Patho 370 Final Review
Impetigo is a skin infection caused by__________
Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the most common, benign form of skin cancer? A. Basal B. Melanoma C. Actinic keratosis D. Squamous
Basal Basal cell cancer is the most common and benign skin cancer. Neither squamous cell cancer nor melanoma is the most common and benign skin cancer. Actinic keratosis is a precancerous condition.
Hyperaldosteronism causes A. ECV deficit and hyperkalemia B. ECV excess and hypokalemia C. hyponatremia and hyperkalemia D. excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration
ECV EXCESS & HYPOKALEMIA Hyperaldosteronism causes excessive renal retention of sodium and water and excessive potassium excretion, which lead to ECV excess and hypokalemia. Hyperaldosteronism does not cause ECV deficit, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, or excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration.
From the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week, the developing organism is referred to as the
Embryo
During the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium proliferates under the influence of...WHAT?
Estrogen
The _________ is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena and identifies causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury
Etiology
In a uterine prolapse-first degree, we observe the end of the cervix begins to protrude through the introitus. True or false
False Occurs in the third degree/stage of uterine prolapse
Which is false about Fournier Gangrene?
Fournier Gangrene= is a rare but deadly infection of the genital and perineum
The most common type of osteomyelitis is A. Brodie abscess. B. Direct invasion. C. Hematogenous. D. Contiguous focus
Hematogenous
Which is false about Hepatic Encephalopathy?
Hepatic encephalopathy = The loss of brain function when a damaged liver doesn't remove toxins from the blood.
The _______ is a deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow.
Hypomenorrhea. -Deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced -flow -Causes Endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones, partial obstruction of menstrual flow DON'T CONFUSE IT WITH Oligomenorrhea -Infrequent menstruation -Cause Endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is caused by a. parasitic infestation of the skin. b. superficial staphylococcal infection. c. superficial fungal infection. d. contact with skin allergens.
contact with skin allergens Atopic dermatitis (eczema) = is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death
Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from______ a. decreased myoinositol transport b. elevated HbA1C c. deficient neuronal insulin receptors d. neuronal demyelination
decreased myoinositol transport
Which is false about Vascular Purpura?
A raised vasculitic hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes Vasculitic = A swelling of the blood vessels that causes changes in the blood vessel walls Hemorrhage = The release of blood from a broken blood vessel, either inside or outside the body
Which is false about Hiatal Hernia?
A sliding hernia is triggered by standing.
Which is not a Prehepatic cause of Jaundice?
Prehepatic cause of Jaundice= excess unconjugated bilirubin is produced faster than the liver is able to conjugate it for excretion Causes: hemolytic anemia hemolysis ineffective erythropoiesis
This type of enuresis, the child has nocturnal incontinence but no other signs of lower urinary tract syndrome.
Primary Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
Which is false about the causes of primary dysmenorrhea?
Primary dysmenorrhea (muscle spasms in the uterus) due to hormonal/chemical that cause cramping pain in the lower abdomen where the uterus bleeds this is normally call this process as a "Period" Possible False answer? He may mix the differences between primary and secondary? Primary vs Secondary The difference is that with Primary, it's due to hormonal/ chemical (prostaglandin and estrogen) imbalance whereas Secondary is caused by a medical condition, endometriosis
The heartbeat becomes audible through a stethoscope during which phase of fetal development?
Second trimester (4 to 6)
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
iron-deficiency anemia
It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones a. is increased in thyrotropin- inhibiting factor b. occurs in perifollicular c cells c. is stimulated by ACTH d. is inhibited by iodine deficiency
is inhibited by iodine deficiency
Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia because they are both a. hyperchromic. b. microcytic. c. genetic. d. responsive to iron therapy.
microcytic
Original Question: Raynaud's disease or phenomenon is classified as a peripheral vascular disease with a neurological component. Which of the following statements about Raynaud's is FALSE? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Raynaud Syndrome? a. it is common in people with CT tissues b. CP alleviate (reduce) the symptoms c. it is common in women between ages 20-49 d. it causes paleness of skin, especially on the hands
- CP alleviate (reduce) the symptoms Raynaud Syndrome = A condition in which some areas of the body feel numb and cool in certain circumstances
A patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (Select all that apply.) a. Fatigue b. Weight loss c. Abdominal discomfort d. Joint pain e. Sweats
- Fatigue - Weight loss - Abdominal discomfort - Sweats
Original Question: Which of the following statements is incorrect about peptic ulcer? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Peptic ulcer? a. Infection with H. pylori infection is one of the most common causes of peptic ulcers b. It is caused by emotional stress and spicy food. c. Excessive use of NSAIDS is a common cause of peptic ulcer. d. All are incorrect.
