PAD 3003 Midterm Study Guide
in 1900, Slightly more than a million employees, budget less than $____ Billion in 1920 employee size _______ and budget would be just less than $___ billion
1.5, triples, 9
As of 2010, _____ million people make up the extended workforce.
17
One of the first major steps to the creation of American Public Administration Creation of the Civil Service Commission Chair in ____
1871
Graffiti took stage in the mid-_________'s in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first writers of graffiti are known to be COOL EARL and CORNBREAD. In order to gain attention from the local press and the community, they wrote their names in every place of the city. Gained steam significantly NYC in Washington Heights area of Manhattan in 1971. In 1980's, graffiti started to appear in galleries and exhibits through the country and world
1960
Don't ask don't tell became a law in
1994
Market based governance mechanisms took over in the ___s creating a departure from public management and policymaking in government only
80
____________ & _____________ said "We must recognize it as part of identity and practice as if not, it will reinforce the influence and increase possibility of future acts of dehumanization and destruction in the name of the public interest" "Holocaust is an example of administrative evil"
Adams, Balfour
Street artist based in Bristol, England, Started in 1992 His political and social "commentary" have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges, as well as shows in cities throughout the world makes fun of establishment rules and politics
Banksy
who believed in utilitarianism
Bentham
___________ defined ethics as: "Body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behavior of individuals and groups --- Its Ongoing contribution to the advancement of knowledge and science continues to make ethics a relevant, if not vital aspect of management theory."
Bottorff
Another example of organization impeding government: _____________ _________ ________ Organizational practices and cultural traits detrimental to safety occurred
Challenger and Columbia
MacArthur sent him over to revive Japan's economy as quickly as possible Needed to trade rather than rely on own resources to thrive, though it's poor reputation on quality was an issue a Statistician who was assigned to teach better quality control methods to Japanese industrial leaders in 1948 to teach continued process improvement via statistical methods
Deming
___________ __ _______ was established as First Civil Service Commission Chair established by Grant in 1871 (Unsuccessful in conclusion) went on in 1875 to England under orders of Rutherford Hays to undertake study of British civil service system, published a book in 1880-advocated the adoption of merit system in America
Doman B. Eaton
management science inquiry be concerned only with facts a part of neoclassical theory
Fact value dichotomy
Holzer and Schwester's big 10 (POSDCORB) is inspired by
Fayol
who argued that : external controls is most compatible with a view of public administrator as a neutral person who merely carries out tasks "Obedience to explicit direction" Holding an official accountable for their actions is an arrangement of checks and balances Most of PA practice has been directed at external controls
Finer
out of Frederich (internal control of ethics) and Finer (external control of ethics), whose ideals did PA literature most closely agree with
Frederich
____________ argues that public administration has been slow to react to different types of "public contexts" and ethical issues that emerge in those contexts
Frederickson
who wrote "Principles of Scientific Management"
Fredrick Taylor
the ________ ___________ ends enlightenment as French citizens essentially blame the era for breaking down values and leading to mass chaos.
French Revolution
who said ethics was "A set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest as to enhance societal well-being."
French and Grandose
who said: Ethics was a moral compass that would guide public administrators through the chaos of ethical dilemmas Code of ethics with internalized standards PA literature sides with him a lot
Friedrich
Protestants overthrow King James II and installs their own religious monarchs, William and Mary then the _________ ___________ occurs
Glorious Revolution
Thompson defined _________ _________ _________ as: The rights and duties that people should respect when they act in ways that significantly affect the well-being of others. The conditions that shared behaviors and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the well-being of society.
