental resources.

Irreducible Complexity

Charles Darwin provided a criterion by which his theory of evolution could be falsified. The logic was simple: since evolution is a gradual process in which slight modifications produce advantages for survival, it cannot produce complex structures in a short amount of time. It's a step-by-step process which may gradually build up and modify complex structures, but it cannot produce them suddenly. Darwin, meet Michael Behe, biochemical researcher and professor at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania. Michale Behe claims to have shown exactly what Darwin claimed would destroy the theory of evolution, through a concept he calls "___." In simple terms, this idea applies to any system of interacting parts in which the removal of any one part destroys the function of the entire system. An ___ system, then, requires each and every component to be in place before it will function. As a simple example of ___, Behe presents the humble mousetrap.

Equal Time

Claim: creationism and evolution deserve ___ in science classes. 1. 1940s radio and tv (political) 2. 1970s creationism/flood science 3. 1980 passes lemon test 4. ___ laws pass in south

Roswell

In mid-1947, a United States Army Air Forces balloon crashed at a ranch near ___, New Mexico.[1] Following wide initial interest in the crashed "flying disc", the US military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon.[2] Interest subsequently waned until the late 1970s, when ufologists began promoting a variety of increasingly elaborate conspiracy theories, claiming that one or more alien spacecraft had crash-landed and that the extraterrestrial occupants had been recovered by the military, which then engaged in a cover-up. In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed object: a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the ___ incident continues to be of interest in popular media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. ___ has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim"

X-Files

In one of the longest-running science fiction series in network TV history, FBI special agents investigate unexplained, mind-bending cases known as "X-Files." Though the government is convinced that the outlandish reports are false, conspiracy theorist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and realist Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), for most of the series, stop at nothing to prove that "the truth is out there." Series creator Chris Carter also serves as executive producer of the thrilling pop-culture phenomenon. First episode date: September 10, 1993 Final episode date: March 21, 2018

Denialism

In the psychology of human behavior, ___ is a person's choice to deny reality, as a way to avoid a psychologically uncomfortable truth.[1] ___ is an essentially irrational action that withholds the validation of a historical experience or event, when a person refuses to accept an empirically verifiable reality.[2] In the sciences, denialism is the rejection of basic facts and concepts that are undisputed, well-supported parts of the scientific consensus on a subject, in favor of radical and controversial ideas.[3] The terms Holocaust ___ and AIDS denialism describe the denial of the facts and the reality of the subject matters,[4] and the term climate change denial describes denial of the scientific consensus that the climate change of planet Earth is a real and occurring event primarily caused by human activity.[5]The forms of denialism present the common feature of the person rejecting overwhelming evidence and the generation of political controversy with attempts to deny the existence of consensus.[6][7] The motivations and causes of ___ include religion and self-interest (economic, political, financial) and defence mechanisms meant to protect the psyche of the denialist against mentally disturbing facts and ideas

Anthropic Principle and Multiverse Theory

In this Letter we examine the Multiverse theory and how it relates to the ___ Under the supposition of Eternal Inflation, the String Theory Landscape (STL) has reinvigorated the discussion of the ___. The main premise being that the fundamental constants of our Universe are not necessarily of any fundamental physical importance, rather that the specific values are requisite for intelligent life to arise, and hence, for intelligent life to measure such constants. STL predicts a multitude of other meta-stable Universes with fundamental constants different than our own, possibly hinting at some intrinsic specialness of human life. We develop a theoretical framework to prove whether, (1) the Universe we observe must be consistent with the existence of observers, (2) the principle is only ontological in nature, or (3) if the ___ itself is simply a tautology. // Science's Alternative to an Intelligent Creator: the Multiverse Theory Our universe is perfectly tailored for life. That may be the work of God or the result of our universe being one of many.

Sam Harris

Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, critic of religion,[3] blogger, public intellectual, and podcast host. He has a PhD in neuroscience, but does not practice on any medium.[4] His work touches on a wide range of topics, including rationality, ethics, free will, neuroscience, meditation, philosophy of mind, politics, Islamism, terrorism, and artificial intelligence. He is described as one of the "Four Horsemen of Atheism," together with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett

Russell Targ, Harold Puthoff

Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1972. ___ and ___ coined the term "remote viewing" for the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using parapsychological means. Work on remote viewing has been characterized as pseudoscience and has also been criticized for lack of rigor.

Optimum Channel

The "___" is the Optimum Signal Modulation for Interstellar Communication ...just in the most favoured radio region there lives a unique, objective standard of frequency, which would be known to every observer in the universe: the outstanding radio emission line at 1,420 Mc./s. (λ = 21 cm.) of neutral hydrogen." Since the object of those who operate the source is to find a newly evolved society, we may presume that the channel used will be one that places a minimum burden of frequency and angular discrimination on the detector. Moreover, the channel must not be highly attenuated in space or in the Earth's atmosphere.

Spring Meeting of The American Physical Society (APS) in Baltimore

The 1989 ___ featured two sessions devoted to the subject of cold fusion. Other highlights of the meeting, to be discussed below, include papers on supernova 1987A, the production of Z particles at the Stanford Linear Collider, and electron-positron annihilation at the center of the Milky Way. The nearly forty speakers at the cold fusion sessions offered very little support for the experiment performed at the University of Utah by B. Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, who claimed that they had observed an excess of heat and the production of neutrons from room-temperature fusion reactions in an electrolytic cell. The following is a summary of the cold fusion results presented at the meeting. (Pons and Fleischmann themselves declined an invitation to present their work at the meeting.)