- It is caused by emotional stress and spicy food Peptic ulcer = A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine
Which is false about Kernicterus?
- Kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy, is bilirubin-induced neurological damage, which is most commonly seen in infants. -
Which ones are false about Hepatitis D (Delta)? select all that apply A. The patient will also have the Hepatitis B virus. B. Hepatitis D is most common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mediterranean, and the Middle East. C. Prevention of Hepatitis D includes handwashing and the Hepatitis D vaccine. D. Hepatitis D is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
- Prevention of Hepatitis D includes handwashing and the Hepatitis D vaccine. - Hepatitis D is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route NOTE: HDV can only occur if you have HBV as HDV is an incomplete virus that requires the helper function of HBV to replicate
Which one is false about Thrombosis?
- Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries - solidification of stagnant blood
Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to......(select all that apply)
- commonly spread from mother to child at birth - sexual contact - sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
Original Question: Which of the following statements regarding pancreatic cancer is not correct? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Pancreatic Cancer? a. it is locally invasive into surrounding structures b. hematogenous spread to the liver at the time of diagnosis is common c. the 5-year survival rate is 80% d. most tumors are unresectable
- the 5-year survival rate is 80% Pancreatic Cancer = is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the pancreas
Original Question: Which of the following is not true with regard to hypospadias? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is incorrect about Hypospadias? a. the meatus is formed along the dorsum of the penis b. it is one of the most common penile abnormalities c. circumcision should be deferred d. A referral for an endocrine evaluation may be indicated
- the meatus is formed along the dorsum of the penis Hypospadias = is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis
Original Question: Which one of the following statements regarding hereditary hemochromatosis is false? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which one is false about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH)? A. Autosomal dominant transmission B. 90% of the patients will have H63D mutation C. 5% of the patients will have compound heterogyzote ie C282Y/H63D D. Only 58% of the C282Y homozygote ie C282Y/C282Y will fully express the disease E. HFE gene is located in chromosome 6
-90% of the patients will have H63D mutation Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) = is a disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron from the diet
Which is false about Ascites?
-Ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen -Ascites results from high pressure in certain veins of the liver (portal hypertension) and low blood levels of a protein called albumin
Original Question: Which is NOT true about gestational diabetes? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? a. Its risk is increased if there is a family history of type 2 diabetes. b. Diabetes is likely to persist in the mother after she has given birth, potentially for the rest of her life. c. Risk increases if the mother is prediabetic and/or obese prior to pregnancy. d. The rate of pregnancy complications increases.
-Diabetes is likely to persist in the mother after she has given birth, potentially for the rest of her life Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) = is a condition in which a hormone made by the placenta prevents the body from using insulin effectively.
Original Question: Which of the following statements is false about von Willebrand's disease (vWD)? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Von Willebrand Disease?
-Functional vWF molecules usually occur as a monomers or dimers Von Willebrand Disease = A bleeding disorder caused by low levels of clotting protein, called von Willebrand factor, in the blood
Which one is true about Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
-Its a condition affecting the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding -Also known as consumptive coagulopathy
Original Question: Which of the following statements is false regarding coarctation of the aorta? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about the Coarctation of the Aorta? A. Most aortic coarctations are at or below the diaphragm B. Frequently some degree of tubular hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus is present C. The aortic constriction is due to a shelf of tissue arising from the posterolateral aspect of the aorta and projecting into the aortic lumen toward the ductal attachment D. Associated anomalies include patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and mitral valve abnormalities
-Most aortic coarctations are at or below the diaphragm Coarctation of the aorta = is a birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual
The Primary cause of death in ARDS ( Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ) is _____________.
-Multi-system organ dysfunction (MODS) or -Sepsis syndrome
Which is false about Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis)? a. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment destroys most of the normal intestinal bacterial flora b. Overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans causes necrosis of intestinal mucosa c. Clostridium difficile proliferates and produces toxins that damage the intestinal mucosa d. Disease manifestations may include cramps and bloody diarrhea
-Overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans causes necrosis of intestinal mucosa
Which is false about Diverticular Disease?