Good administration ethics
Ethics is grounded in ________ tradition
Greek
what great entrepreneur followed taylorism
Henry Ford
during the Enlightenment _________ wrote Leviathan (1651) and said people are self-serving and preoccupied and need one single intimidating ruler
Hobbes
who said "Ethics ought to be grounded in American constitutional tradition and the regime values upon which it rests"
John Rorh
_______________ Inaugural Address focused on these values: Doing for another -Help those in need Taking on a challenge "God's Work" - Rights of man Beacon of light for other nations (Protection of free nations) Peace - Nuclear non-proliferation
Kennedy
who said "The student of administration must concern themselves with the history of the subject and will gain a real appreciation of existing conditions and problems only as he becomes familiar with their background"
Leonard White
_________ emerges with Two Treatises of Government (1690) which calls for a state with a representative government
Locke
______________ preached: Means to an end philosophy "A prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred..." His works illustrated corruption and misdeeds in government
Machiavelli
__________ ____________ was a precursor to human relation theory
Mary Follet
__________ ______________ wrote about this in the book "The Giving of Orders" Importance of effective leadership Leaders must be able to unify, resolve conflicts, motivate employees.
Mary Follet
who said in the book "The Giving of Orders": Importance of effective leadership Leaders must be able to unify, resolve conflicts, motivate employees.
Mary Follet
_________ worked to establish a philosophy of public management- What citizens should expect from public managers
Moore
____________ said "In theory, the 'old-school' view 'discouraged bureaucrats from exercising any abundance of imagination about the proper purposes of government and prevented them from taking any responsibility for their defining."
Moore
In "The Prince", __________ ___________ provides recommendations on how rulers can gain and maintain power. who
Niccolo Machiavella
who created the Evolution of graffiti in Brazil
Olivero
who said "Graffiti can simultaneously serve as a public good through both its social commentary and artistry"
Olivero
Graffiti took stage in the mid-1960's in ________________, Pennsylvania. The first writers of graffiti are known to be COOL EARL and CORNBREAD. In order to gain attention from the local press and the community, they wrote their names in every place of the city. Gained steam significantly NYC in Washington Heights area of Manhattan in 1971. In 1980's, graffiti started to appear in galleries and exhibits through the country and world
Philadelphia
Fredrick Taylor wrote ________________ _____ _______________ ___________________
Principles of scientific management
Who said: No laws against genocide or dehumanization were broken by those who perpetrated the Holocaust, it was all legally sanctioned and administratively approved by a legitimate authority Administrators carried out their duties within a framework of ethics and responsibility consistent with the norms of technical-rational administration. there was a need for "good" managers to rebuild outweighed consideration of the administrative evil they done.
Rubenstein
Founded by Frances Hutcheson Inspired by ideas from John Locke, and elaborated the conditions that justified overthrowing foreign leaders by tyrannized colonial peoples
Scottish Enlightenment
the two main elements of the Enlightenment
Skepticism, romanticism
____________ is a great example of a person with Machiavellan principles
Stalin
who says "History serves as on of the core foundations for social investigative study"
Stephanie Newbold
_______ said employees must be able to work within framework of three goals: Loyalty to the organization Responsiveness to needs of the public Consideration for the employees own objectives and desires
Strait
in "_________ __________", Niccolo Machiavelli provides recommendations on how rulers can gain and maintain power.
The Prince
_____________ defined good administration ethics as: The rights and duties that people should respect when they act in ways that significantly affect the well-being of others. The conditions that shared behaviors and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the well-being of society.
Thompson
Who wanted: Universal education should be adopted in U.S. Wanted a national military academy Civilian university in the nation's capital that emphasized arts and sciences Hoped it would lead to active citizenship
Washington
_____________ endorsed schooling, on-the-job training
Washington
1968 Ernest Fitzgerald ____________ _________ Blackballed for doing job of reporting over-the-top expenses of a new cargo jet. - $2.3B over budget Theme of organizational dominance- Taking humanity out of work
Whistleblower case
Theory _ = external controls
X
Theory _ = self direction
Y
Participation in government and the exercise of decisive judgment in public interest
active citizenship
Execution of will of state
administration
Moore theorized this new way to view managers Viewing public managers as explorers who seek to discover, define, and produce public value. public managers are strategists instead of technicians.