Natural Philosophy Alliance, NPA

The ___ (__) was founded in 1994 by Dr. John Chappell and others in order to create an organization friendly to the idea of criticizing Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. The first president being John Chappell of California who organized conferences and debates, wrote newsletters, and kept the spirit of critical thinking alive in the 1990s and 2000s. After the death of John Chappell in 2002, the ___ continued under various presidents including Francisco Muller, and Dr. Eberely Spencer and was able to maintain a membership between 40 and 60 people with annual meetings. In 2013 under new directorship, the ___ members voted overwhelmingly for the president and secretary to step down. Given the bylaws, the new directors refused to step down, and 97% of the membership left and formed a new group. After the split, the ___ did hold one conference in 2014 but with a very small attendance and almost no members, it is all but ceased to function.

search for extraterrestrial intelligence, SETI

The ___ (___) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other planets. a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to "explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe". ___ Institute, located in Mountain View, California, employs over 50 researchers that study all aspects of the search for life, its origins, the environment in which life develops, and its ultimate fate.

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research, PEAR

The ___ (___) was a research program at Princeton University that studied parapsychology.[1] Established in 1979 by then Dean of Engineering Robert G. Jahn, ___ closed in February 2007, being incorporated into the "International Consciousness Research Laboratories" (ICRL).[2] The program was controversial.[ PEAR's primary purpose was to engage in parapsychological exercises on topics such as psychokinesis (PK) and remote viewing.[4][5] The program had a strained relationship with Princeton and was considered an embarrassment to the university.[2][6][7][8] ___'s activities have been criticized for lack of scientific rigor, poor methodology, and misuse of statistics,[9][10][11] and have been characterized as pseudoscience.

Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, BPP

The ___ (___) was a research project funded by NASA from 1996-2002 to study various proposals for revolutionary methods of spacecraft propulsion that would require breakthroughs in physics before they could be realized.[1][2] The project ended in 2002, when the Advanced Space Transportation Program was reorganized and all speculative research (less than Technology Readiness Level 3) was cancelled.[2] During its six years of operational funding, this program received a total investment of $1.2 million. The ___ addressed a selection of "incremental and affordable" research questions towards the overall goal of propellantless propulsion, hyperfast travel, and breakthrough propulsion methods.[3] It selected and funded five external projects, two in-house tasks and one minor grant.[2] At the end of the project, conclusions into fourteen topics, including these funded projects, were summarized by program manager Marc G. Millis.[1] Of these, six research avenues were found to be nonviable, four were identified as opportunities for continued research, and four remain unresolved

John Templeton Foundation

The ___ is a philanthropic organization that reflects the ideas of its founder, John Templeton, who became wealthy after a career as a contrarian investor and wanted to support progress in religious and spiritual knowledge, especially at the intersection of religion and science.

The anthropic principle

The ___ is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.

Discovery Institute

The ___ is a politically conservative non-profit think tank based in Seattle, Washington, that advocates the pseudoscientific concept of intelligent design.

Templeton Prize

The ___ is an annual award granted to a living person who, in the estimation of the judges, "has made an exceptional contribution to affirming life's spiritual dimension, whether through insight, discovery, or practical works".

Darwin Centennial Celebration

The ___ of 1959 was a worldwide celebration of the life and work of British naturalist Charles Darwin that marked the 150th anniversary of his birth, the 100th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species, and the 125th anniversary of the second voyage of HMS Beagle.

secularization thesis

The ___ refers to the belief that as societies progress, particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance.

Galileo Affair

The ___ was a sequence of events, beginning around 1610, culminating with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633 for his support of heliocentrism.

SETI, Carl Sagan

The newly-formed 1___ Institute's first Trustees were Frank Drake, Andrew Fraknoi, Roger Heyns, and William Welch. Over the years, such well-known figures as 2___, Lew Platt, and Nobel Prize winners Baruch Blumberg and Charles Townes have served on the Board of Trustees. Jill Tarter is currently a Trustee of the Institute. Current President and CEO Bill Diamond took charge in June 2015. New directions for the 1___ Institute have led to a restructuring of the operations of the Institute, folding the 1___ research program into the larger science umbrella of the Carl Sagan Center.

The Zetetic

The original name of the Skeptical Inquirer magazine was The ___. After Marcello Truzzi's falling out with CSICOP, he appropriated the term "___ism" for his brand of "more open minded" skepticism. He started another journal, the ___ Scholar. "___" is an obscure English word coming from Greek through Latin. As an adjective it means "proceeding by inquiry; investigating", and, thus, when used as a noun - "inquirer". It has been used as a something-like-synonym of "skeptic" at least twice

Alien abduction

The terms ___ describe "subjectively real memories of being taken secretly against one's will by apparently nonhuman entities and subjected to complex physical and psychological procedures".[1]People claiming to have been abducted are usually called "abductees"[2] or "experiencers". Typical claims involve being subjected to forced medical examinations that emphasize abductee reproductive systems.[3] Abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against environmental abuse and the dangers of nuclear weapons. The first alleged ___ claim to be widely publicized was the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961