-Prevalence of diverticular disease decreases as we age. Diverticular Disease = A condition in which small, bulging pouches develop in the digestive tract
Original Question: All of the following statements regarding lymphedema are true except: Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Everything is correct about Lymphedema, except; A. The lymph system cannot create collateral vessels to repair itself, leading to inflammation B. Lymphedema may involve normal or abnormal amounts of fluid in the system C. Lymphedema is characterized by inadequate transport of lymph volume through the lymph system D. Lymphedema is not a disease in itself, but a manifestation of a malfunctioning lymph system
-The lymph system cannot create collateral vessels to repair itself, leading to inflammation Lymphedema = is swelling due to build-up of lymph fluid in the body
Manifestations of herpes zoster include___________
-a dermatomal distribution of lesions and pain symptoms prior to the rash appearing include: - fever - general weakness or pain - burning or tingling sensation over an area one ONE SIDE OF BODY OR FACE - most common sites are chest,, abdomen and waistline
Characteristics of scoliosis include ( Select all that apply.) A. involvement of lateral curvature of the spine. B. increase during periods of rapid growth. C. more common in boys. D. identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence. E. possibility of leading to respiratory complications.
-involvement of lateral curvature of the spine. -increase during periods of rapid growth. -identifiable by uneven shoulders or scapular prominence. -possibility of leading to respiratory complications.
Original Question: Which statement about cirrhosis is false? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which is false about Cirrhosis? a) irreversible degenerative changes occur in the liver b) the normal liver tissue is replaced with fibrous scar tissue? c) it is most often caused by diabetes d) it is associated with esophageal varices
-it is most often caused by diabetes Cirrhosis = is a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged
Which is false about the Post-oliguric phase?
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Phases Post-oliguric phase = consists of the Diuretic phase (increase in urination) and Recovery phase (return to homeostasis)
The ___________ is the protrusion of a portion of the urinary bladder into a weakened part of the anterior vagina.
Anterior prolapse (cystocele)
The ___________ is a completely disorganized and irregular atrial rhythm accompanied by an irregular ventricular rhythm.
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of a. cardiomyopathy. b. cardiac tamponade. c. myocardial infarction. d. congestive heart failure (CHF).
Cardiac Tamponade
Which is true about Obstructive Shock?
Causes: - results from mechanical obstructions that prevent effective cardiac filling and stroke volume - common causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax - rapid management of underlying obstruction is required to prevent cardiovascular collapse
The following are clinical manifestations of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, except
Clinical Manifestations are: patients with cirrhosis fever abdominal pain altered mental status abdominal tenderness hypotension
Which is incorrect for Crescentic glomerulonephritis?
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) = is a chronic immune-mediated disease which causes severe glomerular inflammation and injury, and often leads to irreversible kidney failure. -Three types of Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) -glomerular basement membrane breaks which leaks blood cells and nutrients - affects the people between their 50s and 60s
This is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder marked by significant unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, two types exist.
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Which is true about IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)?
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (IgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood. Symptoms -bleeding in the urine
Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with a) hyporesponsiveness of airways b) unknown precipitating factors c) IgE-mediated airway inflammation d) irreversible airway obstruction
IgE-mediated airway inflammation.
Which is false about Hodgkin's Disease? A. The peak incidence for the disease is 15 to 40 years of age. B. The disease occurs more frequently in males. C. It is a precursor to T-cell lymphoma D. Individuals who have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus may be more vulnerable to Hodgkin's lymphoma
It is a precursor to T-cell lymphoma
Which is false about Acute Rheumatic Fever? A. It is a complication of a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. B. It is an inflammation of the joints. C. It is rarely fatal, even when untreated. D. It is an inflammation of the heart. E. The incidence has declined in the last ten years.
It is rarely fatal, even when untreated
Which is false about Diabetic Ketoacidosis? Select all that apply
Ketoacidosis can cause -nausea -vomitting -cerebral edema -mental status changes Diabetic Ketoacidosis = A complication of diabetes in which acids build up in the blood to levels that can be life-threatening
Which one is false about Liquefactive necrosis?
Liquefactive necrosis = This type of necrosis involves the complete digestion of cells and is not going to maintain the structure.
Which of the following is not part of the category of the Myeloid neoplasm?