alternative proposition
Public servants can establish an _____________ culture
anticorruption
Theory x is an ________________ style
authoritarian
History has shown that people are rather powerless in terms of exercising moral conscience when compared to a legitimate ____________
authority
after kennedy's inaugural address, these two historical events happened
bay of pigs, cuban missile crisis
Traditional public administration ethics canon didn't fix ________ issues like homelessness and hunger, only small ones
big
Established an executive budget system at the national level along with the Budget Office and the General Accounting Office (GAO) written by william f. willoughby
budget and accounting act of 1921
A perfect ___________________ was something Max Weber actually feared! No moral choices, run like a machine
bureaucracy
And ideal _____________ is a dominate organizational form in a legal-rational society
bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and ___________ are mutually supportive social structures, markets demand bureaucracy
capitalism
who stresses that monetary and non-monetary incentives help to secure greater worker cooperation, in turn making an organization more stable and more likely to see greater worker performance. Gives 8 types of worker incentives.
chester barnard
3 examples of public managers
chief executives, civil servants, interest group leaders
Obligations are associated with "the good citizen."
citizenship theory
theory that views the citizen's role in the American Political tradition as providing normative foundations for public administration Role is viewed as derived from the citizen Administrators representative citizens, professional citizens, fiduciary citizens, citizens in lieu of the rest of us ethical obligations tied with the good in American people
citizenship theory
Currently, one can't be a _________ ___________ and be in public disagreement
civil servant
__________ ___________ decreased almost 25 percent from 1974-1999, while the contract workforce doubled at the federal level during the same time period.
civil service
__________ _________ ___________ emerged from scientific management
classical organization theory
One best way to accomplish production task, one best way to accomplish a task of social organization.
classical organizational theory
________ _____ _________ is still a necessary first step to ensuring ethical conduct
code of conduct
Increase interdependence Ethics not in the autonomous individual, but within the community Ethics comes from the relational context within which people act within the public square PUBLICNESS Citizen administrators have a responsibility to guard against policies and practices that might engender eruptions of administrative evils.
communitarianism
CLOSING OF COMMUNITY BORDERS OR THE ERECTION OF REAL OR VIRTUAL BARRIER AROUND A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
community wide quarantine
Franklin said encouragement of virtue was a justification for liberal education and that virtue was viewed by acts of _______________
compassion
the iron triangle
congress, interest groups, bureaucracy
Bozeman said _____________ ________________ the mixture of these two elements are best for solving social problems
conservative compassion
John Rorh said ethics should be grounded in American ____________ ___________ and _________ values
constitutional tradition, regime values
We are now in an era of "Really Big Government" because _________ has expanded
contracting
Ethics is a driving force in ___________ policy, as well as executing government operations.
creating
- Pentagon Papers, Nixon white house staffers personally campaigned against Ellsberg
daniel ellsberg
_____________ causes activities to get outsourced, there is often less quality control, ability to monitor actions. caused by increased contract work
decentralization
who theorized quality circle
deming
Philosophy that everyone should plan, collect data, analyze, construct the work, keep circle rotating to maintain quality in the company
deming wheel
greek tradition that emphasizes motives and intentions instead of consequences as the most influential element in decision making helped form ethics
deontological (deon)
Moore made this to guide managers in studying work settings and gauging the potential for effective action.
diagnostic framework
8 characteristics of Machiavellan individuals: They are ___________ They are _______ Usually __________ and full of themselves Their ends "________" their means All of their "moves" are part of a _______ Subtle use of control and ____________ They loved to be loved, but not at the expense of being __________ They only reveal true intentions if it provides an _____________ to them
dishonest, cunning, narcissistic, justify, game, manipulation, respected, advantage
Strait said public employees must deal with the challenge of balancing ___________ and ___________ demands
diverse, competing
Under policy, homosexuals (and bisexuals) may serve as long as they tell no one about their sexual orientation, refrain from ''homosexual acts'' and forgo homosexual marriage
don't ask, don't tell
In ______________ individualism, government should only intervene when we can identify a structural flaw in the market (Monopoly), which undermines ability of private sector to provide needed goods and service
economic
A philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual
economic individualism
max weber wrote ______________ ______ _____________
economics and society
max weber said "Bureaucracies are machine-like structures, with _________________ is at the heart"
efficiency
Organizational structure and culture is not equal with __________ _________
ethical conduct
Condoning corruption is the result of lowering _________ ____________
ethical expectations
A set of principles of right conduct. A theory or a system of moral values. The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy. The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession.
