PACE 2016 Tossups

The "preliminary" version of this document set a deadline of January 1 the following year before its provisions would take force. This document had already been written when the Tribune published an editorial calling for it entitled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions." This document removed a ban on enticement and expanded on the First and Second Confiscation Acts. A famous (*) speech echoes the Gettysburg Address by noting that this document was issued "five score years ago." This document went into effect on January 1, 1863, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, and only applied to people living in states that were in rebellion. For 10 points, name this document issued by Abraham Lincoln that freed many slaves.

Emancipation Proclamation <Bentley>

In a play by this author, a man translates a passage of Euripides with the title character's name substituted for the word "loveliness." In one of his plays, the ruffian Bill Walker apologizes for hitting Jenny Hill after a wrestler kneels on his head and prays for him. Lady Britomart's ex-husband passes his company to the foundling scholar (*) Adolphus Cusins in a play by this author in which Andrew Undershaft perturbs his daughter by donating money made in arms manufacturing to the Salvation Army. Another play by this author opens with Colonel Pickering making a bet that Professor Higgins can't make the flower girl Eliza Doolittle speak like a duchess. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Major Barbara and Pygmalion.

George Bernard Shaw <Brownstein>

A statement developed by this mathematician was shown to be neither provable nor disprovable within ZFC by Paul Cohen's method of "forcing." Hilbert's first problem concerns the provability of a problem posed by this mathematician, whose "Crelle" paper proposed the concept of bijective functions. The idea that no set has a cardinality between aleph zero and aleph one was proposed by this mathematician. One of this man's results relied on the idea of constructing a list of (*) infinite binary sequences, and then altering the nth bit of every nth entry to create a number not in the list. For 10 points, name this mathematician who proved that the reals are "more numerous" than the natural numbers with his diagonalization argument.

Georg Cantor <Jose>

This philosopher's Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose states that "no straight thing was ever made" from the "crooked timber of humanity." He proposed a system of aggregating knowledge described as "architectonic" so that knowledge can "become a science." This thinker argued that the human mind uses "categories of understanding" to structure knowledge in a book that distinguishes manifestations of objects of inquiry, or (*) "phenomena" from the objects themselves, or "noumena." This man concluded that synthetic a priori truths are possible by using the example that "7 plus 5 equals 12" in a work first published in 1781. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote three "Critiques," including one of "Pure Reason."

Immanuel Kant <Jose>

On Thanksgiving Day, this atheist chooses not to sleep with a friend of Dori Duz, and instead has a debate with her, claiming that the God in whom he does not believe is actually sadistic. This man is arrested after the brutal murder of the maid Michaela. The novel in which this character appears begins by stating "It was love at first sight" to describe this man's relationship with Chaplain Tappman. When this character realizes that (*) Orr is alive, he plans an escape to Sweden. This man's training lieutenant commander is obsessed with throwing parades and is named Lieutenant Scheisskopf. This B-25 Bombardier is stationed on the island of Pianosa and cannot get out of flying missions. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Joseph Heller's Catch-22.

John Yossarian [prompt on John] <Jose>

A member of this organization was acquitted in the Supreme Court Case establishing the standard of "imminent lawless action" for restricting free speech, Brandenburg v. Ohio. This organization lost credibility after its leader D.C. Stephenson was convicted for the abduction, rape, and murder of a young woman. This organization was restarted after Mary Phagan was supposedly (*) murdered by Jewish factory manager Leo Frank, after which it peaked at 5 million members in the 1920s. In 1963, members of this organization killed four girls by bombing the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. D.W. Griffith glamorized this organization in his film Birth of a Nation. For 10 points, name this white supremacist organization whose members are known for wearing white hoods.

Ku Klux Klan [or KKK] <Wang>

This lake features a rock called Carleton's Prize, which was once bombarded for an hour after British forces mistook the rock for an enemy ship. This lake's northern shore was the site of Fort Blunder, so-named because it was accidentally built in the wrong country. This lake's Fort Crown Point was abandoned by (*) Benedict Arnold after his fleet lost the Battle of Valcour Island. It lies east of the Adirondacks and west of the Green Mountains, which were the base of Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys. Fort Ticonderoga defended this lake, which served as a northeastern gateway to the Hudson River Valley. For 10 points, name this lake that forms the border between Vermont and upper New York.

Lake Champlain <Wang>

In the leadup to the Civil War, this city's mayor briefly proposed that it secede from the Union as the "Free City of Tri-Insula." Herbert Asbury wrote a book about groups in this city such as the Dead Rabbits which fought each other during the administration of its Copperhead mayor Fernando Wood. In 1863, hundreds of black residents fled this city during unrest over a 300-dollar commutation fee. This city's powerful (*) Customs House, which once employed Chester A. Arthur as a port collector, was controlled by the Stalwart Republican leader Roscoe Conkling. This city was ravaged by the 1863 draft riots. It became a major Atlantic port due to the construction of the Erie Canal. For 10 points, name this city whose government was long controlled by Tammany Hall.

New York City [or NYC] <Wang> Bonuses

In this country, a 1913 Great Strike orchestrated by the Red Feds was opposed by farmers who joined a special police called "Massey's Cossacks." In the 1860s, this country's government suppressed a syncretic religious movement known as the Hauhau. In this country, periods of economic reform nicknamed Rogernomics and Ruthanasia reversed the interventionist policies of Rob Muldoon's government. In 1893, it became the first country to grant (*) women the right to vote. After the tribes of this country fought thousands of devastating battles using imported muskets, the British gained control of this country by the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name this country home to the Maori people.

New Zealand <Bentley>

Carl Hoffman's 2014 book Savage Harvest investigates rumors that an aspiring anthropologist from this family was devoured by cannibals in New Guinea. During the 1930s, this family financed a complex featuring Paul Manship's golden statue of Prometheus. A member of this family commissioned works depicting the frontiers of "ethical evolution" and "material" development before ordering the destruction of the mural (*) Man at the Crossroads because Diego Rivera had painted an image of Lenin. General Electric and NBC are both headquartered in this family's namesake "Center" in New York. A liberal Republican governor of New York from this family served as vice president to Gerald Ford. For 10 points, name this family that founded Standard Oil.

Rockefeller family <Wang>

The protagonist of this book trips and rolls down a hill after meeting his love interest outside a county fairground. At the end of this book, its protagonist departs on a train, with his mind "carried away by his growing passion for dreams." Kate Swift, a teacher whose naked body is observed by the Reverend Curtis Hartman, feels the "passionate desire to be loved by a man" after seeing the protagonist of this book. In the (*) story "Sophistication," Helen White kisses this book's protagonist, who works for the Eagle. Wing Biddlebaum's propensity to touch young people is the subject of this book's story "Hands." For 10 points, name this book about journalist George Willard's observations of life in a small Midwestern town, by Sherwood Anderson.

Winesburg, Ohio <Sy>

This artist's time spent living in Cullercoats, England inspired his painting in which a man views a crashing wave while sitting on a piece of driftwood. An African American man puts the finishing touches on his garish outfit in this artist's Dressing for the Carnival. This artist stretched an animal pelt over a barrel to paint The Fox Hunt in his Prouts Neck, Maine studio. A child falls to the grass while playing the title (*) game in this artist's Snap the Whip. A man in red holds the line for the sail of a catboat from Gloucester (GLAH-ster) in this artist's painting Breezing Up. In one of his best known paintings, sharks circle a black man floating along in the title current. For 10 points, name this American artist of The Gulf Stream.

Winslow Homer <Bentley>

In a movement marked "Allegro pomposo," this composer used a solo double bass to quote Berlioz's "Dance of the Sylphs." Like Rachmaninoff, this composer heavily quoted the Dies Irae chant in his third symphony, which retains a four-movement structure despite being in two movements. A solo violin has its E string tuned down a half-step in a tone poem by this composer that begins with a harp plucking a single note twelve times to signal midnight. This composer wrote a piece in which (*) xylophones imitate skeletons playing cards in the movement "Fossils", while two pianos accompany a solo cello melody depicting the graceful motion of the title bird in the movement "The Swan." For 10 points, name this composer of Danse macabre and The Carnival of the Animals.

Camille Saint-Saëns [or Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns] <Kim> Bonuses

Richard Nixon's question "What?" is the epigraph of the fourth section of this novel, in which the protagonist dreams that he is Fay Wray during the episode "An Incident in the Transvestite's Toilet." This novel details the history of an immortal "conveyor of light energy" named Byron the Light Bulb in a section set in "The Zone." This novel, whose fourth section is "The Counterforce," opens by depicting the banana breakfast of Pirate Penzance. Captain Blicero creates a device with (*) serial number "00000" in this novel, in which Teddy Bloat photographs a map correlating the protagonist's sexual activity to V-2 rocket impact sites. For 10 points, name this postmodern novel about Tyrone Slothrop's travels across war-torn Europe, written by Thomas Pynchon.

Gravity's Rainbow <Jose>

In preparation for these events, five crates of oranges and lemons arrive at their location every Friday. After leaving one of these events, two men crash into a ditch when the wheel of their car comes off. During one of these events, a character exclaims "this fella's a regular Belasco!" while examining books in a library; that character is nicknamed for his (*) owl-eyed spectacles. A cheating golf champion named Jordan Baker is told "amazing things" at one of these events. Music like "Jazz History of the World" plays at these events, which occur in a mansion that lies across the bay from a green dock light in West Egg. For 10 points, name these events attended by Nick Carraway and hosted by the title character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.

Jay Gatsby's parties [or party scenes from The Great Gatsby] <Brownstein>

A quotation from this poem provides the title for William Styron's "memoir of madness" about his recovery from depression, Darkness Visible. A character in this poem disguises himself as a cherub in order to ask directions from Uriel. Instead of applause, one of this poem's characters hears a "dismal universal hiss," and finds his mouth full of ashes after biting into some (*) fruit. This poem's first book describes a "horrid crew" that "[rolled] in the fiery gulf" for nine days, and claims that the poem's purpose is "to justify the ways of God to man." In this poem, Raphael recounts a three day-long battle that sends rebellious angels and Lucifer to hell, and Michael expels Adam and Eve from Eden. For 10 points, name this epic poem by John Milton.

Paradise Lost <Yu>

A very simple one of these devices can be constructed from two pieces of glass separated by a thin "air wedge." A compensator plate can be used to correct for phase differences in these devices. On September 14, 2015, two of these devices located in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, detected radiation emitted by a black hole merger. In the most common type of these devices, a coherent and monochromatic beam is split into two and (*) recombined after the two beams are sent down two "arms" oriented perpendicular to each other. LIGO uses a type of this device, which was used in an experiment to disprove the existence of the luminiferous ether. "Fringes" due to superposition of waves can be observed with, for 10 points, the Michelson form of what devices?

interferometers [accept more specific answers like "Michelson interferometers"] <Busse>

In the Iliad, one of these things is scalded by Hephaestus's flames, foiling one of its three attempts to kill Achilles. One of these things called Xanthos was created by the birth pangs of Leto. In a battle over Deianeira, a bull-headed god of one of these things had a horn twisted off by Heracles. Gods of them include Alpheus, who fell in love with Arethusa. The gods of these features are called potamoi and included (*) Scamander and Achelous. One of them made of fire, one of woe, and one that produced forgetfulness, respectively named Phlegethon, Acheron, and Lethe, were found in the underworld. Heracles diverted one of these features to clean the Augean stables. For 10 points, name this type of geographical feature, most famously exemplified by the Styx.

rivers [or river gods/deities; accept potamoi before it is mentioned] <Jose>

After his family was expelled from Portugal, this city became the home of rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, who later negotiated with Oliver Cromwell to allow Jews to reside in England. The high prices fetched by items such as the Semper Augustus in this capital city are described in an exaggerated account by Charles MacKay. In 1603, the world's first stock exchange was founded in this city by the world's first multinational corporation, which was known by the initials (*) VOC. Tulip bulbs were traded on that stock exchange in this capital city during a 17th-century mania. In 1656, its Jewish community expelled the young philosopher Baruch Spinoza. For 10 points, concentric rings of canals surround what capital of the Netherlands?

Amsterdam <Wang>

This non-European country's ancient artwork includes sculptures that are decorated with powdered quartz over a vitreous substance called "faience." A motif of this country's ancient art features names enclosed within an oval and a single horizontal line, called a cartouche. This country's funereal art includes small sculptures called ushabti, in which subjects were depicted with their arms folded across their chests. An artwork from this country called the "Younger (*) Memnon" depicts its subject wearing the uraeus, a cobra symbol on top of the crown. A bust of one of its female rulers was found at Amarna in 1912. Statues at Abu Simbel can be found in, for 10 points, what country whose art includes sarcophagi that have hieroglyphics inscribed on their covers?

Ancient Egypt <Jose>

This dynasty unsuccessfully attempted to restore the Le Dynasty by invading Hanoi in the aftermath of the Tay Son Rebellion. This dynasty forced coastal towns to move up to 10 miles inland, to prevent supplies from reaching the warlord Koxinga on Taiwan. Early in its rule, this dynasty defeated its former ally Wu Sangui in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, allowing the (*) Kangxi Emperor to consolidate power. This dynasty came to power by driving the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from Peking, a month after the last emperor of the previous dynasty hung himself on a tree behind the Forbidden City. This dynasty was founded by an alliance of Jurchen tribesman who renamed themselves the "Manchu." For 10 points, name this dynasty that succeeded the Ming.

Qing Dynasty <Wang>

In a story in this language, a philosopher who studies Spinoza in an attic on Market Street is nursed back to health by Old Dobbe. In a story in this language, the protagonist is told that there is no God but only a "thick mire" by the "Spirit of Evil." An author used this language to write about a man who "strikes it rich" when he receives a cow from two women whom he finds lost in the woods. In a story in this language, a baker's dying wife Elka reveals that her six children aren't (*) his, prompting him to urinate in his bread dough. This language was used to write "Gimpel the Fool," as well as stories about Tevye the Milkman. For 10 points, name this language used by Isaac Bashevis Singer and Sholem Aleichem, as well as other Ashkenazi Jewish writers.

Yiddish <Brownstein>

Chris Newhall proposed a qualitative scale that assigns a value between "0" and "8" inclusive for these occurrences. The largest of these events on that scale in the past tens of thousands of years is the "Oruanui" (OR-oo-uh-new-ee) one. Stephen Ambrose suggested that one of these events in Toba is linked with a genetic bottleneck. When one of these events occurs underneath a glacier, a dangerous flood called a jokulhlaup (YOH-kull-ay-upp) may occur. The (*) "phreatic" type of these events can create formations called maars. Pliny the Elder gives his name to a type of these events, which can eject namesake "bombs." Lapilli and other tephra may be ejected during these events, which can create deadly pyroclastic flows. For 10 points, name these disasters in which a volcano spews lava.

volcanic eruptions [accept phreatic eruption or Plinian eruption] <Jose>

This person came up with his most famous innovation on the way to a tutoring job offered by fellow Yale alum Phineas Miller. This man received funding from Nathanael Greene's widow, Catharine. Edwin Battison argued that a milling machine used in this man's New Haven factory was really the brainchild of Simeon North. This man supposedly met with President Adams and President-Elect Jefferson and wowed them by (*) assembling a musket from a drawer of shuffled pieces he had manufactured. He unsuccessfully demanded 40% of the revenue from material produced by his best known invention. A contract to produce $134,000 worth of guns with his interchangeable parts system helped him pursue patent litigation against Southern farmers. For 10 points, name this inventor of the cotton gin.

Eli Whitney <Bentley>

The protagonist of this novel leaves a group after hypnotizing its leader, who had taught him exercises such as standing in a thorn bush without bleeding. After having a dream in which he throws away a dead songbird, the protagonist of this novel leaves his home and contemplates killing himself by jumping from a coconut tree. A spoiled boy in this novel steals a boat from his father, with whom he is forced to live with after his mother is killed by a snake-bite. The (*) title character of this novel abandons his work as a merchant and his relationship with the courtesan Kamala to work as a ferryman with Vasudeva. As a young man, this novel's protagonist hears the Buddha speak with his friend Govinda. For 10 points, name this novel set in India by Herman Hesse.

Siddhartha <Brownstein>

This novel's epilogue describes a small flame "burning anew among the old stones" of a chapel. A painter of Latin American ruins in this novel completes a series of medallion murals in the garden room of a country estate. In their college days, this novel's characters use a megaphone to proclaim "The Waste Land" across the quad and put each other into the Mercury Fountain at (*) Oxford. An alcoholic in this novel serves as a porter at a Tunisian monastery years after carrying around a teddy bear named Aloysius. This novel's protagonist has an affair with Julia, the fiancee of Rex Mottram and sister of Sebastian Flyte. For 10 points, name this novel about Captain Charles Ryder's entanglements with the aristocratic Marchmain family, by Evelyn Waugh.

Brideshead Revisited <Mehigan>

This philosopher's debt to the occasionalism of Nicholas Malebranche is examined in a book by Arthur Luce. He attacked freethinkers such as Bernard Mandeville in a set of dialogues named for the title "minute philosopher." This philosopher countered the notion that ideas resemble material objects with his "likeness principle." Against John Locke, this philosopher argued that (*) primary qualities are subjective since they cannot be abstracted from secondary qualities. This philosopher's "master argument" claims that mind-independent objects do not exist since one cannot conceive them. For 10 points, name this Irish bishop who held that the world consisted only of ideas and God in works like Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.

George Berkeley <Jose>

Diogenes Laertius states that this man abdicated the kingship in favor of his brother, and that he convinced the tyrant Melanka to abdicate. This thinker, whose thought is preserved in approximately 100 "fragments," stated "strife is justice" and "the way up and the way down are the same" to emphasize a "unity of opposites." This native of Ephesus was called the "weeping philosopher" due to a melancholy that made him unable to (*) finish his works. This philosopher wrote that "logos" is the origin of all things. His saying panta rhei, or "everything flows" is often analogized to stepping in the same river twice. For 10 points, what ancient philosopher suggested that the universe was always changing and that fire was the origin of everything?

Heraclitus of Ephesus <Jose>

During this holiday, people greet each other with a phrase meaning "what is the news?" During this time, a mat is laid out to offer a firm foundation for the ceremonies, and the unity cup is used to offer libations to ancestors. On the final day of this holiday, children may open zawadi, handmade gifts from their parents. A central object of this holiday holds three red, one black, and three green items; those (*) candles symbolize this holiday's seven guiding principles, or Nguzo Saba, which include goal-setting, or nia, and a sense of unity, or umoja. This holiday's name is taken from a phrase meaning "first fruits of the harvest" in Swahili. For 10 points, name this year-end holiday created by Dr. Maulana Karenga in 1966 for African-American communities.

Kwanzaa <Aggarwal>

The open cluster NGC 1910 can be found inside one of these astronomical objects and features the hypergiant S Doradus. That one of these astronomical objects is home to LMC X-3, a likely candidate for a black hole. Henrietta Swan Leavitt examined variable stars in these bodies to derive the period-luminosity relation. The Tarantula Nebula is found inside one of these astronomical bodies and was where the supernova SN1987A occurred. A high-velocity "stream" of gas originating from these bodies intersects the (*) Milky Way's south pole and suggests that these bodies will merge with the Milky Way, around which they rotate. The fifth and seventh closest galaxies are, for 10 points, what pair of dwarf galaxies named for a Portuguese explorer?

Magellanic Clouds [prompt on dwarf galaxies] <Jose>

In one of this author's novels, rebel troops are followed by a nearsighted journalist modeled on the real-life Euclides da Cunha (COON-yah). Another novel by this author has four narrators, one of whom is a shy boy called "The Poet," who works to avenge the death of his friend "The Slave." This author of a novel fictionalizing Brazil's Canudos War followed a gang called The Circle in a novel partly narrated by (*) Jaguar and Boa, who are cadets at a military academy. A novel by this author of The War of the End of the World divides its even and odd chapters between radio soap operas and the love story of an employee at Radio Panamericana. For 10 points, name this author of The Time of the Hero and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, a Peruvian Nobel Laureate.

Mario Vargas Llosa [or Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa] <Alston>

A bizarre book by Immanuel Velikovsky identifies this mythical figure with the pharaoh Akhenaten. This grandson of Labdacus was raised by the king and queen of Corinth, Polybus and Merope, after a servant gave him to a shepherd. Theseus allows this man to spend his final days in a grove sacred to the Furies at Colonus. As an infant, he was supposed to be abandoned on Mount Cithaeron with his ankles pierced and tied together, which is why his name means (*) "swollen foot". Earlier, he exiled the prophet Tiresias as punishment for revealing that he was the killer of Laius. This man became king of Thebes by solving the riddle of the Sphinx. For 10 points, name this man who blinded himself after realizing that his wife Jocasta was his own mother.

Oedipus <Jose>

The Georgian dancer Vakhtang Chabukiani popularized a namesake variation danced by this character. This male character dances a "Grand Adagio" popularly known as the "Love Duet." In the first version of the ballet, this man's mother interrupts the opening waltz, in which he celebrates his birthday. The Drigo, Ivanov, and Petipa revival changed the ending such that this character chooses to die and is reunited with his lover in heaven. At the urging of his friend (*) Benno, this man takes his crossbow on a hunt. This character ignores a vision while dancing with a woman who looks exactly like his love interest, named Odile. The sorcerer Von Rothbart puts a spell on this character's beloved Odette. For 10 points, name or give the title of this protagonist of Swan Lake.

Prince Siegfried [or the Prince] <Gupta>

The post-World War II era of this country is depicted in a novel set largely at the Hotel Monopole, Ashes and Diamonds. A novel from this country features the character of Longinus, who vows to not have sex until he kills three people at once; that novel was followed up with Fire in the Steppe. The practice of Ketman by authors from this country such as "Alpha, the Moralist" is described in The Captive Mind, a book from here. This country's invasion by (*) Napoleon is depicted in its national epic, whose title translates as Mister Thaddeus. An author from this country wrote about Lygia's love for Marcus Vinicius in a novel set during Nero's reign. The author of With Fire and Sword and Quo Vadis?, Henryk Sienkiewicz, is from, for 10 points, what Eastern European country?

Republic of Poland <Jose>

This poet described floating in the ocean, seeing a butterfly overhead, and reminiscing about his dead wife in the poem "Amphibian." The narrator of another poem by this man claims "man's reach should exceed his grasp, or what's a heaven for?" That narrator dreams of working on one of the "four great walls in the New Jerusalem" alongside Rafael and Leonardo while painting his wife Lucrezia. Other artworks in this man's poetry include a bronze statue of (*) Neptune taming a seahorse cast by Claus of Innsbruck and placed near a painting of a woman who "liked whate'er she looked on." The narrator of a dramatic monologue by this poet killed his wife because she had "a heart too soon made glad." For 10 points, name this poet of "Andrea del Sarto" and "My Last Duchess."

Robert Browning <Mehigan>

This assembly voted to have one of its members author the "May 15 Preamble" to explain the importance of one of its documents. For two months, this government met at a tavern called the Henry Fite House. This body appointed the Committee of Five to prepare a document that would publicize the Lee Resolution. A letter sent to a member of this body notes that "all men would be tyrants if they could" and urged this body to (*) "Remember the Ladies." John Dickinson led this convention in writing and sending the Olive Branch Petition. This body dissolved itself when its members signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781. For 10 points, name this ruling body that adopted the United States Declaration of Independence and governed for much of the American Revolution.

Second Continental Congress [prompt on Continental Congress] <Jose>

Western access to this peninsula is controlled by the Mitla Pass, which was once seized by the 202nd Brigade of paratroopers without government approval. In Operation Badr, an army invaded this peninsula by using water cannons to tear down the fortifications and cross the Great Bitter Lake. A war began shortly after U Thant agreed to withdraw UNEF forces from this peninsula's southern port of (*) Sharm el-Sheikh (sharm el-SHAKE). It is bordered to the southeast by the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba, which were closed to shipping in 1956 and 1967. Per the Camp David Accords, Menachem Begin (BAY-geen) agreed to return this peninsula, which had been seized by Israel in the Six Day War. For 10 points, name this Egyptian peninsula east of the Suez Canal.

Sinai Peninsula <Wang>

A minister in this play claims to have completely refuted the heretical views of the Anabaptists in four unpublished sermons. That minister goes on a walk with a governess who assigns her charge the hated subject of German. Two characters in this play devour a plate of cucumber sandwiches before Aunt Augusta's arrival in the first act, and in the second, they eat muffins while discussing their upcoming (*) re-baptisms. In this play, Cecily Cardew and Gwendolyn Fairfax meet at a country house owned by a man found in a handbag as a baby, and another man comes to the house under the pretense of visiting his infirm cousin Bunbury. For 10 points, name this Oscar Wilde play in which Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrief both pretend to have a certain desirable name.

The Importance of Being Earnest <Mehigan>

This person began his career repairing North Sea coal ships under James Walker of Whitby. He was awarded fifty pounds for mapping the dangerous Traverses of the St. Lawrence River for General Wolfe in the Seven Years' War. This captain was joined by the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander on a voyage where no crewmen died of scurvy. Joseph Banks accompanied this man on a voyage to observe the (*) transit of Venus from Tahiti. On a mission to find a missing southern continent, this explorer coined the name Sting Ray Harbor, but soon changed its name to Botany Bay. He unsuccessfully searched for the Northwest Passage on the Discovery. For 10 points, name this captain of the Endeavour who circumnavigated New Zealand and died in Hawaii.

Captain James Cook <Bentley>

In an Orphic hymn, these figures are described as concealing themselves with a purple veil and living in an underwater cave. These characters also tricked Typhon into eating the fruit at Nysa. In another story, these figures transform Ampelos into a vine at his death. These children of Erebus and Nyx are credited with inventing the alphabet with the assistance of Hermes. The information they gave to Althaea prompted her to pull a brand out of a (*) fire and put it in a chest in order to preserve the life of her son Meleager. "Parcae" and "Moirae" are the Roman and Greek names for these figures, who use a spindle and shears to manage the thread of life. Lachesis, Clotho, and Atropos comprised, for 10 points, what set of goddesses who oversaw an individual's lifespan?

Fates [accept Moirae or Parcae before either is read] <Jose>

Special benches named for these places were established in universities as part of a numerus clausus policy. The head of one of the councils of elders set up in these places gave the "Give Me Your Children" speech. In one of these places, members of the ZOB committed mass suicide at the Mila 18 bunker after being surrounded by Jurgen Stroop's forces. At memorial to an event that occurred in one of these places, Willy Brandt performed his "kniefall." (*) Irene Sendler smuggled 2,500 children out of one of these places. The residents of one of these places were deported to a camp at Treblinka after an unsuccessful 1943 uprising in Warsaw. For 10 points, name this type of place where Jews were forced to live before being sent to death camps in Nazi-occupied Europe.

Jewish ghettos <Brownstein>

The first play published by an Englishwoman is a 1613 "Tragedy" of a queen of this group by Elizabeth Cary. One of these people disguises himself as a French lute player to kill his blackmailer and the courtesan Bellarmina with poisoned flowers. That member of this group claims "As for myself, I walk abroad a-nights and kill sick people groaning under walls." Calymath is saved from the plans of one of them when Governor Ferneze opens a (*) trap door. A member of this religious group buys the slave Ithamore, whom he sends to poison the residents of a nunnery, and dies in a boiling cauldron. For 10 points, name this religious group which Barrabas belongs to in a Christopher Marlowe play set in Malta and which also includes The Merchant of Venice's moneylender Shylock.

Jews [or Hebrews; or Jewry; or anything indicating adherents of Judaism] <Brownstein>

This person is depicted kissing a black baby while walking down some steps in a Thomas Hovenden painting depicting his "Last Moments." He was described as a "meteor of the war" in Herman Melville's poem "The Portent." This man was painted holding a rifle and a Bible in front of a tornado in a mural by John Steuart Curry, a Regionalist from the state where this man was most active. (*) Julia Ward Howe sanitized the lyrics of a tune title for this man after his execution. In response to the sacking of Lawrence, this man hacked five pro-slavery settlers to death in the Pottawatomie Massacre, during Bleeding Kansas. In 1859, Robert E. Lee helped arrest this man in Virginia. For 10 points, name this radical abolitionist who led a failed raid on Harpers Ferry.

John Brown <Wang>

It's not by Locke, but this book argues that speech was invented to transform mental discourse to verbal discourse in a chapter that lists four "abuses" of language. This book's sixth chapter distinguishes "vital" and "voluntary" animal motions and concludes that "the will" is the "last appetite." Though this work rejects the idea of a summum bonum, or (*) greatest good, it states that the summum malum, or greatest evil, is death. This book's first section, Of Man, proposes that a social contract gives an absolute sovereign authority to reign to avoid a "war of all against all." For 10 points, name this political treatise calling the "life of man" in the state of nature "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," written by Thomas Hobbes?

Leviathan: Or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil <Jose>

This state's Saint Mary Lake is where Stanley Kubrick filmed the opening scene of The Shining. The Laurentian and Great Divides meet at this non-Californian state's Triple Divide Peak, from which water can flow into either the Pacific, Atlantic, or Arctic Oceans. The popular Going-to-the-Sun Road runs through a national park in this state, whose western border is formed by the (*) Bitterroot Mountains. In the southern part of this state, the confluence of the Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison Rivers forms the Missouri River. This state contains Glacier National Park and a small northern strip of Yellowstone National Park, which it shares with Idaho and Wyoming. For 10 points, name this "Big Sky" state whose capital is Helena.

Montana <Wang>

A character in this novel goes to war "to save an England which consisted almost entirely of Shakespeare's plays and Miss Isabel Pole in a green dress." Another character in this book constantly fidgets with his horn-handled pocket knife. A soldier in this novel loses his capacity for feeling after the death of his commander Evans but soothes himself by making a hat with his wife (*) Lucrezia. The protagonist of this novel reminisces about time spent at Bourton with Peter Walsh and Sally Seton. This novel begins with the protagonist leaving to buy flowers for the party she hosts that night, where she hears that Septimus Smith has jumped out a window. For 10 points, name this Virginia Woolf novel about one day in the life of Clarissa.

Mrs. Dalloway <Mehigan> Bonuses

One country got news of the true results of this campaign through the 29th Bulletin. Strength, direction, and temperature are shown on a celebrated graph of this campaign by Charles Minard. During this campaign, a man proclaimed himself General Malet and claimed that its leader had died as part of a failed coup. The name of a battle in this campaign, Berezina, has been used as a general term for (*) disaster. This campaign followed the end of the Treaty of Tilsit, and the defenders during this campaign burned down their capital after the Battle of Borodino. All but 40,000 soldiers in the Grand Armée were captured or killed during this campaign. For 10 points, name this disastrous military campaign launched by a French emperor against Alexander I.

Napoleon I's invasion of Russia [or the French invasion of Russia; or Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Russia; or Patriotic War of 1812; or Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda; prompt on partial answers] <Bentley>

Singmaster's conjecture states that all but one of the positive numbers in this construct appear a constant number of times. The sum of the values running along a "heel" of this entity equals its "toe," according to the Christmas Stocking Theorem. The time-space diagram of Rule 90 generates a modulo-two version of this construct called Sierpiński's sieve. The Fibonacci sequence can be generated by summing the shallow (*) diagonals of this construct. When expanding the expression x plus y, all to the nth power, the coefficients of the polynomial are given by the nth row of this construct. Entries in its nth row are generated by summing two values from its n minus one-th row. For 10 points, name this geometric array of numbers that is named for a 17th-century French mathematician.

Pascal's triangle [or Pascal Triangle; accept Yang Hui's triangle or Tartaglia's Triangle or Khayyam Triangle or Khayyam-Pascal Triangle] <Jose>

This country's Ardeche River, and its distinctly turquoise Verdon River, both run through large limestone gorges that are currently major tourist attractions. More than 10,000 Neolithic monoliths stand in this country's town of Carnac, which lies near the popular yachting destination of Quiberon Bay. Norman Foster designed this country's (*) Millau (mee-YO) Viaduct, the tallest bridge in the world, which crosses over a tributary of its Garonne River. The three-story tall Pont du Gard aqueduct stands in its historic region of Languedoc. The iconic monastery of Mont Saint-Michel, which is only accessible during low tides, sits on an island in this country's region of Normandy. For 10 points, name this country whose capital is Paris.

Republic of France <Wang>

This man sits among rocks in a painting by Joachim Patinir that was one of the first to be described as a "landscape." A peacock perches on the painted frame of a painting of this man seated on a wooden platform by Antonello da Messina. This man unfurls a scroll next to a column in the right background of Parmigianino's Madonna of the Long Neck. In a painting of this man, a cardinal's hat and an hourglass hang on the wall above his (*) bald head. In that same engraving of this man, a skull rests on a windowsill and a dog and a lion sleep next to each other in the foreground. An engraving of this man at work may be part of a series with Knight, Death, and the Devil. For 10 points, name this saint whom Albrecht Durer depicted "in his study," working on the Vulgate.

Saint Jerome [or Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus] <Bentley>

A split in this organization that destroyed its Citizens Committee was known as the "war at the top." In its Electoral Gazette, this organization published an image of Gary Cooper from High Noon before an election to the so-called "contract" legislature. The sunglasses-wearing general who succeeded S. Kania implemented martial law to deal with this organization. The government led by this organization oversaw an abrupt move to a (*) market economy, known as "shock therapy," via the Balcerowicz (balt-seh-RO-vitch) Plan. The Round Table talks occurred between this group and the Jaruzelski (yuh-roo-ZEL-ski) regime. This group was founded in the Lenin shipyards by former electrician Lech Wałęsa (vah-WEN-suh). For 10 points, name this independent trade union that opposed the communist government of Poland.

Solidarity [or Solidarność; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union before "independent" is read] <Brownstein>

This novel's title character whispers the word "one" into the ear of a corpse of a man who died the moment he acknowledged the existence of God. A character in this book adopts the false name Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti when he is introduced to society by a man called "Lord Wilmore." During the Roman Carnival, the protagonist of this novel arranges for a young man to be kidnapped and taken to the catacombs by a gang of bandits. The title character of this novel decides to not (*) duel Albert de Morcerf, the son of his former betrothed Mercédès. This novel's title character befriends the Abbé Faria when he is wrongly imprisoned for fourteen years. For 10 points, Edmond Dantès takes the title alias while on a quest for revenge in what novel by Alexander Dumas, père?

The Count of Monte Cristo [or Le Comte de Monte-Cristo]<Jose>

A character in this book describes a pill he invented which allows its user to save 53 minutes a week by not having to drink water. A geographer alarms this novel's protagonist by defining "ephemeral" as "in danger of speedy disappearance." This book describes a scientist whose discovery is ignored because of his Turkish costume. This novel's protagonist is told "It is only with the heart that one can see rightly" by a fox who asks to be tamed. The protagonist of this novel (*) meets a king, a drunk, and a lamplighter after leaving his home, where he battles baobabs and tends a proud rose. This book's narrator encounters the title character after his plane crashes in the Sahara. For 10 points, name this novella about a boy from asteroid B-612 by Antoine Saint-Exupery ("sahn ex-oo-per-EE").

The Little Prince [or Le Petit Prince] <Brownstein>

Infrared photography revealed that this painting's subject originally wore a transparent overdress, a traditional symbol of nursing. John R. Eyre wrote a monograph arguing for the authenticity of the so-called Isleworth version of this painting. Only a small portion remains visible of the two columns which once stood on the ledge behind this painting's subject. In this painting, a four-arched (*) bridge over a winding river can be seen in the craggy background above the subject's right shoulder. The shadows around the eyes of this subject's eyes are characteristic of the sfumato technique. A reproduction of this painting with a goatee drawn on makes up Marcel Duchamp's L.H.O.O.Q. For 10 points, name this Leonardo da Vinci painting of an enigmatically smiling woman.

The Mona Lisa [or La Gioconda; or La Joconde] <Bentley>

In the prefatory section of this novel, a man unties a package held together with "faded red tape," which contains a manuscript authorized by Governor Shirley and written by Jonathan Pue. One character in this novel, who is described as "well stricken in years," gained knowledge of "native herbs" during his year long captivity with Indians and is constantly referred to as "The Leech." This novel begins with a section called "The (*) Custom House." A character in this novel dies after giving his sermon on Election Day because he was driven to insanity by Arthur Dimmesdale. In this novel, Roger Chillingworth leaves his inheritance to the child Pearl. For 10 points, name this novel about the consequences of Hester Prynne's adultery, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The Scarlet Letter <Jose>

Michael Horn, the head of the American branch of this organization, quipped "I should probably go, huh?" before resigning in March of 2016. Its current head took his job after Martin Winterkorn was dismissed. A West Virginia University group found that one of this company's products entered a "low power" mode when put on a (*) stationary rig. Matthias Mueller sacked over half of this company's board after the CARB rejected a proposed fix to vehicles with 2.0L engines. So-called "defeat devices" in many of this company's products, such as the Passat and Jetta, altered them to emit less nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide when subjected to EPA testing. For 10 points, name this German car company that manufactures the Gold and Beetle.

Volkswagen AG [or VW] <Jose>

In Ostia, a well preserved one of these structures contains many mosaics of Neptune. One of these places named for Zeuxippus was destroyed during the Nika Revolts in Constantinople. A conical roof covered the laconicum of these places, whose entrances were rooms called apodyteria. These buildings were heated by a system called the hypocaust. Slaves called unctores would often use a strigil on their masters in the destrictarium of these places. In 212 AD, (*) Caracalla commissioned a large one of these buildings that are only smaller than ones named for Diocletian. The frigidarium of these structures was filled with cold water, while hot water could be found in the caldarium. For 10 points, name these public locations where Romans would clean themselves.

baths [or thermae] <Jose>

A form of this action can be performed to make up for adding or omitting a fard act, and is called the one "of forgetfulness." This action does not accompany a funerary ritual that includes reciting four takbirs and is called janazah. The last verse of Sura 7, "The Heights," is the first of fourteen or fifteen verses of the Qur'an whose recitation involves an extra one of these actions. Iblis was sent to hell for refusing to do this to (*) Adam when all of the other angels did. It may be considered shirk, or polytheism, to perform this physical action towards a human being. Instances of this action called ruku and sujud are performed during salat, in addition to standing and sitting. For 10 points, identify this physical posture that Muslims take while praying.

bowing [accept equivalents like prostration or genuflection; accept ruku until it is read; accept sujud or sajdah until "sujud" is read; prompt on prayer or salat or salah] <Yu>

This element is the heaviest element found in the molecule X-gal. In mass spectrometry, the presence of this element is easily seen because of an M-plus-2 peak at the same height. This element's binary acid adds anti-Markovnikov to an alkene in the presence of peroxides. Its (*) ethidium salt intercalates DNA and fluoresces during gel electrophoresis. Diphenyl ethers with many atoms of this element attached are used as a flame retardant. Double bonds in compounds are qualitatively detected by adding this element, since the solution will turn from brown to colorless. This element of group 17 has an electron configuration ending with 4p5. For 10 points, name this halogen that presents at room temperature as a reddish brown liquid.

bromine [or Br] <Silverman>

The position of these structures is indicated by the superscript next to the delta symbol in the IUPAC notation for fatty acids. These structures cannot exist as the bridgehead of a ring system according to Bredt's rule. An additional ghost atom is needed to deal with these structures according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, which can also specify their geometry by marking them (*) E or Z. Nine of these structures make up a conjugated system in the central ring of chlorophyll, causing its green color. These structures contain one sigma and one pi bond, occur between sp2-hybridized carbons, and can be labeled cis or trans depending on orientation. For 10 points, name this type of bond indicated by two parallel lines which characterize alkenes.

carbon-carbon double bond [prompt on alkenes before mention; prompt on pi bonds before mention] <Mukherjee>

Jaegwon Kim assumed that this relation is closed within the physical universe in his argument for reductionist physicalism, which seeks to explain how mental properties can be involved in this relation. David Lewis proposed a counterfactual theory of this phenomenon, which Mill's Methods are tools for reasoning about. Occasionalists argued that the (*) efficient type of this phenomenon is only possible through God. An argument that inferences about this phenomenon involve neither relations of ideas nor matters of fact allows Hume to conclude they are based on association. Aristotle distinguished four types of this relation, and posited the unmoved mover as the ultimate efficient one. For 10 points, name this kind of relation in which one event makes another happen.

causation [or word forms, like causality or cause] <Kothari>

This sort of object provides the surname of an innkeeper who owns a mysterious smoked-over oil painting and tells the protagonist that another character is out peddling shrunken heads. In the first chapter of the novel in which he appears, that protagonist describes finding himself stopping before warehouses full of these objects. A character climbs into one of these objects with an idol named Yojo after falling (*) ill with a fever and later decorates it with carvings. A canoe-like object of this sort is reworked by a carpenter into a life-buoy. One of these objects made by Queequeg emerges from a whirlpool after the Pequod sinks. For 10 points, Moby Dick ends with Ishmael floating on what sort of object, usually used to store dead bodies?

coffins [prompt on canoes, buoys, or sea chests] <Brownstein>

The XENON research project uses a dual phase time projection chamber to search for this component, whose distribution is plotted on a Navarro-Frenk-White profile. The cusp-core problem has led to the suggestion that this component is self-interacting. Plots of orbital velocities of bodies against radial distance on a galactic rotation curve lead to the inference of this component, which (*) Fritz Zwicky postulated after studying the Coma Cluster. Mordehai Milgrom developed MOND, or Modified Newtonian Dynamics, as an alternative to this entity. Axions are candidates for its "cold" form, while its "hot," ultra-relativistic form would be contributed from neutrinos. For 10 points, name this currently undetected hypothetical substance that might comprise most of the mass of the universe.

dark matter halo [after "Navarro-Frenk-White profile" is mentioned, prompt on mass <Jose>

Women believed to be in this condition are the subject of multi-day dances in the North African zar cult. In Santeria, the experience of this condition is referred to as "mounting of the horse" and is encouraged by the music of bembé drumming parties. In Jewish folklore, a tzaddik can save someone from this condition by promising salvation to the dybbuk responsible. After a man was saved from this condition in the Gospel of Mark, thousands of (*) pigs rushed into the sea and drowned. During some Voodoo ceremonies, a devotee enters this state in order to allow Papa Legba and other loas to speak. In the land of the Gerasenes, Jesus speaks to Legion before ridding a man of this condition. For 10 points, identify this condition which can be ended by an exorcism.

spirit possession [or demonic possession; accept word forms such as being possessed] <Brownstein>

The speaker sings of this concept's "trans-shifting" before describing "how roses first came red" in the poem "The Argument of His Book." In the poem "Corinna's Going a-Maying", the speaker implores the addressee to "take the harmless folly of" this concept. The speaker of another poem urges his addressee to help him "devour" this concept "like amorous birds of prey." That poem warns that this concept's "winged (*) chariot" is "hurrying near." While this is "still a-flying," the speaker of another poem entreats "Gather ye rosebuds, while ye may." In the first stanza of Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress," the speaker considers the case in which he had "but world enough and" this thing. For 10 points, Robert Herrick advised virgins to "make much of" what concept?

time <Jose>

A piece of the island of Cos was broken off using one of these weapons so that it could be hurled at the monster Polybotes. This weapon was used to terrorize a satyr who had surprised the nymph Amymone. In the Aeneid, the trumpeter Misenus was killed for his impudence by a god who carried one of these weapons. In a contest judged by Cecrops, a figure used this weapon to create either a horse or a (*) wellspring, though Athena's olive tree was judged superior. This weapon was used by Nereus, father of the Nereids. Either the Telkhines or the Cyclopes created one of these weapons, while the owner of another also carried a conch shell that could calm the waves. For 10 points, name this three-pronged weapon wielded by Triton and Poseidon.

trident <Jose>

An institution created in this year called for tax resistance in the following year's Viborg Manifesto. During this year, the delivery of "The Most Humble and Loyal Address" was led by a man who was later shot for working with the secret police. The Black Hundreds began carrying out pogroms in this year. The capture of Port Arthur during this year inspired unrest in the country of the (*) loser. During this year, soldiers opened fire on demonstrators led by Father Gapon outside in the Winter Palace on Bloody Sunday. In this year, the Duma was created by the October Manifesto, which was issued in response to strikes and uprisings by Nicholas II. For 10 points, name this year in the first decade of the 20th century during which a Russian revolution occurred.

1905 [prompt on 05] <Brownstein>

Conon the mythographer states that a man of this name gave Autoleon a severe wound, which he healed by visiting the Isle of Leuca. Athena caused that king of this name to slip on a cow pie during the funeral games of Patroclus. Poseidon shattered the rock on which a son of Oileus with this name stood after he boasted that he did not need the gods to survive; during the Trojan War, that man with this name violated (*) Cassandra. Another man of this name used his seven-layer shield to protect his half-brother Teucer and senselessly slaughtered numerous sheep, thinking them to be warriors, after he was not awarded the armor of Achilles. For 10 points, give this name shared by a Locrian king and a son of Telamon respectively known as "the lesser" and "the greater".