Margaret O'Toole

When Dr. ___, a junior researcher in molecular biology, raised uncomfortable questions in 1986 about the validity of a senior colleague's work, she felt alone. Dr. David A. Baltimore, a Nobel laureate who was a co-author of a research paper that used the disputed work, described her as a "disgruntled postdoctoral fellow." She lost her job and her house and feared that her husband's job was in jeopardy as well. She took work answering phones at her brother's moving company. It was very difficult," she said today. "There were times when I was really frantic." 'Maintained Her Commitment' But Wednesday, in language rising above the scientific and bureaucratic jargon common in Government reports, the National Institutes of Health called her a hero. "Dr. ___ suffered substantially for the simple act of raising questions about a scientific paper," the agency said in a report on the case. "Notwithstanding the losses and costs she incurred, Dr. ___ maintained her commitment to scientific integrity." In a draft report, the health institutes' Office of Scientific Integrity said in effect that Dr. ___ had been right all along: crucial data in the paper based on work by her superior, Dr. Thereza Imanishi-Kari, had been faked. The scientific paper described findings suggesting that transplanted genes could stimulate a recipient's immune system. The finding has not been confirmed by other researchers.

Sir John Templeton

___ (29 November 1912 - 8 July 2008)[1] was an American-born British investor, banker, fund manager, and philanthropist. In 1954, he entered the mutual fund market and created the ___ Growth Fund.[2] In 1999, Money magazine named him "arguably the greatest global stock picker of the century." As a member of the Presbyterian Church, ___ was dedicated to his faith. However, ___ eschewed dogma and declared relatively little was known about the divine through scripture, espousing what he called a "humble approach" to theology and remaining open to the benefits and values of other faiths.[29] Commenting on his commitment to what he called spiritual progress, "But why shouldn't I try to learn more? Why shouldn't I go to Hindu services? Why shouldn't I go to Muslimservices? If you are not egotistical, you will welcome the opportunity to learn more."[16] Similarly, one of the major goals of the ___ Foundation is to proliferate the monetary support of spiritual discoveries. The ___ Foundation encourages research into "big questions" by awarding philanthropic aid to institutions and people who pursue the answers to such questions through "explorations into the laws of nature and the universe, to questions on the nature of love, gratitude, forgiveness, and creativity."

Answers in Genesis (AiG)

___ (AiG) is a fundamentalist Christian apologetics parachurch organization. It advocates a literal or historical-grammatical interpretation of the Book of Genesis, with a particular focus on a pseudoscientific promotion of young Earth creationism, which rejects those results of scientific investigation which do not conform to their literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative. The organization sees evolution as incompatible with the Bible and believes anything other than the young Earth view is a compromise on biblical inerrancy. ___ began as the Creation Science Foundation in 1980, following the merger of two Australian creationist groups. Its name changed to ___ in 1994, when Ken Ham founded the organization's United States branch. In 2006 the branches in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa split from the US and UK to form Creation Ministries International. In 2007, ___ opened the Creation Museum, a facility that promotes young Earth creationism, and in 2016 the organization opened the Ark Encounter, a Noah's Ark themed amusement park. ___ also publishes websites, magazines, and journals.

Stephen Jay Gould

___ (September 10, 1941 - May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read authors of popular science of his generation.[1] ___ spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In 1996, ___ was hired as the Vincent Astor Visiting Research Professor of Biology at New York University, where he divided his time teaching there and at Harvard. ___'s most significant contribution to evolutionary biology was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972.[2] The theory proposes that most evolution is characterized by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is infrequently punctuated by swift periods of branching speciation. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.[3] In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields (or "non-overlapping magisteria") whose authorities do not overlap

Intelligent Design, ID

___ (___) is a pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God, presented by its proponents as "an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins".[1][2][3][4][5] Proponents claim that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."[6] ___ is a form of creationism that lacks empirical support and offers no testable or tenable hypotheses, so it is not science.[7][8][9]The leading proponents of ___ are associated with the Discovery Institute, a fundamentalist Christian and politically conservative think tank based in the United States.[n 1]

Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, BSCS

___ (___) is an educational center that develops curricular materials, provides educational support, and conducts research and evaluation in the fields of science and technology. It was formed in 1958, and became an independent non-profit organization in 1973, headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado. For teachers to be successful in the classroom, they must have access to high quality instructional materials. We leverage research insights and current industry standards to produce reliable curricula, as we've done since our earliest days.

Non-Overlapping Magisteria, NOMA

___ (___) is the view that was advocated by Stephen Jay Gould that science and religion each represent different areas of inquiry, fact vs. values, so there is a difference between the "nets"[1] over which they have "a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority," and the two domains do not overlap.[2] He suggests, with examples, that "___ enjoys strong and fully explicit support, even from the primary cultural stereotypes of hard-line traditionalism" and that it is "a sound position of general consensus, established by long struggle among people of goodwill in both magisteria."[1] Some have criticized the idea or suggested limitations to it, and there continues to be disagreement over where the boundaries between the two magisteria should be

David Baltimore

___ (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. He served as president of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) from 1997 to 2006, and is currently the President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology at Caltech. He also served as president of Rockefeller University from 1990 to 1991, and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007. Baltimore has profoundly influenced international science, including key contributions to immunology, virology, cancer research, biotechnology, and recombinant DNA research, through his accomplishments as a researcher, administrator, educator, and public advocate for science and engineering. He has trained many doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows, several of whom have gone on to notable and distinguished research careers. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he has received a number of awards, including the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999. Baltimore currently sits on the Board of Sponsors[2] for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is a consultant to the Science Philanthropy Alliance. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Thereza Imanishi-Kari, a scientist who was not in Baltimore's laboratory but in a separate, independent laboratory at MIT, was implicated in a case of scientific fraud. The case received extensive news coverage and a Congressional investigation. The case was linked to ___'s name because of his scientific collaboration with and later his strong defense of Imanishi-Kari against accusations of fraud. (see ___ Affair)

Coast-to-Coast

___ AM is an American late-night radio talk show that deals with a variety of topics. Most frequently the topics relate to either the paranormal or conspiracy theories. The program is distributed by Premiere Networks, both as part of its talk network and separately as a syndicated program.