ethics
__________ is a driving force in creating/shirking policy, as well as executing government operations
ethics
quality circle allows problems to be solved by ______________
everyone
Finer argued for ethics that focused on _____________ standards and controls Frederich argued ethics were a standard of an individuals ____________ standards of conduct, a moral compass that would guide public admin through the morass of ethical dilemma frederich ended up winning
external, internal
a part of the systems theory means organization collects and analyzes data regarding impact of its outputs
feedback mechanism
First president of the American Political Science Association
frank goodnow
Father of Scientific management Pioneered development of time and motion studies 1911 Book Principles of Scientific Management "ONE BEST WAY" Taylorism (Coined by Justice Louis Brandeis)
frederick taylor
who theorized scientific management
frederick taylor
Father of the Scientific Management Movement
fredrick taylor
John Rorh said regime values are : ____________, ___________, __________ Not an exhaustive list
freedom, equality, property
one type of worker incentive type that chester barnard theorized The ability to work with people that have compatible values Continual and improved working conditions (organizational culture) The opportunity to contribute to a vision of a company via large projects or general input The opportunity to feel comradery and social comfort within a work setting.
general
a central figure to the civil service reform cause from 1865 to 1890 Brought knowledge and major argument towards the spoils system in Harper's Weekly friends with Eaton
george william curtis
found a distinction between functions of politics and the administration of government. Politics to policies, administration to execution
goodnow
Moore said ideals should be ___________: They should recognize a class of problems and accurately find solutions that could solve those problems
grounded
moore said ideals should be _________ and __________
grounded, useful
experiment where Western electric company examined impact of light amplification Found it wasn't that which made a difference but notion that workers knew they were being recorded, thus worked differently Attention matters most
hawthorn experiments
what two people were big on the neoclassical theory
herbet simon, robert merton
Cook and Klay said learning __________ was important because you can learn from the mistakes of the past
history
Mary follet was a precursor to _____________ ____________ _____________
human relation theory
Economic Individualism is based on three central principles: 1. __________ centered, not society centered 2. gov and institutional structures should focus on the _____________ 3. all individuals are of ________ moral values
human, individual, equal
Dewey said public interest is an _______, not a term
ideal
German __________ ___________ stretched the enlightenment further by arguing that an individual's mental state dictates experiences
immanuel kant
weber was disapproving of an ideal bureaucracy because it is __________ and oppresses __________ ____________
impersonal, personal freedom
The content-specific preferences of individuals regarding what they are allowed and entitled to and the obligations of each individual and their representatives
individual public values
Alexis de Tocqueville coined __________: the Philosophy of moderated selfishness in which one favors one self and perhaps a small set of family and friends
individualism
In the U.S., the welfare state is at odds with the ideals of ________________ American tax policy arguably reverses trend of welfare state when taking to account repeals of inheritance taxes.
individualism
Philosophy of moderated selfishness in which one favors one self and perhaps a small set of family and friends
individualism
a part of the systems theory Organizational resources
inputs
Moore theorized this Ways that managers can take advantage of their settings to create value
interventions
congress, interest groups, and bureaucracy make up the
iron triangle
___________ branch has no power with administration, but can make decisions on special cases
judicial
____________ _____________ ran a ministry in her courtroom, used court time and resources
judith hawkins
Natural harmony of individual wills Strongest economic embodiment of individualism Markets are ideal system for achieving mutual advantage Maximize efficiency and freedom, just distribution sharing of social product in proportion to individual contributions
laissez fair
countering ________ ________ corruption is difficult
large scale
maxim said the government that governs the best is the one that governs the _______
least
which branch of government mainly controls administration
legislative (congress)
who said Public management(narrow view), management of organizations within the government or non-profit sector, driven by its need to reach its goals or missions rather than its need to make a profit. Had to do with Key responsibilities of the executive with the formulation of POSDCORB - Planning, Organizing, Directing, Staffing, coordinating, recruiting and budgeting.