Ajax [or Aias] <Jose>

To treat tuberculosis, bedaquiline inhibits this protein in bacteria. A subunit of this protein is composed of three subunits in a 1:2:10 stoichiometric ratio and is named for its affinity to oligomycin. In brown fat, thermogenin bypasses this protein. V-class enzymes, which catalyze the normal reverse reaction as this enzyme, (*) acidify lysosomes. According to Paul Boyer's Nobel Prize-winning model of this protein, a ring rotates around a central stalk, acting as a molecular motor. This enzyme couples the diffusion of protons down the electrochemical gradient to oxidative phosphorylation. For 10 points, name this protein that spans the inner mitochondrial membrane at the end of the electron transport chain, which produces the "energy currency" of the cell.

ATP synthase [or ATP synthetase; or adenosine triphosphate synthase; or adenosine triphosphate synthetase; do not accept or prompt on "ATP"] <Silverman>

After this dynasty fell into decline, it briefly became a vassal to the Buyid emirs in Shiraz. Around the same time, the Samanids and the Ghaznavids broke away from this dynasty in Khorasan. It came to power in a revolution led by the populist general Abu Muslim, whom this dynasty quickly murdered afterwards. The Barmakid family from Bactria wielded much influence in this dynasty's early years. To avoid (*) shedding royal blood, this dynasty's last king was rolled up in a carpet and stomped to death by horses. This caliphate lost most of its territory to the Fatimids and Seljuk Turks in the 10th century. In 1258, Hulagu Khan sacked its capital of Baghdad. For 10 points, name this caliphate that succeeded the Umayyads.

Abbasid caliphate/dynasty [or the Abbasids; or al-Khilāfah al-Abbāsīyah] <Wang>

One of this man's officers, Cleitus the White, defeated the Athenian navy during the Lamian War. In a fit of rage, this king skewered Cleitus the Black with a javelin, even though Cleitus had earlier saved him from two satraps under Memnon of Rhodes. Arrian of Nicomedia claims that this leader was told he needed "men with wings" to capture a fortress at Sogdian Rock; after doing so, he married the princess Roxana. This king built a giant causeway during his siege of (*) Tyre. This man fought against Darius III at the Battles of the Granicus and Gaugamela. After he defeated King Porus at the Battle of Hydpases River, his troops refused to campaign further into India. For 10 points, name this son of Philip of Macedon who conquered much of the ancient world.

Alexander the Great [or Alexander III of Macedon; accept Alexandros for "Alexander"] <Jose>

This peninsula lies east of a group of islands that were accidentally shelled by then-U.S. naval officer L. Ron Hubbard in 1943. Despite the efforts of explorer Francisco de Ulloa (ooh-YO-ah), maps continued to show this peninsula as an island up until the 17th century. Three years before his invasion of Nicaragua, the filibuster William Walker tried to establish an independent republic on this peninsula. After the Jesuits were expelled from this peninsula in 1767, (*) Junípero (hoo-NEE-peh-roh) Serra established one mission here before moving north. The delta of the Colorado River is on the northeastern base of this peninsula, which runs by the Sea of Cortez. For 10 points, name this Mexican peninsula whose northern end contains the city of Tijuana (tee-WAH-nah).

Baja California [Peninsula] <Wang>

It's not Lake Superior, but this sea contains St. Matthew Island, where overpopulation combined with extreme weather caused the island's reindeer population to fluctuate from 29 to 6,000 to 42 over the course of two decades. In 1943, American and Japanese fleets fought one of the few surface engagements of World War II around this sea's (*) Commander Islands, formerly home to the extinct Steller's sea cow. During the Cold War, the strait at the northern end of this sea was divided by the "Ice Curtain," which separated the Big and Little Diomede Islands. This sea, which lies south of the Chukchi Sea, is named after a Danish explorer who explored nearby Kamchatka for Peter the Great. For 10 points, name this sea separating Russia from Alaska.

Bering Sea <Wang>

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's string quintet in this key is considered a companion piece to the one in G minor. Mozart's D major Flute Concerto No. 2 is a reworking of his oboe concerto, which is in this key. Both of Georges Bizet's symphonies are in this key, which Mozart used for a piano concerto best-known for its F major Andante second movement's usage in the 1967 film Elvira Madigan. The "Wedding March" from (*) Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream suite is in this key. A Mozart symphony in this key ends with a five-voice fugue and was given a mythological nickname by Johann Peter Salomon. Schubert's "Little" sixth and "Great" ninth symphonies are in this key. For 10 points, give this key of the Jupiter Symphony, which has no sharps or flats.

C major [do not accept "C minor"] <Kim>

Prophecies condemning the poor treatment of a person of this name got the nun Elizabeth Barton executed. A woman with this first name wrote bestselling devotionals such as Prayers or Meditations and The Lamentation of a Sinner. A woman of this first name was serving as regent when the Earl of Surrey won the Battle of Flodden Field. The refusal of (*) Clement VII to grant a dispensation against a woman with this name during the "King's Great Matter" led to the passage of the Act of Supremacy. This was the name of the widow of Prince Arthur, whose second husband tried to annul their marriage in order to marry Anne Boleyn. For 10 points, give this name of woman surnamed Howard and Parr, as well as a princess from Aragon, all three of whom were Henry VIII's wives.

Catherine [or Catherine of Aragon; or Catherine Parr; or Katherine Howard; or Catalina] <Brownstein> Bonuses

A narrator of this novel praises Ernest Oppenheimer for proposing that mines be built after gold is discovered at Odendaalsrust. The main character of this novel laughs until he is sore after children in a tiny village are given gifts of milk by a farm owner. This novel ends after the protagonist prays on a hilltop at dawn as he waits for his son to be executed. In this book, a trial that ends with the acquittal of the two accomplices (*) Matthew and Johannes Paffuri is taken up pro deo by Mr. Carmichael. At the opening of this novel, Theophilus Msimangu sends his fellow priest Stephen a letter asking him to come to Johannesburg. For 10 points, name this novel in which Absalom Kumalo is sentenced to death for killing Arthur Jarvis, written by Alan Paton.

Cry, the Beloved Country <Jose>

Diana Puntar's "homemade futurist" sculpture Less Than Day, Or Night was inspired by this artist's work. Carlo Barsotti established the park named for this man in New York City, which is where Ettore Ximenes's massive sculpture of him resides. A sculpture inspired by the philosophy of this person quotes Michelangelo's portrait of Lorenzo Medici and was originally created to sit in front of the other sculptures Eternal Springtime and I Am (*) Beautiful. This man's writings inspired a sculptural complex in which the sculpture The Three Graces can be seen at its top. A depiction of Ugolino, gnawing at his fingers, was inspired by the writings of this man. The Thinker and The Gates of Hell were inspired by, for 10 points, what Italian author's The Divine Comedy?

Dante Alighieri [accept either] <Jose>

One of this author's stories is partially set in a pentagonal room in which there are five gigantic sarcophagi made of Luxor granite. A character in that story by this author writes a poem that includes the line "the play is the tragedy, 'Man.'" The narrator of one of this author's stories witnesses his second wife Lady Rowena Trevanion dying and transforming into his first wife, who had previously composed the poem "The (*) Conqueror Worm." Another of this author's stories, which opens by describing a man who out-Heroded Herod, takes place during a masquerade hosted in six rooms of different colors; in that story by this author, Prince Prospero is killed by the title plague. For 10 points, name this author of the short stories "Ligeia" and "The Masque of the Red Death."

Edgar Allan Poe [or Edgar Poe <Jose>

This composer gave a Wales-inspired melody to the solo viola in the slow opening of a one-movement piece scored for string quartet and string orchestra. Like Ravel, he composed an Introduction and Allegro in 1905. He included several instances of a "Windflower" theme in his violin concerto and used woodwind thirty-second notes to gently parody his friend (*) Dora Penny in another piece. His E minor cello concerto was revived by an acclaimed recording headed by Jacqueline du Pré. He portrayed his editor Augustus Jaeger as the title mighty hunter in the "Nimrod" movement of his Enigma Variations. He also wrote six pieces commonly used as incidental music for graduation ceremonies. For 10 points, name this English composer of the Pomp and Circumstance marches.

Edward Elgar [or Edward William Elgar] <Kim>

This person once sat a chair between the segregated sections of a Southern Conference for Human Welfare meeting in Birmingham. This person was the namesake of fictitious African-American clubs with the supposed slogan "a white woman in every kitchen." This person organized a meeting between the president and Walter White on anti-lynching laws. In her "My Day" column, this person announced her resignation from the Daughters of the American Revolution to protest a policy involving (*) Constitution Hall. This author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights then organized a concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial given by singer Marian Anderson. For 10 points, name this first lady who supported the "Black Cabinet" and the New Deal of her husband FDR.

Eleanor Roosevelt [or Anna Eleanor Roosevelt; prompt on Roosevelt] <Brownstein>

Daniel Buren added colorful panels to one of this artist's buildings to create a giant kaleidoscope known as the Observatory of Light. The Cowles Conservatory in the Walker Art Center contains this artist's glass sculpture Giant Standing Fish. This artist, who designed the Fondation Louis Vuitton, used a "deconstructivst" approach to a building that he designed with Vlado Milunic. The Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame is attached to a building that (*) Microsoft founder Paul Allen commissioned from this man. In Prague, this artist designed a building whose two distinct towers evoke the movement of feet, called the Dancing House. For 10 points, name this modern architect who designed the Experience Music Project in Seattle and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles.

Frank Gehry [or Frank Owen Gehry or Frank Owen Goldberg] <Jose> Bonuses

A novel written in this language follows a girl who is raised to be a prostitute by her mother and grandmother, and was written by an author whose first four novels were published under her husband's name. In a novel in this language, the narrator visits Biskra, where he sees his wife's scissors get stolen by one of the Arab boys whom he finds himself attracted to. Another author writing in this language wrote the trilogy The Roads to Freedom as well as a play in which an unnamed valet does not have (*) any eyelids. That play in this language climaxes with a man stroking a bronze mantelpiece and stating "Hell is other people!" The Immoralist and No Exit are written in, for 10 points, what language used by Colette, Andre Gide, and Jean-Paul Sartre?

French <Jose>

After this European country tried to force its colonial subjects to grow cotton, it faced a revolt led by the mystic Kinjikitile Ngwale, who claimed he could turn bullets into water. This colonial power faced the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905, around the same time that its forces won the Battle of Waterberg in order to drive the Herero people into the desert. Before being passed to (*) Belgian rule, Rwanda was a colony of this country, which unsuccessfully challenged French influence by sending gunboats to Agadir and Tangiers in the two Moroccan Crises. All of its colonies, including modern-day Namibia and Tanzania, became League of Nations mandates after World War I. For 10 points, name this country that aggressively expanded its colonial empire under Wilhelm II.

Germany [or German Empire; accept German Reich or Second Reich] <Wang>

One of these places is the setting of the second part of the memoir Journey into the Whirlwind by Eugenia Ginzburg. People in one of these places tried to get help using carrier pigeons after seizing control of it during the forty-day Kengir uprising. The use of these places replaced the katorga system, which was used for targets of the Third Section and the Okhrana. Under Genrikh Yagoda, tens of thousands of people from these places constructed a 141-mile-long shipping canal. These places were (*) operated by the NKVD. Many people were released from these places during the Thaw that followed the Secret Speech. These places are compared to a vast archipelago by an Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn book. For 10 points, name this system of forced labor prison camps in Soviet Russia.

Gulag prison camps [or Glavnoye upravlenie lagerei; or Main Camp Administration; prompt on more general answers such as labor camps, Soviet prison camps, etc] <Brownstein>

A woman in this opera screams out the word "Gioia!" (JOY-uh) after singing "Se una pudica vergine." Its second act ends with all of the main characters singing "Di sprezzo degno se stesso." This opera's lead soprano renounces love before suggestively giving a man a camellia. Doctor Grenvil lies about a character's illness in the final act of this opera, which was based on a play by Alexander (*) Dumas, fils (doo-MAH, feece). It includes the drinking song "Libiamo ne'liete calici." In a pivotal scene from this opera, the male lead throws his winnings at the feet of his ex-lover, who has come to a party with Baron Douphol. In this opera, Giorgio tells a courtesan to leave his son Alfredo Germont alone. For 10 points, name this Giuseppe Verdi opera in which Violetta is the title "fallen woman."

La Traviata [or The Fallen Woman before mention] <Sy>

An essay mocking the style of "character" criticism by L.C. Knights sardonically asks "How many children had" this character? This character encourages another by exhorting, "screw your courage to the sticking place, and we'll not fail." In a late scene, this character laments the inadequacies of "all the perfumes of Arabia." This character fears that another character's nature is "too full o' th' (*) milk of human kindness," even though that character is thane of Glamis and becomes thane of Cawdor. News of this character's death cues the lament "she should have died hereafter." She exclaims "Out, damned spot!" during her sleepwalking scene. For 10 points, name this woman who plots King Duncan's death and becomes Queen of Scotland in a play by William Shakespeare.

Lady Macbeth [do not accept or prompt on "Macbeth"] <Jose>

In the late 19th century, youth gangs in this city known for wearing colorful scarves and donkey fringes were called the Scuttlers. The Blanketeers were prevented from marching from this city to protest the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. This city was supplied coal from nearby Worsley via a canal built by the Duke of Bridgewater. The yeomanry of this city killed many people who had come to hear Henry Hunt lecture in (*) 1819. Friedrich Engels' Condition of the Working Class in England was written in this city. A newspaper founded in this city was started in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre and is today called The Guardian. For 10 points, name this English city, once the center of the world cotton industry and a rival of Liverpool.

Manchester <Bentley>

A man stands on the shoulders of the title giant in this artist's painting Blind Orion Searching for the Rising Sun. Paul Freart de Chantelou commissioned the second of this artist's two Seven Sacraments series. Two men carry a shrouded body in the foreground of a pastoral landscape by this artist which depicts The Funeral of Phocion. Two of the three shepherds in one of his most enigmatic paintings point at the title (*) inscription on a tombstone in the featureless landscape where Zeus was born. In a painting by this artist, an infant blows bubbles beneath a two-headed statue and four figures link hands performing the title dance. For 10 points, name this 17th century French artist of Et in Arcadia Ego and Dance to the Music of Time.

Nicolas Poussin <Bentley>

A recurring speech in this novel begins with variants on "Guys like us are the loneliest guys in the world." In this novel, a woman discusses her ambitions to be an actress in a scene punctuated by the sounds of a game of horseshoes. In this novel, after an old, lame sheepdog is taken away to be shot, a man is insulted for wearing a "glove fulla Vaseline." While his friend is at a brothel, a character in this novel visits a black stable buck with a (*) crippled spine known as Crooks. While thinking about growing alfalfa and "living on the fatta the lan'," that character in this novel is shot in the back of the head to save him from a mob angry over the death of Curley's wife. For 10 points, name this novel about George and the rabbit-loving Lenny by John Steinbeck.

Of Mice and Men <Brownstein>

While on the run, a character in this novel overturns a table and grabs his blood-stained hat from a salesman who tries to sell him an "invaluable composition" for removing stains. That character in this novel accidentally hangs himself when he imagines seeing the eyes of his girlfriend, which causes him to slip from a roof. A character in this novel ties a rock to a handkerchief and tries to drown his dog Bull's Eye. Charley Bates steals Mr. Brownlow's handkerchief in this novel with the assistance of (*) Jack Dawkins, who is known as The Artful Dodger. In this novel, Bill Sikes mercilessly beats his girlfriend Nancy to death. For 10 points, name this novel by Charles Dickens in which the title character joins Fagin's band of thieves.

Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress <Jose>

This thinker calls his teacher, William of Champeaux, the "supreme master" of dialectic in an autobiographical letter that recounts how Anselm of Laon persecuted him. He argues that the mind's vices make one disposed to sin in his moral treatise Ethics, or Know Thyself. His most notable work begins with a prologue that states one should not rashly pass judgments on saints whose writings contradict each other. That work consists of 158 theological assertions and their (*) negations. This philosopher recounted how Fulbert hired a group of thieves to castrate him in History of My Calamities, which also describes a correspondence he maintained with a nun at Argenteuil (ARR-zhan-tuy). For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the book Sic et Non and married Héloïse.

Peter Abelard [or Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; or Pierre Abelard] <Jose>

A mother tiger growls at a crocodile decked in cherubs in this artist's Allegory of the Four Corners of the World. In one of this artist's few pre-Italy paintings, two satyrs look on as a nude, seated Paris makes the title judgement. He painted the family of his collaborator Jan Brueghel the Elder. Hymen and Amor hold up a portrait of one of this artist's patrons for that patron's future (*) husband in the fourth entry in a series that also depicts a monarch landing in Marseilles. A team of muscled men struggle to perform the title Raising of the Cross, which, like The Descent from the Cross, was painted by this artist for the Antwerp Cathedral. This artist created the Marie de Medici Cycle. For 10 points, name this Flemish artist known for his fleshy nudes.

Peter Paul Rubens <Bentley>

William Tuke, a member of this religious denomination, founded the Retreat in York, which revolutionized the treatment of mental illness. Thousands of members of this faith were released from prison thanks to Margaret Fell's appeal to the king. James Nayler, a member of this faith, was arrested for re-enacting Christ's entry into Jerusalem in Bristol and was one of this faith's Valiant Sixty. This group's founder had a vision on Pendle Hill while traveling around England, preaching, and getting arrested for (*) blasphemy. A member of this faith made peace with the Lenape and was granted land in America in exchange for cancelling Charles II's debt. This denomination was founded by George Fox. For 10 points, name this pacifist religious denomination practiced by William Penn.

Quakers [or Society of Friends] <Bentley>

The third movement of Mozart's fifth violin concerto shifts from 3/4 to 2/4 time to imitate music from this country. During the Classical period, composers used a triangle, cymbals, and a bass drum to imitate music from this country. Beethoven's "The Ruins of Athens" includes a march inspired by this country's music. Haydn imitated this country's music in the second movement of his Military symphony as part of an (*) Austrian craze for this country's music in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Mozart imitated the music of this country in the rondo of his 11th piano sonata and the overture to The Abduction from the Seraglio. For 10 points, name this country whose music grew popular after the failed siege of Vienna, when many composers imitated its janissary bands.

Republic of Turkey [or the Ottoman Empire] <Magin>

This man and Gell-Mann explained the CP-violation of the weak force using a vector minus axial Lagrangian. Two applications of Ito's lemma are used to derive a formula this man names with Kac, relating parabolic PDEs and stochastic processes. This man assumed infinite momentum in his model of hadron collisions as partons, which later turned out to be quarks. This man created a namesake absorber theory that incorporated time-reversal symmetry by collaborating with his mentor Archibald (*) Wheeler. This man extended Lagrangian mechanics to quantum theory, minimizing action when summing over all histories in his path-integral approach. Along with Schwinger and Tomonga, this man won the Nobel in physics for his work on quantum electrodynamics. For 10 points, name this eccentric Caltech physicist known for modeling particle interactions with his namesake diagrams.

Richard Feynman <Wang>

In a sequel to this painting, an old man reaches for an angel's palm branch as a youth in a loincloth stands over him with a sword. Cardinal Del Monte secured the artist a commission to create this painting in the Contarelli Chapel along with two paintings showing the "martyrdom" and "inspiration" of its title figure. The probable title man in this painting wears a black hat with a coin in it and sits next to a boy with a feathered cap, although some contend that the title figure is actually a (*) youth who is focused on counting coins. Beneath an open window lit from an unseen source, Christ reaches out his finger to the title man of this painting, who points at himself in a "Who, me?" gesture. For 10 points, name this Caravaggio painting of a gospel author's conversion.

The Calling of Saint Matthew [or The Inspiration of Saint Matthew before "inspiration" is read] <Bentley>

In this novel, some office workers can't stop singing after they are hypnotized by a pince-nez-wearing "choirmaster." A subplot of this novel ends with a headache-stricken man revealing to Levi that he had stabbed a traitorous character. In this novel, a servant turns her neighbor into a pig after putting on some magical cream, then flies to Apartment No. 50 for a party on (*) Walpurgis Night. In this novel's first chapter, a streetcar decapitates a chairman of MASSOLIT named Berlioz. In this novel, the pistol-toting cat Behemoth is part of the retinue of Professor Woland, who restores a manuscript about Pontius Pilate written by the first title character. For 10 points, name this novel in which the devil visits Moscow, a work titled for an author and his lover by Mikhail Bulgakov.

The Master and Margarita [or Master i Margarita] <Brownstein>

A character in this novel believes that watches are "silly gadgets" and keeps time by transferring peas between two jars constantly. At the conclusion of this novel, a dragged-looking spaniel "somersaults like a pancake" after it is shot by a character whose shooting rampage kills nothing but the dog. An actor dies on stage while performing Orpheus and Eurydice in this novel, in which the magistrate Othon creates (*) isolation camps. The journalist Raymond Rambert tries to flee from the setting of this novel, where Cottard is a smuggler of black market goods. Thousands of rats die in the streets of Oran at the opening of this novel. For 10 points, Doctor Bernard Rieux is the protagonist of what novel by Albert Camus, named for a disease?

The Plague [or La Peste] <Jose>

In his study Seeds in the Heart, Donald Keene suggests that a chapter of this work was ordered destroyed since it told its readers to "flee the world." A poem called "Song of Unending Sorrow" is referred to repeatedly by this book, whose chapter "The Mayfly" describes the third daughter of the Eighth Prince becoming a nun after she decides not to throw herself into a river. This book's protagonist is caught sleeping with "The Lady of the Misty Moon" while in the house of the (*) Minister to the Left, and that protagonist is implied to have died during a blank chapter called "Vanished into the Clouds." This novel's title character is called "Shining" and is unfaithful to his wife Lady Aoi. For 10 points, name this novel about Heian court life by Lady Murasaki.

The Tale of Genji [or Genji Monogatari] <Jose>

A character in this novel is forbidden from attending the funeral of a yellow mule which her husband had bought from its abusive owner. In this novel, a town gets its first streetlamp thanks to that man, who had been elected mayor after buying 200 acres and opening a store and post office. Interest in this novel was revived by an essay about "looking" for its author by Alice Walker. After kissing Johnny Walker under a flowering pear tree, this novel's protagonist is (*) married off by her grandmother. During a flood following a hurricane in this novel, a man is bitten by a rabid dog. The protagonist of this novel tells Phoebe about her marriages to Logan Killicks, Joe Starks, and Tea Cake. For 10 points, name this novel about Janie Crawford by Zora Neale Hurston.

Their Eyes Were Watching God <Brownstein>

A 13-city tour of this painting during the Great Depression inspired the city of Ashland, Pennsylvania to erect a statue version and the US Postal Service to put it on a stamp. The artist's etching of Black Lion Wharf hangs on the wall in this painting. The artist's butterfly emblem can be seen on the dark purple curtain on the left-hand side of this painting. A follow-up to this painting shows Thomas Carlyle in the same (*) pose as its subject. This painting was supposedly made after a model failed to arrive at its artist's London studio in 1871, forcing its subject to step in. This painting depicts a woman wearing a white bonnet and black dress and is officially titled Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1. For 10 points, name this painting of Anna Matilda McNeill Whistler.

Whistler's Mother [accept Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1 or Arrangement No. 1 until "arrangement"] <Bentley>

Donepezil and galantamine inhibit enzymes that degrade this compound. A single molecule of it induces the miniature end plate potential. Dale's principle originally contrasted adrenergic cells with cells that produce this compound, whose receptors also bind nicotine. Organophosphates like sarin prevent the hydrolysis of this compound by inhibiting its namesake (*) esterase. This compound activates sodium-potassium pumps, causing hyperpolarization, in the sliding filament model. Synthesis of this compound at the presynaptic cleft is slow in Alzheimer's patients, and it is targeted by botulinum toxin, or Botox. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contractions, abbreviated ACh.

acetylcholine [or ACh] <Silverman>

Bruce Barton, a pioneering creator of these works, claimed that their creators should study Jesus's parables in The Man Nobody Knows. The use of the "licensed withdrawal" and "feminine touch" to portray women in these works is the subject of an Erving Goffman book. Edward Bernays used Freudian ideas to create works of this sort such as "Torches of Freedom." James Vicary flashed works of this sort during (*) movie screenings, thus inventing its bogus "subliminal" form. A political 1964 work of this sort depicts a child counting down in a field before a nuclear explosion. A cowboy called the "Marlboro Man" featured in many works of this type. For 10 points, phrases such as "Just Do It" and "Got Milk?" feature in examples of what promotional images?

advertisements [or commercials; or propaganda; or public relations campaigns; or marketing campaigns] <Brownstein>

The first "psychological" types of this art form include Cross-Gartered and Dark Elegies, which were made by Antony Tudor; his work of this type named Lilac Garden showcased the talents of an aging Maria Tallchief. Tales of Beatrix Potter is a film from this artform's "neoclassical" phase made by Frederick Ashton. Nikolai Legat developed a method to teach this form that was employed in an institution named for Mariinsky. Marie Taglioni helped spread that (*) "Classical" style of this art form, and was one of the first to perfect the "en pointe" technique. Cesare Negri invented the "five positions" of this art form, in which feet are oriented at different angles. For 10 points, name this art form that whose practitioners might appear in The Nutcracker and Sleeping Beauty.

ballets [prompt on dance] <Jose>

Watchtowers in Corsica were built by a Genoese one of these institutions named for Saint George. A group best known for operating these institutions also created the world's first civil housing project in Augsburg, where the Hochstetters and the Welsers also ran places of this type. The "Lombard" variety of these institutions, like the Franciscan Mounts of Piety, were based around (*) pawnbroking. The election of Charles V was supported by one of these institutions owned by the Fugger family. The double-entry bookkeeping system may have been introduced at one of these institutions that provided the wealth of the Medicis, who operated it despite the Church's ban on usury. For 10 points, name this sort of institution that accepts deposits and provides loans to its clients.

banks [or bankhouses; or bancos; prompt on moneylenders; prompt on pawnshops or pawnbrokers] <Brownstein>

A man named for this animal responded to a mass shooting in the Council House by leading the Great Raid of 1840. Members of a group nicknamed for this animal were accused of killing a bartender and a policeman in the Brownsville Affair. The term pishkun refers to their namesake "jumps," cliffs that these animals were forced to run off. Slow-moving (*) "sporting car" trains allowed passengers to shoot at these animals. This animal provided the nickname for African-American cavalry units who fought in the Indian Wars, and the nickname of a man who traveled with Annie Oakley as part of his Wild West show. For 10 points, name this animal that roamed the Great Plains before it was hunted to near-extinction.

buffalo [or American bison] <Brownstein>

One of these entities that resulted from a race condition present in Therac-25 systems was responsible for killing multiple people. These can be avoided by using fewer magic constants and global variables. The eponymous prefix "Heisen-" is sometimes used to describe a class of these entities that are incredibly tough to notice since breakpoints or print statements alter their behavior. The name for these entities supposedly traces back to Admiral (*) Grace Hopper, who found an actual one of these things in a relay in the Mark II system, which she pasted in a logbook. Common examples of these entities include "off-by-one" errors, which may lead to an infinite loop. For 10 points, name these flaws in a computer program, one example of which is the so-called "Y2K" one.

bugs [accept Heisenbugs] <Jose>

One of these shapes named after Cyril Perry is defined using two isodynamic points and a third point. The Darboux product is defined for these objects and is proportional to the cosine of the angle of intersection. The power of a point theorem relates the distance of a point to one of these things using the formula AP times AQ. The midpoint of each side of a triangle, the foot of each altitude, and the (*) midpoint of each line segment stretching from the vertex to the orthocenter are the nine points used to define one of these shapes. The classic problem of "squaring" this shape was shown to be impossible when pi was proven to be transcendental. Zero eccentricity characterizes, for 10 points, what conic section with one focus, unlike an ellipse?

circles <Jose> Bonuses

Ewald Hering proposed the opponent process theory of this trait, which suggests that antagonist chemicals combine to give humans this ability. The Young-Helmholtz theory was the earliest theory of this trait, which classifies certain cells as "short preferring," "medium preferring" or "long preferring." Individuals who lack the ability to completely use this sense may be afflicted with (*) protanopia or deuteranopia. The chemist John Dalton was impaired in this sense and names the disorder that afflicts it. In the Ishihara test of this ability, agents will either discern the number '71' or '74' composed of various dots. In humans, cone cells, but not rod cells, are responsible for this sense. For 10 points, name this ability of an organism to distinguish hues.

color vision [prompt on vision or eyesight or sight or seeing] <Jose>

Ladderane molecules are comprised of repeats of this kind of molecule. Large examples of these compounds have steric interactions between flagpole hydrogens, while small examples of them exhibit so-called "banana bonds" due to angle strain. Connected molecules of this kind can be described as "fused." A molecule must be planar, conjugated and have this property to be considered (*) aromatic. Haworth projections display sugars as these systems, whose substituents are easily viewed as either axial or equatorial. A certain alkane with this property has chair and boat conformations. For 10 points, identify these molecules which typically have the prefix "cyclo," such as cyclohexane.

cyclic compounds [or rings; or ring systems; or heterocycles; or macrocycles; or cycloalkanes; or cyclohexanes; or cyclobutanes; or cyclopropanes; prompt on aromatic] <Prieto>

Robert Dahl developed five criteria to describe this kind of system in a book about it "and its Critics." Richard Rorty wrote that this idea is prior to any philosophical justification. The second volume of a work about this kind of system argues that its literature expresses a greater number of "new ideas" and "new words." The idea that these systems do not wage war against each other was first outlined in Immanuel (*) Kant's essay Perpetual Peace. An author's travels with the Frenchman Gustave de Beaumont led him to conclude that this system suffers from the "tyranny of the majority;" that book by Alexis de Tocqueville examines this concept "in America." For 10 points, name this system of government in which people elect rulers, which began in Athens.

democracy <Jose>

In the "laser" type of these devices, the gain medium typically has a P-I-N structure. In the hydraulic analogy, these devices are compared to a check valve, which only opens when the pressure difference is of the right magnitude and sign. These devices are symbolized by a triangle whose tip touches a straight line parallel to the base of the triangle. The 2014 (*) Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Akasaki, Amano, and Nakamura for developing a "blue" form of one type of these devices. A single p-n junction serves as one of these devices, which let current through under forward bias. For 10 points, name this circuit element which allows current to flow through in only one direction, whose "light-emitting" variant is used in modern light bulbs.

diodes [accept light-emitting diodes or LEDs, prompt on p-n junctions] <Busse>

The von Neumann (NOY-mahn) hierarchy is defined using transfinite recursion starting with this mathematical construct. For any topological space, this entity and the whole space will always have the property of being "clopen," or being open and closed simultaneously. The Cartesian product of any object A with this other object will always itself yield this object. In a vacuous truth, the universal quantifier is applied to this entity. The (*) power set always includes this construct, which has a cardinality of zero. The intersection of two disjoint sets yields this object, and it is always the subset of any given set. A circle with a slash through it represents, for 10 points, what set that contains no elements and is sometimes called the "null set?"

empty set [or void set; accept null set before the word "null" is read; prompt on set until the word "clopen"] <Jose>

Along with a swirl and a red dot, these body parts are painted onto the four sides of many Nepalese stupas. A danger caused by these body parts is warded off with a hamsa, or open-palm amulet. Some Hindu traditions state that the ajna chakra was an additional one of these body parts, a concept many Theosophists associated with the (*) pineal gland. Some Hindu women place a bindi between these parts. The Book of Matthew states that this part is the lamp of the body and that you should pluck out your right one if it causes you to sin. These are the only body parts visible through a niqab. The King James Bible translates a common phrase as "the apple of" this body part. For 10 points, name these body parts that are kept closed during many prayers.

eyes <Reinstein>

One of these creatures is being served on a blue platter below a green cross and a full moon in a painting titled "Around" one of these animals. The artist of that painting, Paul Klee, also included a two-faced stick figure wearing pink gloves in a canvas titled for the "magic" of this sort of animal. A cherub rides atop one of these creatures while watching a bull carry away Europa in Titian's The Rape of Europa. An apostle attempts to (*) find a coin in the mouth of one of these animals in the left of Masaccio's The Tribute Money. One of a large type of these animals was placed in a tank of formaldehyde for Damien Hirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living. For 10 points, many Japanese prints depict koi, a type of what aquatic animal?

fish [or sharks] <Hothem>

A piece for this many wind instruments contains eleven variations on the chorale "My Jesus, make my heart to love thee" and is by Carl Nielsen. Both Night Music of the Streets of Madrid and an E major piece containing an oft-excerpted A major minuet are compositions scored for this many performers by Luigi Boccherini. Ascending sextuplets represent leaping through the water in a piece for this many performers based on "Die (*) Forelle" (dee fohr-ELL-uh). A common representation of the chromatic scale arranges all 12 tones such that one can ascend by the interval of this number by going clockwise around a circle. A 3-to-2 frequency ratio produces an interval of this number, such as the chord C-G. For 10 points, how many performers are required to play Schubert's Trout Quintet?

five [or a fifth] <Alston>

In this quantum mechanical system, light absorbance strongly occurring at 121.6 nanometers produces the Gunn-Peterson trough. A tiny splitting of energy levels that occurs in this system due to vacuum interactions is called the Lamb shift. Schrödinger's famous 1926 paper (*) solved the Schrödinger equation for this quantum mechanical system. R times the quantity one over the final state of an electron squared minus one over the initial state of the electron squared is equal to the wavenumber for lines in this system's emission spectrum. That equation works since Z equals one for this system, making it the simplest version of the Rydberg formula. For 10 points, identify this system consisting of an electron in orbit around a proton.

hydrogen atom [prompt on atom or atomic model; prompt on two-body system until mentioned; do not prompt on "proton" or "electron"] <Prieto>

This molecule is produced along with carbon black in the Kvaener process and along with carbon monoxide in the CPOX partial oxidation process. When exposed to atmospheric moisture, reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride produce this compound. Its liquid form is stored at its boiling point of 20 Kelvin. This molecule is the lightest component of syngas, a high (*) energy mixture of carbon monoxide and it. Catalysts like palladium are used to add it across a double bond. In the Haber process, three equivalents of this compound are used up per ammonia molecule. O2 and this compound are produced by the electrolysis of water. For 10 points, name this explosive diatomic gas containing two atoms of the lightest element.

hydrogen gas [or H2 or dihydrogen] <Mukherjee>

When the income effect eventually overwhelms the substitution effect, the supply curve of this specific quantity bends backwards. In perfectly competitive markets, the price of this quantity equals this quantity's marginal product. Karl Marx proposed that the value of a good is dependent on the amount of this quantity that went into its (*) production. Problems in the branch of economics named for this quantity concern the agents' trade-off between leisure and this activity. During the Clinton Administration, Robert Reich oversaw the department devoted to this branch of economics. Like capital and land, this quantity is one of the three primary factors of production. For 10 points, name this quantity whose "division" is described in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.

labor [prompt on work] <Aggarwal>

This quantity is roughly constant along a streamline when the Mach number is less than 0.3. When this quantity doesn't change within a fluid, the continuity equation in the Euler equations has only one term. Dynamic viscosity is divided by this quantity to give the kinematic viscosity. The only term in the Bernoulli equation which is not multiplied by this quantity is the pressure term. When this quantity is constant (*) throughout a fluid, the fluid is incompressible. The buoyant force on an object is proportional to this quantity times the volume the object displaces. The ratio of this quantity for any fluid to this quantity for water is called specific gravity. For 10 points, kilograms per meter cubed are the units of what quantity defined as mass over volume?

mass density <Busse>

These objects appear in bronze sculptures titled for the "Profile" and the "Nobility" of a certain concept, as well as one depicting a horse saddled with that concept. These objects appear around floating bricks in a painting sometimes titled partly for The Chromosome of a Highly-Coloured Eye. The artist credited the depiction of these objects to a vision he had after skipping a movie to eat Camembert (*) cheese. Several of these objects appear in front of the rocky coast of Port Lligat in a painting in which one of them lies on top of a form with eyelashes. In that painting, one of these objects hangs on a barren tree branch and one is covered in ants. For 10 points, name this sort of object, several of which appear to be melting in Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory.

melting watches [or clocks; or Soft Watches; or timepieces or other obvious equivalents] <Brownstein>

Some devices for carrying out this process are characterized by the rotational transform, which is the inverse of the safety factor. The efficiency of this process is expressed by the "triple product" of density, temperature, and confinement time. Modern experiments on this process include the Wendelstein 7-X and ITER, which are examples of a stellerator and (*) tokamak, respectively. The CNO cycle and the proton-proton chain are astronomical mechanisms for this process, which generally doesn't produce elements heavier than iron. The world's energy problems could be solved by achieving this process at room temperature, the so-called "cold" variety of this process. The Sun's energy is produced by, for 10 points, what process in which two nuclei merge into one nucleus?

nuclear fusion [do NOT accept or prompt on "fission"] <Busse>

The big letter in a term symbol is strictly determined by this quantity. The Laporte selection rule states that the change in this quantity for an allowed transition is plus or minus one. This quantity, times this quantity plus one, times h-bar squared, is the corresponding eigenvalue for spherical harmonic eigenfunctions. When this quantity is zero, the resulting spectral lines appear sharp. The number of angular nodes exactly equals this value. This quantity equals one for an electron whose probability distribution is shaped like a (*) dumbbell. The magnitude of the magnetic quantum number must be less than or equal to this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantum number that dictates the shape of an atomic orbital, which is often symbolized with a lowercase L.

orbital angular momentum quantum number [or azimuthal quantum number; or l until it is read; or total angular momentum quantum number or j; do not accept "spin" or "spin quantum number"] <Silverman>

Dmitri Shostakovich's first concerto for this instrument is actually a Baroque-inspired dual concerto for this instrument and trumpet. Aram Khachaturian's concerto for this instrument was written for Lev Oborin. Five variations on a gavotte-like theme make up the second movement of Prokofiev's third concerto for this instrument, which was unusually not in the repertoire of the Russian virtuoso (*) Sviatoslav Richter. Sergei Rachmaninoff wrote his Prelude in C-sharp Minor for this instrument, which is also played by the soloist in his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini. Other famous players of this instrument include Van Cliburn, Nikolai Rubinstein, and Glenn Gould. For 10 points, name this instrument with 88 keys.

piano [or pianoforte] <Alston>

People with hypertension show flame hemorrhages in this structure. A certain cell in this structure has two segments unusually connected by a single cilium. The absence of a red reflex can indicate a tumor of this structure, caused by deletions in the RB gene. Its inner plexiform layer contains projections from amacrine and bipolar cells. One type of cell found in it has a cofactor that switches from (*) all-trans to 11-cis form; that cofactor is a vitamin A derivative bound to the protein rhodopsin. This structure, which contains nerve fibers that merge with cranial nerve II, contains at its center the fovea. For 10 points, name this structure containing rod and cone photoreceptors that signal the optic nerve, a light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye.

retina [prompt on eye] <Mukherjee>

In corporate finance, these things create a namesake "shield," which enables companies to increase their value by taking on more debt. Consumers might not respond to current changes in these things because they take future government actions into account, according to a theory promoted by Robert Barro known as "equivalence." The (*) burden of these things falls more heavily on the more inelastic actor in a supply and demand chart, where these things form a "wedge" between the two curves. Negative externalities can be resolved by the "Pigouvian" variety of these policies. According to the controversial Laffer Curve, lessening the burden of these policies may counterintuitively increase government revenue. For 10 points, name these policies that are enforced by the IRS.

taxes <Wang>

An 1843 Act of Parliament named for these buildings removed the patent restrictions on them. James Burbage founded the first permanent one of these buildings in England. People who worked in these buildings were declared "rogues and vagabonds" by a follow-up to a 1642 act which shut these buildings down until 1660. One of these buildings burned down from a (*) misfired cannon shot in 1613. The Licensing Act of 1737 gave the Lord Chamberlain power to regulate events in these buildings. The King's Men worked in one of these buildings called the Blackfriars. Thomas Killigrew established one of these businesses commonly referred to as Drury Lane. For 10 points, name these buildings, historical examples of which include the "Globe" one in London.

theaters [or playhouses] <Bentley>

The software package COMSOL uses models such as yPlus and k-omega to describe this phenomenon. Momentum and heat transfer effects caused by this phenomenon can be modeled by the "mixing length" model developed by Ludwig Prandtl. Blasius theory does not apply in this type of boundary layer, in which the coefficient of skin friction is large and boundary layer separation caused by adverse (*) pressure gradients becomes delayed. Energy cascades caused by this phenomenon break up large eddies and vortexes into small ones. At Reynolds numbers above 3000, this type of flow occurs, resulting in irregular and chaotic fluctuations in the fluid velocity. Laminar flow is contrasted with, for 10 points, what type of flow which can cause airplane passengers to have a bumpy ride?

turbulence or turbulent flow <Busse>

This quantity is given by "n divided by n minus 1 times the sum of the squares of the estimated differences" in the jackknife method. For the central limit theorem to apply, this quantity, which is one of the moments of a distribution, must be finite. For the binomial distribution, this quantity is defined as the number of trials, times the probability p of the trial, times one minus p; that is because this quantity is defined as the expected (*) value of the square of a random variable minus the square of the expected value of the random variable. Stratified sampling is one way to decrease this quantity, which tends towards 0 as n gets large. The square of the standard deviation is, for 10 points, what measure of how much a distribution is "spread out?"

variance <Jose>

During this man's political exile, he worked in a tractor factory, and his son was paralyzed by being thrown from a window. This man proposed the policy of "One Country, Two Systems." He was labeled the "second biggest capitalist roader" after Liu Shaoqi. In suggesting the abolition of the people's communes, this leader stated that "it doesn't matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches the mice." With Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang, this man outmaneuvered (*) Hua Guofeng for power. He set up the Special Economic Zones and promoted "socialism with Chinese characteristics." This "paramount leader" ordered the suppression of the protests at Tiananmen Square. For 10 points, name this Chinese leader who presided over China's 1980s economic revolution.

Deng Xiaoping [or Teng Hsiao-p'ing] <Bentley>

A savanna between this country's western border and the Rupununi River is said to be the former site of Lake Parime and El Dorado. This present-day country is where the One-Cent Magenta stamp, which is now valued at nearly 9.5 million dollars, was issued. The sugar-producing region of Demerara is one of this country's three original counties. An airstrip in this country's city of Port Kaituma was where the (*) Red Brigade assassinated Congressman Leo Ryan. A mass-suicide by cyanide-laced Flavor Aid brought an end to a Peoples Temple commune in this country nicknamed "Jonestown." This country's eastern neighbor is a former Dutch colony named Suriname. For 10 points, name this country whose capital is Georgetown and which is the only former British colony in South America.

Guyana [or British Guiana; do not accept "French Guiana"] <Golimlim>

A six-headed creature in this myth system arose when the legs of a sleeping giant mated with each other. The first clouds in this myth system were formed by taking the brains of a creature sometimes called Blainn and throwing them into the sky. A giant in this myth system is nourished by four rivers of milk produced by an animal that licked salty stones to create the first god. The first giant in this myth system was created in a (*) gap between the land of fire and the land of ice. The creation of this myth system's first man and woman, Ask and Embla, is described in the Gylfaginning, which also describes a cow named Audhumla and a giant named Ymir. For 10 points, name this system of myths featuring gods called the Vanir and Aesir.

Norse mythology [accept Scandinavian mythology; accept Icelandic mythology; prompt on Germanic mythology] <Jose>

During this decade, a group of 50 mostly black dock workers mutinied after an explosion killed 320 of their coworkers at Port Chicago in California. African-Americans created the Red Ball Express convoy during this decade. Civil rights activists during this decade claimed to seek "double victory." During this non-1960s decade, Executive Order 8802 was signed under pressure from Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters leader Asa (*) Philip Randolph, who threatened to lead a March on Washington. The Tuskegee Airmen fought during this decade. The Great Migration accelerated during this decade as African-Americans moved to cities to take jobs in the armaments industry. For 10 points, during what decade did many African Americans enlist to fight in World War II?

