Packaging Engineering Ch.6-7

difference between a hard-sized and a slack-sized paper?

"Hard-sized" paper is very water-resistant. "slack-sized" paper has little or no water hold-out capability

why is it a goof idea to erect and fill folding cartons soon after they have been produced

Cartons are best run within 90 days of manufacture.

at what points is a customer typically asked to sign off on a carton project?

Depending upon the nature of the product and the customer's and supplier's policies, the following are normally the minimum of "sign offs" requested in a carton project: a)structural design, hand samples, CAD sample; b) one up die sample, production die sample; c)digital proofs, artwork layout on carton die line; d)on press for final production approval

difference b/w softwood and hardwood as a source of wood pulp for papermaking?

Different fiber lengths and different properties

explain why paper products are typically specified by both caliper and grammage (basis weigth)

Different units of measure may be used for different mill products

what are the machines paper is made with and what is the principal characteristic that indicates what kind of machine it came from?

Fourdrinier and Cylinder paper making machines. Fourdrinier makes thinner paperboard and the Cylinder makes thicker paperboard and has definite layers.

name two typical softwoods and two typical hardwoods

Hard--aspen, maple. Softwood--pine,spruce

what is the difference b/w a verticle end-loading carton, a horizontal end-loaing carton and a top-loading carton? where would you use each?

Horizontal end-loading tube style cartons are essentially the same as vertical end loading tube styles, except that the filling orientation has changed. Top-loading cartons are shipped as unglued blanks. horizontal end-loading cartons are for products such as food trays for pizzas and cakes. Vertical-loading cartons are for products such as granular or powdered items

paper is hygroscopic, what does this term mean?

Hygroscopic means that paper absorbs and loses moisture according to the ambient relative humidity and temperature

which panel on a folding carton is generally regarded as the principal display panel?

The front, or principal display panel, is the panel situated between the two side panels on the carton blank (ie the main panel not adjacent to the glue flap)

irregular carton shapes have an inherent disadvanatage what is it?

Though irregular shapes may provide a distinctive shelf appearance, they are more difficult to pack and ship. Obtaining machinery that will handle eye-catching shapes also can be a problem. Approach irregular carton shapes with caution

you want to design a box with with a tear strip around the perimeter. how would you evaluate the characteristics in question?

Use the Elmendorf Tear Test

which of the following characteristics is highest in MD: tear, fold endurance or stiffness?

tear

what is a 20-point board?

0.020-in. board

what is the standard international test environment for all paper and paperboard testing? what is it important to do paper characterization tests under these conditions?

23C and 50% humidity

what is the moisture content of paper at standard test conditions?

7.8

what type of board mgiht be used for set-up box?

A heavy, low-grade chipboard

what are the disadvantages of the airplane style tuck cartons

An airplane-style tuck carton has only minimum friction fit, and both cut edges face the front display panel of the carton

describe the general process by which a carton design is brougth into production

As with carton sign-offs, the product process will vary by project and the customer's and supplier's policies. The carton design process starts with an in-depth review of the customer's needs and objectives. The customer needs to share all technical and marketing expectations. The carton designer will develop one or several designs to meet the customer's stated objectives. The customer inspects the hand sample and gives the approval to proceed to the next step. The customer's approval, or sign-off of a hand sample, starts the carton production process. Digital-dimensionally correct records of the approved design are forwarded to graphic arts and die-making departments. At the same time as the dies are being made, the art department develops the graphic image that will appear on the carton. When proofs have been approved, printing plates are made and mounted in the press. the customer is usually called in to give final press approval.

what is the difference b/w a beers tray and brightwood tray?

Beer trays are knocked down for shipping. Brightwood trays are non flattening once erected

is there a difference b/w "whiteness" and "brightness" in describing paper-board. Define the stupid terms

Brightness is a measure of the total reflectance of white light. Whiteness is a color description.

how is paper calipier (thickness) correctly specified in (a) metric units and (b) inch/pounds units?

Caliper in metric is in micrometers "um", caliper in inche/pound units is weight in pounds per 1,000 square feet, the "basis weight."

a company has specifications for several folding cartons. one is listed as being 90mm x 20mm x 40mm and another is listed as being 20mm x 40mm x 90mm. explain these descriptions

Carton dimensions are given in the order of length, width and depth, with length and width defined as the carton opening. Depth is perpendicular to the opening. The first carton is 90mm in length, 20mm in width and 40 mm in depth. The second carton is 20 mm in length, 40 mm in width and 90 mm in depth.

what is the probable makeup of chipboard, and where might you use it?

Chipboard is made from 100% recycled fiber. you would use it when appearance and foldability are not critical

paper is often coated at the paper mill. What is the principal coating material and what does it do?

Clay fills in irregularities between the fibers to produce a smooth printing surface, as well as improve gloss and brightness.

discuss retailing or merchandising needs that will have a major impact on carton design

Does the product need to be supported or held in the package? How will the product be delivered and displayed in the store?

what is double gluing and where would you specify it?

Double gluing is the gluing of both the inner closure panels and the outer closure panels to provide a complete sift-proof seal. It is specified for a product that requires sift proofing.

what formation and what qualities contribute to poor and good paper formation? what is the significance of formation to the paper user?

Formation is the evenness of the fiber distribution on the papermaking screen. The length of the fibers contributes to the formation on the screen. Poor formation can lead to uneven ink absorption or erratic adhesive bonding.

what is the makeup of a glassine paper? where might it be used?