leonard gulick
who said Objective of public administration is the most efficient utilization of the resources at the disposal of officials and employees, management of men and materials in the accomplishment of the purpose of the state
leonard white
the enlightenment appealed to people with ______ _________
less education
Washington believed in a _______________ education
liberal
who believed what worked for a factory could do the same for a homestead
lillian gilbreth
Strait said employees must be able to work within framework of three goals: _________ to the organization _____________ to needs of the public ____________ for the employees own objectives and desires
loyalty, responsiveness, consideration
Taylor's successes helped in pushing the need to understand __________
management
__________ ____________ ____________ brings the idea that market like approaches are the most useful way for govs to provide goods and services
market failure reasoning
theory x is based on _____________
maslow
worker incentives theorized by chester barnard (MDIHOA)
material, desirable work conditions, ideal benefactions (believing their work matters), habit conformity, opportunity for participation, associational attractiveness,
german socialist who considered bureaucracy to be a major element in the rationalization of the modern world and the modern state said "Organizations are an ordering of social relationships"
max weber
who wrote "Economics and Society" said bureaucratic models have hierarchical elements, which makes authority (power / decision making) centralized.
max weber
a type of system in structural theory Defined roles, hierarchical formal and top down
mechanistic
a type of system in structural theory better suited for stable environments
mechanistic
two types of systems in structural theory
mechanistic, organic
Emory Upton's focus on professionalism required ______ (sole basis for advancements) and ______ to be major factors in the promotion of professionalism
merit, training
one of the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) Middle management, supervising operating core while taking direction from strategic
middle line
Moore described how decisions are more scrutinized in public sphere because they impact the general public Innovation and imagination are viewed as more threatening public decisions take a while so it's hard to track who is accountable for what this is all called
modest challenge
congress controls administration because they control _________
money
History has shown that people are rather powerless in terms of exercising _________ ___________ when compared to a legitimate authority
moral conscience
__________ __________ focused on fatigue, least amount of steps to complete a task
motion studies
theory that principles are merely proverbs, as none of the terms of truly scientific said being trained as a "machine" limits one's full capacities. Adaptability becomes limited, which is against what organizations are needed to be says bureaucracy goes against democracy
neoclassical theory
Herman Finer argued that: external controls is most compatible with a view of public administrator as a _______ person who merely carries out tasks "Obedience to explicit direction" Holding an official accountable for their actions is an arrangement of checks and balances Most of PA practice has been directed at ___________ ______________
neutral, external controls
was the civil service commission chair successful?
no
The extent to which an organization holds public sector values Concern for public interest
normative publicness
Graffiti, like other art forms, can reflect a population's views on current affairs and can offer symbols of struggles or achievements
ok
History of Don't ask Don't tell: in 1950, President Harry Truman signs "Uniform Code of Military Justice........Sets up discharge rules of people that engage in homosexual activity. in 1982, President Reagan states "homosexuality is incompatible with military service" People who engaged in homosexual behavior should be discharged
ok
John Rohr says its important to look at constitututional traditions and when one joins a regime, to fit in to their standards
ok
a criticism of gulick and urwick is that administration is simply not that easy to breakdown
ok
in an ideal bureaucracy, Officials are personally free and appointed via contract Officials are appointed (Elections bad!) Officials are appointed on the basis of professional qualifications Fixed money salary and pension rights Post is sole and major occupation Career structure exists where promotion is based on merit Official is subject to unified control and disciplinary system, means of compulsion and exercise are clearly defined
ok
in an ideal bureaucracy: resources of the bureacracy are not held individually by administrators resources to fulfill the duties of an administrator are provided by someone other than the official
ok
_______________ thinks graffiti Is a public good, even as it challenges the law
olivero
one of the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) Front-line workers
operating core
a type of system in structural theory Worker roles and responsibilities less defined, communication is informal and bottom up, more decentralized
organic
a type of system in structural theory better suited for unstable environments with a lot of change
organic
woodrow wilson looked at the study of public administration and focused on personnel problem AND the ___________ and management in general
organization
It deals with welcoming new or outside elements into an organization's leadership decision-making structure. It's purpose is to help an organization identify and protect itself from outside threats. introduced by phillip selznick part of neoclassical theory
organizational co-optation
Willoughby stated the need of administration through __________ ___________
organizational control
disregard for ethical considerations in interest of achieving outcomes
organizational culture
theory that attempts to ensure that worker interests are consistent with organizational interests, personified by the organizational leader's interests.