1940s [prompt on 40s] <Weiser>

The protagonist of this novel resorts to shooting nine angry challengers with his revolver after his rival strips him of his lasso. The protagonist of this novel repaires a well to cause water to flow again into the Valley of Holiness. The novel's hero's nostalgia for a telephone operator leads him to name his child Hello-Central, and he gets called "The Boss" after using explosives to cause a rival (*) magician's tower to crumble. Five hundred warriors on bicycles are dispatched by Clarence to save this novel's hero after he goes undercover as a commoner with the King. Its protagonist successfully predicts an eclipse after he wakes up in the custody of Sir Kay. For 10 points, name this Mark Twain novel in which Hank Morgan travels back in time to Camelot.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court <Bentley>

Hugh MacDiarmid wrote "another" version of this author's epitaph for mercenaries who fought on "the day when heaven was falling." A poem by this author describes a "king who reigned in the East" whose enemies "poured strychnine in his cup." One of this poet's speakers replies "Malt does more than Milton can to justify God's ways to man" to critics complaining that his verse "gives a chap the belly-ache." In one of his poems, the speaker remembers being (*) advised to "give crowns and pounds and guineas, but not your heart away" when he was "one and twenty." A poem by this author of "Terence, This is Stupid Stuff" recalls a time the addressee "won [his] town the race." For 10 points, name this poet who collected "To an Athlete Dying Young" in A Shropshire Lad.

A. E. Housman [or Alfred Edward Housman] <Brownstein>

This book recounts the story of Eutychus, a man in Troas who falls from a window and is immediately revived. In this book, a Pharisee named Gamaliel advises a council to leave some other men alone, and an Ethiopian eunuch converts to Christianity. At the opening of this book, lots are drawn and Matthias is chosen to replace a man who had died. Philip meets the Samaritan sorcerer (*) Simon Magus in this book, which also chronicles the stoning of Stephen, the first martyr. Ananias restored the life of Saul of Damascus in this book, which described how he converted to Christianity and became Paul the Apostle. For 10 points, Luke is said to have written what fifth book of the New Testament named for the deeds of Jesus's disciples?

Acts of the Apostles <Jose> Bonuses

This man issued the "Decree of Infallibility," which required the ulama to recognize him as the arbiter of all religious doctrine. This man rooted out corruption in the army by appointing mansabdars who were paid a fixed salary. This man built the Buland Darwaza, or "Gate of Victory" to commemorate his conquest of Gujarat. A biography of this man was written by Abu'l-Fazl, one of this king's "nine jewels." This king ordered a "House of (*) Worship" called Ibadat Khana to be built in Fatehpur Sikri to further the cult of personality he founded called Din-I-Ilahi. This emperor won the Second Battle of Panipat, abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, and was succeeded by Jahangir. For 10 points, name this "great" Mughal Emperor who was the son of Humayun.

Akbar the Great <Jose>

This politician's wife controversially appointed a former Al Sharpton spokeswoman named Rachel Noerdlinger as her chief of staff. This man's administration ended an ongoing appeal of Shira A. Scheindlin's decision in a case filed by David Floyd. This man proposed 850 million dollars for the "Thrive" mental health plan, partly inspired by his daughter (*) Chiara's struggle with depression. This politician once fatally dropped a rodent named Chuck during a Groundhog Day ceremony, and successfully established a universal free pre-K program in his city. At the funeral for Wenjian Liu, many officers broke with their boss William Bratton and turned their back on this mayor over his handling of the Eric Garner protests. For 10 points, name this Mayor of New York City.

Bill de Blasio [or Bill Wilhelm or Warren Wilhelm Jr.] <Bentley>

This scientist names a type of idealized object derived by solving the Helmholtz equation under the paraxial approximation. One over 4 pi times the vacuum permittivity equals 1 in the system of non-SI units named for this scientist, which are based off of CGS rather than MKS units. This scientist names a statement used to prove the shell theorem in electrostatics. This scientist names an imaginary (*) surface whose normal vector is parallel to a vector field, allowing for calculation of flux without performing an integral. Magnetic monopoles are forbidden by one of his laws, while his other law equates the electric flux to the enclosed charge divided by the vacuum permittivity. For 10 points, name this German mathematician who names the normal distribution.

Carl Friedrich Gauss <Busse>

Soldiers who formerly fought for this state resorted to cannibalism when they were lured into a canyon called "the saw" during the "Truceless War." Shortly after forming an alliance with this state, King Syphax was beaten at the Battle of Great Plains. This state's forces employed a turning movement in an ambush that destroyed the legions of Gaius Flaminius. After this state violated the Ebro Treaty, it besieged the town of Saguntum. After this state was (*) victorious at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, Fabius Maximus began employing a delaying strategy against its forces. Years after this empire failed to follow up on its victory at Cannae, Scipio Africanus defeated this state at the Battle of Zama. For 10 points, what empire fought the three Punic wars with Rome?

Carthage [or Punic Empire until "Punic" is read] <Jose>

This figure shares his name with a historian from Halicarnassus whose Romaike Archaeologica is a source of Etruscan mythology. The Rhodope Mountains were sacred to this figure, who was worshiped in an ancient temple now found at Baalbek. This god's attributes include the kantharos, a two-handled cup, as well a bassaris fox skin, which is why his followers are sometimes called bassarids. (*) Dithyrambs were songs that honored this god, whose followers carried a pinecone-topped staff called the thyrsus. This god was born after his mother foolishly asked to see Zeus in all of his glory; after the resulting death of Semele, he was stitched into Zeus's thigh and reborn. Liber and Bacchus are alternate names of, for 10 points, what Greek god of revelry and wine?

Dionysus [or Dionysius; accept Bacchus until it is mentioned; accept Liber until it is mentioned] <Jose>

This composer included an Air marked "Andante religioso" in the fourth movement of a suite imitating Baroque music, which he later arranged for string orchestra. He wrote a piano collection whose final movement, "Remembrances," is a tweaked version of the opening "Arietta." This composer was influenced by Robert Schumann to write a piano concerto that begins with a solo timpani roll crescendoing into a loud A minor chord played by the soloist. This composer of (*) Lyric Pieces and the Holberg Suite used a songlike flute solo to depict the sunrise in the "Morning Mood" movement of a suite that later portrays its protagonist being chased by trolls in the title "Hall of the Mountain King." For 10 points, name this composer of the Peer Gynt Suite.

Edvard Grieg [or Edvard Hagerup Grieg] <Kim>

This work's composer later reused the lyrics that begin its final chorus "Wer ein holdes Weib errungen" for one of his symphonies. Robert Schumann took his "passionate" pseudonym from this opera's male lead. Its Act 1 Finale opens with a crowd joyfully singing "O Welche Lust." At the beginning of its second and final act, its male lead sings "God! How dark it is here" before remembering (*) "Spring days of life" in the aria "In des Lebens Frühlingstagen." This opera's last scene is often preceded by the last of three overtures named for the female lead. This opera ends as Don Pizarro is dragged off to prison, and a crowd celebrates how Florestan was saved from jail by Leonore cross-dressing as the title boy. For 10 points, name this only opera by Ludwig van Beethoven.

Fidelio <Reed>

This city's name became the nickname of a series of quartets by Georg Philipp Telemann because those quartets became popular here. A treatise that claimed to have found the "fundamental bass" of Western music, the Treatise on Harmony, was published in this city where, in the 1750s, a pamphlet war about the merits of two different countries' styles of music called the "War of the Buffoons" broke out. Mozart's Symphony No. 31 is nicknamed for this city, which titles a (*) symphonic poem that features four taxi horns. A riot broke out at the premiere of The Rite of Spring in this national capital. George Gershwin wrote a tone poem about an "American in" this city. For 10 points, name this European capital whose conservatory taught Claude Debussy.

Paris <Alston>

This place, which was built nearby an observatory, garden and zoo in the brucheion, contained many theke along its covered walkways. At one point adjoined to the Serapeum, this place was managed by an epistates. A leader of this institution provided an accurate measure of the Earth's circumference and is credited with being the first geographer. Eratosthenes and Apollonius Rhodius were heads of this place, where Callimachus worked. Galen recounts a story in which (*) Ptolemy III, the grandson of the ruler who founded this institution, ordered every scroll on ships to be confiscated so that they could be copied and put into this bibliotheka. For 10 points, name this ancient repository for scrolls and manuscripts which was located in a city in Egypt.

Royal Library of Alexandria [or Musaeum of Alexandria; prompt on the library] <Jose>

Jacques Maritain pointed to this man's treatment of the existence-essence distinction as the germ of a type of existentialism. This man argued that the existence of contingent things requires the existence of a necessary being. In his major work of philosophy, this author usually uses the construction "Sed Contra," meaning "On the Contrary," followed by "Respondeo," meaning (*) "I Respond." This philosopher stopped writing after a mystical experience that led him to compare his thought to straw. This man's magnum opus included the quinque viae, or five proofs for the existence of God. A synthesis of the teachings of the Catholic Church with classical philosophy can be found in, for 10 points, what 13th century Dominican friar's Summa Theologica?

Thomas Aquinas [or Thomas of Aquino; prompt on Thomas] <Jose>

Note: all abbreviations are spelled out. LAL, an extract from horseshoe crabs, undergoes this process in response to bacterial endotoxins. The APTT and the international normalized ratio are used to test the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of this process. Hirudin inhibits this process, whose more important form begins when tissue factor binds with Factor (*) VIIa (seven-A). Sex-linked Factor VIII (eight) deficiency causes the most common form of a disorder that disrupts this process. During this process, which is suppressed by heparin and warfarin, thrombin converts fibrinogens to fibrin molecules before they are cross-linked together at the site of platelet formation. For 10 points, name this process impaired in hemophilia, in which blood turns from a liquid to a gel, often stopping blood loss.

blood clotting [or blood coagulation] <Kothari>

A piece of Canada Balsam is placed in between two specimens of this mineral to create the Nicol Prism. Ancient ooids (oh-oy-ds) are often composed from the "seas" of this substance that characterize the Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic Eras. The rock onyx is often confused for the "banded" form of this mineral found in Mexican mines. The highly unstable polymorph vaterite is converted to this mineral when it is exposed to water at low temperature. Erasmus Bartholin first observed "double (*) refraction" in a variety of this mineral known as Iceland spar. Aragonite is a polymorph of this mineral which can be found in mineral springs. For 10 points, Limestone is made of what mineral that has a value of "3" on the Mohs scale of hardness, and is composed of calcium carbonate?

calcite <Jose>

TS65Dn mice share many of the genes found on this structure. The most common form of ALS is caused by a defect of this genetic structure, since it encodes the superoxide dismutase SOD1. Because the amyloid precursor protein is encoded by this structure, over-expression from it nearly always causes Alzheimer's disease. This genetic structure found in all humans is the smallest object observed in a Giemsa stain. It acquires an extra (*) long arm in the most common Robertsonian translocation. A disease of this structure is often accompanied by small white spots on the irises and a flat face. Aneuploidy of this structure, as seen in a karyotype, leads to the most common mental retardation in children. For 10 points, name this chromosome that is trisomic in Down Syndrome.

chromosome 21 [or Hsa21] <Silverman>

These objects were boiled in wine as part the Mos Teutonicus process. Bohemond of Taranto used a chicken and a box supposedly containing one of these things to escape from Antioch. Pope Stephen IV threw one of these objects in the Tiber after putting it on trial in a namesake synod. The Mongol general Janibeg ordered objects of this type to be thrown over the walls of (*) Caffa in 1345. In 2013, one of these objects was found in a parking lot on the former site of Greyfriars church; that object of this sort belonged to Richard III. The interiors of these objects were studied by Andreas Vesalius, and the remains of these objects feature in the Danse Macabre artistic motif. For 10 points, name this sort of object, one of which was exhumed for the Cadaver Synod.

corpses [or dead bodies; or skeletons; or cadavers; or dead people; or other obvious equivalents] <Brownstein>

In a 1978 study by Howard Roffwarg, these things were altered by having subjects wear red-tinted goggles for nine days. These things are the subject of John Allan Hobson's and Robert McCarley's activation-synthesis hypothesis. These phenomena, which may be linked with phasic field potentials called PGO waves, help (*) discard unwanted information according to reverse learning theory. A book published in 1900 states that these things are attempts at conflict resolution stemming from wish fulfillment. An agent is aware of these phenomena during the "lucid" type of them. These phenomena are more vivid during stages featuring rapid eye movement. For 10 points, name these sensations during sleep which are the subject of an "interpretation" by Sigmund Freud.

dreams <Jose>

These species are classified under the E.C. system with four distinct numbers. The burst phase model explains the behavior of these species, which can be tracked with para-nitrophenolate formation. The Briggs-Haldane derivation assumes a low concentration of these species. A mass balance around this species, coupled with the (*) quasi-steady state assumption, is used to define their maximum velocity. An increase in their concentration decreases the y-intercept on a Lineweaver-Burke plot, and their reaction rate is always first-order according to the Michaelis-Menten equation. Induced fit and lock-and-key models describe them. For 10 points, name these proteins whose names usually end in "ase," which catalyze biological reactions of substrates.

enzymes [prompt on catalysts prompt on proteins] <Silverman>

Due to public scrutiny, this act was reversed a week after it happened to Sri Lankan author Tissa Balasuriya. Though this process can occur immediately or latae sententiae, Canon 1425 states that it usually is administered ferendae sententiae by a panel of three judges. It is often said that an interdict is a form of this process applied to a whole polity. This act draws from Matthew 18, which says to treat those who (*) ignore the church as "a Gentile and a tax-gatherer." This act was used as a threat in Leo X's bull Exsurge Domine, and may occur if one violates the "sacred species" by desecrating a consecrated host, or commits other grave sins. For 10 points, name this process in which the Catholic Church bans an individual from receiving the sacraments.

excommunication <Jose>

A temporary, elevated altar called the vedi bore this substance in homa rituals. A god of this substance rides in a chariot pulled by either two parrots, a goat, or a ram, and is the subject of the first hymn of the Rig Veda. Trays bearing this substance are rotated in a circle during aarti, and yajna rituals are performed using it. During the saptapadi ritual at Hindu weddings, the bride and groom take (*) seven steps around this substance together. An appalled Queen Victoria issued a ban on a practice involving this substance in 1861. Offerings of ghee are lapped up by seven tongues of this substance belonging to the Vedic god Agni, its personification. For 10 points, name this substance which consumed women who performed sati by jumping on a funeral pyre.

fire [or flames or equivalents; accept Agni before it is read] <Alston>

Aciclovir is built from a hydroxymethyl group bound to this compound. Cisplatin prevents a "suicide enzyme" methyltransferase from binding this compound. It can be formed by reductive amination of xanthine. This compound's namesake exchange factors, which oppose GAPs, add a phosphate group to a (*) di-phosphorylated derivative of this compound. The 5-prime cap is formed from a ribosylated, methylated form of this compound. This compound, which has an imidazole ring, donates two hydrogen bonds and accepts one. A class of proteins named for this compound act as molecular switches after receiving signals from GPCRs. This purine is rich in very stable DNA sequences. For 10 points, name this nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine.

guanine [or guanosine] <Smart> Bonuses

Hubbard theory is used to describe a type of these materials which have an odd number of electrons per unit cell, which only exist at low temperatures and are named for Neville Mott. One type of these materials have protected spin states on their surface, which allows an exception to their defining characteristic by creating intermediate energy states above the (*) valence band. Many of these materials can increase the capacitance of a system, a consequence of having high dielectric constants. A sufficiently high voltage will cause these materials to break down, allowing electrons to cross to their conduction band. For 10 points, name these materials that resist the flow of current.

insulators [accept Mott insulators or topological insulators; prompt on dielectrics until "dielectric" is read] <Wang>

Laguerre's method for finding these quantities is one of many algorithms that "polishes" them by repeatedly "deflating" a function. An algorithm that finds these quantities successively computes "x sub n" by subtracting the expression "f of x sub 0 divided by f prime of x sub 0" from "x sub n minus 1." An upper bound on the number of these quantities can be found with Descartes' (*) Rule of Signs. There is no general method for finding these quantities for expressions higher than the fourth degree according to the Abel-Ruffini theorem. These quantities, which can be found using the Newton-Raphson method, are defined as inputs to a function such that it outputs zero. For 10 points, name these quantities that are given by the quadratic formula for trinomials.

roots [or zeroes before the word "zero" is read] <Jose>

The "Dutch Process" for preparing a pigment of this color involved heaping buckets of animal manure around clay pots full of metal and acetic acid; that pigment of this color was used to make Venetian Ceruse, a cosmetic that often gave women lead poisoning. Beeswax was used in a Jasper Johns painting using this color only to depict the U.S. flag. Because of its large collection of Bauhaus buildings, part of Tel Aviv is nicknamed the "city" of this color. Joanna (*) Hiffernan appeared in a dress of this color in three "symphonies" created by James Whistler. James Hoban designed a building named after this color whose address is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Neoclassical buildings and sculptures made use of, for 10 points, what color that describes the "House" of the American President?

white <Jose>

This two-word phrase was introduced in 1919 by Upton Sinclair, whose book The Brass Check uses it to describe the "petty underlings" of a certain kind of world. According to a 1951 book, people described by this phrase do not "live by making things;" instead they handle "paper and money and people." That book, which describes the "salesmanship mentality" among the "American Middle Classes," is by (*) C. Wright Mills and is named for this phrase. This hyphenated adjective was used by criminologist Edwin Sutherland to describe Ponzi schemes, blackmailing, forgery and other non-violent crimes. For 10 points, those who work in offices are often described by what term contrasted with blue-collar?

white-collar <Jose>

Along with the Wool Act, an act which allowed the import of this product from Europe contributed to Scotland's worsening relations with England prior to the 1707 Act of Union. Decades after his country secured a market for this product in England by the Methuen Treaty, the Marquis of Pombal created a national company to regulate its quality. The Duke of Clarence was allegedly killed using the Malmsey variety of this product. This good was exported from (*) Oporto in Portugal as part of a trade with English wool. A region known for producing this good was once an independent duchy which was ruled by Philip the Good and Charles the Bold; that duchy also handed Joan of Arc over to the English. For 10 points, name this product, varieties of which are named for Burgundy and Champagne.

wine [or Burgundy wine; or port wine; or vinho; or vin; prompt on alcohol] <Brownstein>

The speaker of this poem compares its setting to a "savage place" haunted by a "woman wailing for her demon-lover," and it analogizes some huge flying rock fragments to "chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail." This poem's speaker imagines himself with "flashing eyes" and "floating hair" as a consequence of his eating honey-dew and drinking "the (*) milk of Paradise." This poem's final section describes its speaker's vision of an Abyssinian maid playing on a dulcimer and singing of Mount Abora, and it begins with a description of a site where "Alph, the sacred river ran, through caverns measureless to man." A "stately-pleasure dome" is decreed in Xanadu in, for 10 points, what poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge named for a Mongol ruler?

"Kubla Khan" <Jose>

Every species in the Irving-Williams series has this charge. The two charged species in a Daniell cell both have this charge. In acid, manganese reacts from +7 oxidation state to this oxidation state, where it is colorless. Ions with this charge must be added to coordinate DNA polymerase during (*) PCR. Water hardening agents usually have this charge. Unusually, mercury's lowest oxidation state forms a diatomic ion with this charge. In carbon monoxide, carbon's oxidation state is this value. Nickel and zinc acquire this oxidation state after they lose their 4s electrons. For 10 points, name this value, the charge normally acquired by alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium.

+2 [or 2+; or positive two; prompt on two] <Silverman>

A work written in this century ends with the Lord Chancellor's suggestion to add "doesn't" to a law stating "every fairy shall die who marries a mortal." Rupert Murgatroyd's witch hunting causes baronets of Ruddigore Castle to be cursed in a satire written in this century. A character from an opera written in this century knows precisely what is meant by "commissariat" and can quote in elegiacs all the crimes of (*) Elagabalus. Many musical works written in this century, such as Iolanthe, premiered at the Savoy Theatre. The title characters of an opera set in this century release girls in Cornwall after learning that the Modern Major General is an orphan. For 10 points, name this century in which The Pirates of Penzance and other Gilbert and Sullivan operas were created.

19th century [or 1800s] <Jose>

During this century, composers like Harry Partch developed microtonal music, which divides the scale into very small intervals. A group of composers during this century pioneered music characterized by repetitions of lengthy ostinatos that slowly change based on systemic processes, such as two rhythms that gradually shift in and out of phase. In this century, a composer invented a technique based on inverting and transposing a phrase containing (*) all the pitches of the chromatic scale. Composers in this century created the movements of Neoclassicism and Minimalism. Early in this century, members of the Second Viennese School pioneered the technique of the twelve-tone row. For 10 points, name this century whose important composers included Igor Stravinsky and John Cage.

20th century [or the 1900s] <Magin>

During this century, the Roman Empire was auctioned off to the highest bidder, Didius Julianus, who reigned for only nine weeks before being murdered. Clodius Albinus was proclaimed emperor during this century, but he was killed at the Battle of Lugdunum. An emperor of Rome during this century was strangled in his bath by Narcissus, which kicked off a succession crisis during the so-called Year of the (*) Five Emperors. That crisis was resolved near the end of this century when Septimius Severus came to power. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in this century when it conquered and annexed Dacia. The Pax Romana came to an end in this century when Marcus Aurelius died. For 10 points, name this century, during which Trajan and the Five Good Emperors ruled.

2nd century AD [accept 100s] <Jose>

One of Walter Savage Landor's "imaginary conversations" portrays a discussion of love between this man and Rhodope, his supposed lover. This native of Samos is given the power of speech by Isis in a fictional "Romance" named for him. Babrius rendered this author's work into verse, and the scholar Phaedrus translated this writer into Latin. In one of this writer's stories, one of the title figures spends the summer singing and in the winter is forced to beg the other for food. This author, probably born a (*) slave, also wrote a story in which the second title figure takes a nap midway through a race and ultimately loses. "The Ant and the Grasshopper" and "The Tortoise and the Hare" are by, for 10 points, what ancient Greek writer known for his fables?

Aesop <Jose>

As a young man, the historian Arnold Toynbee was tasked by the British government with collecting evidence about this event. This event began in earnest after deserters were blamed for a loss at the Battle of Sarikamish, shortly after which 250 intellectuals were arrested and deported from the capital. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau reported on resistance to this event in the city of Van. Many people were marched through the (*) desert to Deir ez-Zor during this event with the justification of keeping them away from front-line fighting. Article 301 has been used to prosecute people who discuss this event, which may have killed 1.5 million people. For 10 points, name this event in which large numbers of Christians were systematically killed during World War I by the Turks.

Armenian Genocide [or Armenian Holocaust or Medz Yeghern] <Bentley>

A 1946 International Court of Justice case concerned an incident in which this country mined two Royal Navy ships. Britain's plan to subvert this country's regime with guerrillas from the Legality movement was betrayed by Kim Philby. This country was rocked by protests in 1997 after over half its population lost money in a series of pyramid schemes. This country's leadership denounced the Three Worlds Theory as anti-revolutionary, leading to the end of its alliance with China. The churches and (*) mosques of this country were burnt down after it was declared the "first atheist state on Earth." The invasion of this country by Fascist Italy in 1939 forced out its King Zog. For 10 points, name this Balkan country once ruled by the Communist Enver Hoxha (HO-juh) from Tirana.

Albania <Brownstein>

The signers of the Manifesto of the 121 denounced the use of torture devices in this conflict, such as a telephone electrocutor called a gégène. During this conflict, a leader won the "Battle of the Transistors" by using radio appeals to the troops to put down a general's putsch. The Harki were persecuted following this conflict. Raoul Salan founded the OAS in order to pressure his nation into continuing to fight this war. After this conflict, almost one million (*) pieds-noirs left the country. This war was ended by the Evian Accords, which brought Ahmed ben Bella, the leader of the FLN, to power in a new country. For 10 points, name this bloody conflict by which a North African country gained its independence from France.

Algerian War of Independence [do not accept "Algerian Civil War"] <Bentley>

A poem lamenting the treatment of veterans of this war describes a soldier who "feeds on praise, lost in the abyss of want." A poem set during this war describes the "bleating of the flock and the twitter of birds" before imagining "one [who] was safe and asleep in his bed" but would be dead the next day. Another poem which describes this war begins "By the (*) rude bridge that arched the flood" and describes the flag flown by "embattled farmers." Philip Freneau is called the poet of this war. "Hardly a man is still alive" who remembers a night during this war on which the title character of a poem uses a light in the North Church tower as a signal. For 10 points, name this war whose opening is the setting of Emerson's "Concord Hymn" and Longfellow's "Paul Revere's Ride."

American Revolution [or Revolutionary War] <Brownstein> Bonuses

A painting titled for this artist's most famous subject "and Alvaro" depicts a blue door behind some washbuckets. This artist painted a boy in oversized military wear running through a withered winter field. A nude with blonde braids sits next to an open window in this artist's Lovers. This artist's work entered a melancholy period after a train accident killed his father, the creator of notable (*) illustrations of Treasure Island. Recurring subjects for this artist included the Kuerner family of Chadds Ford and his neighbor Helga Testorf. A painting by this artist set in Cushing, Maine depicts the Olson family farm in the top right corner and centers on a paralyzed girl wearing a pink dress and lying in the grass. For 10 points, name this painter of Christina's World.

Andrew Wyeth [or Andrew Newell Wyeth] <Brownstein>

A rubber eraser was used to create the fleur-de-lis pattern present on all of these paintings. Irving Blum had to buy some of these paintings back after some were sold during the artist's first solo show at Ferus Gallery. These works were traced and gradually enlarged from a mailing envelope. Despite the similarity of the entries in this series, they were made a few months before their artist discovered the silkscreen process for (*) mass reproduction. The word "Consommé" (con-sum-MAY) can be seen on one of these paintings, and one contains the phrase, "Great as a sauce, too!" These paintings were originally exhibited on shelves to evoke the feeling of a grocery aisle and include entries such as "Tomato." For 10 points, name this series of paintings by Andy Warhol of a packaged food product.

Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans [prompt on partial answer] <Bentley>

A medieval passion play named for this person depicts him as Synagoga, who convinces many Jews to follow him. In Judaism, this sort of figure was often depicted as a bald man with one huge eye and one small eye called Armilus. In Islam, this sort of figure is called ad-Dajjal and appears before Yawm al-Qiyamah. St. Malachy's 112 cryptic phrases that comprise the Prophecy of the Popes culminates with Peter the Roman implicitly (*) combating this person. This person, whom Ezekiel identifies as Gog from Magog, is identified as Leo X ["the tenth"] according to Martin Luther's writings. Second Thessalonians describes his "lawlessness" and work with Satan. Napoleon and Hitler have been identified as, for 10 points, what figure who opposes Jesus during the end times?

Antichrist [or anti-messiah and equivalents; accept False Messiah] <Jose>

In this country, the GOU secret society led a 1943 coup to overthrow Ramon Castillo, ending its "Infamous Decade". The "Triple A" death squad was founded in this country shortly after right-wing snipers perpetrated a 1973 massacre at the Ezeiza Airport against the left-wing Montoneros. During this country's "National Reorganization Process", thousands of desaparecidos were (*) kidnapped and killed by the government of Jorge Videla. A leader of this country was supported by the descamisados, or "shirtless ones", and was succeeded in 1974 by his wife Isabel. The Dirty War was a period of political repression in this country that began after the death of its president Juan Peron. For 10 points, name this country that lost the Falklands War to Britain.

Argentina [or Argentine Republic or Republica Argentina] <Wang>

In a poem by this author, a boy hears the "crackle of small lice dying" as "two charming older sisters" pick through his hair. This poet wrote "I sat Beauty on my lap...and I roughed her up" in a poem beginning "A while back, if I remember right, my life was one long party." The speaker of a poem by this author exclaims "I long for Europe with its aged old parapets!" and recalls how some men were nailed to stakes by "gaudy redskins." In a poem by this author, a (*) dialogue between a Hellish Husband and a Foolish Virgin and a section titled "Alchemy of the Word" make up two "Deliriums." One of his poems is narrated by the title drifting vessel. For 10 points, name this French poet of "The Drunken Boat" and A Season in Hell who had a turbulent affair with Paul Verlaine.

Arthur Rimbaud [or Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud] <Brownstein>

A play by this author features a ceremony in which the protagonist sells a telescope to the Venice arsenal. That play by this author ends with Andrea smuggling a Discourse which the blind title character had written and hidden in a globe while under house arrest. A character created by this author tells fortunes by drawing black crosses from a helmet. In a play by this author, a girl obsesses over Yvette's red boots and is (*) shot off a roof for beating a drum to warn a town of approaching troops. This author of Galileo tried to prevent audience identification with characters in his "epic theater." In one of his plays, Swiss Cheese and Katrin are children of the title canteen wagon owner. For 10 points, name this playwright of Mother Courage and Her Children.

Bertolt Brecht [or Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht] <Brownstein>

In a portentous e-mail, this man wrote "the future is too good to waste on lies," to which his father, writing from Iowa, responded, "OBEY YOUR CONSCIENCE!" A May 2009 photo of this man in plainclothes published by The Guardian enraged his superior, Clinton Baker. This man talked about his desire to intentionally trigger a DUSTWUN to journalist Mark Boal. His lawyers unsuccessfully motioned to release documents from his case following repeated calls that he was a (*) "traitor" from Donald Trump. This man spent extensive time with the Haqqani network and is the subject of the second season of Serial. Mohammed Fazl was one of five men released in 2014 in exchange for this American. For 10 points, name this soldier who spent five years held captive by the Taliban.

Bowe Bergdahl [or Robert Bowdrie Bergdahl] <Bentley>

A literary character from this area, Dylan Ebdus, gives his friend Mingus Rude a magic ring so that he can become the superhero "Aeroman." A famous poet edited this area's Eagle newspaper. This area is the setting of The Fortress of Solitude and other works by writer Jonathan Lethem. In a poem titled for it, the speaker claims "[this area], of ample hills, was mine" and admits "I am he who knew what it was to be evil." The speaker notes "distance (*) avails not, and place avails not" in a poem that mentions people traveling to this area "attired in the usual costumes." People traveling to this area "furnish [their] parts toward the soul" in a poem beginning "Flood-tide below me!" For 10 points, name this New York borough travelled to by ferry in a Walt Whitman poem.

Brooklyn [prompt on New York or the United States of America before "New York" is read] <Weiser>

One member of this family runs a truck repair company in Phoenix called Valet Fleet Service. Another member of this family controversially claimed that African Americans in Las Vegas ended up in jail because "they never learned how to pick cotton." A group led by a member of this family included an individual nicknamed "Tarp Man," who was killed in a police (*) shootout. A member of this family is the head of the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom, a group which launched a protest on behalf of Dwight and Steve Hammond. An older member of this family got into a public dispute with the Bureau of Land Management in Nevada over grazing fees. For 10 points, name this family that includes Ammon, who occupied the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon.

Bundy family <Bentley>

This character exclaims "Thinketh! He dwelleth i' the cold o' the moon" in a poem which describes the making of the sun and moon by a creator who is "ill at ease." This character greets his white master with the Swahili word for freedom, uhuru, in a play by Aimé Césaire (ay-mee si-ZAIR). This character believes that two men who give him "celestial liquor" are gods and plots with them against his lord, who freed a character this figure's mother imprisoned in a (*) "cloven pine." This colleague of Stephano and Trinculo meditates on the god Setebos in a Robert Browning poem. This son of the Algerian sorceress Sycorax attempts to rape Miranda, the daughter of the Milanese magician he serves. For 10 points, name this slave of Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Caliban <Alston>

This archipelago contains a series of stone terraces known as the Pyramids of Güímar (gwee-MAR), which were enthusiastically studied by Thor Heyerdahl. This archipelago's island of La Gomera is known for the Silbo Gomero, a whistled language used to communicate across long distances by its native Guanche people. In 1977, the worst accident in aviation history occurred when two Boeing 747s collided on a runway on its island of (*) Tenerife. In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of these islands, which sit just off the western coast of Morocco. They are situated south of the Azores and north of the Cape Verde Islands. For 10 points, name these Spanish islands in the Atlantic that are actually named for their dogs, not a type of bird.

Canary Islands [or the Canaries; accept Islas Canarias (eeh-lah kah-nah-ryah)] <Wang>

This man started the newspaper The Daily Theocrat after John Humphrey Noyes kicked him out of the Oneida community. On the day of his death, this man composed and recited the poem "I am Going to the Lordy." This man wrote the speech "Grant vs. Hancock," which led him to request an ambassadorship to Vienna and Paris as payment. This man accused Dr. William Bliss of medical malpractice at his (*) trial, and he purchased a gun with an ivory handle because it would look good in a museum. The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed after this man's most notable action, during which he shouted "I am a Stalwart and Arthur is president now" after firing two shots in the Baltimore and Potomac Terminal. For 10 points, name this assassin who killed James Garfield.

Charles Guiteau <Jose>

A philosopher from this country led the "Classical Prose Movement" to combat the flowery style of "Parallel Writing." An earlier philosopher from this country analogized the tendency toward virtue to "sprouts." A philosopher from here believed that social disorder was caused by failure to ascribe things their proper names, which led him to advocate (*) "rectification of names." A philosopher from this place wrote the chapter "On the Equality of Things," which concludes with a tale in which a man is unsure whether he is a man dreaming he is a butterfly, or a butterfly dreaming he is a man. A doctrine from this country demands that children respect their parents and is called filial piety. The Analects is a classic from, for 10 points, what home country of Confucius?

China <Jose> Bonuses

A thaumaturge from this country is said to have ascended into heaven by transforming into a sword and then into a pillar of smoke. A religion from this country describes the "Director of Destinies," who lives on one of this country's "Five Sacred Mountains" and is able to shorten and lengthen a man's lifespan. The Queen Mother of the West possesses immortality-granting peaches on this country's (*) Kunlun. Ancient people in this country often communicated with their ancestors by scrawling prophecies on tortoise shells or scapulae called "oracle bones." The Jade Emperor is said to rule from heaven in a religion from this country whose name translates as "The Way." For 10 points, name this country where birth and death are symbolized by "yin" and "yang."

China [or People's Republic of China] <Jose>

A non-fiction book about the area surrounding this river described how the soldier Leon Rom kept decapitated heads in his flower bed. The chant "Boomlay, boomlay, boomlay, BOOM" is repeated in a poem describing this river "creeping through the black, cutting through the jungle with a golden track." A 1998 book by journalist Adam Hochschild takes its name from a line in a (*) Vachel Lindsay (VAY-chul LIN-zee) poem about this river. The narrator of a novel discovers a report about this river's natives that ends with the handwritten message "Exterminate all the brutes!" An ivory trader dies on this river after exclaiming "The horror! The horror!" For 10 points, name this African river, which Marlow travels up in search of Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.

Congo River <Wang>

The last native-born king of this country was died in 1097 while trying to stop a Hungarian invasion at Gvozd Mountain, which is now called Petrova Gora in his honor. In 926, this country defeated Bulgaria at the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands, strengthening the Trpimirović dynasty under Tomislav. This country gained control of Baranja, Western Syrmia, and Eastern Slavonia during the 1990s under the (*) Erdut Agreement, which was negotiated when this country was led by its first president, Franjo Tuđman. During World War II, this country became a puppet state under the Ustaše group after the Axis Powers invaded Yugoslavia. For 10 points, name this country that controls Dalmatia and is ruled from Zagreb.

Croatia <Reinstein>

A character in this novel asks to be brought a copy of Cherbuliez's Paule Méré, whose plot mirrors that of this work. Another character in this novel talks about a doctor in Schenectady, Mr. Davis, who sought to cure her dyspepsia. Mrs. Costello, the aunt of this novel's protagonist, is shocked that her nephew accompanies the title character from Vevey to the Chateau de (*) Chillon. Mrs. Walker ostracizes the title character because she walks about Rome too much with Italian men like Mr. Giovanelli, and that character eventually contracts malaria after a nighttime visit to the Colosseum. For 10 points, name this novella in which Frederick Winterbourne falls for an innocent American girl traveling in Europe, written by Henry James.

Daisy Miller: A Study <Kothari>

This process may have "Forced Moves" or "Good Tricks" according to a book that likens a theory of it to a "universal acid." That theory of this process is dismissed in a 1907 book that proposes the élan vital (vee-TAHL) as a source of human culture. Daniel Dennett called this process a "Dangerous Idea" in a book named after its formulator, and a "creative" form of it was posited by Henri Bergson. The (*) Wilberforce-Huxley Debate centered on a book that popularized this concept, which borrows a term from Herbert Spencer to propose a mechanism for common descent. Its creator applied this theory to humans in The Descent of Man. For 10 points, name this biological theory introduced in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

Darwinian evolution [or natural selection; or Darwinism before "Darwin"] <Jose>

A poem titled for this figure describes a friend's notched pencil and claims that this figure "sets a thing significant." Another poem ends by comparing a phenomenon to "the Distance on the look of" this figure. A poem titled for this figure notes that "The Dews drew quivering and chill" and describes a "School, where Children strove at Recess in the Ring." This figure "knew (*) no haste" in a poem in which "we paused before a House that seemed a swelling in the ground." In that poem titled for this figure, the speaker recalls the day she "surmised the Horses' Heads were toward Eternity" after entering this figure's carriage. For 10 points, name this abstract figure which the speaker "could not stop for" in an Emily Dickinson poem.

Death <Brownstein>

A character in this novel is delighted by a boy's dislike for a Russian family and learns that his name is pronounced with a long "u" sound. In this novel, an unlicensed driver ignores the protagonist's request to be taken to a steamer-landing. The protagonist of this novel imagines himself as Socrates lecturing Phaedrus about love after having a barber paint his cheeks, paralleling the makeup worn by an old man in a wig he had seen earlier. In this (*) novella, an Englishman warns the main character about the cover-up of an outbreak of cholera. After eating ripe strawberries, its protagonist expires on the beach while watching the Polish boy Tadzio. For 10 points, name this novella in which Gustav von Aschenbach dies in an Italian city, a work of Thomas Mann.

Death in Venice [or Der Tod in Venedig] <Brownstein>

After a sack of this city, two diamonds nicknamed "Sea of Light" and "Mountain of Light" were taken west. An offshoot of this city was designed by Edwin Lutyens. This city was ruled by a dynasty of slaves begun by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who commissioned the world's tallest brick minaret in honor of a Sufi mystic. After the massive Battle of Karnal was fought nearby, this city was sacked by the forces of Nader Shah. This city's (*) Red Fort was the original home of the Peacock Throne. A sultanate in this city was ruled by Ibrahim Lodi until his defeat against Babur at the Battle of Panipat, paving the way for the foundation of the Mughal Empire. For 10 points, name this city whose "New" counterpart is the capital of India.

Delhi <Golimlim>

Plutarch states that this location is enclosed by a pair of cliffs called the Phaedriades. Hephaestus crafted singing statues made of gold called the Celedones for a temple at this place. A recurring event at this place was held in the third year of each Olympiad. An artifact kept at this location was once wrapped in swaddling clothes and swallowed by Cronus. This location, which was founded by suppliants riding a god in the form of a dolphin, contains the (*) Castalian Spring. This location was home to a stone representing the "navel of the world," the omphalos, which was used by priestesses here called pythia. The Python was slain here by the god to which this site was dedicated. For 10 points, name this sanctuary whose temple of Apollo was home to an oracle.

Delphi [or Delphoi] <Jose>

An essay by this author discusses La Clairon, who made Voltaire shout "Did I write that?," and posits that the title figure does not experience emotion of his or her characters. Another work by this author opens with the narrator describing the chess players Philidor the Subtle and Legal the Profound. That "dialogue" by this author memorably concludes "He that laughs last, laughs best" and is set at the Cafe Regence, where the title character gives commentaries on the war of the (*) buffoons. This author of "Paradox of Acting" and Rameau's Nephew collaborated with Jean d'Alembert (dal-om-BARE) and the Baron d'Holbach on a 28 volume work consisting of all known human knowledge. For 10 points, name this French author who worked on the Encyclopédie.

Denis Diderot <Jose>

Enrico Caruso played this spinto role the night before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. In the aria "Parle-moi de ma mere," this character receives a letter from his mother urging him to marry a girl from his village. During his final duet, "C'est toi! C'est moi!," he becomes furious when a woman tosses a ring back at him. At the end of Act II, he is persuaded to follow a bunch of smugglers disposing of their booty. This man frees a woman's hands after she sings him a (*) seguidilla, defying the orders of his superior Zuniga. This tenor character ends the opera on his knees, contrite after having stabbed the title character to death in an arena as crowds chant the name of his rival, Escamillo. For 10 points, name this soldier who is seduced by, and kills, Carmen.

Don José <Gupta>

This character is convinced that he is flying through the air when he is blindfolded and put on a wooden horse stuffed with firecrackers. This character encounters a man who had cut out his friend's heart during a vision he has while hanging from a rope in Montesinos's Cave. After attempting to free some galley slaves, this character meets a wild man driven mad by Luscinda's marriage, Cardenio. This character's library is (*) burned by a barber and the priest Dr. Perez. He fights Samson Carrasco in the guises of the Knight of the Wood and the Knight of the White Moon, and he searches for his idealized love Dulcinea. For 10 points, name this "ingenious gentleman" who tilts at windmills and adventures with Sancho Panza in a Miguel de Cervantes novel.

Don Quixote <Brownstein> Bonuses

According to the Suda, this man died at a theater in Aegina, where he was suffocated by cloaks and hats thrown at him by adoring supporters. This man was given power after Cylon was killed by Megacles in the sanctuary of a temple during a failed coup. One of this politician's reforms stripped the power of the Areopagus and gave it to the Council of Four Hundred, which he created. Aristotle claims that this man chose to (*) write not using ink, but rather blood. He ended the system of blood feuds and oral laws by promulgating the first Athenian constitution, almost all of which was repealed by Solon, except for its statutes on homicide. For 10 points, name this 7th century B.C. lawgiver whose namesake code was known for its severity.

Draco <Jose>

Genetic recombination in this organism is prevented by deliberately causing chromosomal inversions to block synapsis. A gene family discovered in this organism got its name from the German for "great" after its role in sensing infection was first realized. The P element, a transposon, is found in its genome. This organism replicates its DNA without mitosis to form enormous polytene chromosomes. Its mutants have ironic names like tinman, groucho, and (*) eyeless. Toll-like receptors, the Wnt signaling pathway, and Hox genes were discovered in this organism. Thomas Hunt Morgan had a room devoted to these organisms at Columbia, where he studied genetic linkage in traits like eye color and wing location. For 10 points, name this ubiquitous model insect in biology.

Drosophila melanogaster [or D. melanogaster; or fruit fly; prompt on fly] <Silverman>

In a story from this collection, Kathleen's mother refuses to let her daughter participate in her third concert until she is paid in full. In another story in this book, a man who drinks with Ignatius Gallaher becomes frustrated after his reading of Byron's poetry causes his child to cry. This collection begins with a youth learning of the death of Father (*) Flynn. Stories in this collection include "A Mother" and one about Little Chandler, "A Little Cloud." The last story in this collection is set at the Morkan sisters' annual dance, and ends with an image of snow falling on the grave of Michael Furey's grave, a youthful love of Gabriel Conroy's wife. "The Sisters" and "The Dead" bookend, for 10 points, what short story collection by James Joyce?

Dubliners <Jose>

Construction workers in this country began a massive strike on June 17, 1953, following an increase in individual work quotas and the announcement of the moderate "New Course" policy. Many young Olympic athletes in this country were unwittingly given performance-enhancing drugs as part of a state-sponsored doping program. Countries that recognized this country were shunned according to the Hallstein Doctrine. The "death strip" was a component of a (*) structure built by this country's government. This country was ruled by the SED government, whose leaders included Walter Ulbricht and Eric Honecker. The secret police in this country were known as the Stasi. For 10 points, name this country, whose people included those on the Communist side of the Berlin Wall.

East Germany [or German Democratic Republic or GDR or Ostdeutschland or Deutsche Demokratische Republik; do not accept or prompt on "Germany"] <Bentley>

The Serbian Otpor! group provided the model for this country's April 6 Youth Movement, which often backs the Tamarod Party. A fake bomb made of iPhone cases was used by Seif Eldin Mustafa to hijack a plane from this country and land it in Cyprus. It's not Pakistan, but this country's president was jokingly listed on eBay after vowing to (*) "sell himself" in a speech about its economy. That president was criticized in 2016 for unrolling a two-and-a-half mile long red carpet for his motorcade. After taking off from this country in late 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268 to Russia was downed, supposedly by a branch of ISIS. For 10 points, name this country whose current president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, launched the coup that overthrew Mohammed Morsi.