Strong, Weak

___ Anthropic Principle: the Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in it's history. ___ Anthropic Principle: the observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on the values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so.

Martin Fleischmann

___ FRS was a British chemist who worked in electrochemistry. Premature announcement of his cold fusion research with Stanley Pons, regarding excess heat in heavy water, caused a media sensation although they continued their interest and research in cold fusion.

Logical Positivism

___ and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was verificationism, a theory of knowledge which asserted that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are cognitively meaningful.

Pseudoscience

___ consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method ___ is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; and absence of systematic practices when developing theories, and continued adherence long after they have been experimentally discredited. The term ___ is considered pejorative[4] because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.[2] The renowned philosopher Karl Popper coined the term "demarcation problem" to describe the quest to distinguish science from ___. ... In other words, if a theory articulates which empirical conditions would invalidate it, then the theory is scientific; if it doesn't, it's ___.

The God Delusion

___ is a 2006 best-selling[1] book by English biologist Richard Dawkins, a professorial fellow at New College, Oxford[2][3] and former holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford. In ___, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that belief in a personal god qualifies as a delusion, which he defines as a persistent false belief held in the face of strong contradictory evidence. He is sympathetic to Robert Pirsig's statement in Lila (1991) that "when one person suffers from a delusion it is called insanity. When many people suffer from a delusion it is called religion."[4] With many examples, he explains that one does not need religion to be moral and that the roots of religion and of morality can be explained in non-religious terms.

James Randi

___ is a Canadian-American retired stage magician and a scientific skeptic who has extensively challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. ___ is the co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, originally known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. He is also the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). He began his career as a magician under the stage name The Amazing ___ and later chose to devote most of his time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernaturalclaims, which he collectively calls "woo-woo".[6] Randi retired from practicing magic at age 60, and from the JREF at 87.

Erich von Däniken

___ is a Swiss author of several books which make claims about extraterrestrial influences on early human culture, including the best-selling Chariots of the Gods?, published in 1968. ___ is one of the main figures responsible for popularizing the "paleo-contact" and ancient astronauts hypotheses. The ideas put forth in his books are rejected by a majority of scientists and academics, who categorize his work as pseudohistory, pseudoarchaeology, and pseudoscience.[1][2][3] Early in his career, he was convicted and served time for several counts of fraud or embezzlement, and even wrote one of his books in prison. Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past (German: Erinnerungen an die Zukunft: Ungelöste Rätsel der Vergangenheit; in English, Memories of the Future: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past) is a book written in 1968 by ___ and translated from the original German by Michael Heron. It involves the hypothesis that the technologies and religions of many ancient civilizations were given to them by ancient astronauts who were welcomed as gods. The first draft of the publication had been rejected by a variety of publishers. The book was extensively rewritten by its editor, Wilhelm Roggersdorf (a pen name of the German screenwriter Wilhelm "Utz" Utermann). Utermann had been a Nazi bestselling author, and had held a leading position with the Völkischer Beobachter.

Scientific Creationism

___ is a branch of creationism that claims to provide scientific support for the Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis and disprove or reexplain the scientific facts,[2] theories and paradigms about geology,[3] cosmology, biological evolution,[4][5] archeology,[6][7] history, and linguistics.[8] "___ includes the scientific evidences and related inferences that indicate: 1. Sudden creation of the universe, energy, and life from nothing; 2. The insufficiency of mutation and natural selection in bringing about development of all living kinds from a single organism; 3. Changes only within fixed limits of originally created kinds of plants and animals; 4. Separate ancestry for man and apes; 5. Explanation of the earth's geology by catastrophism, including the occurrence of a worldwide flood; and 6. A relatively recent inception of the earth and living kinds."

Cold Fusion (Experiments)

___ is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. This is compared with the "hot" fusion which takes place naturally within stars, under immense pressure and at temperatures of millions of degrees, and distinguished from muon-catalyzed fusio The Fleischmann-Pons experiment was an investigation conducted in the 1980s by Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah into whether electrolysis of heavy water on the surface of a palladium(Pd) electrode produces physical effects that defy chemical explanation.[1] Of particular interest was evidence of "excess" (i.e. non-chemical) heat extracted from the deuterium fraction of common surface water which, if true, could have delivered the largest economic shock to the global energy industry since the Pennsylvania oil rush. On March 23, 1989, Fleischmann (then one of the world's leading electrochemists) and Pons reported their work via a press release[2] from the University of Utah (who asserted ownership of the technology)[2] claiming that the table-top apparatus had produced anomalous heat (understood as "excess" heat) of a magnitude they asserted would defy explanation except in terms of nuclear processes, which later came to be referred to as "___".[3] In addition to the results from calorimetry, they further reported measuring small amounts of nuclear reaction byproducts, including neutrons and tritium.[4] The reported results received wide media attention,[1] and raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy.[5] Many scientists tried to replicate the experiment with the few details available. Hopes faded due to the large number of negative replications, the withdrawal of many reported positive replications, the discovery of flaws and sources of experimental error in the original experiment, and finally the discovery that Fleischmann and Pons had not actually detected nuclear reaction byproducts.[6] By late 1989, most scientists considered cold fusion claims dead