organizational economic theory
Taylorism's focus of One Best Way was to consider production as a matter of _________ looked for fastest, least fatiguing production methods Managers needed to then impose procedure upon entire workforce like a machine
output
a part of the systems theory goods or services organization produces
output
Even with separation of politics and PA, there is a tendency for necessary control to develop legally through the political ______ ___________.
party system
Allowed a federal civil service system based on merit, which employees would be hired through open competitive examinations and promoted and retained based on merit. finally enacted civil service reform
pendleton act of 1883
what finally enacted civil service reform
pendleton act of 1883
________ corruption is widely tolerated
petty
who invented organizational co-optation
phillip selznick
ethics was a branch of __________ and is considered a ______________ science because it is concerned with the norms of human conduct, as distinguished from formal sciences (Math and logic) and empirical sciences (chemistry and physics
philosophy, normative
Holzer and Schwester said there are these 5 elements of management (POCCC)
planning, organizing, command, control, coordination
Holzer and Schwester: Gulick POSDCORB stands for
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting
woodrow wilson separated public service/administration and ________
policy
Expression of will of the state
politics
The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States (1918) had three major Threads: How Budgets would advance and provide for _________ __________ How budgets would enhance legislative and executive _________ How budgets would ensure administrative and management ___________
popular control, cooperation, efficiency
ideal of public interest without specific content, and moving towards that ideal, making it more concrete as one moves towards only known if social inquiry and discussion is looked at on a case by case basis
pragmatic idealism
theory that monetarily compensating agents in manner that influences the interests of agents allows interests of agents to converge with interest of principals Implement oversight mechanisms that make sure agents perform as expected
principal agent theory
The degree of market authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution.
privateness
What an organization does with resources a part of the systems theory
processes
Organizations have the tendency to deprive the people who work in them the freedom to exercise their ______________ ______________
professional conscience
the personal, and corporate standards of behavior expected by professionals helps people to not just feel they are filling an employment role, but helping them to feel like a professional in teh field
professional ethics
Delivering services efficiently based on scientific principles
progressives
scientific management is now considered ________ because it considered people extensions of machines and interchangeable in a large Impersonal production machine
pseudo
Due to the increase in private and non-profit work in the field of government due to privatization and contracting out, Frederickson believed organizations are now ___________ (though not fully governmental)
public
Society has much different expectations of ____________ managers than it does of private managers
public
The way that governments and administrators view public value influences what gets pushed to the top of the ___________ ______________
public agenda
Hospitals have been created as a new form of independent legal entity called _____________ ______________ _____________
public benefit corporations
Olivero thinks graffiti Is a _________ __________, even as it challenges the law
public good
acts on behalf of broad shared interests Reminds public managers, our ethical obligation is to the broad shared interests rather than the limited
public interest
the outcomes that are best serving in the long-run survival and well-being of a social collective construed as the public The decisions that benefits society best over time
public interest theory
Moore worked to establish a philosophy of ___________ __________________- What citizens should expect from public managers
public management
Administrators and stakeholders need to find new ways, possibly by changing how people participate or by creating incentives, to increase___________ ____________ in government processes
public participation
____________ _____________ rooted in economic individualism are promoted with phrases such as "progressivism," "public value," or "populism
public policies
enlightenment philosophers are rooted in ________ ________ motivation, a modern public administration scholarship said youth should be encouraged to explore the meaning and purpose of their present and future endeavors
public service
public servant creation through a sense of calling, a central concept in public administration scholarship
public service motivation
A normative consensus about the rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and shouldn't) be entitled The obligations of citizens to society, the state, and each other; Differs from economic value, because economic value is based on the exchange value of goods and services based on socially accepted payments
public values
The degree of political authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution.