Lists of Categories Main 4 (AML, MDS, MPN, MDS/MPN) - Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and related precursor neoplasms - Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) - Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) - myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases (MDS)/MPN) (Unsure about these 2) - a new category of myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 - acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage
Which ones are correct about Hepatitis B (HBV)? Select all that apply A. Most people infected with HBV develop chronic infection B. HBV uses reverse transcriptase to convert its pregenomic RNA to dsDNA (incomplete) C. HBV is ds DNA incomplete virus belonging to hepadnaviridae family D. HBV is transmitted by blood and blood derived products, including sexual route E. HBV utilized reverse transcriptase to make its DNA genome from pregenomic RNA
Most people infected with HBV develop chronic infection?
Which is NOT a clinical manifestation of breast cancer? A. No noticeable Sympotoms B. Discharge from the Nipple C. Menstrual Irregularities D. Dimpling of the skin on the Breast
No noticeable Symptoms
________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity
Which is false about Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)?
Overactive bladder syndrome = The constant contraction of the muscles within the bladder
What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?
Pancytopenia
Which is false about Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) = a condition that is congenital (from birth) where a hole between the pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood into lungs) and aorta (oxygenated blood to the rest of the body) Treatment for PDA Surgery Catheter Possible False Answers? the atrial septal defect = A hole between the atriums the ventricular septal defect = a hole between the ventricles Dextropoistion = describes a heart on the right with an apex to the left, secondary to extracardiac causes
Which one is incorrect about Heart Failure?
Systolic (Contracting) = loses it ability to pump enough blood to either the lungs or body. Diastolic (Relaxing) = loses its ability to relax normally because the muscle has become stiff, so not enough blood is being filled in to ventricles (NOTE: Systolic & Diastolic can happen on either side of the heart but Heart failure most commonly occurs on the left side most often) Left-Sided = failure occurs when the heart loses its ability to pump blood Right-Sided = the heart's right ventricle is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs Biventricular = both sides of the heart are affected. This can cause the same symptoms as both left-sided and right-sided heart failure, such as shortness of breath and a build-up of fluid.
It is true that biliary cancer.........
Tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously
Which is false about Tetralogy of Fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot = is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. -There's a hole between the ventricles -thick heart muscle on right side of the heart -narrow pulmonary artery called pulmonary stenosis
Which is false about Gas gangrene? A. Pockets of gas produced in muscle, choke off the blood supply. B. The causative organism is aerobic. C. Treatment includes the use of hyperbaric chambers. D. The disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens.
The causative organism is aerobic.
Original Question: Which statement regarding primary sclerosing cholangitis is FALSE? Reworded (Question that's on the Review) Which one is false about Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)? A. Periductal fibrosis around affected ducts ("onion-skin fibrosis") is a characteristic morphologic feature of the disease B. The disease is commonly seen in association with ulcerative colitis C. The disease occurs more frequently in women D. Characteristic feature of the disease on imaging are irregular strictures and dilations of the affected bile ducts. E. The clinical course is unpredictable but usually progressive.
The disease occurs more frequently in women Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) = is a chronic liver disease in which the bile ducts inside and outside the liver become inflamed and scarred, and eventually narrowed or blocked Primary sclerosing cholangitis → male predominance ↳ Inflammation & fibrosis of both extrahepatic & intrahepatic biliary duct → onionskin fibrosis with atrophy ↳ Association: ulcerative colitis (70%), irritable bowel disease (IBD), pancreatitis ↳ Antibodies: P-ANCA, ANA, anti-SMA, rf? ↳ Increased risk of cholangiosarcoma Primary biliary cholangitis = autoimmune disease → female predominance ↳ Antibodies: anti-PDC-E2, AMA(+), ANA(+) ↳ Inflammation & fibrosis of intrahepatic bile ducts ↳ Mallory-Denk bodies ↳ Associations: pruritus, hepatomegaly, jaundice, xanthomas ↳ Autoimmune manifestations: Sjogren, scleroderma, thyroiditis, Raynaud phenomenon, glomerulonephritis PBC = hepatocellcular carcinoma PSC = cholangiocarcinoma
Which of the following coagulation factors is not dependent on Vitamin K? (select all that apply) Mycobacterium fibrinogen factor V von Willebrand factor factor XIII
The non-vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors: fibrinogen factor V von Willebrand factor factor XIII
Which one is false about the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. that decrease blood pressure by excreting sodium and water In short, RAAS basically increases ya blood pressure any condition that causes RAAS to overreact can be treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers
Which is false about Retrodisplacement of the Uterus?