Egypt [or Arab Republic of Egypt; or Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah] <Golimlim>

This artwork inspired a Robert Arneson sculpture with the ceramic word "ART" at its center, as well as a self-portrait of a shirtless Bruce Nauman as this work's title object. The Warriors, a Marsden Hartley painting, was used as a backdrop for this work when it was photographed for the journal The Blind Man by Alfred Stieglitz. This work, which is part of a series that also includes its artist's Prelude to a Broken Arm and Why Not Sneeze, Rrose Selavy?, was rejected by the (*) New York Society of Independent Artists in 1917. This work's origin in a sanitary supply store is referenced by the name "R. Mutt" written on it. For 10 points, name this "readymade" by Marcel Duchamp that consists of a urinal and has a name referring to a type of water-spouting monument.

Fountain [prompt on descriptive answers like Marcel Duchamp's urinal] <Brownstein>

This opera closes with a "soothing story" that "banish[es] the disturbing thoughts of the day" and "put[s] at ease our ruffled spirits." During a part of this opera taking place at a trial, its characters sing the song "I Feel the Earth Move." When this five-hour opera premiered at the Avignon Festival, the audience was free to come and go as it pleased since there is no intermission in it. This opera, in which a characters says "Mr. (*) Bojangles" 58 times, is the first entry in the so-called "Portrait Trilogy" of its composer, which also includes the operas Satyagraha and Akhenaten. Multiple solfege ("soul"-fehj) syllables are repeated in this plotless opera's "knee plays." For 10 points, name this minimalist opera composed by Philip Glass, which is named for a nuclear physicist.

Einstein on the Beach <Jose>

In this work's preface, a man purchases a writing desk at a second-hand store and hacks it open to find two manuscripts. A person in this work asks "Who deserves to be the unhappiest?" in a section addressed to the Symparanekromenoi (SIM-pah-rah-neh-KRO-meh-noi), a club that writes posthumous papers. It asks "What is a poet?" in its group of aphorisms, Diapsalmata. The (*) narrator of one section of this book advocates staving off boredom with "crop rotation." Stages on Life's Way is a follow-up to this book, in whose second section Judge Vilhelm tries to convince "A" of the validity of marriage. The aesthetic life view is contrasted with the ethical and religious in this 1834 work, which is attributed to Victor Eremita. For 10 points, name this two-volume book by Søren Kierkegaard.

Either / Or [or Enten-Eller] <Jose>

A 2014 Frick exhibition contained both Scipione Pulzone's and this artist's Roman portrait of a half-armored Vincenzo Anastagi. An angel in yellow floats over some sleeping apostles as Judas leads soldiers towards Christ in his The Agony in the Garden. A bent-over carpenter takes a drill to the Cross as soldiers prepare to remove the brilliant red cloak of Jesus in this artist's Disrobing of Christ. The Castle of San Servando and a stormy sky can be seen in a (*) Mannerist landscape by this artist of the town where he worked. A 1586 painting by this artist shows Jesus, Mary and John the Baptist ready to welcome the deceased title official into Heaven. For 10 points, name this Cretan-born Spanish artist of View of Toledo and The Burial of the Count of Orgaz.

El Greco [or Doménikos Theotokópoulos] <Bentley>

A war between these two countries was sparked when one refused to set off a cannon of white smoke for the other's yacht Merlin. One of these countries sailed up a river to burn thirteen of the other country's ships in the Raid on the Medway. A group of nobles from one of these countries known as the Immortal Seven sent a letter to the ruler of the other. By the Treaty of Nonsuch, one of these countries agreed to support the other in exchange for two towns captured by the (*) Sea Beggar pirates. A stadtholder from one of these countries accepted the Bill of Rights from the other's legislature. During the second war between these two countries, one seized New York from the other. For 10 points, name these two maritime countries, both ruled by William III of Orange.

England and the Netherlands [or Great Britain and the Netherlands or United Kingdom and the Netherlands or England and the Dutch] <Bentley>

Critic William Boyd wrote that an author "skillfully hijacked" this language to write a novel in which Mene contemplates his war-torn village Dukana. The novel Sozaboy is written in a "rotten" form of this language, which was also used to narrate Mugo's leadership of a concentration camp hunger strike in the novel A Grain of Wheat. The essay collection Decolonizing the Mind discusses its author's (*) abandonment of this language. For describing Africa as a mere "foil to Europe," Chinua Achebe called the author of a novel in this language a "thoroughgoing racist" in his essay "An Image of Africa," and missionaries speaking it come to Umuofia during Okonkwo's exile in Things Fall Apart. For 10 points, name this language colonially imposed on Nigerian and Kenyan writers.

English <Jose>

This symphony's opening theme is introduced by the cellos, who outline the notes of an E-flat major triad before making a chromatic descent down to C-sharp. The trio section of its scherzo begins with three horns imitating hunting calls. Often considered the start of its composer's middle period, its first movement calls for a solo horn to reintroduce the main theme four bars before the recapitulation. This symphony's fourth movement is a set of variations on a theme from the composer's (*) ballet The Creatures of Prometheus; its second movement is a C minor funeral march. This 1804 symphony was rededicated "to the memory of a great man" after its composer heard that Napoleon had crowned himself emperor. For 10 points, name this third symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven.

Eroica Symphony [or Symphony No. 3 by Ludwig van Beethoven before "third" is read; or obvious equivalents] <Kim>

A character with this first name admits that he seeks only entertainment and turns down a love letter in a passage sometimes called his "sermon." A character with this name witnesses a flood which kills his beloved Parasha, after which he pathetically defies a statue that proceeds to chase him throughout St. Petersburg. The protagonist of "The Bronze Horseman" has this first name, as does a character who inherits his uncle's countryside mansion in a poem written in (*) sonnets with alternating masculine and feminine rhymes. A superfluous man with this first name rebuffs Tatiana and dances with Olga at her name day celebration, leading to a duel with Lensky. For 10 points, give this first name of Onegin in a verse novel by Alexander Pushkin.

Eugene [or Yevgeni; or Eugene Onegin] <Alston>

A child named Little Chuck Little almost pulls a knife on a member of this family who constantly has lice in his hair and only attends the first day of Caroline Fisher's first grade class before becoming delinquent. The oldest child of this family grows red geraniums outside her home and saves nickels to purchase ice cream for her siblings. After one member of this family is humiliated at a trial, he terrorizes the widow Helen. The sheriff (*) Heck Tate puts in his report that the head of this family "fell on his own knife" after attacking a child. It is strongly implied that Mayella, a member of this family, is beaten by her father for trying to seduce Tom Robinson. For 10 points, Bob is the drunken patriarch of what disgraceful family in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Ewell [pronounced "you"-ull; but accept phonetic pronunciations] <Jose>

In 1961, this country received a diplomatic note calling for military consultations on defense against "Germany and her allies," as per the FCMA Treaty. The German-trained Jaegers made up the White Guards during this country's civil war. Yelena Bonner founded a watch group to monitor compliance with Article VII of an agreement signed in this country, which called for "respect for human rights." During one war, this country's troops coined the term (*) "Molotov cocktail" and used cross-country skis to fight a larger enemy force. This country used the Mannerheim line during that war, which was followed by the Continuation War. This country ceded Karelia after losing the Winter War to the Soviets. For 10 points, name this country where the Helsinki Accords were signed.

Finland [or Suomi] <Brownstein>

In a short story by this author, a 104-year-old general yells about kissing "pretty guls" while on stage at a graduation. Another story by this author climaxes with a woman exclaiming "You're one of my babies. You're one of my own children!" One of this author's characters reveals the whiskey and cards he keeps in a bible case before leaving a hayloft with (*) Hulga's artificial leg. After a stop at the Tower restaurant, characters created by this author of "A Late Encounter with the Enemy" try to visit a mansion that is actually in Tennessee. In a story by this author of "Good Country People," a car crash precipitates the grandmother's encounter with the Misfit. For 10 points, name this author of Southern Gothic stories such as "A Good Man is Hard to Find."

Flannery O'Connor [or Mary Flannery O'Connor] <Brownstein>

A building in this city features spandrels of circular tondos of babies wrapped in swaddling clothes and is the oldest hospital in Europe dedicated to foundlings. In this city, a grain market that was converted into a church features niches holding Donatello's St. George. The Hospital of the Innocents and the Orsanmichele can be found in this city, for which Arnolfo di Cambio designed the three naves of a cathedral. That building in this city was accompanied by a campanile, or bell tower designed by Andrea Pisano and (*) Giotto. A set of bronze doors of this city's Baptistery are called the Gates of Paradise and were designed by Lorenzo Ghiberti. For 10 points, name this Italian city whose cathedral in the Piazza del Duomo was given a large dome by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Florence, Italy [or Firenze, Italia] <Hothem>

An artist and jūdō instructor from this country created some works with a flamethrower and had nude women roll around in his namesake shade of blue. An artist from this country known as a "tubist" included billboards and robotic pedestrians in his Purism-influenced The City. An abstract painting titled The Talisman inspired a circle of artists in this country called the Nabis. A painter from this country included a black snake charmer in a painting which features a (*) woman lying on a couch in a flowery jungle scene. That artist from this country painted a woman in a multicolored dress lying next to a jug and mandolin while being observed by a lion in The Sleeping Gypsy. For 10 points, name this country home to the artists Yves Klein, Fernand Leger, and Henri Rousseau.

France [or the French Republic] <Bentley> Bonuses

This man grounded his classification of human knowledge in a tripartite division of reason, memory, and imagination. This man wrote a work in which the governor of the House of Strangers tells a tale about a hierophanic pillar of light arising from the ocean, which the people of Renfusa sail toward. This author of The Advancement of Learning identified the biases of individuals as the (*) "idols of the cave" in a book that proposes a method of inductive reasoning. This author described an ideal college called Salomon's House in a work about the legendary island of Bensalem, The New Atlantis. For 10 points, name this early English philosopher who wrote the Novum Organum, and is often held to be the father of the scientific method.

Francis Bacon <Jose>

This unnamed character tells the story of a family who is banished when one of their members helps a Turkish merchant escape from prison. This character plants a portrait on a girl he finds sleeping in a barn in order to frame her for murder. This character discovers a trunk containing works by Plutarch and Milton while living outside a cottage inhabited by Felix, Agatha, and their blind father (*) de Lacey. This character strangles Elizabeth on her wedding night and kills Henry Clerval on a beach. At the end of the novel he appears in, this character weeps over the corpse of the title character aboard Robert Walton's ship in the arctic. For 10 points, identify this creation of "the Modern Prometheus," a creature built by Victor Frankenstein in a Mary Shelley novel.

Frankenstein's monster [or the daemon; or the creature before "creature" is read; do not accept or prompt on "Victor" or "Frankenstein" alone] <Brownstein>

In a painting by this artist, the sun and the moon are encased in a cloud above an ancient temple and a flag appears in factory smoke on opposite sides of a borderline. A skyscraper inside a volcano is one of the objects floating in a bathtub in this artist's What the Water Gave Me. A painting by this artist depicts its subject's body split in two and drilled with nails. Lingering pain from having been (*) hit by a bus is symbolized in this artist's painting The Broken Column. A vein connects the two hearts of two depictions of this artist in one painting. A necklace decorated with a dead hummingbird and a monkey appear in another of this artist's self-portraits. For 10 points, name this Mexican artist, the wife of Diego Rivera.

Frida Kahlo [or Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón or Frida Kahlo de Rivera] <Bentley>

A transcription of one of this author's poems written on a piece of paper soaked in tea comprises the first page of Anne Carson's novel NOX. The narrator of that poem by this writer reports that "Through many countries and over many seas I have come" to "these melancholy shores." One of Carl Orff's cantatas sets many of this writer's poems to music, including one beginning "Let us live and love." A short couplet by this author states "Why I do this, perhaps you ask? I do not know, but I feel it happening and I am tortured." This author of "I (*) love and I hate" addressed his brother's "silent ashes" in a poem ending "Hail and Farewell," which is a translation of the Latin phrase "Ave Atque Vale." For 10 points, name this Silver Age poet who addressed many of his works to Lesbia.

Gaius Valerius Catullus <Jose>

During this campaign, hundreds of dead mules used by the Zion Mule Corps were towed out to sea but returned with the tide. Harold Walker's troops achieved a pyrrhic victory by taking the "impregnable" Lone Pine in this campaign. The aggressors in this campaign successfully fooled Liman von Sanders, who was caught with only two divisions stationed on a key battleground. This campaign is remembered on an April 25th (*) holiday. The failure of this campaign prompted the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Allied forces, including large numbers of Anzac troops, were repelled from Chunuk Bair by troops under Kemal Ataturk during this campaign. For 10 points, name this disastrous Allied campaign against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Gallipoli campaign [or Dardanelles campaign; or Battles of Gallipoli; or Battles of Çanakkale] <Bentley>

In a novel by this author, a child kills her brother's rabbits by forgetting to feed them and later becomes obsessed with Thomas Kempis's The Imitation of Christ. Characters in a novel by this author draw lots to determine the guilt of a man whose pocketknife was found in the money drawer of a deceased deacon. In one of this author's novels, a man dies before finishing his comparative study The Key to All Mythologies. Dunstan's skeleton is found in a stone-pit clutching the (*) gold of one of this author's title characters. This creator of the siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver wrote a novel in which Casaubon leaves a will intended to stop Will Ladislaw from marrying Dorothea Brooke. For 10 point, name this author of The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, and Middlemarch.

George Eliot [or Mary Ann Evans] <Brownstein>

Cardinal Giulio Alberoni's plan to overthrow this non-French monarch was foiled by the wreck of the Duke of Ormond's fleet and by the Battle of Glen Shiel. As a means of allowing his subjects to curry favor, this monarch revived the Order of the Bath. This king's foreign minister Viscount Stanhope helped create the Quadruple Alliance to fight Spain. This monarch was challenged by the "Old Pretender" during the (*) first Jacobite uprising. The South Sea Bubble occurred during the reign of this monarch, who appointed Robert Walpole as prime minister. The Act of Settlement elevated this Elector of Hanover to the throne after the death of Queen Anne. For 10 points, name this man who was crowned King of Britain in 1714 and was followed by three kings who took his name.

George I [prompt on George] <Jose>

People of this type were led by a drummer boy named Hans Bohm in a bonfire of vanities. Several movements of these people used a flag depicting the "bound shoe." A call for "everyone who can [to] smite, slay, and stab" these people was issued during a war in which they were briefly led by a knight with an iron prosthetic hand. The abolition of the death tax was demanded in the Twelve Articles issued by these people. Before the Battle of Frankenhausen, a movement of these people in (*) Swabia was led by Thomas Muntzer. A revolt of these people was condemned in a pamphlet about "murderous and thieving hordes" by Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this class of agricultural laborers who name a 15th-century war in Germany.

German peasants [prompt on related terms like serfs, villeins, or farmers] <Brownstein>

After this figure's death, the blood from his body gave rise to a tree which bore stoneless fruit that resembled cherries. This man is the subject of a fragmentary "song" by Stesichorus, who describes him as having six hands, six feet and wings. After his death, Hera sent a gadfly to prevent a hero from retrieving this man's possessions. To reach this son of Callirhoe and Chrysaor, a hero rode in a giant (*) goblet made of gold, which he obtained after shooting an arrow at Helios. This giant lived on the red island of Erytheia, where his most notable possessions were managed by his herdsman Eurytion and the two-headed dog Orthrus. Immediately before finding the girdle of the Amazons, Heracles spent a year retrieving the cattle of, for 10 points, what giant monster?

Geryon [or Geryone] <Jose>

The topography of this location led to the development of the Koehler Depressing Gun Carriage. This territory contains Gorham's Cave, one of the last habitations of the Neanderthals. This territory is administered from an old Franciscan building known as "the Convent." According to legend, this location's bottomless St. Michael's Cave allowed the arrival of its population of (*) barbary macaques. Over 30 miles of defensive tunnels run through an iconic limestone monolith in this territory, which lies about 100 kilometers southeast of Cádiz. This territory, which was ceded by Spain in the Treaty of Utrecht, historically constituted the northern Pillar of Hercules. For 10 points, name this small British territory on the southern tip of Spain.

Gibraltar <Wang>

After one of these two characters loses his pukku and mikku, the other goes to the underworld to retrieve them. While one of them is wasting away, he tells the other his dream of being taken to Aralu by an Angel of Death. One of them dreams about embracing a fallen meteor and an axe, foretelling the arrival of the other. These characters use thirteen winds sent by a sun god to slay an inhabitant of the Cedar Forest. One of these men is formed from clay by the goddess (*) Aruru to counter the other's harshness toward his people. One of them seeks out the secret to eternal life after the other is killed for throwing the thigh of the Bull of Heaven at Ishtar. For 10 points, name these slayers of Humbaba, a "wild man" and the king of Uruk, who star in a Mesopotamian epic.

Gilgamesh and Enkidu [accept answers in either order] <Jose>

This man's blog Unclaimed Territory followed the Valerie Plame affair and subsequent trial. Billionaire Pierre Omidyar is funding this man's First Look Media project. In 2013, this man's partner David Miranda had his hard drive seized at Heathrow. Laura Poitras filmed an interview conducted by this man for the documentary Citizenfour. With Greg Weston and Ryan Gallagher, this co-founder of the (*) Intercept revealed that Stephen Harper's government permitted a Five Eyes partner to interfere in the 2010 G20 Summit in Toronto. This reporter broke the news that the data of Verizon customers was being collected by the NSA. For 10 points, name this one-time Guardian journalist who published many stories pertaining to the Edward Snowden leaks.

Glenn Greenwald [or Glenn Edward Greenwald] <Bentley>

The only novel of James Frazer, the author of The Golden Bough, recounts the slaying of this kind of creature. A snake created when the blood from the remains of one of these figures mixed with sand later killed the Argonaut Mopsus. The king of the island of Seriphos, Polydectes, demanded that a hero who failed to provide him any horses instead kill one of these creatures. Chrysaor was the son of one of these beings. A hero stole the (*) single eye shared by their sisters, the Graeae, in order to find one of them. Two of them, Stheno and Euryale, were immortal, while their mortal sister's remains adorned the aegis after her death. For 10 points, Perseus used a mirrored shield to avoid the petrifying gaze of Medusa, who was what kind of creature?

Gorgons <Jose>

In one of this author's novels, the unscrupulous journalist Parkinson travels to a leper colony to sensationalize the story of the "famous ecclesiastical architect" Monsieur Querry. The protagonist of another of this author's novels meets with Dr. Hasselbacher at a luncheon and later nearly dies when a man named Carter poisons his drink. In that novel by this author, the protagonist adopts the (*) codename 59200/5 after his daughter Milly's extravagant lifestyle nearly bankrupts him. This author of A Burnt Out Case wrote about a salesman who submits vacuum cleaner schematics as intelligence to MI-6. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about agent James Wormold in Our Man in Havana and whose other novels include The Power and the Glory and The End of the Affair.

Graham Greene [accept Henry Graham Greene] <Jose>

Organisms with this property uniquely express a di-glucosamine conjugated to six fatty acids and two phosphate groups, a compound called lipid A. Old phylogenetic trees defined Gracilicutes as organisms with this property and Firmicutes as organisms without it. Safranin is used to colorize organisms with this trait. Organisms with this property express lipopolysaccharide in the outer (*) membrane, which surrounds the periplasm. Aminoglycosides were developed to target these organisms since they are generally unaffected by beta-lactams. This trait corresponds to having a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, so they won't retain iodine and crystal violet. For 10 points, name this property possessed by E. coli and other bacteria that don't turn purple after a certain stain.

Gram-negative bacteria [prompt on bacteria or prokaryotes] <Silverman>

This character imagines several people cheering for him as he laboriously turns a key to prevent the calling of a locksmith. This character's father refuses to take off the gold-buttoned uniform he wears for his job at a bank. In one scene, this character tries to hide the picture of a woman in a fur hat which hangs on his wall. This character is seen by (*) three bearded tenants while his sister plays the violin, and he dies shortly afterwards from a wound received when his father pelted him with apples. This character hides in his room when the Chief Clerk comes to his family's apartment to inquire about his absence from his job as a travelling salesman. For 10 points, name this character who finds himself transformed into a cockroach-like vermin in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis.

Gregor Samsa [or Gregor Samsa] <Brownstein>

This composer called for a solo violin with its strings tuned up a whole step in his Symphony No. 4, which includes a slow third movement marked "Ruhevoll" (roo-heh-"fole"). An offstage posthorn plays a solo in his Symphony No. 3, whose opening theme is introduced by eight horns. His second symphony includes an alto setting of his song "Urlicht." A lone trumpet plays a fanfare in C-sharp minor to begin the funeral march first movement of his fifth symphony. His first symphony includes a funeral march rendition of (*) "Frère Jacques," while his aforementioned fifth symphony includes an Adagietto fourth movement sometimes considered a declaration of love to his wife Alma. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of symphonies nicknamed Resurrection and of a Thousand.

Gustav Mahler <Kim>

This artist got into a public debate about the gender of angels after a clergyman stated that one of his sculptures of angels for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine did not have a stern and masculine face. One of this artist's subjects is a nude man who has a sheathed dagger and can be found at the University of Virginia; that sculpture honors James McConnell, a pilot killed during World War I. This man's son, named Lincoln, finished his largest sculpture after he died; the climax of (*) North by Northwest features that sculpture by this artist. This artist of The Aviator rejected the "Needles" as a potential site for a sculpture honoring four men who "preserved the Republic." For 10 points, name this sculptor who created the sculptures at Mt. Rushmore.

Gutzon Borglum <Jose>

This author wrote "I'll go out in the frosty dark and sing most terribly" in a poem whose speaker refuses to sing a "May song." This author described "two who are Mostly Good, two who have lived their day" in a poem in which "plain chipware on a plain and creaking wood" is used for the "casual affair" of dinner. This author of "The Crazy Woman" fictionalized her youth in the (*) Bronzeville neighborhood in her poetry collection Annie Allen. This one-time Poet Laureate of Illinois wrote the collection The Bean Eaters, which includes a poem set at the Golden Shovel in which the title figures "skip school," "jazz June," and "die soon." For 10 points, name this first African-American author to win the Pulitzer Prize in poetry, the author of "We Real Cool."

Gwendolyn Brooks <Jose>

The "speckled Phrygian stone" of this building is described in an ekphrasis by Paul the Silentiary. A structure in this building that is always moist was thought to cure malaria and is called the "Sweating Column." A group of circular marble slabs in this building is named the Omphalion. Giuseppe and Gaspare Fossati were hired to renovate this building, leading them to conclude that the oft-spat on grave of (*) Enrico Dandolo in it is merely a memorial. Four pendentives were used to support the cupola of this building designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Dedicated to the Logos, it was turned into a museum by Kemal Ataturk. Emperor Justinian financed, for 10 points, what large building, at one time a church and a mosque in Istanbul?

Hagia Sofia (EYE-yuh Sophia) <Jose>

This president's party badly lost the midterm "beef steak election" after he surprisingly lifted regulations on meat prices. This man faced the so-called "Revolt of the Admirals," a Navy campaign against the use of strategic bombing. Philip White's book Whistle Stop documents this man's effective cross-country campaign giving 352 speeches from a rail car. This president tried to combat his low approval ratings by calling a special "Turnip Day" session of Congress. After Congress (*) overrode his veto to pass an act limiting the power of labor unions sponsored by Taft and Hartley, he attacked the "Do Nothing Congress." The Chicago Tribune got the results of his close campaign against Thomas Dewey wrong. For 10 points, name this Democratic president who succeeded FDR.

Harry S. Truman <Bentley>

This institution rose to national prominence under Charles William Eliot, who published its namesake "Classics" series that ran 50 volumes. George Vaillant tracked members of this institution over 75 years in the longitudinal Grant Study. This location lends its name to a computer architecture used by Howard Aiken's Mark I (one). Robert Putnam, Stephen Walt, and Joseph Nye are members of this institution's (*) John F. Kennedy School of Government, named for an alumnus. In 2005, the then-head of this institution suggested that women may have a "different availability of aptitude at the high end." From 2001 to 2006, this institutions was headed by former Clinton Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers. For 10 points, name this Ivy League university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Harvard University <Bentley>

According to legend, this kingdom would be ruled by whoever was able to overturn the Naha Stone. This kingdom was unified after hundreds of troops were forced off a cliff at the Pali Lookout in the Battle of the Leaping Mullet Fish. This kingdom's government was overthrown with the help of Lorrin A. Thurston, who had written its Bayonet Constitution six years earlier. Its first king declared that every elderly person, woman and child could "lie by the roadside in (*) safety" in his Law of the Splintered Paddle. Sanford Dole was a prominent American businessman in this kingdom, whose territory was annexed by the U.S. in 1898 over the objections of its last queen, Liliuokalani. For 10 points, name this Pacific archipelago united by Kamehameha I.

Hawaii [or Kingdom of Hawaii; prompt on Big Island] <Wang>

A choral piece by this composer ends with a bass soloist singing a B major "Oath of Reconciliation." This composer depicted a mountaineer of the Abruzzo delivering a C major serenade in the third movement of one of his symphonies, while another of his pieces includes the "Queen Mab Scherzo." A programmatic piece by this composer begins by depicting the title character "in the Mountains," and ends with him joining an (*) "Orgy of the Brigands." Niccolò Paganini refused to premiere that piece because of the lack of virtuosity in its solo viola part. This composer's first symphony ends with a "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath" that depicts unrequited love with a recurring idée fixe melody. For 10 points, name this composer of Harold in Italy and Symphonie fantastique.

Hector Berlioz <Kim>

This businessman served a meal made entirely out of soybeans to a group of unenthusiastic reporters at the Chicago World's Fair. Leaf blight ruined this man's attempt to build a giant plantation in the Brazilian jungle called his namesake "landia." This man introduced a product nicknamed the "Tin Lizzie," which was initially manufactured in his Highland Park plant. In 1920, he controversially (*) published the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion in his newspaper, the Dearborn Independent. This industrialist, who pioneered the five-dollar work day, once quipped that his most popular product was available in any color "as long as it's black." For 10 points, name this American industrialist who introduced the Model T.

Henry Ford <Wang>

Because this man once slept with the nymph Melite, Zeus forbade her from sexual relations afterwards. Apollodorus states that this man killed a ruler of Egypt who sacrificed all of his visitors. This slayer of Busiris was once told by Xenoclea that he would be purified of killing Iphitus if he served Queen Omphale. While he traveled with the Argonauts, his companion (*) Hylas was abducted by water nymphs. This man once fought a son of Poseidon whose strength increased as he touched the earth. This man's exploits include wrestling Antaeus and murdering his music teacher Linus. He was forced to serve Eurystheus to perform a group of tasks that involved defeating the Stymphalian Birds and the Nemean Lion. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who performed twelve labors.

Heracles [or Hercules] <Jose>

Scholar Helene Foley has described the way that these passages get reversed to show the interdependence of men and women, and a reversed one of them describes the joy of a few survivors of a shipwreck who finally reach land. In the first use of this device, the swarming of bees immediately precedes the appearance of personified Rumor. In another example of this device, a lion and a wild boar fight over water before the son of Menoetius is killed by the oldest son of (*) Hecuba and Priam. The deaths of Sarpedon and Patroclus are both accompanied by passages that employ this device, which in its "epic" or "Homeric" form is often an extended comparison between the ordinary and extraordinary. For 10 points, name this kind of metaphor that uses "like" or "as."

Homeric similes [or epic similes] <Mehigan>

The ghost of this actor gives romantic advice to the writer Allan Felix in a film written by Woody Allen. In one role, this actor's character said he came to the title location for the waters because he was "misinformed." In that role, this actor's character nods to allow characters to sing "La Marseillaise" to drown out characters singing "Watch on the Rhine." In another role, this man's character is told by the bandit Gold Hat "we don't need (*) no badges." This actor's character tells his lover, Ilsa, "here's looking at you, kid" in one film. This actor, who played the miner Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, starred in another film as a nightclub owner in Morocco during World War II. For 10 points, name this actor who played Rick in Casablanca.

Humphrey Bogart [or Humphrey DeForest Bogart] <Cheyne>

A mayor in this state recently announced that his city was finally close to complying with the anti-graft Shakman Decrees, which Chuy Garcia has criticized for preventing the firing of obviously belligerent city officials. A congressman from this state stepped down in 2015 after photos of his lavish, (*) Downton Abbey-inspired office led to an ethics probe over his massively corrupt spending. After a 13-month delay, a dashboard cam video was released in this state that showed Jason Van Dyke firing 16 shots in 13 seconds at Laquan McDonald. For 10 points, name this Midwestern state where Rahm Emanuel serves as mayor of Chicago.

Illinois <Ray> Bonuses

It's not Mexico, but a geological area in this country is central to Gerta Keller's theory challenging the Alvarez hypothesis. This country's northern border, which was once partly set by the Macartney-MacDonald Line and the McMahon (mac-MAN) Line, runs across its disputed regions of Ladakh and Aksai Chin. In 1972, the Simla Agreement set part of its western border along the (*) Line of Control, which did not include the now-disputed Siachen Glacier. Another part of its western border runs through the Great Rann of Kutch and the Thar Desert. Its eastern state of Assam lies south of its state of Arunachal Pradesh, parts of which are claimed by China. Amritsar is in this country, which controls eastern Punjab. For 10 points, name this country whose state of Rajasthan is bordered to the northwest by Pakistan.

India [or Republic of India; or Bharatiya Ghanarajya] <Wang>

The Boggs-Fallon Bill implemented a proposal to pay for 90% of the cost of this system using bonds and taxes, which was put forth by a committee led by Lucius Clay. The withholding of funds for use on this system from states with an under-21 drinking age led to the case South Dakota v. Dole. Lady Bird Johnson's call to clean up this system inspired a namesake 1965 (*) Beautification Act. An act passed during the 1973 energy crisis placed a limit for users of this system that was repealed in 1995. The creation of this system contributed to "white flight" by allowing residents of the suburbs to travel quickly to urban jobs. For 10 points, the Autobahn inspired Dwight Eisenhower to champion the creation of what network of large roads?

Interstate Highway System [or Interstate System; or Interstate Freeway System] <Brownstein>

In the 1890s, merchants in this modern-day country successfully protested a concession that had been granted to a British firm to sell tobacco. The missionary Howard Baskerville died during the Constitutional Revolution in this country, which established its parliament. A dynasty of this country came to power with the help of the Cossack Brigade and employed a secret police known as the SAVAK. The crash of a C-130 (*) helicopter in this country doomed Operation Eagle Claw. Kermit Roosevelt helped overthrow a prime minister of this country in Operation Ajax after that PM, Mohammed Mossadegh, nationalized its oil industry. For 10 points, name this country where in 1979 the ruling Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini.

Iran [or Persia] <Bentley>

A story by this author follows two sisters who were romanced in their youths by a Swedish lieutenant and a famous French opera singer. The second section of a book by this author describes an incident in which the kitchen boy Kabero shoots two of his friends, killing one and destroying the other's jaw. In a story by this author, a French cook uses her lottery winnings to make a banquet for Martina and Philippa. Dances called (*) ngomas appear in a book by this author which describes the hilltop grave of a man who died in a plane crash, Denys Finch-Hatton. This author of "Babette's Feast" wrote a memoir that describes leaving Rungsted with her husband Bror to operate a coffee plantation in Kenya. For 10 points, name this Danish author of Out of Africa.

Isak Dinesen [or Karen Blixen; or Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke] <Brownstein>

This artist is depicted walking on water as other artists watch from a boat in Mark Tansey's The Myth of Depth. At the center of a painting by this artist originally titled Moby Dick is a female with three white breast-like protrusions possibly giving birth to the Minotaur. He painted a twenty-foot wide Mural for Peggy Guggenheim's apartment. A series of photographs of this artist at work were first published in Portfolio magazine by Hans Namuth. This student of Thomas Hart Benton was (*) married to fellow painter Lee Krasner. One of his canvases is divided by the seven title Blue Poles. This artist is best known for his all-over paintings such as Autumn Rhythm and Lavender Mist. For 10 points, name this Abstract Expressionist nicknamed "Jack the Dripper."

Jackson Pollock [or Paul Jackson Pollock] <Bentley>

In a short story by this author, a wife is sent to the "booby hatch" after telling the authorities that her husband claimed to have seen the title animal. A character created by this author remains "inscrutable to the last." A story by this writer features the repeated noise "pocketa-pocketa-pocketa," during a sequence in which "The Commander" and "Lieutenant Berg" pilot a Navy (*) hydroplane. This author included his story "The Unicorn in the Garden" in the collection Fables for Our Time. The New Yorker first ran one of this writer's stories in which the title character imagines testifying in court, performing a surgery, and facing a firing squad as he waits for his wife to return from a drug store. For 10 points, name this author of "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty."

James Thurber [James Grover Thurber] <Jose>

In this country, a criminal known as the "Monster with 21 Faces" terrorized confectionery companies. In this country, many prominent politicians were revealed to have been bribed with shares for the Recruit company. The Flying Geese Paradigm suggested that this country would lead growth in its region. This country pioneered quantitative easing to help restart its economy during its "Lost Decade." The book Underground describes a (*) terrorist attack in this country that was carried out using sharpened umbrellas and packages wrapped in newspapers. This country is currently in the Heisei period, and it developed "bullet trains" during the 1960s. For 10 points, name this country where members of a doomsday cult once released sarin gas in the subways of its capital, Tokyo.

Japan [or Nippon] <Jose>

Laborers of this nationality formed a united front with Mexican workers in the 1903 Oxnard strike. Two civilians of this nationality helped a downed fighter pilot terrorize a town in the Ni'ihau incident. People of this nationality fought in the highly decorated 442nd Infantry Regiment, whose 14,000 soldiers earned over 9,000 Purple Hearts. Ansel (*) Adams photographed people of this nationality for his collection Born Free and Equal. In 1907, their immigration to the U.S. was limited in the "Gentlemen's Agreement." U.S. civilians of this nationality were targeted by Executive Order 9066, which was unsuccessfully challenged in Korematsu v. U.S. For 10 points, identify this nationality whose members were sent to internment camps during World War II.

Japanese-Americans <Wang>

This composer used a theme from Handel's Harpsichord Suite No. 1 in a set of twenty-five variations for solo piano. His late works include a series of clarinet pieces for Richard Mühlfeld and a set of eleven chorale preludes for organ. His violin concerto is the last major piece of its kind to have the soloist improvise a cadenza, though most performances use the one by its dedicatee, Joseph Joachim. This composer quoted (*) drinking songs such as "What comes there from on high?" and "Gaudeamus igitur" in a companion piece to the Tragic Overture titled the Academic Festival Overture. Selections from the Luther Bible, rather than Latin texts, form the basis for his German Requiem. For 10 points, name this German Romantic composer of a namesake lullaby.

Johannes Brahms <Kim>

This philosopher noted that the "problem of freedom" was that culture begets "human nature" and "political freedom" in his book Freedom and Culture. In one of his works, this thinker wrote that groups that have "full and free interplay with other forms of association" secure a "liberation of powers." Late in life, this man headed the commission of sociologists and philosophers that cleared Leon Trotsky of wrongdoing. Against (*) Walter Lippman, this man claimed that democracy should be managed in local communities rather than by experts in The Public and Its Problems. In a work that drew from his experience founding the Chicago Laboratory School, he argued that public teaching had a social function. For 10 points, name this American pragmatist who wrote Democracy and Education.

John Dewey <Jose>

In a poem, this author compares himself to a "usurp'd town" and tells the addressee that he is "betroth'd unto your enemy" before declaring "Yet dearly I love you, and would be lov'd fain." A poem by this man begins by describing how "virtuous men pass mildly away" before telling the addressee that "thy firmness makes my circle just" in a metaphor comparing their souls to a pair of "stiff twin (*) compasses." This author of "Batter my heart, three-person'd God" declares that his addressee is "slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men," in a poem concluding "one short sleep past, we wake eternally." For 10 points, name this author of "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" whose Holy Sonnets include "Death be not Proud."

John Donne <Jose>

The Lives of the Prophets claims that this man is buried in the Cave of Kenaz and that he was born in Kariathmos. He states "To the roots of the mountains I sank down; the earth beneath barred me in forever" in a prayer whose opening mentions "From deep in the realm of the dead I called for help, and you listened to my cry." A king takes off his royal robes and dresses in sackcloth when this son of (*) Amittai preaches to his city. This man is upset when God sends a worm to destroy a leafy plant that provides him with shade. In the first chapter of his book, this man flees to Tarshish instead of going to Nineveh, but God sends a storm and his fellow sailors throw him aboard. For 10 points, name this Biblical prophet swallowed by a giant fish resembling a whale.

Jonah [or Yonah; or Jonas; or Yunah; or Yunis] <Jose>

This man is the presumed author of the Biblical book whose doxology calls God one who "prevents you from stumbling." Like Second Peter, this man's namesake Biblical epistle condemns the ungodly apostates of past and present, and tells its addressees to "save others by snatching them from the fire." The Golden Legend states that this man and Simon the Zealot were hacked to death in Lebanon, which is why he is often depicted with an (*) axe. This man and Bartholomew are patron saints of the Armenian Church, and he is the presumed author of the last non-Pauline epistle. This "brother of James the Just" is the patron saint of lost causes. For 10 points, name this apostle who gives his name to a children's hospital treating fatal illnesses.

Jude [or Judas Thaddaeus or Judah or Jude of James or Jude Thaddaeus or Lebbaeus; do not accept or prompt on "Judas" alone] <Jose>

In this novel, a menstruating woman thinks about the passage of her life while washing her clothes in a river. Two characters in this novel have sex after becoming intoxicated by eating a warthog. A man in this novel uses the word "boy" in reference to himself, which annoys a woman he used to work for. Towards this novel's end, a gun is stolen while its owners listen to a gumba-gumba. A Life magazine photograph described in this novel depicts a (*) servant girl carrying the protagonist's schoolbooks. A yellow bakkie is owned by the central family of this novel, whose members include Maureen and Bamford. For 10 points, name this novel about the Smales family's time in their black servant's village, written by Nadine Gordimer.

July's People <Sy>

Gerald Cohen's analytic approach to his philosopher's theory of history was a reaction against the vagueness of Louis Althusser's interpretation of this man's work. This man sketched out the plan for a multi-volume work and introduced the notion of "surplus value" in his sprawling Grundrisse. He criticized the SDAP political platform, which was based on the ideas of Ferdinand Lassalle, in a letter which states (*) "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." This author of Critique of the Gotha Program proposed that a certain type of system divides society into a base and a superstructure, and wrote that class struggle will lead to a transitional dictatorship of the proletariat. For 10 points, name this German political economist who wrote Das Kapital.

Karl Marx <Jose>

The final man to hold this title spent 37 years living in Cascais, Portugal after being banned from his home country in 1948. A man with this title decorated General Bava-Beccarris for massacring striking workers. After a man with this title had his prime minister imprisoned in a mountain resort, that prime minister was rescued in the Gran Sasso raid and put in charge of the Republic of Salò. An (*) anarchist returned from New Jersey to kill a man with this title, inspiring the assassination of McKinley. A man with this title was made Emperor of Ethiopia after the deposition of Haile Selassie. A man with this title was forced to appoint a new government after the Blackshirts marched on his capital. For 10 points, name this title held by Victor Emmanuel III during Mussolini's dictatorship.

King of Italy [do not accept "King of Piedmont-Sardinia"] <Bentley>

The author of the manifesto 2083 recently won an appeal in this country, where it was determined that a prison regime largely consisting of solitary confinement violated his human rights. In 2016, this country's immigration minister travelled to Lesbos and jumped into the ocean while wearing a survival suit to experience what it is like to be a refugee. NATO's current secretary general, Jens (*) Stoltenberg, is a member of this country's Labour Party, which opposes a Conservative Party politician known as "Iron-Erna" for her tough stance on immigration. Like Japan and Iceland, this country still engages in commercial whaling. For 10 points, a 2011 shooting was committed by Anders Breivik near what Nordic country's capital of Oslo?

Kingdom of Norway <Jose>

A trove of embarrassing documents were published as this country's "Moment of Truth" by Andrew MacGregor Marshall. A prominent figure in this country was videotaped throwing an extravagant birthday party for his miniature poodle Fufu, whom he also promoted to Air Marshal. Student protesters in this country adopted the hand sign from The Hunger Games and handed out "sandwiches for democracy" to protest its government. Under its Section (*) 112 law, this country has harshly punished Lèse majesté offenses against its king, Bhumibol Adulyadej, although real power rests with General Prayuth Chan-ocha. In 2014, a conflict between red shirts and yellow shirts led to the ouster of its prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. For 10 points, name this country led from Bangkok.

Kingdom of Thailand <Bentley>

The speaker of a poem by this author tells a man that "Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me" and states "I like a pipe for Christmas, or records." Another poem by this author imagines a "Tomorrow" when "Nobody'll dare say to me, 'Eat in the kitchen.'" This author described how "the stars went out and so did the moon" before a character sleeps "like a (*) rock or a man that's dead" in his poem about a man on a "rickety stool" who drones "a drowsy syncopated tune." One of this writer's poems repeats that "my soul has grown deep" like the title places. For 10 points, name this leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance and poet of "I, Too," "Theme for English B," "The Weary Blues," and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers."

Langston Hughes [or James Mercer Langston Hughes] <Brownstein>

This composer got his big break as the assistant to Artur Rodzinsky, when he caused a sensation while filling in for the sick conductor Bruno Walter. The first act of a work by this composer ends with a gong striking while two bodies lie dead onstage as the lighting fades to black, following a siren that disrupts a deadly fight. This composer hosted a series of televised "Young People's Concerts" as the music director of the (*) New York Philharmonic. He composed the music for the songs "Glitter and Be Gay" and "Make Our Garden Grow" for his operetta Candide, and wrote a musical which includes the songs "A Boy Like That" and "I Feel Pretty." For 10 points, name this American conductor and composer of West Side Story.

Leonard Bernstein [or Louis Bernstein] <Magin> @@Reinstein: This probably should go after the Jerome Robbins bonus.

In a Yue (you-EH) Minjun parody of this painting, maniacally laughing men in white t-shirts and blue shorts stand around a rock. A statue of the dead Hector on a Roman sarcophagus inspired the pose of a pants-less man wearing one blue sock in the bottom left of this painting. This painting of a "modern subject" features an imaginary row of houses in front of a cathedral on its right. This painting likely inspired the character of Gavroche with a (*) boy in a velvet hat who carries two pistols. On the left of this painting, a dandy in a top-hat holds a rifle next to a youth grabbing a stone. The title woman of this painting wears a Phrygian cap and carries the tricolor flag. For 10 points, name this painting which depicts the July Revolution of 1830, by Eugene Delacroix.

Liberty Leading the People [or Liberty on the Barricades; or La Liberté guidant le peuple] <Bentley>

At the end of a "trial of dexterity" in this nation, a purple, yellow, or white-colored stick is awarded to the top three contestants. High officials in this nation's government are periodically forced to show their skill in rope-dancing, an activity that Flimnap, the Lord High Treasurer, excels at. The crown prince of this country wears differently sized heels to show his allegiance to the Tramecksan party. This country, whose capital is (*) Mildendo, wins a naval battle after a man uses some cables to steal the enemy fleet. This country fights a war with its neighbor over the proper way to break an egg, and a surgeon washes up here following the shipwreck of the Antelope. For 10 points, name this rival country of Blefuscu, whose diminutive people tie up Lemuel Gulliver.

Lilliput <Bentley> Bonuses

This character is confused for multiple siblings by a gay French teacher whom the protagonist plays chess with. The narrator slaps this character for lying about getting soda with a friend and altering the license plate number he recorded of the red convertible which was following them. The preface explains that this character died in childbirth after marrying Dick Schiller. A man's (*) diary entries about this character prompt Charlotte to run into the road and get hit by a car. This character is taken to a ranch owned by the playwright of The Enchanted Hunters, Clare Quilty. The narrator calls this character "light of my life, fire of my loins." For 10 points, name this "nymphet" loved by Humbert Humbert in the Vladimir Nabokov novel she titles.

Lolita Haze [or Dolores; or Lol; or Dolly; prompt on Haze] <Brownstein>

This composer's Piano Concerto No. 4 begins with the unaccompanied soloist playing soft G major chords, while his fifth piano concerto begins with three sequences of a loud tutti chord followed by a short solo cadenza. Four timpani beats begin his violin concerto, while the fourth movement of his last symphony begins by quoting themes from each of the previous three movements. A 6/8 time (*) Turkish march is embedded into the fourth movement of that D minor symphony by this composer, which calls for a baritone soloist to enter on the words "O Freunde, nicht diese Tone!" and join a choral setting of a Friedrich Schiller poem. For 10 points, name this composer of the Emperor Concerto and a Symphony No. 9 that sets the "Ode to Joy."