publicness
a characteristic of an organization which reflects the extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority.
publicness
a small group of employees that work on similar tasks and meet to solve work-related issues. deming theorized this NOT for venting
quality circle
Ethics ought to be grounded in the Constitution (regime), which values freedom, equity, property.
regime values
Moore said managers succeed if they enhance their personal ___________ and advance their own careers
reputations
____________ ______________ focused on welcoming outsiders in to prevent groupthink, a specialized kind of conformity that forms in highly cohesive groups, gets in way of critical analysis
robert merton
an element of the enlightenment concentrating on emotion and instinct, not necessarily rational thinking
romanticism
public administrators have little increase in ________or ______
salary, benefit
Washington said the objective of a national university is to educate American youth on the "___________ _____ ___________"
science of government
Find the way to increase output by discovering the fastest most efficient, least fatiguing production methods Managers needed to then impose procedure upon entire workforce
scientific management
fredrick taylor believed in ___________________ ____________________ Scientifically select, train and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and workers actually perform the tasks
scientific management (taylorism)
Washington ideas are centered on the _________ _________
scottish enlightenment
5 American administrative ethical norms
self determination, trust, stability, freedom, honesty
rewards for whistleblowing include: Enhancing ______ __________ Gaining and maintaining the _________ of our family and friends
self respect, esteem
___________ responsibility can lead to corruption
shirking
___________ responsibility: Time bandits Take supplies Unauthorized use of supplies Run a small personal business at work
shirking
an element of the enlightenment Can society be perfected through reason? No universal truth exists
skepticism
Frederickson argues that public administration has been __________ to react to different types of "public contexts" and ethical issues that emerge in those contexts
slow
Normative perspective in admin theory in the early 1970's; Principle of justice as crucial.
social equity
_________ __________ seen as an issue in developing countries dominated by ethnic minority mass culture moves toward a democratic gov, tension created between political and economic access
social equity
the core principle of the New Public Administration movement was the __________ __________ _________ principle Never achieved acceptance in the field as a single central ethical principle One of the major normative touchstones for administrative ethics though
social equity core
max weber thought organizations are an ordering of _________ __________
social relationships
Washington says that education can: empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change, as well as broad knowledge of the wider world (science, culture, society) and an in-depth study in a specific area of interest. Develops a sense of _________ ____________, with strong and transferable intellectual and practical skills such as communication, analytical and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings.