Glassine is paper that has had the maximum fibril separation and is semi-transparent, greaseproof papers, such as those used for cracker bags

what paper properties will calendering affect?

Improve caliper consistency, smooth out surface and provide a glossier surface

what problem would be encountered if we tried to make a thick paperboard on a conventional fourdriner machine?

It is impractical to add more headboxes to produce thick paperboard because the water from each successive addition must drain through fibers that already have been laid down.

paper is hygroexpanisve what does this term mean and where might this property affect your packaging?

It means that the paper will expand when it absorbs water and shrink when it dries. This causes issues for printing and die-cutting registration.

what problem might be encountered if a highly sized board were used when making a folding carton?

It might not absorb the ink printed on the folding carton.

discuss the nature and critical importance of providing a sign-off

It should be clearly understood that each sign-off constitutes a legally binding contract, and it is the customer's responsibility to ensure that every detail is correct at every stage of production

what kind of pulp is kraft paper made from and what are the distinguishing characteristics of kraft paper?

Kraft pulp is made using the chemical process and is brown in color and provides maximum strength

what MD and CD? Why is it important for a carton designer to know them?

MD-machine direction. CD=Cross direction. The properties of paper differ in MD and CD

himes and 1-2-3 closures are usually put on what kind of cartons?

Manually assembled cartons for heavier products

Cellulose fiber can be separated from the wood mass by several means. Name the 2 main methods, and list advantages+dis. of each method.

Mechainically cutting the wood --> fastest/cheapest method but it breaks the fibers and reduces their effective length. The least fiber damage occurs when chemicals are used to dissolve the natural ligin binds in wood, leaving the fiber bundles intact and undamaged but it is expensive.

what paper would be stronger? mechanical softwood or emchianal hardwood?

Mechanical softwood

which will be paper MD in a typical tub-style folding carton

Most tube-style folding cartons have grain, or "paper machine direction" (MD), running around the carton perimeter (ie. crossing the carton body scores).

what id the difference b/w paper and paperboard?

Paper is less than 300 micrometers or 0.012in and paperboard is more than 300 micrometers or 0.012in thick

what paper would you specify for an ice cream box

Paperboard coated with either polyethylene or wax

what paper properties does refinement affect? name an application where low refinement is desirable and an application where high refinement is desibleable

Refinement affects tear strength, absorbency, burst strength and tensile strength. Low refinement--high-tear strength; high refinement--decreased absorbency

what kind of paperboard woulod you select for making a beverage basket (a six-pack holder)

SUS

in what direction is a scored paperboard folded: away from the valley or toward the valley?

Scored paperboard is folded away from the valley side of the score.

what is slit lock?

Slit-lock closures incorporate small slits between the tuck flap and the top closure panel. When the carton is closed, the slits engage shoulders cut into the dust flaps, securely locking the flap into place

what might give you a clue that a paperboard contained recycled materials?

Some extraneous contaminants may appear as bits of color, "grease spots" or "shiners" on paperboard

a paperboard specimen can be peeled apart into several layers. What deos this tell you?

That it was produced on a cylinder papermaking machine

the cobb test measures the level of a particular paper treatment what is that treatment? stupid way of wording that sentence -_-

The Cobb test measures the amount of water absorbed by a given paper area in a specified time. It is used on sized papers and paperboards

what are the principal advantages and disadvantages of a set-up box

The advantages of a set up box are: upscale image, many types of decoration possbilities and appearances, they make a convenient long-term storage unit and serve as a low-cost shipper. Some disadvantages are: boxes cannot be knocked down flat and empty boxes in storage occupy as much space as when they are full. Also, setup boxes are not designed for high-speed manufacturing

benefits and problems of postconsumer waste paper as a fiber source for papermaking

The benefits of postconsumer waste paper as a fiber source are that it is plentiful and also reduces the cost of papermaking. However, every repulping process degrades and reduces the fiber length, and some extraneous contaminants may appear as bits of color, "grease spots" and "shiners" on the paperboard

why is it difficult to print a natural kraft paper?

The fibrous nature and color of natural kraft paper does not lend itself to fine printing

a foil-laminated label stock if causing problems because the labels are curling. what is the cause of this behavior?

The hygroexpansive nature of paper. When paper is laminated to a material that is not affected by moisture and humidity changes, it may curl

discuss the impact of fiber length on paper properties

The longer the fiber, the better the fiber entanglement and the stronger the resulting paper. However, long, coarse fibers produce a rougher surface texture.

what is the strongest and what is the weakest papermaking pulp?

The strongest papermaking pulp is chemic and the weakest is mechanical

discuess factors that would lead you to decide whether to design a tuck-end carton of a glued-end carton

The type of product you are packaging and the packaging operation are the first two factors to consider. Additional factors come into play for a self-contained package: Will there be one entry or repeated entries into the package? Will the consumer wish to see the product before purchase? Also consider the nature of your packaging operation

what is the working score?

The working scores are normally the pair not adjacent to the glue flap on the carton

name 4 machining or filling needs that will ahve a major impact on carton desgin

Tuck or glue ends, vertical or horizontal loading, size of opening required and irregular shape

name 4 product characteristics that will have a major impact on board selectrion

Weight, is product wet, is the product greasy or oily, will the product tear or burst the package