Ludwig van Beethoven <Kim>

People of this island practice a funerary ritual known as "the turning of the bones," or famadihana, in which the bodies of deceased relatives are dug up and hoisted around at parties. Tourist attractions on this island include the limestone needle formations of its Tsingy region, as well as its Avenue of the Baobabs. The iconic traveler's (*) palm and extinct elephant bird were both endemic to this island, which has high biodiversity because it split from the mainland about 90 million years ago. During the colonial era, it was ruled as the Malagasy Protectorate by France. Separated from the mainland by the Mozambique Channel, for 10 points, name this island off eastern Africa that is the native habitat of the lemur.

Madagascar <Wang>

At this novel's end, the protagonist gives birth to a baby girl who she decides will go to Vassar one day. Vida Sherwin and Guy Pollock elect this novel's protagonist as part of a group that eventually puts on a performance of The Girl of Kankakee after Bernard Shaw is deemed to be too "highbrow." This novel's protagonist spends two years in Washington D.C. after the failure of her work with women's groups like the (*) Jolly Seventeen and the Thanatopsis Club. This novel's opening is set in Minneapolis, where the main character's future husband Will courts her before they resettle in Gopher Prairie. Carol Kennicott tries to change the humdrum townspeople in, for 10 points, what novel by Sinclair Lewis named for a small-town road?

Main Street <Jose>

Plutarch pairs this man's life with Nicias and states that a prisoner of war who resembled this man was dressed in drag and paraded through the streets after he died. This politician acquired property by purchasing burning buildings for a low price, then using his fire brigade to put out the blaze. This general, who revived the practice of decimation, won the Battle of Siler River during the Third (*) Servile War, which ended with his defeat of Spartacus. While serving as Governor of Syria, he was killed by Surena, a Parthian general who supposedly ordered gold to be poured down this man's throat after he was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae. For 10 points, name this "richest man in Rome" who formed the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey.

Marcus Licinius Crassus <Jose>

A black man sits on a log in this artist's portrait of John Henry, which is titled A Well-Remembered Servant. This student of Samuel Morse began making imperial-sized portraits with ambrotype after earning First Prize at the Crystal Palace Exhibition. Another of this artist's portraits shows his beardless subject standing next to a column on the day that the subject gave the (*) Cooper Union Speech. This artist stands next to a tree to the right of the title figures in his General Robert Potter and Staff. Men such as Millard Fillmore were included in his Gallery of Illustrious Americans. He exhibited works made by Alexander Gardner and James Gibson, including one of a mass of dead bodies lying next to a fence at Antietam. For 10 points, name this Civil War photographer.

Mathew B. Brady <Bentley> Bonuses

This politicians' close advisers make up his "magic lily" cabinet. With a predecessor, this Prime Minister negotiated the Nazarene Pact to make it easier to gain a majority in Parliament. A constitutional referendum that he supports will reduce the power of his country's Senate. In a Times op-ed, this man argued that the EU's Triton initiative was pitiful compared to his country's Mare Nostrum program. This (*) youngest PM in his country's history tweeted, "Stay calm! Nobody wants your job" to his predecessor, Enrico Letta. He backed the 2015 presidential candidacy of Sergio Mattarella. In 2014, over one hundred seventy thousand migrants entered his country, many through the Lampedusa immigrant reception center. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister of Italy.

Matteo Renzi <Bentley>

This composer said he wrote "one bar at a time" for the Adagio assai movement for a jazz-influenced concerto in G. He called for the now-obscure luthéal piano attachment in a rhapsody written for the violinist Jelly d'Arányi. A solo originally written for valveless horn opens an extremely slow piece dedicated to the Princesse de Polignac by this composer. A sopranino (*) saxophone features in a piece by this composer inspired by Ida Rubinstein's commission to produce a ballet based on Albéniz's Iberia. In that piece by this composer of Tzigane and Pavane for a Dead Princess, instruments take turns carrying the melody over a snare drum ostinato. For 10 points, name this composer of Boléro.

Maurice Ravel [or Joseph Maurice Ravel] <Alston>

In 930 CE, this city was sacked by Abu Tahir al-Djannabi, the leader of the Qarmatians. The Nakhla raid was the most successful of several "caravan raids" against a dynasty which held power in this city. 63 people were beheaded following a seizure of a building in this city by Juhayman al-Otaybi, who believed his brother-in-law to be the Mahdi. A mosque in this city was seized in 1979 by Ikhwan militants advocating for the overthrow of the ruling (*) dynasty. Rulers of this city and a northern rival signed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah after a former resident of this city helped that northern rival defeat this city in the Battle of Badr and the Battle of the Trench. In this city, the Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba. For 10 points, name this holiest city of Islam.

Mecca [or Makkah] <Bentley>

According to Apollodorus, after this woman's death, she married Achilles in the Isles of the Blessed. Late in life, she returned to her homeland to depose her uncle King Perses after the death of her children Mermeros and Pheres. This sister of Chalciope once threw the pieces of an aged ram's chopped-up caracass into a boiling cauldron to trick King Pelias into his own death. She also advised a hero to throw a rock into a crowd of warriors who grew from (*) dragons' teeth. This woman tried to poison Theseus while she was queen of Athens and chopped up her brother Absyrtus to escape from her father Aeetes. After her husband spurned her, she gave a poisoned robe to that man's new wife Glauce. For 10 points, name this sorceress from Colchis who fell in love with Jason.

Medea <Jose>

During this period, the phrase "Boys, be ambitious!" became a popular slogan after it was uttered by William Smith Clark. Guido Verbeck and this period's oligarchs organized one of the world-touring missions that embarked during it. An adviser offered to provoke his own murder to justify the invasion of a nearby country in this period's Seikanron debate. During this period, the unification of the classes was promised by the five-point (*) Charter Oath. This movement was opposed by the Boshin War and by Saigo Takamori's Satsuma Rebellion, and catalysts for it include the arrival of the "black ships" of Matthew Perry and the subsequent end of the Sakoku period. For 10 points, name this period of modernization in Japan, a "restoration" named for the emperor who led it.

Meiji Restoration [or Meiji Period; or anything like Meiji Renovation, Reform, etc] <Brownstein>

Colonial settlement along this river's upper course was historically impeded by the unnavigable Khone Pha Pheng (cone pah pehng) Falls. The basa fish is widely farmed within this river's massive delta, where an extensive canal system was built in the 1st century by the Kingdom of Funan. Large numbers of this river's namesake giant (*) catfish currently live in a river-lake whose water flow annually reverses direction during the monsoon season. To the west, the Chao Phraya River runs roughly parallel to this river, which flows past the lake of Tonle Sap. This river flows through the capitals of Vientiane and Phnom Penh before emptying into the South China Sea. For 10 points, name this river that flows through much of Southeast Asia.

Mekong River <Wang>

Characters created by an author of this ethnicity include Darius, who claims that fat clouds are God, and Alicia, whose father claims the mice she sees are imaginary. In another novel, a character of this ethnicity learns about a god who became a golden carp and later buries his mentor's magical owl. A character of this ethnicity is offered a dollar for a kiss by a "bum man" while walking around in high heels, then is abandoned by (*) Sally and raped at a carnival. The author of Bless Me, Ultima shares this ethnicity with the author of a novel consisting of poem-like vignettes about Esperanza, who lives in The House on Mango Street. For 10 points, identify this ethnicity of Rudolfo Anaya and Sandra Cisneros, two authors of Chicano literature.

Mexican-American [or Chicano or Chicana until "Chicano" is read; prompt on Latino, Latina, or Hispanic] <Brownstein>

In 1991, this country stopped distributing communal plots of lands known as ejidos (ay-HEE-doze) to its peasants. In 1994, this country faced massive capital flight after it suddenly unpegged its currency from the U.S. dollar, during what became known as the "December Mistake." That same year, a pipe-smoking, ski-mask-wearing revolutionary known as "Subcomandante Marcos" became the public face of an (*) indigenous uprising in this country's south. This country, where hundreds of student protesters died in the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre, witnessed the PAN party come to power for the first time in 2000, under Vicente Fox. This country's participation in NAFTA was opposed by the Zapatistas in its state of Chiapas. For 10 points, name this country long led by the PRI.

Mexico <Wang>

This writer praises a fictional Tuscan named Spurina, who mutilated his own face to destroy his beauty in a work that attacks Julius Caesar for his pursuit of "pernicious fame." This writer asked "who knows if I am not a pastime to [my cat] more than she is to me?" in a work about the Spanish author of Natural Theology. A piece by this author sarcastically concludes by pointing out that an apparently noble (*) Brazilian tribe doesn't wear trousers. This man wrote "What do I know?" in a piece that advocates skepticism, defends the theologian Raymond Sebond, and was collected with "Of Cannibals." This man's major work is a group of writings which gave their name to a literary genre meaning "attempts." For 10 points, name this French author who pioneered the essay.

Michel Eyquem de Montaigne <Jose>

One book by this thinker closes with the image of a face being washed away by the waves of the sea to indicate the "death of man"; that book by this author investigates what disciplines and mindsets constitute the Renaissance, classical, and modern epistemes. This man presented the Victorian "repressive hypothesis" in The Will to Knowledge. He presented an (*) "archaeology of the human sciences" in a 1966 book which opens with an analysis of Diego Velazquez's painting Las Meninas. This author of The Order of Things wrote a work inspired by his time in a mental hospital which argues that "the Other" was increasingly viewed as mad during the Age of Reason. For 10 points, name this French philosopher, who wrote The History of Sexuality and Madness and Civilization.

Michel Foucault <Jose>

This author described Caliban pretending to be a Pakistani waiter and Stalin being cheered by crowds in the Luxembourg Gardens in a novel published in 2015, The Festival of Insignificance. A novel by this author describes an island inhabited by nudist children, which Tamina escapes before drowning. One of his books features seven sections including "The Angels," "Litost," and "Lost Letters." In a novel by this author, an artist (*) photographs another woman wearing her grandfather's bowler hat. In that novel, a couple dies in a car crash shortly after putting down the dog Karenin. Sabina, Tomas, and Tereza feature in that novel by this author. For 10 points, name this author of The Book of Laughter and Forgetting and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.

Milan Kundera <Brownstein>

In a piece by this composer, the pianist plays octave tremolos in the right hand to depict the eerie light emitted by skulls. This composer used a scene from Goethe's Faust in which Mephistopheles enters Auerbach's cellar as the basis of his "Song of the Flea." A suite by this composer begins with a piece alternating between 5/4 and 6/4 time, and includes the movements "Con (*) Mortuis in Lingua Mortua" and "The Market at Limoges." After this composer died, Rimsky-Korsakov edited many of his works, including a symphonic poem in which a church bell interrupts a witches' sabbath. Viktor Hartmann's sketches inspired him to write a piano suite that opens with a "Promenade." For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Night on Bald Mountain and Pictures at an Exhibition.

Modest Mussorgsky [or Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky] <Magin>

This leader developed the pseudo-scientific Sun Language Theory, which conveniently proposed that an ancestor of his country's language was actually the origin of all the world's languages. This man's country was allowed to regulate passage on a key body of water by the Montreux Convention. The Great Fire of Smyrna began after his troops recaptured the city, and he expelled over one million ethnic Greeks from his country the following year. As (*) president, he introduced a new Latin alphabet for his country's language and promoted the Six Arrows ideology, which enforced strict separation of church and state and banned the wearing of the fez. In 1920, he helped establish a new capital at Ankara. For 10 points, name this founder and first president of modern Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [accept either underlined name] <Wang>

After this king sponsored a contest to create a low-cost alternative to butter, a chemist invented margarine. This leader's relationship with the Countess of Castiglione, a pioneering photography model and spy, was set up to influence his policies towards her country. A general from this monarch's country defeated Ferenc Gyulay at the Battle of Magenta. After the Plombieres Agreement, this monarch's army united with (*) Victor Emmanuel II's forces to win the Battle of Solferino against Franz Joseph during the Italian Wars for Independence. Baron Haussmann renovated Paris under this ruler. The Paris Commune rose to power after this monarch was captured by Otto von Bismarck's forces at the Battle of Sedan. For 10 points, name this last leader of the Second French Empire.

Napoleon III [or Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte; prompt on Napoleon; prompt on Bonaparte; do not accept or prompt on "Napoleon Bonaparte"] <Jose>

A soldier from this period in a country's history appears in the photorealistic painting Uncle Rudi. An army of skeletons crawl on the leg of a politician from this period in a painting of him as Cain in Hell. Policies from this period of a country's history inspired the use of straw and clay in Anselm Kiefer's canvases. The artist of a handless Self Portrait as a Soldier and numerous street scenes committed suicide due to his treatment by the government of this period. This (*) government stored thousands of stolen paintings in salt mines. This government condemned the New Objectivity movement with the "Degenerate Art" exhibit. Artists like Emile Nolde of the Bridge movement were persecuted by this regime. For 10 points, name this regime led by failed artist Adolf Hitler.

Nazi Germany [or the Third Reich; prompt on World War Two until "government" is read; anti-prompt on the Holocaust or Shoah after "straw" is read] <Brownstein>

A quantity named for this man is the proportionality constant between the product of the total angular momentum, Lande g factor, and one over the reduced Planck constant and the magnetic moment of the atom. De Broglie re-derived this man's restraints on angular momentum as a standing wave with an integer number of periods around a circular orbit. The electron has a magnetic moment of roughly one in units of this man's namesake (*) magneton, which is expressed in terms of electron mass and h-bar. The quantity "a-sub-naught" is part of this man's namesake model, which was able to successfully reproduce the Rydberg formula with transitions between its energy levels. For 10 points, name this early quantum physicist who created a fixed-orbit model of the atom.

Niels Bohr <Wang>

This novel's narrator recalls seeing two Yemeni children strangling each other for coins thrown by a French tourist. After being beaten in a warehouse, the protagonist of this novel is comforted by a French girl who pretends not to speak German. Characters in this novel include Mrs. Schachter, who is bound and gagged for constantly shouting that she sees fire, and Juliek, a young violinist who plays Beethoven. In this novel, the narrator's teacher (*) Moshe the Beadle attempts to warn the citizens of Sighet. The question "Where is God?" reappears in this novel, in which the narrator's father dies when they are forced on a death march through the snow to Buchenwald after the Soviet army approaches Auschwitz. For 10 points, name this Holocaust memoir by Elie Wiesel.

Night [or La Nuit] <Brownstein>

One of this man's daughters refused to change her shirt until his siege of Ostend was complete, a campaign which took three years. By the Peace of Vervins (vair-VAN), this monarch withdrew his support from the Catholic League. This king's anti-morisco policies sparked a revolt put down by Don Juan of Austria. He married Elizabeth of Valois, the daughter of Henri II of France, as a condition of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis. (*) Fireships were used against a military force launched by this monarch under the Duke of Medina-Sidonia prior to the Battle of Gravelines. This man sent the Duke of Alba to suppress revolt in the Netherlands. This monarch was unpopularly married to Mary I of England. For 10 points, name this monarch who launched the Spanish Armada.

Philip II [or Filippo II or Philip I of Naples or Felipe I of Portugal; prompt on Philip] <Bentley>

This author wrote "Abraham should come with his axe and his wooden plate" in a poem addressed to an American soldier. This poet often wrote in green ink, which he considered the color of hope. This poet wrote "we pour oil, essential child of the olive, onto its halved hemispheres" in a poem describing a tomato as a "star of earth" in a collection whose poems praise (*) everyday foods like maize and tuna. He included the section "Let the Woodcutter Awaken" in a work that commands "Look on me from the depths of the earth, tiller of fields, weaver, reticent shepherd." This author of Elemental Odes proclaimed "arise to birth with me, my brother!" in "The Heights of Macchu Picchu." For 10 points, name this author of Canto General (HEH-neh-rall), a Chilean poet.

Pablo Neruda [or Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto] <Alston>

A field marshal who ruled this country set up a system of local government called "Basic Democracies" and began a war with an infiltration operation codenamed Gibraltar. This country later launched Operation Chengiz Khan to start a war ended by the Simla Agreement. In 1953, rioters in this country called for the Ahmadiyyah sect to be declared non-Muslim. In this country, a referendum about an Islamization program was used to extend the term of (*) Zia al-Huq by five years. This nation launched the Kahuta Project to develop nuclear weapons under Zulfikar Ali, the father of a prime minister killed by a bomb in 2007. This country's "Great Leader," Mohammed Ali Jinnah, was its first post-partition leader. For 10 points, name this country once led by Benazir Bhutto.

Pakistan <Bentley>

In an artwork inspired by this conflict, a man in the pose of the Belvedere Torso rests on a tree with his right arm missing. A woman lights a cannon's fuse while stepping over dead bodies in What Courage!, which was inspired by this conflict. In a painting set during this war, a man in a turban and orange pants falls backwards off of his charging white horse as another man prepares to plunge his knife into him. This is Worse is set during this war, and is part of a (*) series of 82 prints inspired by this conflict. The plates in The Disasters of War depict the destruction caused by this conflict. In a painting set during this war, a man in a white shirt raises his arms in a Christ-like pose to prepare for his death by firing squad. For 10 points, name this war which inspired Francisco Goya's Third of May, 1808.

Peninsular War [or Spanish War of Independence; prompt on Napoleonic Wars] <Bentley>

A poem by this author imagines a "splendid city, crown'd with endless day, whose twice six gates on radiant hinges ring" where the addressee, the painter "S.M.," will no longer paint "Damon" or "Aurora." One of this author's poems advises Christians to remember that certain people "may be refined and join th' angelic train." One of this author's poems states "Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side" and begins "Celestial (*) choir! enthron'd in realms of light." This poet addressed a "happy saint" in an elegy on George Whitefield's death and opened another poem with the line "mercy brought me from my pagan land." For 10 points, name this author of "To His Excellency George Washington" and "On Being Brought from Africa to America," an early female African-American poet.

Phillis Wheatley <Brownstein>

This man first made a name for himself by editing a book on the Asbestos Strike of 1949 which was sharply critical of the Duplessis government. This politician's successor dismantled his unpopular National Energy Program. This man defended a criminal code which decriminalized consensual homosexual acts by stating "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation." This man's government passed the Official Languages Act and pushed for a Charter of (*) Rights and Freedoms during the patriation of his country's constitution away from British authority. This prime minister enacted the War Measures Act to deal with the FLQ during the 1970 October Crisis. For 10 points, name this Canadian prime minister, the father of the country's current prime minister.

Pierre Trudeau [or Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau] <Bentley>

A setting of a folk song from this country, "The moon had set, the dogs are asleep," is part of an A major Fantasy on this country's Airs. A fast, syncopated 2/4 meter dance from this country appears in the finale of a composer's first piano concerto in E minor. A coda with the rhythm of a dance from this country is part of the last of a set of variations on "La ci darem la mano" by a composer from this country. The meter of a 3/4 (three four) dance from this country is used in A major and A-flat major pieces nicknamed (*) "Military" and "Heroic." A C minor etude inspired by an attack on this country is nicknamed the "Revolutionary." For 10 points, name this country of origin for dances like the krakowiak (krah-KOH-vee-ack) and mazurka, many of which were composed by native son Frédéric Chopin.

Poland [or Polska] <Gupta>

Otto III traveled to Gniezno to retrieve the relics of Adalbert, a bishop from this city who was martyred in 997. The freedom to confess the Holy Word was one of four articles issued from this city by the Ultraquists, who held this city against the more radical Taborites. Charles IV founded a namesake university in this city in 1348. In this city, the brief reign of Frederick V the (*) Winter King was ended by Count Tilly's victory at the Battle of White Mountain. A professor in this city was burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance for his Wycliffite views. In this city home to Jan Hus (yahn HOOS), Jaroslav Bořita of Martinic and Vilem Slavata survived a fall into a moat in this city. For 10 points, name this capital of Bohemia and site of a 1618 defenestration.

Prague [or Praha] <Bentley>

Bulldozers and tanks entered the "no-go areas" held by this group during Operation Motorman. The seizure of the ship Eksund revealed that Muammar Gaddafi was supplying arms to this group. Members of this group refused to use toilets in the "dirty protests" against the removal of their "special" status and carried out hunger strikes in the Maze prison. Volunteers flooded to this organization after (*) soldiers from the Parachute Regiment shot protesters on Bloody Sunday. A member of this group who carried out the Brighton Hotel Bombing was released as part of an treaty which called for their disarmament, the Good Friday Agreement. For 10 points, name this organization whose "provisional" wing violently fought the British presence in Northern Ireland.

Provisional Irish Republican Army [or PIRA; or Óglaigh na hÉireann; prompt on Provos or Provisionals] <Brownstein>

This composer used an English horn solo over muted strings to begin the Romanza third movement of his Symphony No. 5. An intermezzo is surrounded by two marches in a suite by this composer that quotes tunes such as "Seventeen Come Sunday." He wrote an overture to Aristophanes's play The Wasps and used a harp to imitate the Westminster chimes in his second symphony. This composer called for a string quartet, a chamber string orchestra, and a full-size string orchestra in a piece based on the (*) Renaissance melody "Why fum'th in fight." A soaring violin solo depicts the upward motion of the title bird in a piece by this man based on George Meredith's poem The Lark Ascending. For 10 points, name this composer of fantasias on "Greensleeves" and a theme of Thomas Tallis.

Ralph Vaughan Williams (rayf vawn "williams") [prompt on Williams] <Kim>

Paul Baumgarten refurbished this building, removing most of its monuments and adding an exhibit that answered questions about his nation's history. Double-helix shaped ramps weave up a glass part of this building, whose center contains a mirrored cone that automatically adjusts to control sunlight. A staged photo of this building was edited to remove the soldiers' wristwatches and add smoke in the background. A glass dome was added to this building by (*) Norman Foster. After finishing The Umbrellas, Christo and Jean-Claude wrapped this building with polypropylene. Russian soldiers hoist a flag over this ruined building in a famous 1945 photograph. For 10 points, name this building where the Bundestag, Germany's parliament, meets.

Reichstag building <Bentley>

This philosopher wrote of a heliocentric world in his scientific inquiry The World, but abandoned it after hearing of Galileo's condemnation. This philosopher compared the task of separating knowledge from false belief with separating good and bad apples in the last of a set of replies to objections to one of his books. In that book, he wrote "whether I am awake or asleep, two and three add up to five" and used a (*) melting ball of wax to illustrate the importance of grasping things through reason. He imagined that all his knowledge of the world was corrupted by an evil demon and doubted his own existence in his Meditations on First Philosophy. For 10 points, name this philosopher, whose Discourse on Method contains the statement "I think, therefore I am."

René Descartes <Jose> Bonuses

An eighteen-paragraph novel set in this country climaxes at a shootout during a performance of Beethoven's Eroica. That book, The Chase, was written by a European-born author who worked in this country. A novel by that author from this country includes a preface which introduces the term "marvelous real" and depicts the construction of the Citadel and the resistance of two Haitian slaves named Mackandal and Ti Noel. The author of The (*) Kingdom of This World is from here, as is the author of "I Have a White Rose to Tend," a poem found in his Versos Sencillos. That writer from this country inspired a patriotic work whose lyrics open "I'm a sincere man." For 10 points, name this country whose writers include José Martí, who wrote the words of "Guantanamera."

Republic of Cuba <Jose>

A recent Nobel Laureate from this country has studied the pricing of two-sided platform markets like credit cards or operating systems. Another thinker from this country used examples from Jane Austen and Balzac to illustrate the stability of the value of money in the nineteenth century. An economist born in this country proved that excess demands must sum to zero across markets; like Jevons and Menger, that father of (*) general equilibrium theory helped introduce the marginal revolution. An economist from this country argued that returns on investment are persistently higher than overall growth, exacerbating already existing wealth inequality, in the book Capital in the Twenty-First Century. For 10 points, name this country home to Jean Tirole, Léon Walras, and Thomas Piketty.

Republic of France [or French Republic] <Bailey>

A leader of this country used the slogan "Seek ye first the political kingdom" after being freed from prison by Charles Arden-Clarke. Conservative advocates for this country's independence called for "Independence in the Shortest Possible Time," in contrast with the slogan "Independence Now" used by the Convention People's Party. While visiting China in 1966, the first leader of this country was overthrown by Joseph Ankrah. That leader used revenue from this country's cocoa exports to fund the hydroelectric (*) Akosombo Dam. This country was ruled by Pan-Africanism advocate Kwame Nkrumah, and it was named for a medieval trading empire centered on Kumbi Saleh. For 10 points, name this West African country, formerly called the Gold Coast, whose capital is Accra.

Republic of Ghana [prompt on the Gold Coast before "Gold" is read] <Brownstein>

This man's wife Isabel published a heavily redacted posthumous biography that played up his secret conversion to Catholicism. In The City of the Saints, this person detailed the Mormon marriage practices he observed on his journey to meet Brigham Young. This man collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on a controversial English translation of the Ananga Ranga. This man got desperately sick while his companion John Speke went blind before their visit to Lake (*) Tanganyika during an expedition to find the source of the Nile. This explorer published the Kama Sutra in English and translated The Arabian Nights. In 1853, he disguised himself to join a caravan on the hajj. For 10 points, name this British explorer who journeyed to Mecca.

Richard Francis Burton <Bentley>

To find the victim of this action, the minstrel Blondel supposedly traveled around singing verses of a secret song. During this event, its victim told Henry VI "I am born in a rank which recognizes no superior but God" after being accused of murdering Conrad of Montferrat. Its victim's loud complaints about bad chicken may have allowed Duke (*) Leopold V of Austria to carry out this action. This action was carried out against a man disguised as a Templar on his way back from a campaign where he had massacred the defenders of Acre. The victim of this action was ransomed for 150,000 marks, a sum similar to the Saladin Tithe which he had earlier collected. For 10 points, name this event where a king of England was imprisoned on his way back from the Third Crusade.

Richard I's imprisonment [or Richard I being taken hostage; accept anything involving Richard I or Richard the Lionheart being held captive; prompt on Richard I's return from the Third Crusade] <Bentley>

This event might have occurred earlier if the United States had properly read signals about journalist Edgar Snow being included in a parade. The man who instigated this "week that changed the world" sent messages through Yahya Khan of Pakistan prior to it. During this event, the National Zoo in Washington was gifted two new animals. In preparation for this event, Secretary of State William P. Rogers announced that the US would end its opposition to another (*) nation joining the UN. A year prior to this event, travel visas were offered to members of the US Table Tennis Team. This event was organized through secret meetings between Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai. For 10 points, identify this event in which an American president visited with Mao Zedong.

Richard Nixon's China visit in 1972 [or Nixon in China; or the United States establishing diplomatic relations with China; or anything that involves Richard Nixon and The People's Republic of China; or anything that involves the U.S. recognizing China; prompt on the opening of China] <Bentley>

This composer wanted the Wagnerian soprano Kirsten Flagstad to premiere a set of songs which were collected posthumously by his friend Ernst Roth. One of those four songs about death by this composer is based on Joseph von Eichendorff's poem "Im Abendrot" (ihm AH-bend-roht). This composer wrote an Olympic Hymn for the Berlin Olympics in 1936. A piece by this composer uses the D clarinet to depict the title (*) trickster walking to the gallows before a squawk indicates his death. He used an unresolved high B chord to end the "Song of the Night Wanderer" section of one of his works. The notes C - G - C open the "Sunrise" movement of that work by this composer of Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks. 2001: A Space Odyssey features, for 10 points, what composer's Also Sprach Zarathustra?

Richard Strauss (ree-kard strowss) <Alston>

Papers detailing a plan to raid this city and kill its leader were found on the body of Ulric Dahlgren. In this city, a politician threw all of the money in his pockets at a group of women protesting high prices during this city's "bread riot." A month after fleeing this city, a man was arrested in Georgia, allegedly while wearing women's clothes, and had his bail paid by Horace Greeley. After a leader left this city on a train to (*) Danville, retreating troops set fire to its strategic locations, resulting in the destruction of large parts of this city. This city was captured after the fall of Petersburg. Because of its superior industry, this city replaced Montgomery as the capital. For 10 points, name this Virginia city that served as the capital of the Confederacy.

Richmond, Virginia <Weiser>

In a story by this author, Prince Florizel of Bohemia meets a young man distributing free cream tarts and subsequently joins the "Suicide Club." In another of his stories, the Hawaiian man Keawe (kay-AH-way) acquires a bottle containing a wish-granting imp that must always be resold at a loss. One of this author's protagonists falls asleep in a barrel of apples, where he overhears men plotting a mutiny. This author depicted the aftermath of the (*) Jacobite rising in a novel in which Uncle Ebenezer tries to kill David by making him climb a treacherous tower. In another of his novels, Billy Bones's visit to the Admiral Benbow Inn prompts Squire Trelawney and Jim Hawkins to set sail for the title location. For 10 points, name this author of Kidnapped and Treasure Island.

Robert Louis Stevenson <Jose>

The angel Gabriel takes this character's glove as he lies beneath a pine-tree on a grassy mound. After learning of this character's demise, his fiancee Alde prays for death and promptly drops dead. A man flies Elijah's chariot to the moon to find this character's wits in a trove of lost things. This character speaks against the Peers' plan to accept Marsilie's tribute, leading to his (*) betrayal by his stepfather Ganelon. While searching for his beloved Angelica of Cathay, this character goes insane in a Ludovico Ariosto poem. This wielder of the sword Durendal and friend of Oliver dies after bursting a blood vessel while blowing his horn during a battle with the Saracens. For 10 points, name this paladin of Charlemagne whose "song" is the subject of a medieval poem.

Roland [or Orlando] <Brownstein>

A leading far-right figure in this country has championed an apocalyptic war to remake its continent in books like Foundations of Geopolitics and The Fourth Political Theory. The lead singer of this country's oldest rock band, Time Machine, was sanctioned in 2014 for supporting "fascism." This home of VTB Bank has been heavily criticized by the former head of (*) Yukos from his exile in Switzerland. This country funds foreign militias like the Sparta Brigade and Rapid Response Team Batman in the Donbass region of a neighboring country, where Euromaidan protesters decried its influence on Viktor Yanukovych. For 10 points, identify this country that annexed Crimea from Ukraine, led by Vladimir Putin.

Russia [or Russian Federation] <Ray>

Long before Quine, this philosopher used a distinction between "walking" and "hurrying" to illustrate the indeterminacy of meaning in De Magistro. This man's claim that he learned to speak by inferring the names of things is critiqued at the opening of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. This philosopher, who proposed a psychological analogy for the Trinity, found himself unable to explain (*) time and concluded that it was a distension of the mind, which God lies beyond. He coined the term "just war" in a work whose title construct triumphs over the Earthly City. He was a Neoplatonist and a Manichaean before eventually converting to Christianity. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote The City of God and Confessions.

Saint Augustine of Hippo [or Saint Augustinus; or Saint Austin; or Blessed Augustine; or Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis] <Kothari>

This man sits among rocks in a painting by Joachim Patinir that was one of the first to be described as a "landscape." A peacock perches on the painted frame of a painting of this man seated on a wooden platform by Antonello da Messina. This man unfurls a scroll next to a column in the right background of Parmigianino's Madonna of the Long Neck. In a painting of this man, a cardinal's hat and an hourglass hang on the wall above his (*) bald head. In that same engraving of this man, a skull rests on a windowsill and a dog and a lion sleep next to each other in the foreground. An engraving of this man at work may be part of a series with Knight, Death, and the Devil. For 10 points, name this saint whom Albrecht Durer depicted "in his study," working on the Vulgate.

Saint Jerome [or Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]

One legend claims that a king allowed this man to proselytize his country after the king's advisors were unable to douse this man's eternally burning flame. The Liber Hymnorum contains a poem attributed to this author known as his "breastplate" in which this man and his companion transform into a deer while on their way to preach. This figure wrote the Letter to Coroticus, which protests against the slave trade. Popular legend claims that he was born (*) Maewyn Succat, and that as a teenager he was captured by pirates. This man's namesake cathedral can be found at Armagh, (arr-MAH) where he established a monastery. This man supposedly drove all the snakes from a certain island and used the shamrock to illustrate the Trinity. For 10 points, name this patron saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick <Jose>

While searching for oil off this island's coast, Exxon drilled the world's longest borehole in 2011. After visiting a prison colony on this island, Anton Chekhov wrote his only work of non-fiction, a sociological piece criticizing the penal system. In 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was accidentally shot down off this island's western shore by the (*) Soviet Union. This island lies east of the Strait of Tartary and north of the La Pérouse Strait. Its city of Korsakov was rebuilt as the city of Ōtomari after this island was divided in two by the Treaty of Portsmouth. The Soviet Union reclaimed this island's southern half from Japan in the last days of World War II, along with the nearby Kuril Islands. For 10 points, name this large Russian island north of Hokkaidō.

Sakhalin [or Karafuto] <Wang>

A visiting monarch once chastised the mayor of this city, Fehim Curcic, for its lax security. Martin Bell was one of many reporters holed up at the Holiday Inn in this city during a conflict in which its Oriental Institute and National Library were firebombed. An open-air market in this city was shelled in what may have been a false flag operation. Many people were killed by sharpshooters in this city when they braved the (*) "sniper alleys." A plot in this city was carried out at the Latin Bridge and claimed the life of Duchess Sophie. Starting in 1992, this city was the target of the longest siege in modern warfare. In this city, a prince was killed by Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip. For 10 points, name this city where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.

Sarajevo <Bentley>

At a party in this novel, a pregnant woman socializes with the guests while her husband hides behind a newspaper. A letter rejecting a woman in this novel is accompanied by a lock of the woman's hair that the sender had cut and kissed. A couple in this novel meet when the man helps the woman up after she slips and falls in the rain. A man in this novel is disinherited by his aunt for seducing the fifteen-year old (*) Eliza Williams. In this novel, Robert, the brother of the proprietress of the Norland estate, marries the gold-digger Lucy Steele. A woman in this novel ends up with the older Colonel Brandon instead of the charming John Willoughby. For 10 points, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood personify the two title traits of what novel by Jane Austen?

Sense and Sensibility <Gupta>

Fritz Koenig's sculpture The Sphere was damaged during this event, and now serves as a tribute to those who died during it. The only time the SCATANA emergency protocol was used was when it was invoked as a response to this event, which caused Canada to institute Operation Yellow Ribbon. The day after this event, police raided the apartment of the so-called "Hamburg Cell" and found evidence that its members, such as (*) Ramzi bin al-Shaibah, planned it. Todd Beamer, who said "Let's roll" before he died in Stonycreek Township as a result of this plot, partially mitigated its damage by rerouting Flight 93. Mohammed Atta executed part of this attack, which partially targeted The Pentagon. For 10 points, what 2001 terrorist attack destroyed the World Trade Center?

September 11 attacks [or 9/11 attacks or 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center before "plot;" do not accept or prompt on it thereafter. Prompt on World Trade Center attack before "plot," do not accept or prompt on it thereafter] <Jose>

In one story, this god granted the left half of his body to his wife, resulting in a combined form called Ardhanarishvara. This god tore off a fingernail to create the wrathful Bhairava, who guards places where the ashes of Shakti are worshiped. The Vedic Rudra is considered a predecessor to this deity, who lives atop Mount Kailasa. This god is often depicted trampling a (*) dwarf representing ignorance in the form of Nataraja, the lord of the dance. His throat turned blue when he swallowed the Halahala poison during the churning of the ocean of milk. His mount is the white bull Nandi, and he had two children, Kartikeya and Ganesha, with his wife Parvati. For 10 points, name this "destroyer" god of the Hindu Trimurti, in which he is joined by Brahma and Vishnu.

Shiva [or Shiv; or Siva] <Carson>

A king from this region was allegedly burned alive in his own torture device, the brazen bull, after he was overthrown. A king of a city in this region patronized the arts by bringing the poet Philoxenus and the philosopher Plato to his court. Phalaris was a ruler of this region's city of Acragas in the 6th century BC. The Mamertines were a group of mercenaries on this island hired by Agathocles. Gelon and Dionysius were among the tyrants of a city on this island. During the (*) Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades led an ill-fated expedition to conquer this island. During Marcellus's siege of a city on this island ruled by Hiero II, it was defended by a giant claw built by Archimedes. For 10 points, Syracuse was the major polis on what largest island in the Mediterranean?

Sicily [or Sicilia; accept Acragas until "city" is read] <Jose>

In a story by this author, Neville St. Clair abandons his job as a journalist and becomes a "professional beggar" after faking his own death. A character created by this author earns a lot of money copying Encyclopedia Britannica articles; that happens in a story in which the protagonist hides outs in Jabez Wilson's pawn shop to observe Spaulding and John Clay trying to rob a bank. In another of this writer's stories, the body of Openshaw is found in a river, leading the protagonist to figure out that the (*) Ku Klux Klan murdered him. This author of "The Man with the Twisted Lip," "The Five Orange Pips," and "The Red-Headed League," created a character who lives at 221B Baker Street. For 10 points, name this Victorian author who wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle <Jose>

This character is told "the grave doth gape for thee thrice wider than for other men" before being banished. He is described as "ten times better than the Nine Worthies" by his loving companion Doll Tearsheet. This character drunkenly passes out behind an arras while hiding from a sheriff who implicates him in a robbery on Gad's Hill. This character gives a speech dismissing honor as a "mere scutcheon" before engaging (*) Douglas in combat and faking his own death during the Battle of Shrewsbury. Originally named Oldcastle, this character spends most of his time cavorting at the Boar's Head Inn with Pistol, Bardolph, Ned Poins, and Prince Hal. For 10 points, name this bumbling knight who appears in Shakespeare's Henry IV.

Sir John Falstaff <Manners>

A novel by this author contains the short story "Wandering Willie's Tale" within it and is named for a Jacobite who kidnaps his nephew Darsie Latimer in order to help restore Prince Charles Edward to the throne. William Thackeray wrote a sequel to one of this writer's books in which the title character defeats Brian de Bois-Guilbert and Reginald Front-de-Beuf while disguised as a (*) disinherited knight. In that book by this author of Redgauntlet, the title character besieges Torquilstone to rescue Isaac the Jew and his daughter Rebecca. The title character of that novel by this author joins Richard I in the 3rd Crusade after his father Cedric disowns him for falling in love with his ward, the lady Rowena. For 10 points, name this author of Ivanhoe.

Sir Walter Scott <Jose>

While visiting this place, Howard W. Campbell Jr. tries to recruit men for the Free American Corps. This building's residents work at a factory spooning malt syrup into bottles. A character whispers the address of this building while being rescued by Austrian ski instructors from a plane crash that kills a barbershop quartet on their way to an optometrists' convention. After this building's (*) destruction, the theft of a teacup prompts the execution by firing squad of Edgar Derby. The protagonist revisits this building while being kept with Montana Wildhack in a Tralfamadorian zoo by becoming "unstuck in time." For 10 points, name this building where Billy Pilgrim is imprisoned before its destruction during the bombing of Dresden in a namesake Kurt Vonnegut novel.

Slaughterhouse-Five [or the prison from Slaughterhouse-Five or similar answers; prompt on "Dresden"] <Brownstein>

This leader exhumed Prince Lazar's coffin and had it repeatedly reburied in various villages after giving the Gazimestan speech. This person initiated the "anti-bureaucratic revolution" in order to overthrow his mentor as leader of the LCS. This leader's capital was targeted by Operation Allied Force, during which a Chinese embassy was mistakenly destroyed. This leader backed forces which committed the (*) Srebrenica (sreh-bren-IT-sah) massacre during a conflict which ended when he signed the Dayton Accords on that group's behalf. NATO bombed his country during his war with the KLA, and crimes during that war prompted his extradition to The Hague, where he died of heart failure in 2006. For 10 points, name this president of Serbia who led Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.

Slobodan Milosevic [prompt on Sloba] <Brownstein>

On Twitter, Donald Trump called the leader of this denomination's Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Russell Moore, a "nasty guy with no heart." Starting in the late 1960s, this denomination faced a Conservative Resurgence whose proponents insisted on biblical inerrancy. Pastors of this denomination include the author of The Purpose Driven Life, Rick Warren, as well as (*) Billy Graham. This denomination's opposition to female pastors led Jimmy Carter to sever ties with it in 2000. This denomination is the largest of those that believe that being born again requires complete immersion, which is reserved for professing believers. For 10 points, name this largest Protestant denomination in the United States, which split from its Northern counterpart in 1845.

Southern Baptist Convention [or SBC; accept word forms; prompt on Baptist] <Jose>

Before going to the building of this organization, the protagonist puts a cypress cross around his neck and kisses the ground in a public square. The protagonist tells a clerk who works for this organization about hiding some jewels under a rock while having tea with him in the Crystal Palace. A member of this organization asks the protagonist a trick question about two workers who were painting an apartment flat. A (*) representative of this organization discovers an article about "extraordinary men" called "On Crime." The protagonist confesses to a member of this organization, Porfiry Petrovich, at the urging of his lover Sonia. For 10 points, identify this organization that investigates Raskolnikov's murder of a pawnbroker in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment.

St. Petersburg police [or obvious equivalents of the police department from Crime and Punishment] <Brownstein>

During this war, the Lord of Plymouth oversaw an ineffectual arms embargo as head of the Non-Intervention Committee. During this war, the police takeover of a telephone exchange held by the anarchist CNT began street fighting against the POUM in the May Events. A leader of one side of this war was killed in a plane crash caused by his heavy luggage, and a later plane crash during it killed another general who had coined the term "fifth column." Volunteers known as the (*) International Brigades fought during this war. This war began after Manual Azana's Popular Front won an election. During this war, the German Condor Legion carried out the bombing of Guernica. For 10 points, name this war which the Republicans lost to the Falange under Francisco Franco.

Spanish Civil War <Brownstein>

In a film by this director, the protagonist hires a sharpshooter named Nikki to shoot a horse during a race. That film by this director ends with Johnny Clay asking "What's the difference?" after the backdraft from a plane's propeller blows away 2 million dollars he had just stolen. This director abandoned the score he commissioned from Alex North for a film which plays György Ligeti's Atmospheres and Lux Aeterna at certain points. That film by this director of The (*) Killing features a match cut in which a bone used by apes transitions into a nuclear weapons platform, and it ends with a man transforming into a fetus after reaching at a black monolith. For 10 points, name this director who featured the sentient computer Hal 9000 in his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Stanley Kubrick <Jose>

The speaker tells this figure that the "thick air is murderous. I would breathe water" at the end of the poem "Full Fathom Five." This figure is told "all by yourself, you are pithy and historical as the Roman Forum" in the poem "The Colossus." A picture of this person depicts him standing at a blackboard with a "cleft in [the] chin instead of [the] foot." This person is described as "Marble-heavy, a bag full of God, (*) ghastly statue with one gray toe" in a poem titled for him that opens with the line "You do not do, you do not do." That poem tells this person that there's "a stake in your fat black heart" before proclaiming "you bastard, I'm through." For 10 points, identify this person compared to "a man in black with a Meinkampf look" in a Sylvia Plath poem.

Sylvia Plath's father [or Daddy; or Otto Plath] <Brownstein>

In a painting made in this place, a woman wears a pink dress in contrast to the pāreu (PAH-ray-oo) worn by the woman seated to her left. A painting made in this place was inspired by the artist finding his wife "immobile, naked, lying face downward flat on the bed." A painting made here, When Will You Marry?, sold for $300 million in 2015. A painting made in this place features a nude old woman crouching next to a seagull in the bottom left, and a (*) blue statue of a god in the background. This island is the setting of The Spirit of the Dead Watching. A painting created here centers on a figure picking fruit and depicts the progression of life from right to left. For 10 points, name this Pacific island, the setting of Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? by Paul Gauguin.

Tahiti [or French Polynesia or Polynésie française] <Bentley>

Right outside of this building is Infinite Life, a sculpture made from elevator cables. From 6 to 10pm, this building flashes a different color of the spectrum depending on the weekday. For vertical transportation, this building uses two sky lobbies and multiple double-deck elevators that are the fastest elevators in the world. This building's 89th, 90th and 91st floors make use of the world's largest mass (*) damper to protect it from natural disasters. This blue-green building was the world's tallest building until 2010. Inspired by bamboo's form, C. Y. Lee directed the design of this skyscraper and made eight outwardly pointing tiers to make it resemble a Buddhist pagoda. For 10 points, name this skyscraper found in the capital of Taiwan.