Falsificationism

___ is a scientific philosophy based on the requirement that hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be scientific; if a claim is not able to be refuted it is not a scientific claim. A statement, hypothesis, or theory has falsifiability (or is falsifiable) if it is contradicted by a basic statement, which, in an eventual successful or failed ___, must respectively correspond to a true or hypothetical observation.[1][2] For example, the claim "all swans are white" is falsifiable since it is contradicted by this basic statement: "In 1697, during the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh expedition, there were black swans on the shore of the Swan River in Australia", which in this case is a true observation.[3][4] The concept is also known by the terms refutable and refutability. The concept was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper. He saw falsifiability as the logical part and the cornerstone of his scientific epistemology, which sets the limits of scientific inquiry. He proposed that statements and theories that are not falsifiable are unscientific. Declaring an unfalsifiable theory to be scientific would then be pseudoscience.[5]

New Atheism

___ is a term coined in 2006 by the agnostic journalist Gary Wolf to describe the positions promoted by some atheists of the twenty-first century.[1][2] This modern-day atheism is advanced by a group of thinkers and writers who advocate the view that superstition, religion and irrationalism should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever their influence arises in government, education, and politics.[3][4]According to Richard Ostling, Bertrand Russell, in his 1927 essay Why I Am Not a Christian, put forward similar positions as those espoused by the ___ followers, suggesting that there are no substantive differences between traditional atheism and ___. ___ lends itself to and often overlaps with secular humanism and antitheism, particularly in its criticism of what many ___ followers regard as the indoctrination of children and the perpetuation of ideologies founded on belief in the supernatural. Some critics of the movement characterise it pejoratively as "militant atheism" or "fundamentalist atheism"

Seth Shostak, SETI

___ is an American astronomer, currently Senior Astronomer for the 2___ Institute and former Director of Center for 2___ Research when it was a separate department 1___ also hosts the monthly "Skeptic Check" show focused on debunking pseudoscience, UFOs and practices such as astrology and dowsing. 1___ is an active participant in the Institute's observation programs and has been hosting 2___'s weekly radio show Big Picture Science[7] since 2002. Each week, 1___ interviews guests about the latest scientific research on a variety of topics: cosmology, physics, genetics, paleontology, evolutionary biology and astrobiology. Big Picture Science is distributed on the Public Radio Satellite System and the Public Radio Exchange and is available for download at the 2___ Institute's website and through podcasts.

Michael Behe

___ is an American biochemist, author, and advocate of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design. He serves as professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. In 1996, ___ published his ideas on irreducible complexity in his book Darwin's Black Box. Behe's refusal to identify the nature of any proposed intelligent designer frustrates scientists, who see it as a move to avoid any possibility of testing the positive claims of ID while allowing him and the intelligent design movement to distance themselves from some of the more overtly religiously motivated critics of evolution In 2004, ___ published a paper with David Snoke, in the scientific journal Protein Science that uses a simple mathematical model to simulate the rate of evolution of proteins by point mutation,[29] which he states supports irreducible complexity, based on the calculation of the probability of mutations required for evolution to succeed. However, the paper does not mention intelligent design nor irreducible complexity, which were removed, according to Behe, at the behest of the reviewers. Nevertheless, the Discovery Institute lists it as one of the "Peer-Reviewed & Peer-Edited Scientific Publications Supporting the Theory of Intelligent Design." In 2007, Behe's book The Edge of Evolution was published arguing that while evolution can produce changes within species, there is a limit to the ability of evolution to generate diversity, and this limit (the "edge of evolution") is somewhere between species and orders. In this book Behe's central assertion is that Darwinian evolution actually exists but plays only a limited role in the development and diversification of life on Earth. - In Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, the first direct challenge brought in United States federal courts to an attempt to mandate the teaching of intelligent design on First Amendment grounds, Behe was called as a primary witness for the defense and asked to support the idea that intelligent design was legitimate science. John E. Jones III, the judge in the case, would ultimately rule that intelligent design is not scientific in his 139-page decision, citing ___'s testimony extensively as the basis for his findings - ___ received $20,000 for testifying as an expert witness on behalf of the plaintiffs in Association of Christian Schools International v. Roman Stearns. The case was filed by Association of Christian Schools International, which argued that the University of California was being discriminatory by not recognizing science classes that use creationist books. Otero ruled in favor of the University of California's decision to reject courses using these books.