social responsibility
holzer and schwester believed in the importance of ______________
specialization
one type of worker incentive type that chester barnard theorized Money and other material items Awards / Attention for a job well done Improved physical work conditions Ability to achieve and / or maintain pride in one's work
specific
two types of worker incentives that chester barnard theorized
specific, general
One of the first major steps to the creation of American Public Administration Jefferson and Jackson noted the need for a change in the _________ _________
spoils system
public administration is the It is the glue that holds the Will of the ______ and the actions of everyday _____ together
state, life
___________ said public employees must deal with the challenge of balancing diverse and competing demands
strait
one of the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) Organization's upper level or executive leadership
strategic apex
theory that assumes organizations are rational in that they function to accomplish specific goals and objectives Every organization, there is believed to be a best structure, organization dysfunction can be corrected through structural changes
structural theory
one of the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) Public relations, legal aid, and other services (mail, food service, custodial)
support staff
Weber pitched a rational and logical organizational ________ for organizational control
system
theory that focused on organization comprised of several interconnected parts, designed to achieve broader organizational goals and objectives Looks at orgs in terms of inputs, processes outputs, and feedback mechanism Inputs feed to processes which feeds to outputs which generate feedback which cycle to org inputs
systems theory
Locke said young minds are similar to blank tablets called _________ ________ and that early exposures heavily influenced development
tabula rasa
in an ideal bureaucracy: ________ are divided in functionally distinct areas each with requisite authority and sanctions Offices are arranged in the form of a __________
tasks, hierarchy
scientific management is also known as
taylorism
the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) ___________ and ______________ are outside of operating core hierarchical structure
techno, support
one of the 5 fundamental parts of organization (structural theory) analysts responsible for training, standardizing work procedures and general planning
technostructure
Greek tradition of importance of maximizing what is good helped form ethics
teleological (teleos)
woodrow wilson published the book _____ _______ ____ ________ Believed by some scholars to be the beginning of public administration as a specific field of study
the study of administration
Theory Y vs. X Assumes individuals dislike work and avoid whenever possible Intense supervision necessary Due to shunning of responsibility Work motivated through economic factors, threats, punishment Classic weberian model, quasi military structure, authoritarian
theory X
theory X vs. Y Open Model Individuals enjoy work and embrace responsibility Capable of self-direction, not micromanaged Possess ingenuity to solve complex problems through creativity Workers should have the space to achieve individual goals through self-directed efforts
theory Y
The most apparent cause of the Enlightenment was the _____________ __________ _________ (1618-1648) compelled German writers to critique the ideas of nationalism and warfare heavily
thirty years war
frederick taylors study of the least amount of times and movements to complete a task scientific management
time/motion studies
Moore said citizens tend to look at initiatives from elected and appointed officials with an _______________ view
unenthusiastic (jaded)
Moore said ideals should be _______________: They should help practitioners identify relevant facts pertaining to the problems and help stimulate their imaginations to find ways to solve those problems
useful
Public __________ are linked to specific content, ideals are not
values
dictatorships don't have public ___________ because they restrict media
values
public ___________ are much more stable than public opinions
values
the pursuit of moral processes (work / projects
virtue ethics
Cultivation of democratic ethos in public organizations, that would allow the formation of character appropriate for public service to foster Judging the lives of others Reflect on character of others, examine them and assess character Weigh character of others in a given community Administrator desired character traits: superior prudence, moral heroism, caring or love for humanity, trust in the citizenry, continuous quest for moral improvement
virtue ethics (character based ethics)
Washington said: Education is best way to ensure ________ and __________ __________ Education is crucial for _______ __________
virtue, moral excellence, public servants
an ideal bureaucracy is bad because it is unstable and will likely fall into the hands of the ________ since those who work do not have time to govern Also can fall to domination of technical _________ if mass administration is involved due to technical superiority of those with training or experience.
wealthy, technical
Origin of ___________ state in Europe by conservatives in the late 1800's to keep public away from wanting to join unions, support socialism, and create social unrest
welfare
American tax policy arguably reverses trend of ____________ __________ when taking to account repeals of inheritance taxes.
welfare state
people don't __________ (calling attention to wrongdoings) doesn't happen much because of internal and external reasons internal- afraid of letting team down and just going with it external- don't want to lose job, don't want bad reputation for tattling, threats from officials
whistleblow
who played a key role in writing Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 Established an executive budget system at the national level along with the Budget Office and the General Accounting Office (GAO)
william f. willoughby
who was a member of Taft Commission (1912) made the first call for a national executive budgeting system the Director of Institute for Governmental Research Key role in writing Budget and Accounting Act of 1921
william f. willoughby
who said Business of government is to organize the common interest against the special interest
wilson
who made clear a major distinction between politics and administration
wilson, goodnow
who said Administrator is an impartial implementer (away from politics)
wilson, goodnow
PERSONS AT OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFLUENCE INFECTION are placed in a
working quarantine