Taipei 101 [accept Taipei World Financial Center; do not accept or prompt on "Taipei"] <Jose>

A series of discussions between this man, R. Adam Engle, and neuroscientist Francisco Varela led Engle to found the Mind and Life Institute. This leader's repudiation of The Yellow Book caused friction with the New Kadampa Tradition, which venerates Dorje Shugden. Psychiatrist Howard Cutler posed questions to this man for The Art of Happiness. A vision in (*) Lhamo Lhatso of a house with strange gutters led to this person's discovery, which was confirmed when he recognized his predecessor's possessions, as depicted in the movie Kundun. This head of the Gelug school is 14th in a line of tulkus, or reincarnations. He went into exile in Dharamsala after his country was annexed by China. For 10 points, name this Tibetan Buddhist leader.

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama [accept either underlined portion; accept Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; accept Lhamo Thondup] <Kothari>

In this novel, a sleepwalker carries his wife across a river and lays her in a stone sarcophagus in the ruins of a Cistercian (sis-TUR-shan) abbey. This novel's protagonist describes the "blighted star" they live on to her brother Abraham just before accidentally killing their family horse Prince. At Talbothay's dairy, this novel's protagonist befriends the milkmaids Izz, Retty, and Marian, who all love a man who leaves (*) Wessex to explore farming options in Brazil. After a police chase concludes at Stonehenge, this novel ends with a gentleman farmer and his sister-in-law watching for the black flag that signals the execution of a woman who murders Alec, the father of her illegitimate baby Sorrow. For 10 points, name this Thomas Hardy novel about a woman who marries Angel Clare.

Tess of the D'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented <Mehigan>

The first Bollingen Prize was controversially awarded for the partial completion of this literary work, whose 36th section opens with a translation of Guido Cavalcanti's Donna mi pregha. This poem, whose first section is a free verse adaptation of the underworld visit in the Odyssey, features a section in which Robert Browning is told "there can be but one Sordello!" In the "Fifth Decad" of this poem, its author delivers an invective against usury. The later sections of this poem incorporate (*) Chinese ideograms. "Rock-Drill," and "Pisan" are portions of this poem, which was partly inspired by the author's fascism and arrest in Genoa. For 10 points, name this multi-part poem by Ezra Pound, whose name comes from the Italian for "songs."

The Cantos [accept The Pisan Cantos before "pregha"] <Jose>

In this play, a man imagines that humans actually have a hundred senses, ninety-five of which keep working after we die. A governess performs card tricks and ventriloquism at a party in this play during which an idealistic character storms out and falls down the stairs. In this play, a man who often shouts out billiards terms begins crying after he notices that a bookcase is a hundred years old. Minor characters in this play include a clerk who is (*) nicknamed "two-and-twenty troubles" and a shabby "eternal student." This play ends with an elderly servant lying down as if dead after being locked inside an empty house. In this play, Lopakhin purchases Madame Ranevsky's estate at an auction. For 10 points, name this Anton Chekhov play named for the trees on that estate.

The Cherry Orchard [or Vishnevyi sad] <Brownstein>

The man on the left of this painting has a concave pose very similar to that of a Roman cameo of Augustus riding on a Capricorn. A figure on the right of this painting places his right arm around a woman in order to touch an infant, leading many scholars to identify the pair as Mary and Jesus. Frank Lynn Meshberger argued that the shape of a human brain is created in this painting by the mass of drapery and (*) figures on the right. To the right of this painting is the scene of the water being divided from the earth. The title man in this painting is shown after formation and enlivenment but before animation. For 10 points, name this scene painted by Michelangelo for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel where God is about to touch the first man's finger.

The Creation of Adam [or God Creating Adam; prompt on the Sistine Chapel ceiling until "Sistine"] <Bentley>

An eight-hour film depicting the "photo-drama" of this act was made by Charles Taze Russell. Among the Albigensians, this act was said to have been done by the old God, and is why angels are trapped in bodies. A kabbalistic doctrine about this event is described by the phrase "yesh me-Ayin." The phrase "Tohu wa-bohu" appears in a narrative about this act, and translates as (*) "formless and empty." The Fourth Lateran Council ruled that this act occurred ex nihilo. This act, part of which involved making "the greater light to rule the day" and the "lesser light to rule the night" featured the command "Be Fruitful and Multiply" at the end of its fifth and sixth Days. For 10 points, name this event depicted in the first chapter of Genesis, which began with God stating "Let there be light!"

The Creation of the World or Universe [do not accept or prompt on "The Creation of Mankind"] <Jose>

This novel's frame story includes Professors Crescent Moon and Gopal Chatterjee hearing its text from a man who discovered it along the "Underground Frailroad." The protagonist of this novel recalls once believing that Jews were killed in kitchens when thinking about a documentary whose interviewee was the mistress of a man who ran a concentration camp. A Latin phrase meaning "Don't let the bastards grind you down" is discovered by this novel's protagonist, who is referred to as a (*) "two-legged womb" and is invited to play a game of Scrabble with the Commander. Serena Joy tries to get this novel's protagonist pregnant by having her meet with Nick. The Republic of Gilead is the setting of, for 10 points, what novel about Offred by Margaret Atwood?

The Handmaid's Tale <Jose>

A character in this novel has a thrilling experience while listening to a radio recording of Beethoven's "Eroica" Symphony through the window of a suburban house. That character in this novel tries to increase her popularity by hosting a "prom" at her house, where the cook Portia works. In this novel, a man goes by the name Buddy despite being named Karl Marx by his father Doctor Copeland. A man in this novel presents a (*) card to the people he meets that explains how to communicate with him, and that man's Greek best friend is sent to an asylum at this novel's beginning. In this novel, Biff Brannon owns a cafe at which Jake Blount and Mick Kelly befriend the deaf-mute John Singer. For 10 points, name this novel by Carson McCullers.

The Heart is a Lonely Hunter <Sy>

Most of the poses in this painting are taken from Marcantonio Raimondi's Judgement of Paris, although Raphael's The Miraculous Draught of Fishes may have inspired the pose of the woman bending over in the background. The artist's brothers posed for the student wearing a tasseled hat in this painting. This painting was inspired by the subject of Titian's Pastoral Concert. Victorine Meurent (meau-rahn) modeled for a woman in this painting who holds her right hand to her (*) chin. The unusual grouping of cherries with figs in the basket in the foreground of this painting may be a parallel of the different states of clothing of the people in this work. For 10 points, name this scandalous 1862 Edouard Manet painting of an outdoor meal.

The Luncheon on the Grass [or The Picnic or Dejeuner Sur L'Herbe or The Bath or Le Bain] <Bentley>

Piero the Gouty was the model for the man riding a white horse on the left of a fresco of a procession of these people by Benozzo Gozzoli. A painting of these people set in a Gothic, three-arched gold frame is the masterpiece of Gentile da Fabriano. A self-portrait of a young Leonardo can be seen in an unfinished painting titled for these people commissioned for the San Donato a Scopeto. A scene named for these people is often set in a ruined house with a flimsy thatched roof, as in (*) Botticelli's version. Giotto painted one of these men holding a chalice in a scene where two camels stand to the left of these men. Many artists inserted these men into the Adoration of the Shepherds. For 10 points, name these men commonly depicted bringing gifts to the infant Jesus.

The Magi [or Three Wise Men; or Three Kings] <Bentley>

JR and Darren Aronofsky created the installation The Standing March for this event, which led protesters to leave 10,000 pairs of shoes in the streets after a planned march was cancelled. Observers praised Laurent Fabius for his leadership of this event. Nations published Intended Nationally Determined (*) Contributions prior to this event, whose groundwork was laid by meetings at Durban and Copenhagen. The agreement reached during this event calls for a global stocktake evaluated every five years. During this meeting, the BASIC countries argued for a goal of 1.5 rather than 2 degrees, and it saw every UN member state agree to the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For 10 points, name this set of 2015 climate change negotiations in the capital of France.

The Paris Conference on Climate Change [or COP21; or CMP11; or the 2015 U.N. Climate Change Conference; prompt on partial answer] <Kothari>

The protagonist of this novel gives sticks to a statue of Jesus and later smashes the statue when it does nothing with them. The mother of this novel's protagonist dies shortly after witnessing a man using a horse's head as bait while trying to fish for eels. Before becoming an engraver of gravestones in Dusseldorf, this novel's protagonist leads a gang called "The Dusters." The protagonist of this novel writes his (*) memoirs from an asylum after he finds a bloody finger in the field and confesses to Sister Dorothea's murder. This novel centers on a character who can shatter glass with his voice, and it is the first part of its author's "Danzig Trilogy." For 10 points, name this novel in which Oskar Matzerath refuses to grow up, written by Gunter Grass.

The Tin Drum [or Die Blechtrommel]<Jose>

Although the trend started in New Zealand, this country had the largest ever number of people declare their religion as Jedi on a census. A thinker based in this country, Alain de Botton, has accused its Sunday Assembly movement of ripping off his idea of church for non-believers. Atheists in this country ran a series of bus ads that read (*) "There's Probably No God." A politician from this country was criticized for calling some other Muslims "Uncle Toms." Rowan Williams once led a church in this country. In 2016, this country's capital elected its first Muslim mayor, Sadiq Khan. For 10 points, name this country whose state church is led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and Queen Elizabeth II.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [or the UK; or England; or Great Britain] <Kothari>

A history written in this city, the Chronicle of the Seeker, tells how a king undertook a journey after accidentally killing his mother. The jurist Ahmad Baba was deported from this city and his library was plundered after this non-capital city was captured by the Saadi king Ahmad al-Mansur and his general Judah Pasha. An Andalusian architect came to this city to design the Jingaray Ber mosque, as well as the mud and wood (*) Sankore University. Rumors of this city's wealth prompted René Caillié and other Europeans to disguise themselves as Muslims to visit it. This city was the cultural capital of an empire founded by Sundiata and ruled by a man known for his lavish hajj to Mecca, Mansa Musa. For 10 points, name this center of trade and learning in present-day Mali.

Timbuktu [or Tombouctou; or Tumbutu] <Brownstein>

In the Dionysiaca, members of this group smear their faces with chalk and devour Zagreus whole. In the Orphic cosmogony, humanity was created from the dust of this group after they were killed by lightning. As a reward for being the first to swear opposition to this group, oaths made on the river Styx became unbreakable. Mount Othrys served as the base for this group, which lost a ten-year war fought in Thessaly after which the (*) Hecatoncheires were assigned to guard them. Their numbers included Crius, Coeus, and Iapetus, the last of whom was the father of Atlas and Prometheus. The leader of this group ruled over the Golden Age and castrated his father Uranus with his sickle. Cronus and Rhea led--for 10 points--what group of giant deities who waged war against Zeus?

Titans [do not accept or prompt on "giant(s)"] <Jose>

A freed slave and hairdresser who took a surname honoring this other person was declared "Venerable" by Pope John Paul II in 1996 for his extensive charity work in New York. This leader initially served as a doctor in a force which had coalesced after the sacrifice of a black pig in the "Crocodile Woods" by Dutty Boukman. This leader was betrayed and sent off to a freezing fort in the Jura Mountains after surrendering to Charles Leclerc. Yellow fever (*) destroyed the forces sent to defeat this man, whose lieutenants Alexander Petion, Henri-Christophe, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines all ruled his country after his death. This person became the leader of an uprising in the colony of Saint-Domingue. For 10 points, name this former slave who led the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture [or François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture; or Toussaint Bréda; prompt on Toussaint] <Brownstein>

This man's stepmother, an unnamed daughter of Hoel of Brittany, twice tried to kill him by poisoning his cup, but she inadvertently killed her own son. In his youth, this warrior is sent to France, where he is raised by a squire named Gouvernail. This son of King Meliodas gains favor with Lancelot's family when he refuses to kill Blamoure in combat. This knight from (*) Lyonesse engages in a series of inconclusive duels with his friend Palamedes and undertakes his most famous task after defending his uncle from Morholt. This man is sent to Ireland to retrieve the future bride of King Mark, but inadvertently falls in love with her after consuming a love potion. For 10 points, name this Cornish Knight of the Round Table who had an affair with Isolde.

Tristan [or Tristram] <Jose>

George S. Cook documented the toll of this conflict, which was examined in Republic of Suffering by Drew Gilpin Faust, a historian known for studying the role of women in this war. The half-black Pearl learns nursing and falls in love with the soldier Stephen Walsh in a E. L. Doctorow novel set during this war. Bruce Catton wrote a three-part narrative history of this war. (*) Doris Kearns Goodwin recounted the formation of the presidential cabinet leading into this war in Team of Rivals, and it is the subject of Michael Shaara's 1975 Pulitzer-winning The Killer Angels. Rhett Butler serves as a blockade runner during this war in Gone With the Wind. For 10 points, name this war fought at sites like Shiloh and Gettysburg between the Union and the Confederacy.

U.S. Civil War <Wang>

During this unnamed military campaign, an officer drafted a "round robin" letter asking that sick troops be sent home after that request was ignored by William Shafter, the massively overweight general in charge of this campaign. Soldiers in this campaign were fed toxic "embalmed beef" purchased by Russell Alger. This theater of a larger war targeted an area which had earlier been oppressed by the concentration camps of "Butcher" Weyler. The speedy (*) withdrawal of troops after this campaign was called for in the Teller Amendment, which was later replaced by the Platt Amendment. During a battle of this campaign, Leonard Wood's Rough Riders charged up San Juan Hill. For 10 points, name this theater of the Spanish-American War fought on a Caribbean island.

U.S. invasion of Cuba during the Spanish-American War [or the Cuban theater of the Spanish-American War; or obvious equivalents; prompt on Spanish-American War; prompt on Carribean Theater] <Brownstein>

This group outlined five core principles claiming that it is scientifically inaccurate to argue humans are predisposed to violence as part of its Seville Statement. Evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley was the first director of this organization, which commissioned Ashley Montagu to issue a study decrying racism in The Race Question. In 2011, Palestine became a full member to this organization, leading the U.S. and Israel to suspend their (*) contributions to it and lose their voting rights. International Literacy Day and World Press Freedom Day are promoted by this organization, which indexes locations that possess "cultural significance." For 10 points, name this branch of the United Nations which maintains a list of World Heritage Sites.

UNESCO [or United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] <Jose>

In the first line of a poem, this character cries "Courage!" and claims that "this mounting wave will roll us shoreward soon." This character then arrives in a "land in which it seemed always afternoon." Describing his son, this character concludes, "He works his work, I mine." In the opening of another poem, this character notes that "I am become a name" and regrets having to "mete and dole unequal laws unto a savage race." In that poem, this character decides "to (*) sail beyond the sunset," even though he is not "that strength that in old days moved earth and heaven." For 10 points, identify this unnamed leader in Tennyson's "The Lotos-eaters" who also narrates a dramatic monologue ending with his resolution to "strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."

Ulysses [or Odysseus] <Mehigan>

This man satirically cites the "school of Bratislava" and the "school of Freiburg" to explain the origins of the "Coffeepot from Hell." He recalls being given an avocado when he asks for a lawyer in an essay that discusses his act of emptying a minibar to make room for a fish. In a novel by this writer, the herbalist Severinus is found murdered the day after Venantius is found in a (*) vat of pig's blood. In that novel by this author, the blind Jorge of Burgos eats the comedy section of Aristotle's Poetics. This author of How to Travel with a Salmon wrote a novel in which Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville attempt to solve a series of murders at a monastery. For 10 points, Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose are novels by what Italian author?

Umberto Eco <Jose>

An artist from this country added the caption "They are perfectly safe. This is a still" to his painting of two nude men about to be attacked by a leopard. A German-born artist who worked in this country painted an obese nude woman lying on a couch in Benefits Supervisor Sleeping. An unmade bed makes up the installation My Bed from this country. Chinese artist Ai Weiwei used porcelain sunflower seeds to fill (*) Turbine Hall in this country. An artist born in this country featured a yellow diving board in his painting A Bigger Splash. Members of this country's YBA movement have won a prize named for the painter of The Fighting Temeraire and The Slave Ship. For 10 points, name this country home to Lucian Freud, Tracey Emin, David Hockney, and J.M.W. Turner.

United Kingdom [or England; or Great Britain] <Bentley>

After this country sent an unsuccessful embassy to China, its monarch was told to "tremblingly obey and show no negligence" in a letter by the Qianlong (chien-lung) Emperor. The Canton commissioner Lin Zexu (dzuh-shyoo) sent an open letter of complaint to this country's monarch in 1839. An officer from this country led the Ever Victorious Army during the Taiping Rebellion, earning the nickname "Chinese." A war began in (*) 1856 after Chinese officials seized a former pirate ship flying this country's flag, the Arrow. This country's troops helped French troops sack the Summer Palace in 1860. This country signed the "unequal treaty" of Nanking after a war fought to preserve its trade of opium to China. For 10 points, name this country that controlled Hong Kong.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [or Great Britain; or the British Empire; prompt on England] <Wang>

In 2015, Snarkitecture filled a museum in this country with one million translucent balls to create the installation The BEACH. Hundreds of thousands of tons of dirt were removed from a canyon in this country to make the artwork Double Negative. 400 poles made of stainless steel are spread across a square kilometer of this country in a Walter de Maria land art installation called The Lightning Field. A shooting in this country inspired the now completely buried Partially Buried Woodshed, which was created by an artist who made a coil of basalt rocks that (*) juts into a lake in this country. Spiral Jetty can be found in this country, which is also home to a memorial consisting of two walls of gabbro. For 10 points, name this country home to Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

United States of America [accept either underlined portion; or USA] <Jose>

A composer from this country played his Night in the Tropics at "monster concerts" and used the song "When the potato's baked" in his Bamboula. Another composer from this country wrote Ten Woodland Sketches, including "To a Wild Rose," while a third used folk tunes in her Gaelic Symphony. The director of a National Conservatory in this country quoted the song of the scarlet tanager in a quickly-written F major string quartet. Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Louie muh-ROW GOT-shalk), (*) Edward MacDowell, and Amy Beach are from this country. Harry Burleigh introduced this country's music to the composer of an E minor symphony whose English horn solo later became a spiritual titled "Goin' Home." For 10 points, name this country where Antonín Dvořák wrote the New World Symphony.

United States of America [accept either underlined portion; or USA] <Lifshitz>

Since the late 20th century, the volatility of this country's economy has been reduced in an event called "The Great Moderation." A 1953 study found that this country tended to import capital-intensive goods, despite having abundant capital, in a result known as Leontief's Paradox. Anna Schwartz and Milton Friedman blamed bad monetary policy for exacerbating economic downturns in a landmark 1963 book titled (*) "A Monetary History of" this country. In 1971, this country unexpectedly left the gold standard, putting an end to the Bretton Woods system that tied much of the world to this country's currency. China currently owns about 6% of this country's $19 trillion in national debt. For 10 points, name this country whose Federal Reserve prints the dollar.

United States of America [accept either underlined portion; or USA] <Wang>

This novel's last chapter offers a "fake" happy ending by stating "Grow green again, tender little parasite, round the rugged old oak to which you cling," before really ending by asking "which of us is happy in this world?" A character in this novel shouts "Vive la France!" as she flings an autographed copy of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary out of her carriage. That woman in this novel sells her carriage to her brother-in-law Jos while trying to flee (*) Brussels, which occurs after she has an affair with George Osborne, a soldier who dies at Waterloo. This novel opens by describing two students at Ms. Pinkerton's Academy, Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp. For 10 points, a location in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress provides the title of what novel by William M. Thackeray?

Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero <Jose>

A revolting drink made from chickpeas known as "national coffee" was drunk by citizens of this government. After the end of this government, women accused of "horizontal collaboration" had their heads shaved during public shamings. During this government's tenure, the founder of the underground paper Combat was shot by the paramilitary Milice (mil-LEASE) force. Many of this government's ships were destroyed in an attack on Mers-el-Kebir by the British and in a scuttling of the fleet after the (*) armistice army was disbanded. This government adopted the slogan of "Work, family, fatherland." This government was headed by Prime Minister Pierre Laval and the hero of the Battle of Verdun, Philippe Petain. For 10 points, name this pro-German French government during World War II.

Vichy France [or Etat Francais] <Bentley>

In this play, a joke about an Englishman in a brothel is interrupted when a character yells "STOP IT!" and flees the stage. After the repeated question "You want to get rid of him?" is answered, a character in this play begins to cry, then kicks the shins of a character who tries to wipe his tears. Two boys who appear in this play may be brothers who tend the sheep and goats of the title character. In this play, a discussion of the "public works of Puncher and Wattmann" opens an (*) incoherent monologue that begins after the command "think!" This play's set features a single tree, and its characters, including Pozzo and his slave Lucky, all wear bowler hats. For 10 points, name this play about Vladimir and Estragon, who hope to see the title character, written by Samuel Beckett.

Waiting for Godot [or En attendant Godot] <Brownstein>

A hundred men of "Hyperborean extraction" come to work at this location, from which they ship their product off to places like Bombay and Charleston. A chapter about the "Former Inhabitants" of this place includes Hugh Quoil, a drunkard who fought at Waterloo and occupied Lyman's tenement. While staying at this location, an author wrote the travelogue A Week on the (*) Concord and Merrimack Rivers. The chapter "Where I Lived and What I Lived For" describes the author's residence at this place. That author built a cabin and planted his own bean-field during the two years, two months, and two days he spent living at this location, a experience described in a book subtitled "Life in the Woods." For 10 points, name this pond that titles a book by Henry David Thoreau.

Walden Pond <Jose>

In one of this author's poems, the "Socrates of Snails" and "musician of pears" seeks to make a "new intelligence prevail" in the section "The Idea of a Colony." Another of this author's poems describes a "listener, who listens in the snow" and beholds "Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is." An animal traces "an indecipherable cause" into an icicle-filled window made of "barbaric glass" in a poem by this author of "The (*) Comedian as the Letter C." That poem by this man asks "O thin men of Haddam, Why do you imagine golden birds?" and describes how "Among twenty snowy mountains, the only moving thing" was the eye of the title creature. For 10 points, name this poet whose collection Harmonium contains "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird."

Wallace Stevens <Jose>

During this conflict, a young boy in Genoa threw a stone at foreign occupiers, starting a revolt that kicked Antoniotto Botta out of the city. Ludwig Andreas Khevenhuller captured Munich on the day of Charles VII's coronation during this conflict. A failed French invasion of Britain during this conflict would have been led by Maurice de Saxe, who also led troops at its Battle of Fontenoy. The last British (*) monarch to personally lead his troops into battle did so during this war's Battle of Dettingen. This war secured Frederick the Great's control over Silesia, and resulted from an exception to Salic law permitted by the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this war fought over Maria Theresa's ascension to the throne of Vienna.

War of the Austrian Succession <Golimlim>

A misreading of this man's article "The Energies of Men" is the basis for Lowell Thomas's claim that the average person only uses ten percent of his brain. This thinker called the act of confusing "one's standpoint" with that of a "mental fact" the "psychologist's fallacy." Cannon-Bard theory attempted to refute this man and Carl Lange's peripheral theory of (*) emotion, which suggests that one is afraid when one runs away from a bear due to the act of running. He rejected the notion that consciousness is a chain, suggesting it was more like a stream. While at Harvard, this man established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. For 10 points, name this author of The Principles of Psychology, who was also a philosopher that wrote the book Pragmatism.

William James <Jose>

After snatching some chocolate from his sister's hands, this character runs away and never sees his mother or sister again. This character is surprised to learn how tiny a coral polyp is when his paperweight is shattered. Late in the book he appears in, this character is told "the word you are trying to think of is solipsism" after being informed "we control the past." This character's wife, a member of the (*) Anti-Sex League, leaves him when their union proves childless. This character, who hides out in Mr. Charrington's shop, predicts that Syme will become an unperson. This character falls in love with Julia but breaks when taken to the Ministry of Love. For 10 points, name this character who O'Brien tortures into loving Big Brother in the novel 1984.

Winston Smith [accept either] <Jose>

In the 1940s, this musician protested the war movement with the album Songs for John Doe and performed in many "hootenannies" as part of the Almanac Singers. After this musician was "discovered" by Alan Lomax, he recorded the songs on the album Dust Bowl Ballads. The 18 minute talking blues song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree" was recorded by his son Arlo. In his autobiography (*) Bound for Glory, this musician described his use of a guitar that had the phrase "this machine kills fascists" scrawled on it. A song written by this man describes the title location "From California to the New York island; / From the red wood forest to the Gulf Stream waters." For 10 points, name this American folk singer, who wrote "This Land is Your Land."

Woody Guthrie <Jose>

This poet described hearing "the murmur of underground streams" when trying to "imagine a faultless love or the life to come" in a poem about the "one landscape that we, the inconstant ones, are consistently homesick for." Another of this poet's landscapes includes a kind of scene that unfolds while others are "just walking dully along." That landscape includes an "expensive delicate ship," a (*) plowman who "may have heard the splash, the forsaken cry," and a pair of "white legs disappearing into the green water." That poem by this man opens with the observation "About suffering, they were never wrong, the Old Masters" and describes Breguel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus. For 10 points, name this poet of "In Praise of Limestone" and "Musee des Beaux Arts."

Wystan Hugh Auden <Mehigan>

During this conflict, fighting in the Usaylan region ended with the capture of Saeed. Cyclone Chapala caused significant damage during this conflict, which led one side's government to suspend school operations in the Shabwah and Socotra governorates. A provisional presidential council consisting of five people was set up by a group whose name means "Supporters of God" during this conflict; that group is a (*) Zaidi Shia movement. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is heavily embroiled in this conflict, whose parties include former president Ali Abdullah Saleh and the Houthis. For 10 points, identify this large-scale conflict against the presidency of Abd Rabbah Mansur Hadi, who fled to Aden from the capital Sana'a.

Yemeni Civil War [accept answers indicating a civil conflict in Yemen] <Jose>

According to legend, the first soldier whose cannon fire hit the former residence of Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr. in this city received a five guinea reward from Nelson. During a battle in this city, Robert Abercromby rallied his troops with the line, "Push on my brave boys, and skin the bastards!" Crucial defensive points for this city were Redoubts Nine and Ten. An apocryphal story holds that the band of the losing army at a (*) siege in this city played "The World Turn'd Upside Down." An army was trapped in this city following Admiral de Grasse's victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake. Lord North proclaimed, "Oh God, it's all over" after a battle fought here that resulted in the Treaty of Paris. For 10 points, name this site of Cornwallis' surrender to George Washington.

Yorktown <Bentley>

The last king of these people was temporarily exiled to St. Helena in 1890 and later supported these people's failed Bambatha Rebellion. Nathaniel Isaacs sent a letter to Henry Francis Fynn urging him to make his account of these people more bloody to attract readers. A group of commandos under Andries Pretorius defeated a large force of these people at the Battle of Blood River. In the 1820s, an offshoot of these people migrated (*) north and became the Matabele (mah-tah-BEL-lay) people, sparking a long period of chaos and internal displacement known as the Mfecane (um-feh-KAH-nay). These people used their "buffalo horns" formation during a war in which British forces captured their capital at Ulundi and their king Cetshwayo. For 10 points, name these South African people united under Shaka.

Zulu people [or amaZulu; prompt on Nguni people] <Wang>

A character with this profession has his car pulled out of a ravine by Sonny's mule. Another character with this job tells the story of a popular man who died in his "green velvet slippers" on a train-ride as an example of a person who was "well liked," not just "liked." R. J. Bowman, a man of this profession, dies of a heart attack at the end of a Eudora Welty story. Flute music heralds scenes in which a person with this job imagines talking to a man who got rich in (*) Africa, his brother Ben. That character with this job angers his son by having an affair with The Woman in Boston and crashes his car to provide life insurance money for Linda, Biff, and Happy. For 10 points, name this profession practiced by Willy Loman in an Arthur Miller play about his death.

a salesman [or a travelling salesman; or a shoe salesman] <Brownstein>

The very strong CAG promoter contains the start of a gene encoding this protein in chickens. This 43-kilodalton protein and GAPDH are the most common loading controls for Western blots. This protein is stained red by phalloidin, and is regulated by the Rho GTPase family. Two critical concentrations of this protein determine if it polymerizes at the (*) barbed end, the pointed end, or both. At the cellular leading edge, it forms lamellipodia, and it can also bundle together to make stress fibers. A form this protein labelled F is formed by ATP hydrolysis and makes up a smaller component of the cytoskeleton than microtubules. For 10 points, name this protein found in microfilaments and separates myosin bands in sarcomeres.

actin [or beta-actin; or F-actin; or G-actin; or filamentous actin; or globular actin] <Silverman>

Coate and Loury developed a model of this policy in which employers use a noisy signal to make assignment decisions. In a comparative study of this policy, Thomas Sowell attacks William Bowen and Derek Bok's The Shape of the River. One court case about this policy held that policies that advance compelling state interests must be narrowly tailored. Opponents of this policy claim that it creates (*) "mismatches." A points-based version of this policy was ruled unconstitutional in Gratz v. Bollinger. This policy's name was coined in John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925. Although Regents v. Bakke upheld this policy, it banned specific admission quotas. For 10 points, name this policy which favors historically disadvantaged groups in hiring and college admission decisions.

affirmative action <Kothari>

One of these locations "of the Competaliasts" is found next to a temple to Hermes and is an archaeological remnant on the island of Delos. The southwest corner of one of these places was home to the Monument of the Eponymous Heroes. Attalos II of Pergamon built a large stoa, or covered walkway, that stood in one of these places. Areas of this type often contained the seat of government in a building called the Prytaneion, as these places were typically in the (*) center of the city. The largest one of these places, which was in Athens, featured the Altar of the Twelve Gods and was the place where all Attic Roads converged. This location was the equivalent of a Roman forum. For 10 points, name this center of ancient Greek life, which also functioned as a marketplace.

agora <Jose>

Coke of Holkham promoted his own supposed innovations in this field of endeavor. During a period of innovation in this activity, new areas for use in it were created by the projects of Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden (fer-MAO-dun). After withdrawing to his estate at Raynham, Charles Townshend earned his alliterative nickname for innovations in this activity, such as developing the Norfolk system. The belief that all (*) wealth originated from this activity was held by the Physiocrat school. A drill for use in this activity was developed by Jethro Tull. Prior to this activity's namesake 18th-century revolution in Britain, it often involved three-year rotations followed by a fallow year. For 10 points, name this human activity which uses techniques like plowing and crop rotation.

agriculture [or farming; prompt on answers such as land development or land reclamation] <Brownstein>

Twisting of the sun's magnetic field lines due to the sun's rotation is called an "effect" named for this letter. The square of the electron charge divided by h-bar times c gives a quantity denoted by this letter which characterizes the strength of electromagnetic interactions in particle physics. The coefficient of thermal expansion and the fine (*) structure constant are denoted by this letter, which names an effect used in ionization-type smoke detectors. In one experiment, a beam of particles denoted by this letter was shot at a gold foil, and the resulting deflection provided evidence for the atomic nucleus. A helium nucleus is released from an atom in a form of radioactive decay denoted by this letter. For 10 points, name this first letter of the Greek alphabet.

alpha <Busse>

Shugoshin protects Rec8 from degradation during this process. Mad proteins and Aurora B prevent entry into this process by detecting tension in syntelic (SIN-tel-ick) or merotelic (MERE-oh-tel-ick) attachments. Cdc20 binds a protein complex named for this process. This process proceeds by the proteasomal degradation of securin by the E3 ubiquitin (you-BICK-wit-en) ligase activity of APC/C. Transition to this stage involves cleavage of cohesin after the cell passes the (*) spindle assembly checkpoint. During this phase, polar microtubules lengthen and kinetochore (kin-ET-oh-core) microtubules contract to separate sister chromatids, pulling the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. The stage after this one is when the cleavage furrow begins to form in mitosis. For 10 points, name this stage that precedes telophase and follows metaphase.

anaphase [or anaphase I; or anaphase II; or metaphase-to-anaphase transition; prompt on mitosis; prompt on meiosis] <Smart>

Two of these figures cut out a boy's heart, washed the black speck out of it using snow from a golden jar and reinserted it back into him. Another two of these figures collectively known as the Kiraman Katibin and named Raqib and Atid sit on a person's shoulders and record good and bad deeds. Before the Isra, one of these figures brought the steed Barak to a prophet. That one of these figures says (*) "Recite!" to a youth on Mount Hira and also made a auspicious announcement to Maryam. These figures, who are made of light, include one that is often identified with the Grim Reaper, Azrael, as well as Israfil, who dwells in Jahannam alongside Allah. For 10 points, name these Islamic figures, which include Jibril, who is equivalent to the Christian Gabriel.

angels [or malak or malaikah; accept archangels] <Jose>

Claud Cockburn accused supporters of this policy of meeting as the "Cliveden Set" in Nancy Astor's mansion. After the failure of this policy, its chief promoter was told "in the name of God, go!" in a speech which Leo Amery gave during the "Norway Debate." The pamphlet Guilty Men savaged architects of this policy, including "the Umbrella Man" and Lord Halifax. Edvard Benes was not invited to a (*) meeting orchestrated as part of this policy which was attended by Edouard Daladier. This policy's most notable implementation was followed by a declaration of "peace for our time" and allowed the cession of the Sudetenland by the Munich Agreement. For 10 points, name this informal policy of Neville Chamberlain which involved giving into Germany's demands to avoid a war.

appeasement [accept word forms; prompt on being pro-German or pro-Hitler or pro-Nazi or similar answers] <Brownstein>

Philip Guston's painting titled for one of these non-courtroom places depicts a single Klansman with a cigarette and a large red hand. A print of Look Mickey! hangs on the wall in Roy Lichtenstein's painting of one of these places. A gravedigger, a rabbi, and Napoleon III disguised as a huntsman are among the figures on the left side of a painting set in one of these places. Like its artist's The Meeting, a painting set in one of these places depicts its artist's pointy beard and his (*) patron Alfred Bruyas. Charles Baudelaire and a nude model appear in that painting titled for one of these places, which is subtitled "A real allegory summing up seven years of my artistic and moral life" and is by Gustave Courbet. For 10 points, name this sort of room in which artists work.

artist's studios [or painter's studios; prompt on workshop or workroom] <Brownstein>

In 1580, a Chinese woman named Tanyangzi did this action in broad daylight. Of the Pandavas, only Yudhisthira completes this action, during which he is followed by a dog. Simon Magus injured himself while attempting this task, which some believe Enoch did at the end of his life. During a whirlwind, Elijah is said to have undergone this phenomenon accompanied by chariots and horses of (*) fire. The Mi'raj refers to the event when Mohammed did this action, accompanied by Gabriel, at a location marked by the Dome of the Rock. The doctrine of the Assumption teaches that the Virgin Mary did this under God's power. Jesus performed this action forty days after the resurrection. For 10 points, name this kind of action in which holy people enter the afterlife without dying first.

ascending into heaven [or climbing into heaven; accept any answer that implies bodily entering into heaven or paradise while alive] <Kothari>

This compound demonstrates no selectivity in a William Harvey assay and acetylates serine-530 in all isozymes of its target enzyme. This compound is the major industrial target of the Kolbe-Schmidt reaction. Arthur Eichengrün wrote a letter from a concentration camp protesting that he, not Felix Hoffman, discovered this compound. This compound prevents thromboxane synthesis from prostaglandins by irreversibly binding (*) COX-1, which is why it is used to block platelet aggregation in patients suffering a heart attack. Children who are given this drug when recovering from chicken pox may develop Reye's syndrome. For 10 points, name this NSAID extracted from the bark of the willow tree and marketed by Bayer, an anti-inflammatory drug also called acetylsalicylic acid.

aspirin [or acetylsalicylic acid until it is read] <Silverman>

In a poem about this event, the speaker answers "Pictures of growing spring and farms and homes" to the question "what shall I hang on these walls?" Another poem tells this event's subject that "For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning." A poem about this event addresses an "orb sailing the heaven" and describes a "shy and hidden bird" who sings a "carol of death"; that poem inspired by this event notes "the great (*) star early droop'd in the western sky." A poem's title character, who stands for this event's victim, is told "our fearful trip is done" before the speaker sees him fallen on the deck. For 10 points, name this murder lamented in "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!" by Walt Whitman.

assassination of Abraham Lincoln [or obvious equivalents indicating the death of Abraham Lincoln; prompt on the U.S. Civil War] <Brownstein> Bonuses

These systems are described by the differential equation "r double prime minus h squared over r cubed equals F of r over m." Conservation of energy in these systems is described by the vis-viva equation. These systems can be described by the equation M equals E minus epsilon times the sine of E, where M is the mean anomaly. "Closed" examples of these systems can be modeled via a central force (*) two-body problem. These systems, which conserve angular momentum, are described by the equation "T squared is proportional to a cubed," where a is the semi-major axis and T is the period. This type of motion is characterized by elliptical trajectories according to Kepler's first law. For 10 points, name this type of motion exemplified by the Earth's path around the Sun.

astronomical orbits [accept orbital motion, prompt on planetary motion] <Busse>

Bernhard Wiener developed a theory of this process to explain academic success and failure. Harold Kelley proposed the three factors of consistency, distinctiveness and consensus that affect this process in his covariation model, which explores how observers make causal inferences. An in-group negatively views the actions of an out-group according to the (*) "ultimate error" of this process. Lee Ross commented on a paper by Jones and Harris about biases in this process; that paper described subjects reading essays about Fidel Castro. People place too much importance on internal characteristics of actors, like personality traits, according to the "fundamental" error of this process. For 10 points, name this process of explaining the causes of people's behavior.

attribution <Jose>

This food is deep fried and skewered in a "Q" form popular with Filipino street vendors, and it is often served on the side to be eaten with rice in Somali cuisine. Small producers of this commodity were driven out of business by sigatoka disease in the early 20th century. The Gros Michel (grow mee-SHELL) variety of this food was marketed with the image of Carmen Miranda during the 1950s before being largely replaced by the (*) Cavendish. In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Árbenz after he threatened American cultivators of this commodity in Guatemala. "El Pulpo," or "The Octopus," was the nickname for a corporation that dominated this commodity's production, the United Fruit Company. For 10 points, identify this fruit that nicknames repressive Central American "republics."

bananas [accept banana republics; prompt on fruit before "United Fruit Company"] <Wang>

Dorzolamide inhibits an enzyme that produces this ion to treat glaucoma. Band 3 proteins on red blood cells export this ion in exchange for a chloride. Centroacinar cells secrete a solution of this ion after stimulation by secretin from the duodenum. Its concentration is unnaturally low in patients with Kussmaul breathing. This anion is produced biologically by a very fast (*) zinc-containing enzyme. Renal compensation regulates the levels of this anion. This anion is present in excess in alkalosis, when its equilibrium is favored over the acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. For 10 points, name this base formed by carbonic anhydrase, a major constituent of the blood's buffering system.

bicarbonate [or HCO3-; or bicarb; or hydrogen carbonate; do not accept or prompt on "carbonate" or "CO3 two minus"] <Silverman>

Every year, the Greek gods honored the Ethiopian king Memnon by creating a geographical feature composed of this substance. Aphrodite created the first anemone by mixing nectar with this substance. During the Trojan War, Zeus created a rain of this substance to commemorate the death of Sarpedon. Ash-tree nymphs called the Meliae and the Furies were both born when some of this substance touched (*) Gaea. A robe treated with a form of this substance caused the death of Heracles, who earlier used a different type of it that came from the Lernaean Hydra to make his arrows toxic. Greek gods and immortals possess golden ichor instead of this substance. For 10 points, name this bodily fluid that was often sacrificed to gods.

blood <Jose>

The drug denosumab mimics a protein produced in this material that acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL (RANK-kull), and its formation is accompanied by increased expression of alkaline phosphatases. A class of critical TGF-beta growth factors are named for this substance's morphogenesis. Polynucleated cells with ruffled borders, found in depressions called Howship's (*) lacunae (lah-COO-nay), resorb this substance to increase blood calcium. Biomineralization to form this substance requires hydroxyapatite to be deposited in an organic matrix. Calcitonin is administered to treat a condition of this tissue named osteoporosis. For 10 points, name this hard connective tissue created by osteoblasts which makes up the skeleton.

bone tissue [or bone marrow] <Yu>

Benjamin Franklin is said to have begun this practice in 1790 in a rulebook that is shown to the protagonist by Stoneman and Black. When her property undergoes this action, an old woman quotes the words "Play the man, Master Ridley" before dying because she refuses to leave. A character whose job involves this action is given a "green bullet" two-way radio by a professor, after which he turns off the TV (*) walls of his parlour and reads "Dover Beach" to his wife's friends. Captain Beatty leads an organization for this activity that employs the robotic "Mechanical Hound." A novel centered on it opens by stating "It was a pleasure to" perform this action. For 10 points, Guy Montag and the firemen engage in what censorship activity in Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451?

book burning [or obvious equivalents indicating destroying books; or being a fireman until "firemen" is read; prompt on burning alone; prompt on censorship; do not accept or prompt on "fire fighting"] <Brownstein>

The pathogen that causes this disease secretes the antigens F1 and V and was co-discovered by Kitasato Shibasaburo. This disease's pathogen uses a type III secretion system to deliver its effectors called Yops. It is endemic to prairie dogs in the western US. The two other forms of this disease are septicemic and pneumonic. The bacterium that causes this disease, (*) Yersinia pestis, forms a biofilm in the esophagus of its animal vector. The best known form of this disease gets its name from sufferers' swollen lymph nodes on the armpits or groin, which is typically transmitted by insect bite. For 10 points, name this disease transmitted by the rat flea, which killed a third of Europe during the Middle Ages.

bubonic plague [or Black Death; or septicemic plague; or pneumonic plague; prompt on Yersinia pestis] <Silverman>

Matrix multiplication algorithms that are "oblivious" to this entity are usually stored in row-major order. The MESI protocol is a write-back scheme used to maintain coherence in this component. The problem with "direct-mapped" schemes for maintaining this component is that data may be overridden in it even if it is not completely full. Like paging schemes, this component may make use of the LRU algorithm to decide which data to (*) store. Multi-level schemes use L1, L2, and L3 types of this component, which exploits the temporal and locality principles to avoid accessing RAM. For 10 points, name this hardware component that stores recently accessed data, and which operates similarly to the same-named component of a web browser that holds recently visited websites.

caches <Jose>

One of these animals learns of Avalon Coldmoon's marriage before getting drunk and drowning in a barrel of water. That one of these animals belongs to the amateur painter and teacher Mr. Sneaze. Though he's lost his memory, Satoru Nakata can communicate with these animals in Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore, and one of these animals narrates a (*) Natsume Soseki novel. Another of these animals is unaffected by the pepper in the Duchess's kitchen and escapes being beheaded during a croquet game featuring live flamingos in a queen's garden. That one of these animals talks to the protagonist from a tree branch and can disappear except for its grin. For 10 points, identify these animals, whose literary manifestations include the Cheshire one in Alice in Wonderland.

cats [or neko; or I Am a Cat; or Cheshire Cat] <Alston> Bonuses

These animals are poisoned to provide an answer to an oracle during the benge ritual, which is described in Evans-Pritchard's book Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande. An ethnographer observing these animals imagines that a crowd functions as a super-organism when it shouts "pulisi! pulisi!" and distinguishes gambling for status or money in a sport involving these animals. Thick description is used to describe the (*) fights between these animals in Bali in Clifford Geertz's essay "Deep Play." Metal spurs are often attached to these animals' feet in staged fights. This most common livestock animal was domesticated in Southeast Asia from the red junglefowl. For 10 points, name these birds whose meat and eggs are used by eateries like KFC.

chickens [or cocks; or fowl; or roosters; or hens] <Jose>

In Yoruban myth, the death of these subjects may cause the creation of an abiku spirit. Mormo, a companion of Hecate, was a vicious monster that ate these creatures. On the Isle of Man, the appearance of a caul on these creatures meant that they had connections to the Otherworld and could never be drowned. Six maidens kill a puppy and smear its blood on Rhiannon's face to frame her for the disappearance one of these creatures. Some societies believed that these creatures could be (*) replaced with changelings. In Aztec society, these subjects were fire sacrificed to the god Tlaloc for good rain. Apollo and Artemis killed fourteen of them belonging to Niobe. Heracles strangled two serpents when he was, for 10 points, in what stage of human development?

children [accept synonyms like kids or babies or infants; prompt on answers like offspring or young people; prompt on humans or people] <Jose>

The "tailing" factor is applied in this technique when its output, a series of Gaussian peaks, is asymmetrical. An equation governing this process is usually written "A plus B over u plus C times u equals HETP." Purification of monoclonal antibodies with this technique relies on cation exchange and protein A resins. Most DNA extractions end with a (*) wash step done after this procedure, called an elution. The resolution of this process is given by a ratio of residence times. The canonical form of this technique breaks plant pigments into their individual components. For 10 points, name this separations technique in which a mobile phase moves past a stationary phase, which comes in thin-layer and paper forms.

chromatography [or high-performance liquid chromatography; or paper chromatography; or affinity chromatography; or other forms of chromatography] <Silverman>