Steven Jones

___ is an American physicist. Among scientists, ___ became known for his long research on muon-catalyzed fusion and geo-fusion. ___ is also known for his association with 9/11 conspiracy theories. In the mid-1980s, ___ and other BYU scientists worked on what he referred to as Cold Nuclear Fusion in a Scientific American article (the process is currently known as muon-catalyzed fusion to avoid confusion with the cold fusion concept proposed by the University of Utah's Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann). Muon-catalyzed fusion was a field of some interest during the 1980s as a potential energy source; however, its low energy output appears to be unavoidable (because of alpha-muon sticking losses). ___ led a research team that, in 1986, achieved 150 fusions per muon (average), releasing over 2,600 MeV of fusion energy per muon, a record which still stands.[14] Pons and Fleischmann commenced their work at approximately the same time. ___ became aware of their work when they applied for research funding from the DOE, after which the DOE forwarded their proposal to ___ for peer review. When ___ realized that their work was similar, he and Pons and Fleischmann agreed to release their papers to Nature on the same day (March 24, 1989). However, Pons and Fleischmann announced their results at a press event the day before ___ faxed his paper to Nature.[15] A New York Times article says that although peer reviewers were harshly critical of Pons' and Fleischmann's research, they did not apply such criticism to ___'s significantly more modest, theoretically supported findings. Although critics insisted that Jones' results were probably caused by experimental error,[16] the majority of the reviewing physicists claimed that he was a careful scientist. Later research and experiments have supported Jones' metallic "cold fusion" (geo-fusion) reports.[17] In July 2013, Jones gave a poster talk at the 18th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science at the University of Missouri, titled, "Empirical Evidence for Two Distinct Effects: Low-level d-d Fusion in Metals and Anomalous Excess Heat." ___ was a founding member of Scholars for 9/11 Truth for approximately one year as co-chair with James H. Fetzer. From mid-November 2006 until the end of that year, Jones, Fetzer and a series of other researchers and individuals engaged in a dispute about the direction of the organization. ___ and others examined the claims of James Fetzer and Judy Wood — i.e., that directed energy weapons or mini-nukes destroyed the WTC Towers — and delineated empirical reasons for rejecting them.[61][citation needed]

Uri Geller

___ is an Israeli illusionist, magician, television personality, and self-proclaimed psychic. He is known for his trademark television performances of spoon bending and other illusions. Geller's performances of drawing duplication and cutlery bending usually take place under informal conditions such as television interviews. During his early career, he allowed some scientists to investigate his claims. A study was commissioned by the United States Defense Intelligence Agency as part of the Stargate Project and conducted during August 1973 at Stanford Research Institute (now known as SRI International) by parapsychologists Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ. ___ was isolated and asked to reproduce simple drawings prepared in another room. The experimenters concluded that ___ had "demonstrated his paranormal perceptual ability in a convincing and unambiguous manner".[59][60][61] Writing about the same study in a 1974 article published in the journal Nature, they concluded that he had performed successfully enough to warrant further serious study,[62] coining the term "___ effect" to refer to the particular type of abilities they felt had been demonstrated

Parapsychology

___ is the study of paranormal and psychic phenomena, including telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, synchronicity, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is considered to be pseudoscience by a vast majority of mainstream scientists.

UFOlogy

___ is the study of reports, visual records, physical evidence, and other phenomena related to unidentified flying objects ___, as a field, has been rejected by modern academia and is considered a pseudoscience. The UFO explosion of the early post-war era coincides with the escalation of the Cold War and the Korean War.[3] The U.S. military feared that secret aircraft of the Soviet Union, possibly developed from captured German technology, were behind the reported sightings.[6] If correct, the craft causing the sightings were thus of importance to national security[7] and in need of systematic investigation. By 1952, however, the official US government interest in UFOs began to fade as the USAF projects Sign and Grudge concluded, along with the CIA's Robertson Panel that UFO reports indicated no direct threat to national security.[8] The government's official research into UFOs ended with the publication of the Condon Committee report in 1969,[8] which concluded that the study of UFOs in the previous 21 years had achieved little, if anything, and that further extensive study of UFO sightings was unwarranted.[8] It also recommended the termination of the USAF special unit Project Blue Book.[8]

Russell Targ

___ joined Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1972 where he and Harold Puthoff coined the term "remote viewing" for the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using parapsychological means. ___'s work on remote viewing has been characterized as pseudoscience[2][3] and has also been criticized for lack of rigor. In 1972, ___ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at SRI as a senior research physicist in a program founded by Harold E. Puthoff.[20] The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including NASA, the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency and Army Intelligence.[1][21] Targ worked at SRI until 1982

Harold Puthoff

___ took an interest in the Church of Scientology in the late 1960s and reached what was then the top OT VII level by 1971.[3] ___ wrote up his "wins" for a Scientology publication, claiming to have achieved "remote viewing" abilities In the 1970s and '80s ___ directed a CIA/DIA-funded program at SRI International to investigate paranormal abilities, collaborating with Russell Targ in a study of the purported psychic abilities of Uri Geller, Ingo Swann, Pat Price, Joseph McMoneagle and others, as part of the Stargate Project. Both ___ and Targ became convinced Geller and Swann had genuine psychic powers.[7] However, Geller employed sleight of hand tricks

Immanuel Velikovsky

___ was a Russian independent scholar who wrote a number of books reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US bestseller Worlds in Collision published in 1950. Worlds in Collision is a book written by Immanuel Velikovsky and first published April 3, 1950. The book postulated that around the 15th century BC, Venus was ejected from Jupiter as a comet or comet-like object, and passed near Earth (an actual collision is not mentioned). The object changed Earth's orbit and axis, causing innumerable catastrophes that were mentioned in early mythologies and religions around the world. Many of the book's claims are completely rejected by the established scientific community as they are not supported by any available evidence.