Three types of displacement Retroflex = towards spine retroverted = straight anteverted = towards bladder
Which is false about Tricuspid Atresia?
Tricuspid Atresia = is a birth defect (congenital) of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right upper chamber of the heart to the right lower chamber of the heart doesn't form at all
Which is false about Uterine Leiomyomas?
Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) = is a Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years
Which one is not part of the Etiology of Wilson's Disease?
Wilson's Disease = An inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in the organs.
Which is false X-Linked Adrenal Leukodystrophy?
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) affects the nervous system and the adrenal cortex. It is a X-chromosome mutation where ALD proteins are defective and don't allow Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) to enter the peroxisomes to break them down to smaller bits. -Defective ALD protein -4 main types of ALD (Childhood cerebral,Adulthood cerebal, Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMD), adrenal insufficient-only type -progressive loss of white matter in Nervous system -lack of myelin -degradation of adrenal glands -lack of adrenal hormones -men will have more serious conditions than women
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely blocked, which manifests on the ECG as a P-wave not followed by a QRS complex.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to
autoimmune mechanisms. Response Feedback: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to autoimmune mechanisms. Wear and tear on weight-bearing joints and septic joint inflammation and necrosis do not lead to SLE. SLE is known to be attributed to autoimmune mechanisms.
The difference between chickenpox and measles is that chickenpox.... A. causes vesicles that scab, whereas measles remains a macular rash. B. causes a widespread rash, whereas measles causes a macular rash C. is a childhood infection, but measles can evolve into shingles in adults. D. is caused by a virus, whereas measles is caused by a bacterium.
causes vesicles that scab, whereas measles remains a macular rash.
Which is false about the clinical manifestations of endometriosis?
clinical manifestations of endometriosis list: Dysmenorrhea = painful menstruation intermenstrual bleeding Dyschezia = Painful defecation Dyspareunia = Pain Intercourse Dysuria = painful urination
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with at least...what?
colorectal cancer
Barrett esophagus is a
condition in which tissue that is similar to the lining of your intestine replaces the tissue lining your esophagus
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop A. hypokalemia. B. hyperkalemia. C. hypocalcemia. D. hypercalcemia.
hypercalcemia
Lusitropic impairment refers to_________
impaired diastolic relaxation
Pregnancy is associated with......WHAT?
increased CO and blood volume (30-40%/1-2L)
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of a) ventricular hypoxia b) increased pulmonary vascular resistance c) left ventricular strain d) hypervolemia
increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with a. deficient production of pancreatic enzymes. b. megacolon at regions of autonomic denervation. c. ulceration of the distal colon and rectum. d. inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.
inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods
Croup is characterized by
inspiratory stridor a harsh cough hoarseness varying degrees of respiratory distress
Deep pressure ulcers usually_________
occurs over bony areas called pressure points
A 48-year-old female who is having hot flashes, tachycardia, palpitations, and sleep disturbance may be experiencing symptoms related to_______
perimenopause
The megakaryocyte is a precursor to
platelets. Platelets are produced by bone marrow megakaryocytes. Production falls when the number of megakaryocytes is reduced or when the process of platelet production is ineffective. One major role in the formation of factor IX is the presence of calcium. White blood cells are not formed in response to megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are not a precursor to red blood cells.
An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes.
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they a. reduce blood flow to the kidneys. b. reduce cardiac output. c. increase cardiac output. d. enhance sodium absorption.
reduce cardiac output
Corticosteroids are commonly administered for the management of skin disorders because they A. are analgesics. B. reduce inflammation. C. enhance collagen production. D. prevent infection.
reduce inflammation Corticosteroids are commonly administered for the management of skin disorders because they reduce inflammation. Corticosteroids are steroids, not analgesics. Corticosteroids do not prevent infection or enhance collagen production
Which one is false about Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
systolic filling/contraction why? Its on the diastolic filling because heart cannot relax
Which is false about testicular torsion?
testicular torsion is the twisting of the cord supplying blood to the loose bag of skin (scrotum) beneath the penis causing it to swell and become What could be False? Epididymitis = Which is Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. Which is caused by a bacterial infection
Scleroderma is characterized by
thickening and decreased elasticity of the skin. Scleroderma is = Chronic hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
Chronic pancreatitis may lead to_________
weight loss and occasionally diarrhea