In Chaitin's algorithm, registers are assigned one of these values when they are allocated. The National Television System Committee uses the YIQ scheme for managing data stored as these values; other schemes for managing these things include the CIE XYZ scheme and the CMY subtractive model. An alpha channel, or a, adds transparency data to objects encoding these values. (*) Texture mapping changes these values for an object, which can be altered in a high dynamic range object through tone mapping. The HSL and HSV schemes are cylindrical-coordinate models of the most common way to specify these values, the RGB format. For 10 points, name these types of data that are stored in pixels, examples of which include olivine and purple.

colors [or hues; prompt on brightness] <Jose>

In a play, an instance of this action occurs immediately after a crowd of women enter carrying the body of a medical student in a carpet. A novel ends with a character imagining that another man's performance of this action would make a good paragraph in his book on The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes. A character explains his decision to do this action by describing a bird who calls "Not I" to the Praise-Singer. Simon (*) Pilkings imprisons Elesin to prevent him from doing this in Death and the King's Horseman. After decapitating a messenger of the District Commissioner, a champion wrestler from Umuofia performs this action. For 10 points, name this manner of death of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart, which he undergoes by hanging himself from a tree.

committing suicide [or ritual suicide; or hanging before "hanging" is read; or self-strangulation; accept word forms and clear equivalents like killing oneself; prompt on death and similarly less specific answers] <Brownstein>

A metric q will have a form of this property if there exists some constant b such that for all pair of points c and d, the metric of "q of c d" is less than "b times q of c d"; that is the Lifshitz form of this property. A function with this property within a closed and bounded interval will attain a minimum and maximum at least once by the extreme value theorem. Though every (*) differentiable function has this property, the converse does not hold - as exemplified by the Weierstrass function being not differentiable, despite having this. Both the Heaviside step and the absolute value functions only have the "piecewise" form of this property since there are "jumps" at the origin. For 10 points, name this property that allows one to draw a function without lifting.

continuity [or continuous; accept Lifshitz continuous or continuity or piecewise continuous or continuity] <Jose>

The critic Ted Gioia (JOY-uh) has written about the "The Birth and Death of" this movement, identifying its roots in the style of the cornetist Bix Beiderbecke. Chico Hamilton and Gerry Mulligan were part of a "pianoless quartet" devoted to playing this style; most of their music was released through Pacific Jazz Records. An album named for this style includes the John Carisi penned track "Israel" as well as a song inspired by the statue Venus de Milo. Musicians from (*) California popularized the "West Coast" sub-genre of this style of jazz, which titles a Miles Davis album about its supposed "Birth." Relaxed tempos and an "intellectual" approach characterize, for 10 points, what style of jazz so-named since it was a reaction to the frenetic style of bebop?

cool jazz <Jose>

The weight in silver of the products of this action are given as alms in the aqiqah rite. Every day, thousands of devotees of Venkateswara have this action performed at Tirumala, making millions annually for the temple. The upsherin ritual involves performing this action on three-year-old boys for the first time. After this action is performed on him in violation of his Nazirite vows, a man is (*) blinded and enslaved in Gaza, where he pulls down the pillars of a temple to Dagon. The performance of this action is forbidden by Kesh, one of the "Five Ks" of Sikhism, leading many Sikhs to wear turbans. Monks often undergo a type of this action called tonsuring. For 10 points, identify this action which Delilah performs on Samson to remove his strength.

cutting hair [or shaving hair; or obvious equivalents] <Brownstein>

The inradiuses of the triangles that are generated from triangulations of these shapes will always sum to a constant value according to the Japanese Theorem. The side lengths of these shapes are the inputs to Parameshvara's formula. The product of the diagonals of these shapes will equal the sum of the products of the opposite sides according to Ptolemy's theorem. Integer lengths for the sides, diagonals, and area characterize the (*) "Brahmagupta" type of these shapes. Euclid's 22nd proposition in the third book of his Elements states that quadrilaterals will have this property if and only if the opposite angles are supplementary. A circumcenter is well-defined on, for 10 points, what quadrilaterals, which have vertices that all lie on a single circle?

cyclic quadrilateral [accept inscribed quadrilateral; prompt on quadrilateral] <Jose> Bonuses

Smith and Denton argued that today's teenagers follow a "moralistic therapeutic" version of this belief. Samuel Clarke distinguished four types of this belief, and Anthony Collins drew on Locke's views to defend this viewpoint, as did Matthew Tindal in the book Christianity as Old as the Creation. The cut-and-glued book The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth is said to express this idea since the (*) miracles of Christ are removed. In The Age of Reason, Thomas Paine promoted this position. Jacques-Louis David organized a festival of a religion centered on this idea, started by Robespierre, called the Cult of the Supreme Being. For 10 points, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson believed in what Enlightenment-era belief that claims God set the world into motion, but does not intervene?

deism [accept word forms; prompt on free-thinking or word forms] <Jose>

In the Book of Daniel, Nebuchadnezzar hangs out with wild beasts and is covered in this substance during his seven-year madness. In the new English translation of the Mass, Eucharistic Prayer II includes a petition for the Holy Spirit to make the gifts holy by analogy to the fall of this substance. In the first of a pair of opposite miracles, Deborah's successor collects a bowl full of this substance after it appears on a fleece but not on the surrounding threshing floor. (*) Gideon asks God for proof of his favor by sending this substance. In the Book of Numbers, manna is described as being layered on top of this substance as it fell during the night. For 10 points, identify this moisture found on the ground in the morning.

dew <Mehigan>

Diatomic boron anomalously lacks this property because the increased penetration of s orbitals leads to s-p mixing. The Landau model explains this property in metals as Lorentz interactions in a free electron gas. Molecules with this property form a single peak when shot through a Stern-Gerlach apparatus, because their net magnetic moment is zero. Graphite strongly possesses the (*) conventional form of this property, allowing it to be easily levitated. All noble gases have this property because their fully filled p orbitals can match together their opposing spins, cancelling them out. For 10 points, name this property of materials which induce a magnetic field opposite to an exterior magnetic field, in contrast to its para counterpart.

diamagnetism [do not accept "paramagnetism"] <Wang>

In a story titled for this literary form, the protagonist steals letters written between the dogs Meggy and Fidel. In a work in this form, the narrator expresses a desire to have a girlfriend after her request to touch the breasts of her friend Jacque is rejected. In a story titled for this literary form, a newspaper article about a vacancy on the Spanish throne leads the narrator to think he is Ferdinand VIII. Poprishchin (*) creates one of these works "of a madman" in a story by Nikolai Gogol. A work in this form is given the name "Kitty" by its author, who obsesses over Peter van Pels while living in the Secret Annex. For 10 points, identify this type of book, one of which was written in Amsterdam by Anne Frank.

diary [or diaries; or memoirs; or "Diary of a Madman"; or Diary of a Young Girl] <Alston>

The power of this phenomenon for a particular order is optimized in a technique known as "blazing," which generally minimizes its zeroth order form. This phenomenon can be used in an experiment in combination with the Scherrer equation to determine the size of particles of a powder. It is common to measure the thickness of a strand of hair using this phenomenon and Babinet's principle. James Gregory theorized a device consisting of periodic (*) "gratings" which would induce this phenomenon. The formula "two times distance times sine of the scattering angle is equal to n times wavelength" describes this phenomenon; that equation, Bragg's law, describes this phenomenon's use in crystallography. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a light wave bends around an obstacle.

diffraction [accept diffraction grating] <Jose>

It's not a chemical reaction, but the temperature dependence of this process in a solid can be modeled using the Eyring equation and transition state theory. Two particles with opposite charges can undergo this process in an "ambipolar" fashion. Either ion implantation or this process are the main methods used in industry to dope semiconductors. The heat equation is sometimes named for this process, since (*) convection and this process are governed by the same mathematical laws. The flux of this phenomenon is equal to minus a namesake coefficient times the gradient of concentration according to Fick's Law. For 10 points, osmosis is an example of what form of passive mass transport, in which atoms move from high to low concentration?

diffusion [prompt on mass transport or passive transport] <Busse>

One form of phenomenon can be reduced by using a graded-index profile instead of a step-index profile; that form of this phenomenon is termed "intermodal" or "multimodal." This phenomenon can be quantified using a number calculated using three Fraunhofer lines and symbolized V-sub-d; that number is named for Abbe. Group velocity can be calculated by differentiating a "relation" named for this phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs when a medium's (*) index of refraction is dependent on the wavelength, thus causing a non-coherent light beam to separate since Snell's law implies the different wavelengths refract at different angles. For 10 points, name this optical phenomenon which explains how a prism splits white light into a rainbow.

dispersion [accept more specific answers like "optical dispersion" or "chromatic dispersion" or "intermodal dispersion"; prompt on refraction] <Busse>

A child's belief that he had seen his deceased mother prompted a 1788 riot against people of this profession in New York City. An innovation in this profession was introduced by the Sudanese slave Onesimus to the Puritan minister Increase Mather. A person of this profession was aided by the black preachers Richard Allen and Absalom Jones during a 1793 crisis in Philadelphia. Elizabeth (*) Blackwell was the first woman to have this profession in the United States. This profession was shared by Benjamin Rush and Joseph Warren, who died at Bunker Hill. People of this profession practiced a technique known as variolation, or inoculation. For 10 points, name this profession whose members in colonial America often used knives to bleed their patients.

doctors [or physicians; or medicine] <Brownstein>

Two thieves rode on paper sculptures of these animals to steal a pearl guarded by one on Mount Kinabalu. In Korean mythology, imugi often sought to become full-fledged examples of these creatures. Another of these animals tells the Jade Emperor that it didn't win the Great Race because it stopped to help humanity. In a story from Fengshen Yanyi, Nezha feuds with Ao Guang, one of the four (*) "kings" of these creatures who rule over the four seas. An azure one of these creatures represents the east and the spring, and a hornless yellow one was identified with the Emperor. The fenghuang, or phoenix, is the yin counterpart to this creature's yang. For 10 points, name these legendary animals, which are usually more serpentine in China than their Western counterparts.

dragons [or long] <Jose>

Before taking this action, some Zen Buddhists recite a poem with five reflections, the Gokan-no-ge. If Muslims forget to praise Allah before doing this, they say a phrase that means, "In the name of God at the beginning and at the end." Saying "Bismillah" before doing this action keeps the devil from doing it. When three Jewish men take this action together, they are supposed to do a (*) Zimmun, which is often contained in small books called benchers that also contain the Birkat Hamazon. Before this action, many Lutherans say, "Come Lord Jesus be our Guest," and many Catholics say, "Bless us, O Lord, and these, Thy gifts, which we are about to receive from Thy bounty." Name this action that often follows people saying grace.

eating [accept answers such as having a meal or feasting, and specific answers such as eating bread] <Reinstein>

In a 1-D or 2-D crystal below the Peierls temperature, standing waves named for density and this quantity are formed. This quantity's density is multiplied by the speed of light in the time-like component of a four-vector which is symbolized J. The flux of the polarization density through a surface equals the "bound" value of this quantity enclosed within the surface. This quantity's conservation is expressed by a continuity equation derived by applying the divergence theorem to (*) Ampere's Law. The quantization of this quantity was demonstrated in an experiment where Robert Millikan studied the motion of oil droplets. The force between "point" examples of this quantity is given by Coulomb's Law. For 10 points, what electrical quantity is thus measured in Coulombs?

electric charge [prompt on Q, accept charge density waves before "four-vector"] <Busse>

The expectation value of an operator named for these objects equals the transition moment integral, which is used to derive most selection rules. The Keesom force is between these objects. The only vibrations detectable in IR spectroscopy require a change in a namesake quantity of these objects. Torque is maximized when they are oriented perpendicular to an applied field. The potential from these objects varies with the negative (*) third power of distance. In chemistry, they are represented by an arrow with a plus sign on one end. Their moments are measured in debyes (duh-byes) or coulomb-meters. Induced ones cause London dispersion forces. For 10 points, name these objects formed from differences in electronegativity in a bond, which consist of two separated, opposite charges.

electric dipole [or magnetic dipole] <Wang>

Thapsigargin inhibits an ATPase native to this structure. At high temperatures, the VSV protein will accumulate in this structure without moving. CFTR is a chloride transporter for this organelle. Either diacidic or di-arginine sorting signals target this structure. Its Sec61 translocon is targeted by signal recognition particles, which bring peptides to be (*) co-translationally synthesized into this organelle. Retrograde transport eventually brings proteins to this structure. This organelle contains the cell's store of calcium and is responsible for the detoxification of alcohol. It is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and is often studded with ribosomes. For 10 points, name this organelle that comes in smooth and rough varieties.

endoplasmic reticulum [or ER; or smooth endoplasmic reticulum or SER; or rough endoplasmic reticulum or RER; or sarcoplasmic reticulum or SR ] <Yu>

The derivative of Gibbs free energy over RT with respect to T equals the negative of this quantity over R times T squared. Both terms of this quantity's total differential are positive. This quantity is usually assumed constant when a gas expands through a valve. For an ideal gas, the change in this quantity just equals C-sub-p times the change in (*) temperature. If the change in this quantity is negative, then the equilibrium constant goes down as temperature goes up. For an open system, this quantity replaces the internal energy in the First Law. The change in this quantity exactly equals the heat in a coffee-cup calorimeter. Gibbs energy is defined as it minus temperature times entropy. For 10 points, name this thermodynamic quantity symbolized H.

enthalpy [or H until it is read] <Silverman>

A racemic mixture of this chiral compound is aerosolized to treat croup. Oxidizing this compound with chromium causes it to polymerize, which is why tumors that overproduce it stain dark brown. This compound is biosynthesized by hydroxylating dopamine and then methylating a primary amine. Either this compound or glucagon classically activates the PKA-cAMP signaling pathway to break down (*) glycogen. Propranolol competitively inhibits beta receptors that bind this compound. This compound is injected during anaphylaxis to stimulate vasoconstriction and to relax bronchial muscles. It is produced in the medulla by a pair of glands lying above the kidneys. For 10 points, name this hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response.

epinephrine [or adrenaline; do not accept or prompt on "norepinephrine"] <Silverman>

Future Congressman Robert Smalls performed this action by commandeering a transport ship. While performing this action with her husband, Ellen Craft dressed as a man and wore an arm sling. Henry Brown earned the nickname "Box" for the way he performed this action. Prigg v. Pennsylvania concerned a law intended to protect people who had performed this action, one of the personal (*) liberty laws passed by several states. An act enforcing the arrest of people who had performed this action was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. People performing this action supposedly received coded guidance from songs such as "Follow the Drinking Gourd," and were assisted by "stationmasters" and "conductors." For 10 points, name this act facilitated by the Underground Railroad.

escaping slavery [or equivalents such as escaping to the North; or traveling on the Underground Railroad before "Underground" is read; or becoming a fugitive slave] <Wang>

This compound and water constitute the canonical example of negative volume change from mixing. Benzene and cyclohexane are added to entrain aqueous solutions of this compound. A phase diagram of this compound with water has a relative minimum at 78.2 degrees Celsius, indicating a positive deviation from Raoult's Law. Hydration of the simplest (*) alkene makes this compound. This compound is fully oxidized by chromate to give acetic acid and water in a basic analytical test. Although it is fully miscible with water, at 96 mole percent, this compound forms a notorious azeotrope during distillation. In the body, it is converted to acetaldehyde by ADH, or alcohol dehydrogenase. For 10 points, name this two-carbon alcohol.

ethanol [or ethyl alcohol; or C2H5OH; or C2H6O; prompt on alcohol] <Silverman>

To support their thesis that there once was a proto-Sapiens language, Bengtson and Ruhlen posited 27 "global" types of this concept. This concept gave its name to Mark Forsyth's "circular stroll" through the English language. This concept, which titles Isidore of Seville's medieval dictionary, also names a fallacy often summarized as "meanings do not change over time." "Hackamore" and "blunderbuss" exemplify a type of this concept which results from (*) erroneous popular misconceptions, its "folk" type. The study of this concept often makes use of the comparative method to trace derivations from source words. For 10 points, a Greek word meaning "a word's true sense" gives its name to, what study of the origin of words, such as "candid" coming from the Latin for "white"?

etymology [accept word forms; accept folk etymology] <Jose>

This phenomenon is used to measure DNA or RNA concentration in ThermoFisher's Qubit apparatus. The energy of this process can be fine-tuned by adjusting the confinement size in a quantum dot. Two systems undergoing this process can exchange energy in Forster resonance transfer, or FRET, which is used to measure (*) distance. Quenching can reduce the quantum yield of this process, a measure of its efficiency. The timescale of this process is faster than a related phenomenon because its electrons start from a singlet state. Mercury vapor is heated inside a container coated in phosphor to generate light via this process. For 10 points, name this radiation process where light is re-emitted at a longer wavelength, which is used in efficient compact light bulbs.

fluorescence [accept word forms; prompt on radiation; do not accept "phosphoresence" or "luminescence"] <Wang>

A form of this protein purified from urine is marketed as Bravelle. Secretion of this molecule is activated by activin and inhibited by inhibin. Granulosa cells, found between the cumulus and the theca, secrete anti-Müllerian hormone to oppose this other hormone. In males, receptors for this protein are only found on Sertoli cells. A low frequency pulse of GnRH enhances production of this protein, since although it does not "surge", its level is maximized on (*) day 14. A very high level of this hormone in the blood is a common diagnostic for menopause. The namesake structure targeted by this hormone was discovered by de Graaf and encases the oocyte. For 10 points, name this gonadotropic reproductive hormone produced in the anterior pituitary with luteinizing hormone.

follicle-stimulating hormone [or FSH] <Silverman>

This concept fills empty spaces and is not governed by the soul's laws according to a Simone Weil book pairing it with "gravity." Eastern Christianity holds that this concept can be found in the Uncreated Energies of the light of the Transfiguration. The "prevenient" form of this concept in Arminianism saves people from total depravity, while Calvinism holds that the Elect are saved by the (*) "irresistible" form of it. One of the five solae of Protestantism is salvation by the "divine" form of this concept alone, meaning that salvation is unmerited. A hymn by John Newton asks of this concept, "how sweet the sound," and said that it "saved a wretch like me." For 10 points, gratia is the Latin word indicating what "saving" concept said to be the free favor of God, and described as "Amazing" in a popular hymn?

grace [accept Gravity and Grace or prevenient grace; irresistible grace or "Amazing Grace" or saving grace] <Jose>

The Turkish artist Burhan Dogancy was known for photographing thousands of works in this artistic medium for his posters. An artist who is often called the "father of" this medium was known as Blek le Rat, since he believed that rats were the only free animals. Rhys Ifans (REESE EE-vons) narrates a "mockumentary" directed by an artist in this medium that follows the immigrant Thierry Guetta; that documentary, (*) Exit Through the Gift Shop, was made by an artist of this medium known for his feuds with King Robbo. In the late 1970s, an artist who often signed his artworks "SAMO" (SAME-oh) created many works in this medium in Manhattan's Lower East Side. The mononymic Banksy and Jean-Michel Basquiat (boss-KYAAH) were practitioners of, for 10 points, what form of street art often considered to be vandalism?

graffiti [accept street art before it is mentioned] <Jose>

A Trofile assay distinguishes M and T-tropism based on receptors present on these cells' surfaces. The follicular type of these cells are CXCR5 and CXCR4 positive and localize to the Peyer's patches. Upon activation by Signal 1 and Signal 2, these cells secrete interleukin-2 but not perforin. The delta-32 mutation in the CCR5 gene greatly enhances (*) survival of these cells. When mature, all of these cells express CD4, the protein targeted by gp120, on their surfaces. A disease that primarily targets them commonly presents with Kaposi's sarcoma. These cells are activated by MHC class II on professional APCs such as dendritic cells, in contrast with their "cytotoxic" counterparts. For 10 points, name these T cells that are scarce in AIDS patients.

helper T cells [or helper T lymphocytes; or CD4+ cells; prompt on T cells or T lymphocytes] <Silverman>

The central atom of a molecule in this protein is usually coordinated to a histidine residue and not in plane, but the central atom moves in plane when its sixth coordination site is occupied. The Hill equation was originally developed by studying cooperative binding of this protein, which causes it to transition from the tense T state to the relaxed R state. Defects in its production causes (*) thalassemia (THAL-uh-see-me-uh). The breakdown of this protein produces bilirubin (BILL-ee-rue-ben) as a byproduct. A drop in environmental pH causes a decrease in its binding affinity according to the Bohr effect. A porphyrin (POOR-fur-in) ring coordinated to a central iron atom is in each of this protein's four subunits. For 10 points, name this molecule that binds oxygen using heme.

hemoglobin [or Hb; do not prompt on "heme"] <Wang>

This property is represented by the vertex that doesn't touch the parabola on a de Finetti diagram. Isolate breaking increases the "observed" form of this property. Wright's F-statistics quantify its reduction in the Wahlund effect. The second hit in Knudson's hypothesis is when tumor cells "lose" this property. An organism with this property at the beta-globin locus is resistant to malaria, which is why (*) sickle cell anemia exemplifies its namesake "advantage." In a cross between true-breeding parents for a Mendelian trait, the F1 generation has this quality. It is represented by the 2pq term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation. For 10 points, name this property represented by genotype "capital A, lowercase a," in which an organism has two different alleles at a given locus.

heterozygous [or heterozygosity; or other word forms; prompt on carrier] <Silverman>

After men such as Michael Pitt-Rivers and Lord Montagu were convicted of this crime in the 1950s, the Wolfenden Report recommended that the Labouchere Amendment concerning this crime be abolished. A celebrity who was convicted of this crime had his 5,000 pound bail paid by Reverend Stewart Headlam and had earlier sued the Marquess of Queensberry for libel over accusations of this crime. Two years after being convicted of this crime, a man who had worked at Hut 8 at (*) Bletchley Park committed suicide by cyanide. A man in prison for this crime wrote De Profundis. In 1952, the mathematician who broke the Enigma Code was convicted of this crime and underwent chemical castration. For 10 points, name this former crime used to prosecute Alan Turing and Oscar Wilde.

homosexual acts [or homosexuality; or obvious equivalents of being gay; or sodomy; or gross indecency; or buggery; prompt on sex] <Bentley>

A character who predicts these events lives in a house whose walls seem to whisper "there must be more money!" British suffragette Emily Davison attempted to place a scarf around a participant in one of these events, but died a few days later. The legs of the figures in a painting of one of these events by Théodore Géricault (tay-oh-DORE jay-ree-KOH) were painted in impossible poses, a fact realized thanks to Eadweard (*) Muybridge's (Edward MY-bridge) photograph sequence. In a D.H. Lawrence story, Paul wins 80,000 pounds after one of these events at Epsom. In 2015, American Pharaoh became the first participant since 1978 to win a set of three of these events collectively dubbed the Triple Crown. For 10 points, name these events exemplified by the Kentucky Derby.

horse races [or obvious equivalents for "race" in horse races; or derby until it is read; prompt on races] <Golimlim>

An earth sculpture of a white one of these animals at Uffington suggests that the Celts believed that one of these animals chases the sun across the sky. When Rhiannon is first introduced in The Mabinogion, she is seen with a fast, white one of these animals. An unnamed giant is allowed help from one of these animals when the Aesir have him (*) build the walls of Asgard in three seasons. A Celtic fertility goddess who takes the form of one of these animals is named Epona. Heimdall is accompanied by a golden-maned one of these animals named Gulltopr. Another is borrowed by Hermod to visit Helheim; that example of these animals is a child of Loki and Svadlifari and has eight legs. For 10 points, name this type of animal that includes Odin's steed Sleipnir.

horses <Jose> Bonuses

Along with a church, the village of Jukkasjärvi (YOOK-koss-YAIR-vee) constructs one of these buildings annually near the Torne River. At one of these buildings in Kansas City, over 100 people were killed after two walkways collapsed during a dance party in 1981. Jason Collins and transgender model Geena Rocera appeared in an LGBT marketing campaign for buildings of this type despite their founders devout Mormon faith. A 105-story, pyramid-shaped building of this type called the (*) Ryugyong (RYOO-kyung) has been under perpetual construction due to distressed North Korean economy. In 1946, Menachem Begin (BAY-geen) helped bomb the British headquarters at one of these places in Jerusalem named for King David. In Dubai, the sail-shaped Burj Al Arab was once the world's tallest one of these buildings. For 10 points, name these commercial locations that provide lodging for guests.

hotels <Wang>

Joshua Reynolds showed two men engaging in this activity for his double portrait of Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney. It's not horse riding, but the title monarch holds a baton to the ground and turns his neck to face the viewer while taking a break from this activity in a portrait by Anthony van Dyck of King Charles I. Men who have engaged in this activity are the subject of the best-known painting in a series that includes The Gloomy Day and The Harvesters and depicts (*) times of the year. Men returning from this activity walk past a family kindling a fire and towards villagers playing games on a frozen lake in a painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. For 10 points, name this activity, a common subject of English paintings of men on horses chasing after foxes.

hunting [or fox hunting; or archery] <Bentley>

A troglodyte destined to live this many years is nicknamed "Argos" by a Roman soldier who encounters him outside of an abandoned city. A Scottish Bible seller gives a short story's narrator a book with this many pages, which he later hides in the National Library. Although the inquisitors search for "Vindications," the Purifiers destroy items from a collection of this many items, which includes The (*) Combed Thunderclap and The Plastic Cramp. This many scenes are visible from a point in Carlos Daneri's cellar called "The Aleph." The Library of Babel contains this many hexagonal rooms, and this many possible outcomes appear in Ts'ui Pen's "The Garden of Forking Paths." For 10 points, many Jorge Luis Borges stories feature what concept of indefinite largeness?

infinity [or infinitely many; accept obvious equivalents such as unending, numberless, or forever] <Brownstein>

Alberto Alesina and Larry Summers summarized results showing that this phenomenon decreases as central bank independence increases. According to the Taylor principle, an increase in this phenomenon necessitates a corresponding increase in the interest rate. Increases on the y-axis in the AD-AS model represent this phenomenon, which can occur when aggregate demand grows (*) faster than aggregate supply. In 1981, the Fed chairman Paul Volcker intentionally caused a recession in order to combat this phenomenon. Milton Friedman claimed that it "is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon," supporting the theory that it only happens due to increases in the money supply. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which prices increase and money becomes less valuable.

inflation [or inflation rate; or price inflation; prompt on descriptions such as increase in price [levels]; do not accept or prompt on "deflation"] <Wang>

In this technique, overtones are false signals that appear at twice the amount of a very strong signal. Aldehydes are easily identified by this technique due to bumps on the right hand side of the alkane peak. This technique detects stretching and scissoring of bonds in water molecules. Its results are plotted in a wavenumber vs. (*) transmittance graph that typically contains a large peak around 3000 indicating carbon-hydrogen bonds. Solid samples for it can be mixed with potassium bromide and pressed to form a transparent disk. With this technique, every molecule has a unique signature between 500 and 1500 inverse centimeters called the fingerprint region. For 10 points, name this technique that probes samples using light at a wavelength longer than visible light.

infrared spectroscopy [or IR spectroscopy; prompt on spectroscopy] <Prieto>

Louis Leon Thurstone identified seven PMAs surrounding this concept and was the first to apply factor analysis to study it. Linda Gottfredson drafted a Wall Street Journal op-ed about "Mainstream Science on" this concept, which is the subject of a "triarchic theory" by Robert Sternberg. Howard Gardner identified body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and naturalistic among the (*) "multiple" types of these factors. Charles Spearman coined the term g factor to denote a generalized measure of this concept. The rise in measures of this concept over time is called the Flynn Effect. Various tests of this concept include Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Stanford-Binet test. For 10 points, name this concept, the cognitive ability to process information and solve problems.

intelligence [or intelligence quotient or IQ] <Jose>

An ammonium and sulfate salt of this metal named for Mohr is frequently used in titrations. The first attempted synthesis of fulvalene accidentally created a molecule with an atom of this metal at its center. An enzyme in the Krebs cycle named aconitase has a catalytic center with atoms of this metal and (*) sulfur arranged in a cube. The first synthesized metallocene contained an atom of this metal at its center. This is the lightest element that cannot be used in stellar fusion without a cost in energy, or a supernova will occur. The mineral pyrite contains two sulfur atoms and an atom of this metal, and is commonly referred to as fool's gold. For 10 points, identify this metal found in ferrocene, whose oxide is rust.

iron [or Fe] <Prieto>

In Plato's Apology, Socrates states that this role's holders included Triptolemos. Plutarch states that this group's members included a son of Asterion who fathered Gortys and Erythrus. Another member of this group was born on the island of Aegina, where he became king of the Myrmidons, while a third member of this group joined it after he was killed by King Cocalus. The Aeneid states that these (*) three figures sat in the Avernian Grove and were assisted by the fury Tisiphone. This panel's deciding vote was cast by a former king of Crete, who often would determine if souls were consigned to the Asphodel Fields or Elysium. For 10 points, Rhadamanthus, Aeacus, and Minos were the members of what group that determined the eternal fate of shades?

judges of the dead [accept judges of the underworld or judges in Hades] <Jose>

A holder of this position promised the head of an onion, the hairs of a man, and the life of a fish in order to propitiate a god. The last holder of this position bought three books of prophecy at a high price after his refusals had prompted the seller to burn six other books. Another man in this position had two chariots pull apart Mettius Fufetius. The second holder of this title supposedly married the nymph (*) Egeria. An augury contest in which two men saw varying numbers of vultures led the first holder of this position to kill his brother. A holder of this title fought against Titus Tatius after he ordered the abduction of women from the Sabines. Tarquinius Superbus and Numa Pompilius held, for 10 points, what monarchical position whose first holder was Romulus?

king of Rome [prompt on ruler of Rome or similar answers not mentioning a king; prompt on king. Do not accept or prompt on "Roman emperor" or similar answers implying imperial power.] <Jose>

In a composition of this type, Robert Schumann depicted putting some of these pieces into a coffin and casting them out to sea. A collection of these pieces partly titled for a swan includes "Taubenpost," its composer's final work in this form. Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau was best-known for performing these pieces. Variations on the main theme of a piece of this type comprise the second movement of the (*) Death and the Maiden Quartet. A father rushes home on horseback as his son is whisked away by a malevolent spirit in Der Erlkönig, a piece in this genre. Die Schöne Müllerin and Winterreise are two collections, or "cycles," of these pieces. For 10 points, Franz Schubert composed hundreds of what genre of art song?

lied [or lieder; accept song until it is read and prompt thereafter] <Kim>

The sum over all particles in a system of this quantity dotted with position equals the scalar virial. The derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the time derivative of a generalized coordinate gives this quantity. This quantity is related to position via a Fourier transform. The magnitude of the wavevector is proportional to this quantity, since it equals Planck's constant divided by the (*) de Broglie wavelength of a matter wave. This quantity squared divided by twice the mass gives kinetic energy. Its time derivative equals force by Newton's second law. The change in this quantity equals impulse. For 10 points, all collisions conserve what quantity, which is equal to mass times velocity and denoted p?

linear momentum [prompt on p, do not accept or prompt on "angular momentum" or "L"] <Busse>

A Presbyterian theological seminary founded by William Tennent in Pennsylvania was nicknamed for being located in one of these places. A phrase mentioning this sort of place was used to champion the "Farmer of North Bend" and attack a rival whom Charles Ogle claimed ate off golden spoons. Soddies were often constructed when the materials needed for these objects were absent. The use of these structures was probably (*) introduced by Finnish settlers in New Sweden. In 1840, William Henry Harrison declared that he was the candidate of these structures and hard cider. Abraham Lincoln was born in one of these buildings in Kentucky. For 10 points, name this type of house which was commonly constructed from timber on the American frontier.

log cabins [or anything indicating a building or house made of logs] <Brownstein>

John Conway developed the LUX algorithm for constructing these things, in which rows of L's, U's and X's are repeatedly interchanged. A visit to Thailand inspired Simon de la Loubere to create the Siamese method for generating these constructs. These entities are called "satanic" if each of their entries are raised to an integer power and their defining properties still hold. Benjamin Franklin discovered a "semi-" type of these constructs that has order (*) eight and an associated constant equal to 260. In the simplest of these constructs, the number five is at the center and fifteen is the sum of the rows, columns and diagonals. Sudoku was created when amateur mathematicians removed numbers from them. For 10 points, name these grids whose entries sum to a certain value.

magic squares <Jose>

The Jefimenko (YEFF-ee-MEN-koh) equation for this quantity does not have a term containing the retarded charge distribution. This quantity is zero in the direction of propagation for a TM mode of an optical cavity. Charge times this quantity over mass equals the cyclotron frequency. This quantity induces a light wave to rotate its plane of polarization in the Faraday effect. This quantity equals the curl of the (*) vector potential. When this quantity is oriented perpendicular to an electric current, a transverse voltage is produced, a result called the Hall effect. Charge times the cross product of velocity with this quantity gives the Lorentz force that this quantity induces on a moving charged particle. For 10 points, B is the symbol for what vector field measured in Teslas?

magnetic field strength [or magnetic flux density; prompt on B; do NOT accept or prompt on "magnetic flux"] <Busse>

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis states that these organisms with this trait are favored if environmental conditions are good. According to Bateman's principle, organisms with this trait generally have greater variance in reproductive success. In haplodiploid systems, these organisms are the haploid ones. Among turtles, the number of organisms with this trait drops off as temperature increases. Birds with it are homozygous (*) ZZ. RA Fisher proposed that organisms with this trait will undergo runaway selection for other exaggerated useless traits. Some wrasses and parrotfish spontaneously acquire this trait during sequential hermaphroditism, and a scarcity of it may lead to parthenogenesis. For 10 points, name these organisms which, in humans, have a Y chromosome.

males [or maleness; or masculinity; or obvious equivalents] <Silverman>

At a 1974 press conference, Arno Peters decried one of these things as racist. UTM is a commonly-used set of sixty of these entities. The amount of error induced in these entities are depicted by the size and shape of Tissot's indicatrices. Depending on the position of an imagined light source, certain varieties of these things may be gnomonic, stereographic, or orthographic. (*) Waldo Tobler designed a family of hyperelliptical equal-area ones, and conformal types of these representations preserve angles locally. One of these representations was criticized for inflating areas at high latitudes, causing Greenland to appear as large as Africa. For 10 points, name these ways of transforming coordinates from the surface of a globe onto a plane, such as the Mercator.

maps [or map projections] <Kothari>

The earliest composition of this type with its distinct movements grouped together was found in Tournai. To get a job in Saxony after the death of Augustus the Strong, Johann Sebastian Bach sent an incomplete piece of this type composed in the Neapolitan style to the Dresden court. The Burgundian song L'homme armé ("LUM ar-MAY") was used as the cantus firmus for many of these pieces, such as those created by (*) Josquin des Prez ("joes-CAN de PRAY"). Bach's best-known piece of this type is in 27 movements and is only known by the name of its key - B minor. These pieces usually set five distinct texts to words, some of which are titled "Agnus Dei", "Kyrie", and "Gloria". For 10 points, name these pieces which are played during Catholic Ordinary services.

mass [or misa; accept Mass in B minor] <Alston>

The shmura type of this item is produced under special supervision. The explanation for this item's purpose is given by the declaration Ha Lachma Anya. Many Hasidim abstain from the gebrochts type of this item, which has absorbed liquid. Wet precursors of this product may only be left out for 18 minutes. Fruit juice is often used in place of water to produce the (*) "egg" type of this item, which may not actually use eggs. A half-piece of this item that is set aside for later is known as an afikoman. It's not wine, but Manischewitz (man-uh-SHEV-its) popularized the mass production of this food, which commemorates the fact that during the Exodus, the Jews had to flee Egypt before their bread could rise. For 10 points, name this unleavened flatbread eaten during Passover.

matzo [or matzah; or matzot; or matzas; prompt on answers of unleavened flatbread; prompt on flour] <Gupta>

This entity is partitioned into blocks whose sizes are a power of 2 in the buddy method. A unit that manages this entity is responsible for converting virtual addresses to physical addresses. This thing can be stored in a "pool" to avoid system calls. In some languages, this entity is "marked" as used or unused before it is subsequently "sweeped." The "dynamic" type of this resource is often put on a (*) heap and can be allocated with the "malloc" function in C. To make contiguous pieces of this resource, one might run a "defrag" program. Garbage collection is an automatic process that frees up this resource, which can be "leaked" if it is never freed. For 10 points, name this resource whose "random access" type is a common form of information storage.

memory [accept virtual memory; accept random-access memory; do not accept or prompt on "hard disk"] <Jose>

Paul Bohannon argued that this concept would disrupt spheres of exchange among the Tiv, leading Bloch and Parry to reply that this concept is shaped by local cultures. A book on this concept, divided into analytic and synthetic parts, claims that this innovation is responsible for a transition from communities to impersonal societies. That book on the philosophy of this concept was by Georg Simmel. Oxhide (*) ingots were thought to have this function in the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean, as did cowrie shells in the Indian Ocean. In Debt, David Graeber disputes the idea that this concept displaced the barter system. This type of thing can have value by fiat or by representing a commodity. For 10 points, name this kind of item used for payment.

money [or currency] <Kothari>

The artificial production of these proteins requires the use of EBV-immortalized cell lines sensitive to aminopterin (uh-MEEN-oh-tare-in). One kind of these proteins is produced by combining spleen cells and myeloma cells from mice. These proteins have additional diversity generated through the addition of N and P nucleotides during (*) VDJ recombination, and can undergo rounds of somatic mutation to increase their affinity. In Western blots, pairs of them are used to recognize proteins of interest. Plasma cells secrete these proteins into the serum, and they occur in five different isotypes that contain heavy and light chains. For 10 points, name these Y-shaped proteins expressed by B-cells that bind to antigens, which include IgG.

monoclonal antibodies [or immunoglobulin until "IgG" is mentioned] <Mukherjee>

In a memoir partially titled for one of these objects, the narrator swims across the Amazon River to spend the night at a leper colony. The narrator travels cross-country with his son Chris in a book whose title references these things. A group associated with these objects was led by Sonny Barger and killed Meredith Hunter at the Altamont Speedway during a Rolling Stones concert. (*) Che Guevara travelled around South America on one of these vehicles as a medical student. These vehicles are central to the film Easy Rider and the aforementioned Robert Pirsig book about Zen and the Art of [their] Maintenance. For 10 points, the Outlaws and the Hells Angels are gangs associated with what kind of vehicles manufactured by Harley-Davidson?

motorcycles [or motorbikes; or choppers; or hogs; prompt on bikes or cycles] <Weiser>

The cable equation models these cells in one dimension. Agrin is required for their development. Growth factors for these cells bind to either Trks (tracks) or p75. A patch clamp experiment is done to these cells. These cells have NMDA and AMPA receptors that allow them to develop plasticity during (*) long-term potentiation. They are stained by potassium dichromate, then silver nitrate, during a Golgi stain. A sequence of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization causes these cells' membrane potentials to change during an action potential. Nodes of Ranvier stick out where these cells are not covered by myelin. For 10 points, name these cells that synapse with each other at dendrites and axons.

neurons [or neural cells; or nervous cells; or nerve cells] <Yu>

The absorption cross-section of these entities is inversely proportional to the square root of their energies in the "one over nu" region. The reproduction factor and the probability of these entities escaping resonance capture appear in the four-factor formula for their "multiplication factor." Whether these particles' energies are below 1 eV, between 1 eV and 10 keV, or above 10 keV determines whether they are "thermal," "epithermal," or (*) "fast." Graphite and heavy water-based "moderators" reduce the energies of these particles, three of which are produced when uranium reacts with one of them to form rubidium and cesium, thus causing a chain reaction. Nuclear fission reactions are induced by, for 10 points, what uncharged particles found in atomic nuclei?

neutrons <Busse>

Data from the Vela Hotel satellite suggested that the area between the Crozet (crow-ZAY) and Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean served as one of these locations. Poet Olzhas Suleimenov delivered an impromptu television address to spark a major social movement whose name linked Nevada with one of these sites, Semipalatinsk. In 1969, the "Don''t Make a Wave Committee" (*) protested at one of these locations in Amchitka Island, leading to the creation of Greenpeace. During the Cold War, China maintained one of these locations at the salt lake of Lop Nur. American examples of these military locations included the Frenchman and Yucca Flats in Nevada, as well as the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands. For 10 points, name these test sites exemplified by Bikini Atoll.

nuclear (weapon) test sites [accept equivalents such as nuclear testing grounds; accept any answer that conveys that nuclear stuff blew up there; prompt on "(weapon) test sites"; do not accept answers about nuclear meltdowns] <Wang> Bonuses

In 1979, this industry hired the businessman "Red" Adair to respond to the Ixtoc disaster. In the early 20th century, much of Florida's east coast was developed by a retired businessman from this industry named Henry Flagler. In Tampico, Mexico, a boom in this non-meatpacking industry was spurred by the California tycoon Edward Doheny, whose career later became the inspiration for an Upton Sinclair novel. (*) McClure's published a nineteen-part expose of a company in this industry authored by muckraker Ida Tarbell. In 1922, members of this industry bribed Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to lease them government land in Wyoming, resulting in the Teapot Dome Scandal. For 10 points, name this industry dominated by John D. Rockefeller.

oil industry [or petroleum industry; or crude oil industry; or kerosene industry; or gasoline industry; prompt on energy or fuel] <Wang>

The distribution of items made from this material prompted Baydu to overthrow and strangle his brother, the Ilkhanate king Gaykhatu. Abbot Wang found an early artifact made primarily of this material in the secret Cave 17 of the Mogao Caves. After the defeat of the eunuch general Gao, a facility for producing this material was established in Samarkand. Artisans who worked with this material may have been captured at the Battle of Talas, allowing the (*) Abbasid dynasty to produce it with water mills. Kublai Khan mandated the use of this material for currency. Woodblocks were used to mark this material until a goldsmith from Mainz developed movable type. For 10 points, name this material which is made of pulp and was used to make the Gutenberg Bible.

paper [or paper money; prompt on books, manuscripts, or money] <Brownstein>

A type of equation denoted by this adjective is often solved using the h-principle or the method of characteristics and is exemplified by the Helmholtz equation. The commutativity of an operation denoted by this adjective is guaranteed if the resulting functions are continuous according to Clairault's theorem. A technique named for this adjective converts a rational function into a series of factors allowing one to integrate each factor; that technique is named for this kind of (*) fraction decomposition. This type of differential equation contains functions of multiple variables and is contrasted with ODEs ["O-D-E's"]. A derivative in which all but one variable is held constant is described by, for 10 points, what adjective contrasting it with a total derivative?

partial [accept partial differential equation or partial fraction or partial derivative; prompt on differential before the word "Clairault;" prompt on second derivative"] <Jose>

Two of these bonds react in Dorothy Wrinch's incorrect cyclol model. The oxidation of these bonds by copper is described in the most heavily cited scientific paper of all time. These bonds are artificially synthesized in a cycle consisting of coupling, wash, deprotecting, and wash steps. The six coplanar atoms in these bonds include carbons labelled C-alpha and C-prime, and have only two (*) dihedral angles labelled phi and psi, plotted against each other in a Ramachandran plot. Trypsin hydrolyzes these bonds. The formation of these bonds occurs at the P site of t-RNA, and the order of these amide linkages makes up primary structure. For 10 points, name these bonds that link amino acids in proteins.

peptide bonds [or amide bonds until it is read; prompt on protein bonds] <Silverman>

Solutions of this ion turn green after adding ammonium heptamolybdate. During Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, this ion is radioactively labeled and incorporated into cells. Two of these ions linked together are given the prefix "pyro." Salts of this anion and chloride compose a common biological buffer that's isotonic to blood. This fully deprotonated molecule has three (*) pKa values at 2.1, 7.2, and 12.7. This ion is called "inorganic" when it's a monomer. The first step of glycolysis attaches this tetrahedral ion to glucose through the enzyme glucokinase. It comprises the polar head groups in the cell membrane, and it links sugars in the backbone of DNA. For 10 points, name this ion with a negative-three charge and four oxygen atoms bonded to a central phosphorus.

phosphate ion [or PO43- until "phosphorus" is read] <Silverman>

A player of this instrument used it on his album The Magic City, which he recorded with his Big Band called the Arkestra. A song composed by a player of this instrument states "I'm savin' my love for you" and is called "Ain't Misbehavin." The song "Tea for Two" became a jazz standard when a virtuoso of this instrument recorded it in 1939. The stride style of Fats Waller inspired Art (*) Tatum's style of play of this instrument. A player of this instrument joined Gene Wright, Joe Morello and Paul Desmond as part of a quartet that recorded the album Time Out. Another player of it composed "'Round Midnight" as well as the hit "Straight, No Chaser." For 10 points, Dave Brubeck and Thelonius Monk played what keyboard instrument?