Robert Jahn

___ was an American plasma physicist, Professor of Aerospace Science, and Dean of Engineering at Princeton University. ___ was also a founder of the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab, a parapsychology research program which ran from 1979 to 2007. ___ also engaged in the study of psychokinesis for many years. With Brenda Dunne, he established the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab (PEAR) in 1979 following an undergraduate project to study purported low-level psychokinetic effects on electronic random event generators. Over the years, ___ and Dunne claim to have created a wealth of small-physical-scale, statistically significant results that they claim suggested direct causal relationships between subjects' intention and otherwise random results.[6] Experiments under ___'s purview also explored remote viewing and other topics in parapsychology. In 1982, at the invitation of the editors of Proceedings of the IEEE, ___ published a comprehensive review of psychic phenomena from an engineering perspective.[7] A subsequent critique of this review by psychologist Ray Hyman, which was also invited by the journal's editors, discussed Jahn's work in the context of a long history of flawed psychic research.[8] Statistical flaws in ___'s work have been proposed by physicist Stanley Jeffers.[9] Jahn closed the PEAR lab in 2007

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Judge Jones

___, 400 F. Supp. 2d 707 (M.D. Pa. 2005)[1] was the first direct challenge brought in the United States federal courts testing a public school district policy that required the teaching of intelligent design.[2] In October 2004, the Dover Area School District of York County, Pennsylvania changed its biology teaching curriculum to require that intelligent design be presented as an alternative to evolution theory, and that Of Pandas and People, a textbook advocating intelligent design, was to be used as a reference book.[3] The prominence of this textbook during the trial was such that the case is sometimes referred to as the Dover Panda Trial,[4][5] a name which recalls the popular name of the Scopes Monkey Trial in Tennessee, 80 years earlier. The plaintiffs successfully argued that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. ___'s decision sparked considerable response from both supporters and critics. Michael Behe was the first witness for the defense. Behe is professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, and a leading intelligent design proponent who coined the term irreducible complexity and set out the idea in his book Darwin's Black Box John Edward Jones III (born June 13, 1955) is an American lawyer and jurist from Pennsylvania. A Republican, Jones was appointed by President George W. Bush as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania in February 2002 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on July 30, 2002. He is best known for his presiding role in the landmark Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case, in which the teaching of "intelligent design" in public school science classes was ruled to be unconstitutional. In 2014, he ruled that Pennsylvania's 1996 ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.

Edwards v. Aguillard

___, 482 U.S. 578 (1987), was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of teaching creationism. The Court considered a Louisiana law requiring that where evolutionary science was taught in public schools, creation science must also be taught. The Court ruled that this law violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion. It also held that "teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind to school children might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction."[1] In support of Aguillard, 72 Nobel Prize-winning scientists,[2] 17 state academies of science, and seven other scientific organizations filed amicus briefs that described creation science as being composed of religious tenets.

McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education

___, 529 F. Supp. 1255 (E.D. Ark. 1982),was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas by various parents, religious groups and organizations, biologists, and others who argued that the Arkansas state law known as the Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science Act (Act 590), which mandated the teaching of "creation science" in Arkansas public schools, was unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Judge William Overton handed down a decision on January 5, 1982, giving a clear, specific definition of science as a basis for ruling that creation science is religion and is simply not science.[1] The ruling was not binding on schools outside the Eastern District of Arkansas but had considerable influence on subsequent rulings on the teaching of creationism

Richard Dawkins

___, FRS FRSL (born 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008. ____ first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme. With his book The Extended Phenotype (1982), he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment. In 2006, he founded the ___ Foundation for Reason and Science. ___ is known as an outspoken atheist. In interviews, he has called himself an agnostic about many matters of religious faith, instead endorsing reason. He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In The Blind Watchmaker (1986), he argues against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker, in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any designer. In The God Delusion(2006), ___ contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion.

Brenda Dunne

___, MS, holds degrees in psychology and the humanities from Mundelein College in Chicago (1976), and a MS in Human Development from the University of Chicago (1979). She was manager of the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) laboratory since 1979, in which capacity she supervised the full spectrum of PEAR activities and oversaw research projects of visiting scholars and student interns. Since 1986 she has been a Councilor of the Society for Scientific Explorationand serves on its Executive Committee as Education Officer. She is also President and Treasurer of the International Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL).

Cold fusion afterlife

___: By 1990, general scientific opinion favored the skeptics and experimental work went into a steep decline. Nevertheless, many scientists continue to do research in what Bart Simon calls this "undead science." Simon argues that in spite of widespread skepticism in the scientific community, there has been a continued effort to make sense of the controversial phenomenon. Researchers in well-respected laboratories continue to produce new and rigorous work. In this manner, ___ research continues to exist long after the controversy has subsided, even though the existence of cold fusion is circumscribed by the widespread belief that the phenomenon is not real. The survival of ___ signals the need for a more complex understanding of the social dynamics of scientific knowledge making, the boundaries between experts, intermediaries, and the lay public, and the conceptualization of failure in the history of science and technology.