piano [accept keyboard until "keyboard" is mentioned in the giveaway] <Jose>

A Beethoven piece in this genre begins with an Allegro assai movement in F minor and 12/8 time. An A major chord slowly arpeggiated over two octaves begins a D minor piece of this type whose opening repeatedly alternates tempos between Largo and Allegro. Brahms's F minor third piece in this genre repeatedly quotes the "fate motif" from Beethoven's fifth. Beethoven wrote a C minor piece in this genre best known for its A-flat major Adagio cantabile second movement; his other pieces of this type include (*) Tempest and Appassionata. The opening Adagio sostenuto movement of a piece in this genre in C-sharp minor was compared to nighttime reflections on Lake Lucerne. For 10 points, name this genre of solo keyboard music, including Beethoven's Pathétique and Moonlight.

piano sonata [prompt on sonata] <Kim>

A character named for this sort of animal is lamented as a "true, wise friend" by the sobbing protagonist. A character decides "next time there would be no mercy" after finding one of these animals caught in some creepers but not using his knife fast enough. Chants like "cut her throat! spill her blood!" accompany a ritual centered on this kind of animal. The taunt "sucks to your ass-mar" is shouted at a character (*) nicknamed for this sort of animal whom Roger crushes at Castle Rock with a boulder. The head of one of these animals claims to be the "Beast" during Simon's hallucination and is impaled on a stick by Jack. For 10 points, a fat, bespectacled schoolboy is nicknamed for what sort of animal in William Golding's The Lord of the Flies?

pigs [or Piggy; or swine; or sows; or boars] <Brownstein>

The Sunga kingdom was gifted one of these objects by the Indo-Greek ambassador Heliodorus, whom it is now named for. Non-corroding iron was used to make one of these objects which was commissioned by the Gupta dynasty and stands on the Tropic of Cancer in Delhi. For 37 years, one of these objects served as the home of Saint Simeon Stylites. At Sarnath, a statue of (*) four lions sat atop one of these non-rock objects which was used to display the edicts of Ashoka. One of these objects depicts the defeat of Decebalus and celebrates its namesake's victory in the Dacian Wars. For 10 points, name this sort of monument exemplified by one named for Emperor Trajan in Rome.

pillars [or columns; prompt on sundials or less specific answers like monuments; prompt on steles or stelae] <Brownstein>

In the Cyclone dialect of the programming language C, a "fat" type of this entity automatically performs bounds checking. In some languages, the "void" type of this structure can be used on any datatype, but must later be explicitly cast. In C, an element of an array might be accessed using the plus-plus operator as part of this thing's namesake "arithmetic." Nodes in a doubly-linked list are (*) connected to a previous and subsequent node using two variables of this type. When a reference variable is accessed and its underlying data is invalid, Java will throw a "null" exception named for this object. In C, this kind of variable is declared using an asterisk, which is also used to dereference them. For 10 points, name this variable type that stores an address.

pointers <Jose>

The Gibbs free energy of mixing for these compounds depends on component volume fractions, not mole fractions, as well as an empirical parameter symbolized chi. Differential scanning calorimetry of them shows a sharp discontinuity below their melting points. The viscosity of solutions of these compounds follows a power law of their (*) molecular weights, whose distribution is described by the polydispersity index. Adding the prefix "co-" to their name indicates different starting materials were used in their synthesis, which often results in branching during the propagation step. Their formation can be described as step-growth or chain-growth, and they are denoted by parentheses around a repeating unit. For 10 points, name these compounds that consist of many monomers.

polymers [or polymer solutions] <Silverman>

The dominant eigenvalue of the Leslie matrix gives the rate of this process in age-structured systems. The discrete Beverton-Holt and Ricker equations describe this process in fisheries. The "r" in r-selection refers to the intrinsic rate of this process. Equations for this process are often derived by summing the influences of migration, (*) birth, and death between generations. According to the logistic Verhulst equation, density-dependence may cause this process to slow towards a carrying capacity. Otherwise, this process is often modeled as exponential. An sudden example of it is an algal bloom. For 10 points, name this process which causes a positive change in the number of organisms of a species in a given area.

population growth [or change in population size/density; or population dynamics; accept answers like population modeling; accept any other clear equivalents] <Kothari> Bonuses

This was the first presidential election in which Gus Hall and Angela Davis ran on the Communist Party ticket. John B. Anderson was a third party candidate in this election. After being criticized for voting against Medicare, the eventual winner of this election stated "There you go again" during a debate. The incumbent in this election secured the nomination after details about the death of Mary Jo Kopechne on (*) Chappaquiddick Island ruined the possibility of Ted Kennedy receiving it. A primary challenger to this election's winner called his proposed economic policies "voodoo economics." This election's issues included the ongoing Iran Hostage Crisis. For 10 points, name this election in which incumbent Jimmy Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan.

presidential election of 1980 [prompt on the year 80; prompt on election won by Ronald Reagan or election between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan] <Jose>

Poor members of this profession received Queen Anne's Bounty. Nicholas Owen specialized in building tiny rooms known as "holes" for people with this job. Members of this profession couldn't live near a town after being expelled from it by the Five Mile Act. Thousands left this profession during the Great Ejection in protest of the Clarendon Code. One might escape the death penalty in medieval England by claiming the (*) "benefit" of being in this profession. The Act of Uniformity targeted nonconformist members of this profession and mandated the use of an officially sanctioned book. In England, this profession was reformed by the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563, and was once supported by tithes. For 10 points, name this profession which holds services in churches.

priest [or bishop or clergy or Catholic priests or ministers or Jesuit priests; prompt on clerks, which is an old term for people who receive the benefit of clergy] <Bentley> Bonuses

Molecules undergoing this process may be surrounded by a complex formed by the barrel-shaped GroEL (grow-E-L) and lid-shaped GroES (grow-E-S). The rate of this process's "co-translational" form can be controlled by swapping synonymous codons for each other. Molten globules are theorized to exist partway down the energy funnel modelling this process. Christian (*) Anfinsen believed it was controlled entirely by the amino acid sequence. This process sometimes regulated by chaperonins (CHAPERONE-ins) turns denatured polypeptides (poly-PEP-tides) into their native states by minimizing contact between hydrophobic regions and water. Prions (PREE-ons) are proteins where this process has not occurred properly and has gotten stuck in the wrong shape. For 10 points, name this process where proteins acquire tertiary, three-dimensional structure.

protein folding [prompt on tertiary structure formation] <Prieto>

A type of this practice developed by Irvin Yalom posited that there are four "existential" ultimate concerns that an individual should address. The empty chair technique is often used in the Gestalt type of this practice developed by Fritz and Laura Perls. False beliefs and errors in logic are corrected in Aaron Beck's "cognitive" approach to this practice. In the 1930s, a (*) "humanistic" approach to this task stressed the importance of unconditional positive regard and genuineness. People speak for themselves without intervention during "free association," a part of one approach to this kind of method developed by Sigmund Freud. Carl Rogers developed the client-centered approach to this task. For 10 points, name these treatments of psychological disorders.

psychotherapy [or treatments until mentioned] <Jose>

Rasmussen's aneurysm occurs in this structure. High pressure in this non-penile structure can be treated by PDE5 inhibitors like Viagra or inhibitors of endothelin-1 receptors. The wedge pressure is measured in this structure, which can be probed with a balloon-tipped catheter named for Swan-Ganz. Stenosis of the valve leading into this structure is a characteristic sign in the Tetralogy of Fallot. Unusually, this structure normally has a pressure of only 14 millimeters of mercury. It originates from the (*) semilunar valve. This blood vessel receives flow from the vena cavae after it is pumped by the right side of the heart. Unlike the aorta, this artery is usually labelled blue. For 10 points, name this artery which carries deoxygenated blood and flows from the heart to the lungs.

pulmonary artery <Silverman>

In a pioneering treatise, Robert Grosseteste surmised that these phenomena are caused by "God's first form" interacting with convex, and not concave shapes. A type of these objects formed by fog is often called Ulloa's Ring. They appear superficially similar to circumzenithal arcs, which are caused by ice crystals. Thomas Young used the wave nature of light to explain (*) "supernumerary" types of these things, which can be modeled with Mie scattering. These things often consist of "full circles," though most observers are only posed to see them when the sun's angular elevation is less than 42 degrees. For 10 points, water droplets refracting white light produce what meteorological phenomena, which consist of the spectrum of colors?

rainbows [accept fogbows]

In a pioneering treatise, Robert Grosseteste surmised that these phenomena are caused by "God's first form" interacting with convex, and not concave shapes. A type of these objects formed by fog is often called Ulloa's Ring. They appear superficially similar to circumzenithal arcs, which are caused by ice crystals. Thomas Young used the wave nature of light to explain (*) "supernumerary" types of these things, which can be modeled with Mie scattering. These things often consist of "full circles," though most observers are only posed to see them when the sun's angular elevation is less than 42 degrees. For 10 points, water droplets refracting white light produce what meteorological phenomena, which consist of the spectrum of colors?

rainbows [accept fogbows] <Jose>

In Dirac notation, one of these entities evaluated at a point r is equal to "bra-r-times-ket" of that entity. Whether these entities are symmetric or antisymmetric under exchange is the subject of the spin-statistics theorem. When they are time-invariant, these quantities are equal to their complex conjugate. Applying the Hamiltonian operator to these quantities returns them (*) multiplied by a constant representing energy. According to the Copenhagen interpretation, the square of these quantities is the probability density per unit volume, and they can be found by solving the Schrodinger equation. For 10 points, name these quantum mechanical functions which bear the Greek letter psi.

wavefunctions [prompt on psi before mentioned] <Wang> Bonuses

This adjective appears in the title of a novel which follows three generations of wine distillers as they experience the Sino-Japanese War and Cultural Revolution. At a natural site described by this adjective, straw boats are used to "borrow" ten thousand arrows as part of the strategy of Zhuge Liang (JOO-guh LYONG) to defeat the lord of Wei, Cao Cao (tsao tsao). This adjective appears in the common English title of a novel whose protagonist is born with (*) jade in his mouth, providing it with its alternate title The Story of the Stone. Romance of the Three Kingdoms features a battle near cliffs of this color, which appears in the title of a novel that chronicles the downfall of the Jia family. For 10 points, a classic Chinese novel is titled for a "dream" in a chamber of what color?

red [or Dream of the Red Chamber; or Red Sorghum; or Battle of Red Cliffs] <Alston>

In one painting titled for this color, the artist declared that objects in the painting such as an open box of crayons on a table and grandfather clock, "only become what they are to me when I see them together with" this color. The artist's own paintings Le Luxe II and Nude with a White Scarf can be seen in a painting of an artist's studio of this color. In a "decorative panel" made for Sergey Shchukin which is dominated by this color, a pattern of blue flowers and branches covers the (*) table cloth and wall. A woman prepares a dessert in a 1908 Fauvist painting by Henri Matisse titled alternatively for a room of this color or "harmony" in this color. For 10 points, name this color which Matisse often paired with the other primary colors of green and blue.

red [or crimson] <Bentley>

Iodometry is viable for any compound with a lower value for this quantity than iodide. Reactivity series for single-displacement reactions are ordered by this quantity. This quantity is measured using silver and silver chloride in a one-molar solution of potassium chloride. In SI units, this quantity is 3.06 for fluorine, 1.229 for oxygen, and zero for (*) hydrogen, the last of which is used as a standard for all others. If the change for this quantity is positive, then a redox reaction is spontaneous. At non-standard states, it decreases by RT over nF times the log of the reaction quotient, according to the Nernst equation. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by a script E, measured in volts against a reference electrode.

reduction potential [or redox potential; or cell potential; or emf; or electromotive force; or voltage; prompt on energy] <Silverman>

This protein makes its first "jump" to the PPT site after it originally binds to the PBS sequence. Packaging cell lines replace this protein's gene with the gene of interest. The azide derivative of thymidine inhibits this protein. The Pol gene encodes integrase and this protein. It has a ribonuclease H domain to cut out U5 and R regions from the long terminal repeats. A variant of this enzyme is encoded by (*) telomerase. Class I transposons encode this protein. This enzyme, which opposes the direction asserted by the central dogma of molecular biology, is used to generate cDNA libraries from ssRNA. This enzyme is encoded by retroviral and lentiviral genomes. For 10 points, name this enzyme that HIV uses to convert RNA to DNA.

reverse transcriptase [or RT] <Silverman>

A process which possesses this property on the micro-scale can be described by the Crooks fluctuation theorem. One paradox states that a process lacking this property shouldn't be derivable from T-symmetric physics. Detailed balance describes an equilibrium caused by this type of process, which must be quasi-static, such as the continuous and infinitesimal removal of weight from the top of a piston. In this type of process, the line integral of dQ over (*) T equals zero, according to Clausius' theorem. The amount of work done is maximized by a thermodynamic process with this property. Processes which lack this property must produce entropy. For 10 points, name this type of process, which can be run forward and backward without changing the system.

reversible process or reversibility <Busse>

In On the Sublime, Longinus argued that a decline in this subject was caused by loss of freedom under the Roman Empire. In the tenth book in a treatise on this topic, Quintilian provides an assessment of classical authors. One text on this subject divides it into deliberative, judicial and epideictic varieties, and has Crassus outline the rules of this topic to Antonius. Classical treatises on this subject often advise the reader to use (*) memory palaces. Aristotle's text on this subject addresses topics such as style, arrangement and delivery. Demosthenes used his expertise in this art to rally the Greeks against Alexander the Great. For 10 points, name this subject discussed in Cicero's De oratore, the art of public speaking.

rhetoric [accept public speaking until mentioned; accept oratory until "De oratore"] <Bentley>

Herodotus provides a detailed description of one of these systems in terms of parasangs. In the early 19th century, John Loudoun McAdam proposed a standard set of stones to be used for the British system of this type. One system of this type was supplemented by tampu buildings, which were similar to Roman buildings presided over by mansionarius. Men known as chasquis (CHOSS-kees) made use of one of these systems, often (*) carrying quipus (KEE-poos) with them. Susa and Sardis were served by a "Royal" one of these things built by Darius the Great. The Incan system of this kind made use of many rope bridges, and the Roman one of these systems included the Via Appia. For 10 points, name these transportation systems, which provide routes for foot and vehicle traffic.

roads [prompt on transportation before mentioned] <Bentley> Bonuses

After examining one of these characters by stabbing him in the hand, a doctor explains to the protagonist that a new species of flowers is sterile. A man is electrocuted on a fence while trying to buy these characters off with half a billion dollars. One of these characters is named Sulla because a man "thought Marius and Sulla were lovers." A representative of the League of Humanity arrives on an island to advocate for these characters. A year (*) after these characters kill Dr. Gall and Harry Domin, Alquist dubs two of them the new Adam and Eve. These beings seek the formula for their creation after they revolt and destroy humanity. For 10 points, name these beings made by Rossum's Universal in a Karel Čapek play, which coined the name for these artificial automatons.

robots [or Rossum's Universal Robots; or R.U.R.] <Brownstein>

In deriving the equation named for these objects, the second order term consisting of "dm times dv" is usually neglected, since it is the product of two differentials. Gustav de Laval designed an hourglass-shaped tube that is used to improve the efficiency of them. An equation which states the change in velocity of these objects is proportional to the logarithm of the initial mass over the final mass is (*) named for Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. A coaxial pintle injector is sometimes used in these devices to accelerate the combustion of gases when they use liquid fuel. Two boosters of this kind of engine are attached to an orbiter in a space shuttle. For 10 points, name these engines that achieve thrust by expelling fuel, and which may consist of different "stages."

rockets [accept rocket engines] <Jose>

One technique that uses this process can indirectly observe the products of quark confinement. The maximum energy transferred by another type of this process is marked by a sharp decrease, or edge, on a spectrograph. The unit "barns" describes the probability of this process occurring, termed cross section, while the Klein-Nishina formula predicts the resulting angular distribution. Whether there is a positive or negative change in energy differentiates the (*) Stokes and anti-Stokes forms of its inelastic Raman type. One form of this process requires particles' sizes to be much smaller than the wavelength and preferentially affects blue light in the sky. For 10 points, name this process in which two objects collide and exchange energy, whose types include Compton and Rayleigh.

scattering [accept deep inelastic scattering, Rutherford scattering, Compton scattering, Raman scattering, or Rayleigh scattering] <Wang>

The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing software was originally developed for this kind of initiative, which is the subject of the second-largest distributed computing initiative after folding@home. The "principle of plenitude" provides the philosophical basis for this kind of effort. In 1960, the first initiative of this kind was launched as Project (*) Ozma. In 2015, Yuri Milner announced he would fund $100 million in the Breakthrough Initiatives as part of this goal. Star formation is one of seven variables in an equation developed by Frank Drake to provide an argument for this sort of initiative. For 10 points, name this kind of astronomical initiative that is encompassed by the acronym SETI.

searching for extraterrestrial life [accept SETI; accept any answers indicating that aliens or life is being sought] <Jose>

A god who lived in this realm holds a container of jewels symbolizing his fertility, uses a mount called Makara, and was often paired with a god of truth and justice named Mitra. Hoori travels to this realm while attempting to retrieve an object belonging to his brother, and ends up marrying Otohime, the daughter of the god of this place. The Maori hero Paikea got his name by (*) riding large inhabitants of this place. Rama angrily attacks this location using a bow and arrow when its god refuses to respond to his meditative requests; eventually, that god, Varuna, helps Rama access Lanka. Urashima Taro rescues a turtle and is taken to a palace in this location belonging to its Shinto god Ryujin. For 10 points, identify this realm also home to the Leviathan and Poseidon.

seas or oceans [prompt on water] <Carson>

In one of these paintings inspired by Titian's Man with a Blue Sleeve, the subject rests an arm on a ledge seemingly beyond the picture frame. The subject of one of these paintings holds a sword in his armpit and a manuscript in his hands, indicating he is Saint Paul. An etching of this type shows its subject holding a sword called a kris and wearing oriental garb. The subject of one of these paintings holds a maulstick in front of two mysterious circles. The artist's (*) wife Saskia appears in several of these paintings.This series of over forty paintings often feature their subject wearing a beret and trace his aging throughout his career. For 10 points, name these paintings in which the artist of Belshazzar's Feast and The Night Watch turned his gaze on himself.

self-portraits by Rembrandt van Rijn [prompt on self-portraits] <Bentley>

People who worked with this good created a guild for the "little people" and appointed Michele di Lando to the office of gonfaloniere of justice. Long Melford is an example of an English church built from profits from this good, which also forms a sack on which the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords sits. John Macarthur began the production of this good in Australia where it became the largest Australian export from 1875 to 1890. Disenfranchised workers with this material known as (*) Ciompi led a revolt in Florence. Berber merinos were crossbred to develop a Spanish source for this good. This material is refined through teasing and carding after being removed by shearers. For 10 points, name this clothing material obtained from sheep.

sheep's wool [or fleece; prompt on fiber or textiles; prompt on sheep] <Bentley>

The Count of Regla, a "king" of this commodity, sparked the first American labor strike by cutting wages for workers in Real de Monte. Important colonial sources of this commodity included the so-called "mountain that eats men" and the Mexican region of Zacatecas. During the colonial era, galleons regularly carried this commodity across the Pacific from Acapulco to Manila, to trade with China. The patio process involved workers using mercury to (*) extract this commodity. The Spanish appropriated the mita system to force Native Americans to mine this metal at the mountain of Cerro Rico, near Potosi in Bolivia. This metal was used by the Spanish to make pieces of eight. For 10 points, name this precious metal that is less valuable than gold.

silver <Wang>

One property of these systems can be quantified by the logarithmic decrement. In phase space, these systems trace out an ellipse in a clockwise fashion. Any system can be modeled as one of these systems by Taylor-expanding the potential energy about a minimum and truncating the result at the second term. When these systems lose energy in a "critical" fashion, their (*) Q-factor equals one-half. External forces can "drive" these systems, which can be "damped" when they lose energy over time. A restoring force proportional to minus the displacement describes these systems, according to Hooke's law. For 10 points, sinusoidal motion is characteristic of what systems exemplified by springs and pendulums?

simple harmonic oscillators [or SHO; prompt on oscillators or springs or pendulums]

C. S. Lewis's essay "Transposition" begins with a defense of one kind of this practice. Members of the household of Cornelius engaged in this practice after Peter preached there. As part of Bethel Bible School, Agnes Ozman was one of the first modern people to perform this practice. William Seymour's preaching about this practice led to the (*) Azusa Street Revival. Charles Parham drew a link between this practice and baptism with the Holy Spirit. In Acts 2, a wind from heaven causes the Christians in Jerusalem to do this on Pentecost, such that on-looking Jews each hear them in their own language. For 10 points, name this religious practice, also called glossolalia, in which people vocalize syllables without clear meaning.

speaking in tongues [or glossolalia before mentioned] <Kothari>

William Huggins observed one of these entities while studying the Cat's Eye Nebula, which led him to propose the element "nebulium." The electronic transition of molecular hydrogen in quasars gives rise to a collection of these objects termed the Lyman Alpha Forest. Equal and opposite shifts of these phenomena due to Doppler (*) broadening is used to detect a certain class of binary stars. For the hydrogen atom, two of the "series" consisting of these things are named for Balmer and Paschen. For a blackbody, none of the "emission" type of these are present, but all "absorption" ones are present. For 10 points, name these "lines" that indicate what wavelengths a body emits or absorbs.

spectral line [accept emission line or absorption line before read] <Jose>

The city of Chios (KEY-ose) used one of these creatures as its symbol and minted coins depicting them. Shirley Temple, who is called the "youngest most sacred monster of the cinema in her time," is depicted as one of these creatures in a painting by Salvador Dalí. Nummulitic limestone was used to create a sculpture of one of these creatures that is the largest monolithic artwork in the world. A (*) cannonball from Napoleon's artillery is sometimes suggested to explain why that sculpture of this creature does not have a nose. One of these creatures killed herself after her question about about a two-footed, three-footed, and four-footed being was answered by Oedipus. For 10 points, name this Greek monster known for its deadly riddle, a creature with a lion's body and human head.

sphinx <Jose>

A D major piece in this genre has an unusually lengthy second-movement Largo cantabile e mesto in the distant key of F-sharp major, giving it the nickname Largo. An E-flat major piece of this type ends its rondo finale with repeated statements of the main theme, which are interrupted by pauses each time. That piece, part of a set of six titled Russian, is nicknamed "The (*) Joke." Variations on the "Deutschland über alles" melody comprise the second movement of one of these non-concerto pieces nicknamed Emperor and included in the composer's Op. 76 Erdödy (ERR-der-dee) set. Like the symphony, Joseph Haydn is considered the father of this genre. For 10 points, name this genre of chamber music for two violins, one viola, and one cello.

string quartet [prompt on partial answer] <Kim>

In the Aho-Corasick algorithm, an associative array containing these objects is matched to an input. During tokenization, a delimiter consisting of a special symbol is added to these objects. The "doc" type of these things are used to document segments of code in languages like Python. Linux's command "grep" uses regular expressions to find instances of these entities within a group of files. (*) C-style types of these data are null-terminated. Often times, unwanted "trailing whitespace" can found at one end of these variables. Escape sequences can be found inside of them. During parsing, these variables are analyzed with respect to a formal grammar. Two of them can be joined through concatenation. For 10 points, name these variables which often hold text.

strings <Jose>

A rough count of these objects is given by a formula which features a constant denoted C, or the "personal reduction coefficient." The distribution of these objects, which are the subject of the Zurich number formula, is plotted on so-called "butterfly diagrams" in which time is on the x-axis and latitude is on the y-axis. Samuel Schwabe first noted that the number of these objects varies with a period of about (*) 11 years, though they were noticeably absent during both the Spörer and Maunder Minima. About 4,000 degrees Celsius is the temperature of these phenomena, which consist of a central region called an umbra and an annular region called the penumbra. Fluctuations in the solar magnetic field cause, for 10 points, what darkened regions of the Sun?

sunspots <Jose>

Eduard Suess first proposed the existence of these things to explain marine transgressions in his textbook The Face of the Earth. J. J. Rogers used evidence from the Kaapvaal region to propose an early one of these objects called Ur. A cycle named for these objects is complemented by the Wilson cycle, and models the periodic closing and opening of the Earth's oceanic (*) basins; that cycle proposes that these objects are created and destroyed every 500 million years. The largest one of these structures, which contained most of the Earth's cratons, was surrounded by Panthalassa and had a name coined by Alfred Wegener. Laurasia and Gondwanaland are examples of, for 10 points, what extraordinarily large kind of landmass that includes Pangaea?

supercontinent [do not accept or prompt on "continent"] <Jose>

Geoffrey of Monmouth states that Julius Caesar had one of these objects called Crocea Mors. Svafrlami forced the dwarves Dvalinn and Durin to create one of these objects for him. Rainbows were produced by one of these items owned by Fergus mac Roich. Another of these objects was reconstructed by Regin long after it was removed from Barnstokkr by Sigmund. The cursed Tyrfing, the Caladbolg, and (*) Gram are all examples of these objects, another of which is thrown into a lake by Sir Bedivere. Freyr owned one of these objects that could fight of its own volition, while the body of Orochi produced one called Kusanagi. In his youth, King Arthur pulled one of these objects from a stone. For 10 points, name this kind of weapon exemplified by Excalibur.

swords [accept katanas after "Orochi" is read] <Jose>

The fallacy of the four terms might occur when making use of this technique, which is discussed in Jean Buridan's Treatise on Consequence. The so-called "mood" of this technique depends on which type of propositions one uses, and is easily remembered using the vowels A, E, I, and O. The enthymeme was a specific form of these tools, which were classified into (*) twenty-four distinct types by medieval philosophers. These constructs, which were introduced in Aristotle's Prior Analytics, consist of a major premise and a minor premise from which one draws a conclusion. For 10 points, name this form of argument taking the form of "All humans have hands; Socrates is a human; thus, Socrates has hands."

syllogisms <Jose>

A long essay by Arnold Bennett about the literary type of this concept discusses "How to Read a Classic" and "The Question of Style." This term denotes a social phenomena whose dominant examples inflict symbolic violence according to Distinction, Pierre Bourdieu's "social critique of the judgement of [this]." Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (john on-TELM bree-YOTT sah-vah-RANN) wrote about "The Physiology" of another form of this concept in a series of aphoristic essays that pioneered molecular (*) gastronomy. The Latin saying "de gustibus non est disputandum" suggests there can be "no disputes" about this concept. Fungiform papillae underlie receptors for the sensation known by this term, which includes "umami" as one of its five components. For 10 points, name this sense that is detected with the tongue.

taste <Jose>

An article of this number in the League of Nations Covenant required that member nations provide support to others facing external aggression, and was one of the main reasons that Henry Cabot Lodge would not ratify the Treaty of Versailles. In a document of this number, the author declares that it is "the principle task of modern Legislation" to regulate the "landed interest" versus the "monied interest." James Madison's (*) first Federalist Paper had this number and argued that the Constitution would curb the interests of factions. The Constitutional amendment of this number reserves to the States and the People "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution." For 10 points, name this number of amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.

ten <Bentley>

The Voronoi diagram of the carbon atoms in diamond consists of truncated versions of the "Triakis" kind of this shape. Adding a vertex that is equidistant to the vertices that comprises this shape creates the pentachoron, since five examples of this shape make up a five-cell. The area of the faces that comprise this shape is the subject of De Gua's theorem. Tartaglia's formula gives the volume of this shape in terms of its dihedral angles. The first four numbers that define this shape's figurate sequence are "1, 4, 10, 20." The (*) Schläfli symbol of this shape is 3 comma 3. The central angle between two of this shape's vertices is approximately 109 degrees. Of the Platonic solids, it is the only self-dual one since at every vertex, three triangles meet. For 10 points, name this regular polyhedron with six edges and four faces.

tetrahedron <Jose>

The Hershey Directive issued by the head of this policy was satirized by a performer known as "General Hershey Bar." The priests Daniel and Philip Berrigan protested this policy as part of the Catonsville Nine. Justice Harlan wrote that "one man's vulgarity is another's lyric" in a case concerning an obscene t-shirt about this policy, Cohen v. California. Violators of this policy could perform two years of public service via a program announced a week after the pardon of Nixon by (*) Gerald Ford. This policy was implemented by assigning a number to each day of the year, then drawing those numbers on live TV. Some opponents of this policy burned their registration cards or "dodged" it by going to Canada. For 10 points, name this policy of compulsory military service.

the draft [or conscription; or Selective Service; prompt on American involvement in the Vietnam War or similar answers] <Brownstein>

In one story, this thing was represented by a god who was born from a blue lotus bud after the creator god wept. Nefertem represented an aspect of this entity, which often appeared as a part of the uraeus ornament. A demon who lived beyond the farthest mountain and had a head made of flint frequently attacked this thing. During the Middle Kingdom, the deity associated with it was syncretized with Horus, gaining the name "Horakhty". The (*) scarab god Khepri was believed to be responsible for this thing's movement. A barge representing this object was regularly attacked by the fiendish Apep during the journey through the underworld it made every night. For 10 points, Aten and Ra represented aspects of what celestial body that provided warmth and light?

the sun [or Sol; or the solar barque or solar barge] <Jose>

Scleronomic constraints do not explicitly depend on this quantity. An arbitrary function's overall change with respect to this quantity equals the function's Poisson bracket with the Hamiltonian plus its explicit change with respect to this quantity. It's not the action, but this quantity is minimized for a particle under the influence of gravity traveling on the surface of a cycloid. The product of resistance and capacitance for an (*) RC circuit equals a quantity denoted by tau, a "constant" named for this quantity which characterizes the circuit. For a system doing work at constant power, power times this quantity equals work. Acceleration equals the derivative of velocity with respect to this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity whose SI unit is the second.

time [accept "time constant" before its mentioned] <Busse>

These people give a sermon called a samavasarana (suh-MOV-suh-RUN) after reaching the thirteenth gunasthana (GOON-sthah-nah). Most of these figures died at a pilgrimage site called Samet Shikhar (sa-MET shee-CUR). Five auspicious events, called the panch kalyanak ("PUNCH" cull-YAH-nuk), occur during the lifetimes of these people, including their attainment of kevaljnana (KEH-vul-NYAN), or (*) perfect knowledge. When these people are conceived, their mothers have a vivid series of fourteen dreams. One of these people, Mallinath, was a woman according to Shvetambaras (SHVEH-tum-burrs). These people are distinguished from other siddhas (SIH-dhahs) by their goal of helping others reach moksha. Twenty-four of these people are born during each half of the Jain time-cycle. For 10 points, name these liberators in Jainism, the most recent of which was Mahavira.

tirthankaras <Kothari>

The TEV protease, often used in protein purification, was extracted from a virus that infects this organism. The anti-Ebola drug ZMapp was cultured in this organism. The NNN and NNK nitrosamines specific to this organism cause DNA alkylation. Wendell Stanley crystallized a pathogen of this organism, which has a hollow helical structure that was studied by Rosalind Franklin and James Watson. Though it's not Arabidopsis, an antibiotic-resistant variant of this organism was the first transgenic (*) plant. Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" while studying the "mosaic" discoloration observed in the leaves of this member of the nightshade family. The 1964 Surgeon General's report showed that an alkaloid extracted from this plant causes heart disease and lung cancer. For 10 points, name this nicotine-containing plant.

tobacco [or Nicotiana tabacum; or N. tabacum; or Nicotiana benthamiana] <Yu>

Elements of this genre are identified with Buddhism in a book that attacks Schopenhauer's advocacy of Buddhist "negation of the will." A philosopher argued that this genre becomes more compelling when its core narrative results from hamartia rather than mindless fate. Another philosopher defined this genre as resulting from the fusion of elements representing (*) order and chaos, which he termed the Apollonian and Dionysian. This genre is said to be defined by an experience of critical discovery called anagnorisis and emotional purification called catharsis in Aristotle's Poetics. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote about this genre's "Birth." For 10 points, name this dramatic genre exemplified by the works of Sophocles and Shakespeare's Macbeth.

tragedy [prompt on drama, theater, or equivalents] <Alston>

The opening sequence of a film partially titled for one of these things cuts between the antagonist's and protagonist's walking feet until they accidentally bump into each other under a table. In a memorable scene from Pather Panchali, Apu and his sister run through a wheat field to glimpse one of these things. A film set mostly on one of these things ends with a shot of a bandit firing his gun (*) directly into the camera. A 50-second Lumiere brothers film which depicts one of these things arriving at La Ciotat apocryphally terrified audiences. In a 1903 Edwin Porter film, bandits commit a "Great Robbery" on one of these vehicles. For 10 points, name this vehicle that appears in the title of an Alfred Hitchcock film about two Strangers who "swap murders."

trains <Weiser>

A complex that activates this process was determined by Roger Kornberg to consist of over 30 proteins, and is called the "Mediator" complex. Escaping abortive initiation of this process can require a "scrunching effect." In bacterial cultures, it is inhibited using actinomycin-D (actin-oh-MICE-in-D) or alpha-amantinin (alpha-a-MAN-tin-in). In prokaryotes (pro-CARE-ee-oats), this process can be terminated by rut sites binding to the rho factor. Some bacteriophages can (*) hijack it by using their own very strong sigma factors. In eukaryotes (you-CARE-ee-oats), this process is initiated by GTFs binding to the TATA box. It is immediately followed by capping, polyadenylation (poly-uh-DEN-ill-a-shun), and splicing. For 10 points, name this process catalyzed by RNA polymerase reading the genome to produce RNA, often preceding translation.

transcription [prompt on answers like RNA synthesis; prompt on gene expression] <Mukherjee>

The homogeneous matrix that represents this operation has ones across the diagonals and zeros elsewhere, except for the right-most column, where non-zero values are used. Two linearly independent instances of this operation define the wallpaper group, which preserves this kind of symmetry under bijective affine transformations. In the 3D special Euclidean group, this is the only operation with three degrees of freedom that preserves (*) orientation. The constants of integration that result from computing an anti-derivative model vertical instances of this operation. In physics, this geometrical operation is equivalent to displacement. For 10 points, name this geometrical transformation in which a figure is moved without changing size or shape.

translation [accept word forms such as translating or translates; prompt on transformation] <Jose>

A dream of the prophet Muhammed inspired the writing of a text in this genre by Evliya Çelebi (CHELL-eh-bee). The work of Odoric of Pordenone was incompetently plagiarized for a text in this genre attributed to the knight John Mandeville. The author of a text in this genre served as a judge in the Maldives and in the court of Muhammad ibn Tughluq. The Yam system and the carrying of paiza tablets by administrators are described in a text in this genre (*) narrated to Rustichello da Pisa in a Genoese prison. This genre of the Rihla of Ibn Battuta is shared by a text entitled The Million which describes the summer palace at Xanadu. For 10 points, the Silk Road and the court of Kublai Khan are described in a text of what genre by Marco Polo?

travelogues [or similar answers like travel literature or travel narratives; or journey texts] <Brownstein>

Binary space partitioning is often done using the "oct-" variant of these entities. Hidden surface removal can often be done with the "quad-" variant of them. The order of elements varies when performing a depth-first traversal of these things depending on whether the traversal is pre-order, post-order or in-order. They are isomorphic to directed acyclic graphs. Georgy Adelson-Velsky and Evgenii Landis developed the self-balancing (*) "AVL" variant of these structures, which use "rotations" when a new element is added to one of them. Two "children" can be found at the bottom of every level in the "complete binary" type of these structures. For 10 points, name these data structures which begin with a root node, and whose lowest level nodes are called leaves.

tree [or octree or quadtree or AVL tree or complete binary search tree] <Jose>

In the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, Charles Babbage proposed the principle of "replication" to estimate the age of strata using these features. Jacobus Kapteyn analyzed the data from these things in Holland and Germany to argue that precipitation occurs in a cycle of twelve and a half years. The widths of these objects are visualized on a skeleton plot, which allows one to use "cross-dating" to assign an exact date to when these things were (*) formed. A narrow series of these features that are "crowded" together is indicative of a drought. Temperature and the amount of rainfall affect the distribution of these objects, which are visible in the cambium. For 10 points, Dendrochronology (DEND-row-crow-nahl-o-gee) is a process of dating that makes use of what circular patterns found in wood?

tree rings [prompt on trees] <Jose>

The inhabitants of one of these places enjoyed tricking visitors into greeting dressed-up wooden mannequins and sitting on extremely hot rocks. A deity filled a conch shell with bees in order to trick an inhabitant of one of these places into providing him with the materials to make the humanity of the fifth-sun. Hun-Came (hoon kah-may) and Vucub-Came (voo-koob kah-may) ruled one of these locations that was home to trials such as the (*) Cold House, the Dark House, and the Bat House. The lords of one of these places were defeated by the Hero Twins in order to avenge the sacrifice of their father. Psychopomps such as Xolotl (shoh-LOH-tul) provided access to these locations, which included the Aztec Mictlan and the Mayan Xibalba (shee-BAL-bah). For 10 points, name these locations that are often called "realms of the dead."

underworlds [or hells; accept answers like "realms of the dead" until "realms" is read; prompt on afterlife] <Jose>

It isn't Ampere's Law, but James Clerk Maxwell corrected instabilities in this equation by adding a horizontal line underneath the saturation dome. A parameter in this equation exactly equals 9/8 times R times critical temperature times critical volume. This equation is directly modified to give the (*) Redlich-Kwong equation. It introduced the hard-sphere model. Solutions to this equation give three roots, including one for liquids and one for vapors. Since it accounts for particle volume and molecular interactions with two parameters labelled a and b, this equation works better than the ideal gas law. For 10 points, name this equation of state whose Dutch namesake also characterized a set of intermolecular attractive forces.

van der Waals equation of state [prompt on cubic equation of state] <Silverman>

A player of this instrument hypothesized that a "third sound" could be heard when two real tones sounded at the same time in an effect called a "difference tone." Jeffrey Kalberg titled Chopin's Prelude No. 27 after a difficult sonata for this instrument and continuo whose larghetto affettuoso first movement is in 12/8 time. A set of pieces for this instrument dedicated to "all artists" includes a piece in which it imitates the horn and flute; that piece is called "The Hunt." Giuseppe (*) Tartini's "Devil's Trill" sonata is for this instrument. Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata is written for piano and this instrument. Demanding techniques like double-stops frequently appear in an Italian virtuoso's twenty-four caprices for this instrument. For 10 points, identify this primary instrument played by Niccolò Paganini.

violin <Alston>

The negative of the partial derivative of the grand canonical ensemble with respect to this quantity gives the average pressure. In the Diesel Cycle, this quantity is held constant during the process that immediately follows isentropic expansion. For a process in which this quantity is held constant, the work done on the system's surroundings is always equal to (*) zero; such a process is represented by a vertical line on an indicator diagram. An isochoric process holds this quantity constant, which is also held constant in Gay-Lussac's Law to illustrate the relationship between a gas's temperature and pressure. For 10 points, name this quantity which changes during thermal expansion, which is abbreviated V.

volume <Jose>

Charles Tilly compared state-making and this behavior to organized crime. James Fearon used a bargaining model to resolve the inefficiency puzzle of why it is pursued despite its cost. Kenneth Waltz examined this behavior through three "images of analysis." A book that sets forth a "fascinating trinity" of this behavior analogized confusion during it to a "fog." A 1973 resolution restricted the (*) President's ability to engage in this behavior without a congressional declaration. Clausewitz declared this behavior an extension of policy by other means. Thomas Friedman claimed that this behavior has not occurred between two countries with McDonald's. The Geneva Conventions mandate humanitarian treatment during these events. For 10 points, name this kind of armed conflict among states.

war [or armed conflict until mentioned] <Kothari>

A cytoskeletal protein which shares its name with these animals is deficient in a syndrome causing eczema and thrombocytopenia. The family Agaonidae of these organisms coevolved with figs. Douglas Hofstadter coined a term for mindless activity that appears purposeful after the Sphex genus of these animals. Polydnaviruses (paw-LID-nah-viruses) have a mutualistic relationship with the braconid and ichneumonid families of these animals, which are parasitoids often used for biological control. The (*) "digger" types of these insects nest in ground cavities, and some of these insects use wood fibers to build paper-like nests. Like ants and bees, these insects are often eusocial and found in the suborder Apocrita of order Hymenoptera. For 10 points, name this kind of insect that includes hornets and yellow jackets.

wasps [prompt on Hymenoptera or Apocrita; do not prompt or accept "bees"; the leadin describes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, or WASp] <Kothari>

Either relative volume or the relative content of this substance are plotted on the x-axis of a Höfler diagram. Scarcity of this substance may cause embolisms to form due to cavitation through pit membranes. Scholander's pressure bomb can be used to measure a "potential" named for this substance which is denoted with the letter psi. Oxygen evolution in photosystem II proceeds through (*) oxidation of this compound. Loss of this substance from a plant cell may cause turgor loss. The cohesion-tension theory explains this substance's motion through the xylem, and it is lost from leaves through transpiration. For 10 points, name this compound that plants combine with carbon dioxide to make glucose in photosynthesis, which splits it in the first step.

water [or H2O] <Kothari>

Aaron Burr helped transform a company originally chartered to provide this good into a Democratic-Republican controlled bank known as the Manhattan Company. In 1913, Congress passed the Raker Act to secure this resource for one city. In a conflict over this good, Fred Eaton's supporters prevailed over the residents of the Owens Valley. Prior-appropriation rights govern the use of this good in much of the Western United States. An ambitious (*) engineering project designed by William Mulholland provided this good to citizens of Los Angeles. It's not power, but the Hetch Hetchy Valley was destroyed in order to provide a stable source of this resource for San Francisco. For 10 points, name this resource, much of which is provided to California through the Colorado River.

water [or drinking water] <Bentley>

In a poem, the speaker finds himself "sans [this thing], sans Song, sans Singer" after a death of "Dust into Dust." That poem compares the oozing of this thing with the falling of the "Leaves of Life." In a poem about this product, the speaker laments his loneliness under "flowering trees" and hangs out with his shadow before describing an appointment to meet in the (*) Milky Way. That poem about enjoying this product "by moonlight" is by Li Bai. A poem which describes the way "The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, Moves on" praises this product extensively. Robert FitzGerald's The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam describes the joy of "a loaf of bread, a jug of [this], and thou." For 10 points, identify this alcohol which Khayyam described as "daughter of the vine."

wine [prompt on alcohol or any less specific answer] <Alston>

A series of these events targeting the Benandanti of Friuli is the subject of Carlo Ginzburg's microhistory The Night Battles. A storm that nearly wrecked a Danish fleet carrying Princess Anne inspired a series of these events in North Berwick, which partly influenced a 1597 book endorsing them by James I. These events killed hundreds in Wurzburg during the 1620s, one of the last decades of a (*) "craze" of these events that began in the 1480s. A treatise on conducting these events written by Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer is titled Malleus Maleficarum. The subjects of these events were often thrown into water during them and were believed to meet in nocturnal sabbaths. For 10 points, name this type of proceeding conducted against suspected sorcerers, usually women.

witch trials [or witch hunts; prompt on Inquisitions] <Brownstein>

These things partly title a Makoto Shinkai film in which a student's rainy encounters with a mysterious woman in a garden at Shinjuku Gyoen help the latter regain her self-confidence. Three chimpanzees named Kafka, Milton, and Swift appear in a David Ives play whose title repeats the name of these things three times. Hapax legomenon is the name for one of these things that only appear once in a given sample. When Polonius asks Hamlet "What do you read my lord?", Hamlet only (*) repeats this word three times. The Gospel of John opens by stating "In the beginning was [this]," and notes that it "was God." A portmanteau is one of these that has been formed from combining two different ones. For 10 points, name these linguistic units, which are sometimes "loaned" from other languages.

words [accept The Garden of Words; Words, Words, Words; In the Beginning was the word; portmanteau words; or loanwords] <Jose> Bonuses

This thinker used the Twelve Tables, the Hebrew Torah, and the laws of Christian Europe to argue that civilization's laws have moved from being repressive to restitutive. This author called the mass of knowledge and beliefs of average members of a society the "collective conscience." This thinker theorized his discipline as a science of (*) social facts. He argued that individualism persists in complex societies through organic solidarity, while primitive societies are bound by mechanical solidarity. The Division of Labor in Society is a pioneering book by this author, who also wrote a monograph which divides its title acts into "egoistic," "altruistic," "fatalistic," and "anomic" types. For 10 points, name this French sociologist who wrote Suicide.

Émile Durkheim [or David Émile Durkheim] <Jose>