The Baltimore Affair, David Baltimore

___: That became clear in 1989, when Congress opened hearings into alleged misconduct by Thereza Imanishi-Kari, an assistant in the lab of Nobel laureate 2___ at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1985, 2___ and Imanisi-Kari had published a paper describing their success in injecting a mouse with a gene that altered its immune system so the animal could produce antibodies against a given bacteria or virus. The findings raised the possibility that the human immune system could be modified in the same way, enhancing our ability to ward off infections. A postdoctoral fellow working in the lab failed to reproduce the results, however, and those concerns eventually led to the Congressional hearings in which 2___ staunchly defended the work. Imanishi-Kari was found guilty of scientific fraud and 2___'s reputation was tarnished by association, leading him to resign from his new position as president of Rockefeller University. In 1996, however, an appeals board of the National Institutes of Health re-analyzed the case and determined that the paper did not contain fraudulent data, but errors that both co-authors later acknowledged. Imanishi-Kari was exonerated and 2___ went on to helm California Institute of Technology.

Of Pandas and People

___: The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993) school-level textbook written by Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon and published by the Texas-based Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE). The textbook endorses the pseudoscientific[1][2][3][4] concept of intelligent design—namely that life shows evidence of being designed by an intelligent agent which is not named specifically in the book, although proponents understand that it refers to the Christian God.[5] They present various polemical arguments against the scientific theory of evolution.

The Central Dilemma

___: Too high of a bar for science (too limiting of fringe ideas) hinders innovation, too low of a bar lets in "crank" pseudoscience. Calibrating this bar is the ___ of pseudoscience. Idea by Michael Gordin.

Proxmire (Hearings)

___: ___ was head of the campaign to cancel the American supersonic transport and particularly opposed to space exploration, ultimately eliminating spending on said research from NASA's budget.[30] In response to a segment about space colonies run by the CBS program 60 Minutes, ___ stated that; "it's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone .... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy".[31] ___ introduced an amendment into the 1982 NASA budget that effectively terminated NASA's nascent SETI efforts before a similar amendment to the 1994 budget, by Senator Richard Bryan, terminated NASA's SETI efforts for good.[32] With these positions ____ drew the enmity of many space advocates and science fiction fandom. Arthur C. Clarke attacked Proxmire in his short story "Death and the Senator" (1960). Later, the short story "The Return of William Proxmire" (1989) by Larry Niven and the novel Fallen Angels (1991), written by Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael F. Flynn, were directed against the senator.

Henry Morris

___was an American young Earth creationist, Christian apologist, and engineer. He was one of the founders of the Creation Research Society and the Institute for Creation Research. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern creation science." He is widely known for coauthoring The Genesis Flood with John C. Whitcomb in 1961.[2][3][4]

Big Questions

can religious beliefs survive in the scientific age? Are they resoundingly outdated? Or, is there something in them of great importance, even if the way they are expressed will have to change given new scientific context? These questions are among those at the core of the science-religion dialogue. In The ___ in Science and Religion, Keith Ward, an Anglican priest who was once an atheist, offers compelling insights into the often contentious relationship between diverse religious views and new scientific knowledge. He identifies ten basic questions about the nature of the universe and human life. PUBLISHED BY TEMPLETON PRESS.

Freud and Marx: Real and Pseudo Science

learn more about social freudian and marxist systems would balance our knowledge of social with knowledge of physical sciences (which is way unbalanced now, we know much more on physical side). The question I guess would be what of their work is real science and we should study and what is pseudo science and just political and we should not study as science.

Karl Popper

___ (1902-1994) was one of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. He made significant contributions to debates concerning general scientific methodology and theory choice, the demarcation of science from non-science, the nature of probability and quantum mechanics, and the methodology of the social sciences. His work is notable for its wide influence both within the philosophy of science, within science itself, and within a broader social context.

Harun Yahya (b. 1956)

___ is a Turkish author as well as an Islamic creationist. In 2007, he sent thousands of unsolicited copies of his book, The Atlas of Creation, which advocates Islamic creationism, to American scientists, members of Congress, and science museums.

Scientific Naturalism

___ is a view according to which all objects and events are part of nature, i.e. they belong to the world of space and time. Therefore everything, including the mental realm of human beings, is subject to scientific enquiry.

Scientific Misconduct

___ is action that willfully compromises the integrity of scientific research, such as plagiarism or the falsification or fabrication of data 1. Plagiarism 2. Misrepresentation of data 3. Fraud 4. Abuse of process 5. Sexual misconduct 6. Conflict of Interest.

Stanley Pons

___ is an American electrochemist known for his work with Martin Fleischmann on cold fusion in the 1980s and 1990s

Ken Ham

___ is an Australian-born Christian fundamentalist, young Earth creationist and apologist living in the United States. He is the president of Answers in Genesis (AiG), a creationist apologetics organization that operates the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter.

Thereza Imanishi-Kari

___ is an associate professor of pathology at Tufts University. Her research focuses on the origins of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus, studied using mice as model organisms.[1] Previously she had been a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is notable for her role in what became known as the "Baltimore affair", in which a 1986 paper she co-authored with David Baltimore was the subject of research misconduct allegations. Following a series of investigations, she was fully exonerated of the charges in 1996.

The Genesis Flood

___: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications is a 1961 book by young Earth creationists John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris that, according to Ronald Numbers, elevated young Earth creationism "to a position of fundamentalist orthodoxy."

Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP

The ___(___), is a program within the transnational American non-profit educational organization Center for Inquiry (CFI), which seeks to "promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims."[1] Paul Kurtz proposed the establishment of ___ in 1976 as an independent non-profit organization (before merging with CFI as one of its programs in 2015[2]), to counter what he regarded as an uncritical acceptance of, and support for, paranormal claims by both the media and society in general.[3]Its philosophical position is one of scientific skepticism. CSI's fellows have included notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, psychologists, educators and authors