Patho. Chapter 15
Which statement is true regarding the streamlined nature of laminar blood flow? A. Turbulent blood flow is a result of a vessel branching at a wide angle. B. A thrill can be palpated when blood flows over a roughened intimal surface. C. Blood contacting the intima moves more quickly than that in the center of the vessel. D. A thrombus results when the blood in the middle of the vessel flows more quickly than that in the outer layer.
A = A thrill can be palpated when blood flows over a roughened intimal surface. - Blood flowing over a roughened intimal surface which can be auscultated is called a bruit; if it can be palpated it is called a thrill. Turbulent blood flow can be caused by a branching vessel at a sharp angle. Under normal circumstances, blood flows more quickly in the middle of the vessel than the blood touching the intima of the vessel wall. Slowed or obstructed blood flow promotes the development of a thrombus (blood clot).
Which statement(s) are true regarding circulatory hemodynamics? (Select all that apply.) A. As blood flow increases, resistance decreases. B. Resistance decreases as the radius of a vessel increases. C. Decreased viscosity of the blood increases resistance. D. Decreased systemic peripheral vascular resistance causes distributive shock. E. As the pressure difference in the vessels increases, the blood flow increases.
A = As blood flow increases, resistance decreases., Resistance decreases as the radius of a vessel increases., As the pressure difference in the vessels increases, the blood flow increases.
A true statement regarding atherosclerosis is which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Atherosclerosis obliterans occurs when the peripheral system of upper extremities are affected B. Atherosclerosis usually affects the coronary, cerebral, carotid, femoral arteries and the aorta. C. Atherosclerosis obliterans is used to describe atherosclerosis; the terms are interchangeable. D. Atherosclerosis is a result of medium and large arteries being occluded. E. Atherosclerosis is the dominant type of arteriosclerosis
A = Atherosclerosis usually affects the coronary, cerebral, carotid, femoral arteries and the aorta. - Atherosclerosis is a result of medium and large arteries being occluded.- Atherosclerosis is the dominant type of arteriosclerosis
Which condition can produce signs and symptoms of a stroke? (Select all that apply.) A. Varicose veins B. Atherosclerosis C. Cerebral aneurysm D. Cerebral AV fistula E. Chronic venous insufficiency
A = Atherosclerosis, Cerebral aneurysm, Cerebral AV fistula
The movement of nutrients and O2 as well as the removal of metabolic wastes occurs in A. Veins B. Arteries C. Arterioles D. Capillaries
A = Capillaries - The aorta propels blood into the arteries, arterioles, and finally the capillary beds. Here the proximity of the capillary endothelium to the other cells of the body facilitates movement of nutrients and O2 into the cells and removal of cellular metabolic wastes. Capillary blood is then collected by venules in order to be returned to the right side of the heart. Arteries deliver blood to the arterioles. Arterioles deliver blood to the capillary bed.
What is the difference between capillary fluid pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure?
A = Capillary fluid pressure is the fluid pressure inside the capillary and is the force pushing fluid from the capillary into the interstitium; plasma colloid osmotic pressure is the primary force because of the presence of plasma proteins, which results in fluid remaining in the capillary. - Capillary fluid pressure is the fluid pressure inside the capillary and is the force pushing fluid from the capillary into the interstitium (called hydrostatic pressure). Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is the primary force because of the presence of plasma proteins, which result in fluid remaining in the capillary. Most plasma proteins remain in the capillaries because they are such large molecules that they are unable to move easily through the capillary walls. The other options do not correctly define the terms or the processes.
A contributing factor to the formation of an embolus includes which of the following?(Select all that apply.) A. A chronic blood disorder like anemia B. Dislodged fat after long-bone surgery C. Air bolus introduced by IV therapy D. Foreign object in the blood stream E. An infected blood vessel
A = Dislodged fat after long-bone surgery, Air bolus introduced by IV therapy, Foreign object in the blood stream, An infected blood vessel
Thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body is called A. Stroke B. Atherosclerosis C. Myocardial infarction (MI) D. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A = Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - Thrombosis may also be initiated by a generalized reduction in flow and release of vasoactive substances that occur in shock states. Systemic derangement in coagulation takes place in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), resulting in thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body. A stroke results from the obstruction of blood flow in or to the brain by a clot. Atherosclerosis is a circulatory condition that results in the inability of vessels to regulate blood flow as a result of the stiffening of their walls. An MI is a result of obstructed blood flow in a vessel supplying the heart muscle itself.
Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true? A. The arrangement of the lymphatic system is very similar to that of the circulatory system. B. Lymphatic vessels are more like arteries in that they are thick-walled and do not have valves. C. It allows for leakage from the vascular system to be reabsorbed into the body's circulation system. D. Lymphatic tissue and lymph nodes are found deep within muscles, but not within connective tissue.
A = It allows for leakage from the vascular system to be reabsorbed into the body's circulation system. - One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to reabsorb fluid that leaks out of the vascular network into the interstitium and to return it to the general circulation. The lymphatic system is markedly different from the circulatory system in both function and structure. Lymphatic vessels are thin-walled with valves, and most resemble veins; when stretched, the vessels contract and propel lymph along the vessel. The lymphatic vessels begin blindly, deep in the body's connective tissue.
Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of arterial thrombosis? (Select all that apply.) A. Pain is increased with activity in the affected limb. B. A positive Homans' sign is seen in 10% of patients. C. The limb is usually cool to the touch and cyanotic. D. A late sign is an ulcer around the toe. E. Intermittent claudication and pain.
A = Pain is increased with activity in the affected limb., The limb is usually cool to the touch and cyanotic., A late sign is an ulcer around the toe., Intermittent claudication and pain.
A skin assessment of the legs of a client diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency would show which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Reddish pigmented areas B. Reports of legs "cramping" C. Edema increasing as the day progresses D. An ulcer on the ankle of the affected leg E. Pain that decreases when legs are in the dependent position
A = Reddish pigmented areas - Reports of legs "cramping" - Edema increasing as the day progresses - An ulcer on the ankle of the affected leg
Which is a modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis? A. Smoking B. Genetics C. Gender D. Age
A = Smoking - Smoking is a behavior that is modifiable although recognized as being difficult to stop. Genetics, gender, and age are not modifiable since they are not under voluntary control of the individual.
Which statement is true regarding the process of autoregulation? (Select all that apply.) A. This process is responsible for maintaining a relatively constant flow of blood in the body. B. As vascular smooth muscle is stretched, it contracts, which produces vasoconstriction. C. The process takes blood flow within a range that is unique to a specific organ's needs. D. When an organ experiences high demand for blood the appropriate vessels constrict. E. In instances of decreased metabolic demand, blood flow to the tissue is reduced.
A = This process is responsible for maintaining a relatively constant flow of blood in the body., As vascular smooth muscle is stretched, it contracts, which produces vasoconstriction., The process takes blood flow within a range that is unique to a specific organ's needs., In instances of decreased metabolic demand, blood flow to the tissue is reduced.
What is the specific terminology to describe the formation of a blood clot in a vein? A. Ischemia B. Phlebitis C. Thrombus D. Thrombophlebitis
A = Thrombophlebitis - When phlebitis is present in a vein and is accompanied by a thrombus, it is called a thrombophlebitis. Ischemia is lack of oxygen to an area within the body. If a thrombus forms in an arterial system, decreased distal flow can result in ischemia, injury, and necrosis. A blood clot formed, which activates the clotting mechanism, is generally referred to as a thrombus. In the venous system, an inflamed vein is called a phlebitis
What are the upper acceptable values for cholesterol within the blood? A. Total cholesterol level of 40 mg/dl, HDL of 200 mg/dl, and LDL of 160 mg/dl B. Total cholesterol level of 40 mg/dl, HDL of 160 mg/dl, and LDL of 200 mg/dl C. Total cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl, HDL of 160 mg/dl, and LDL of 40 mg/dl D. Total cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl, HDL of 40 mg/dl, and LDL of 160 mg/dl
A = Total cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl, HDL of 40 mg/dl, and LDL of 160 mg/dl - An acceptable total cholesterol level for an adult who has no coronary disease is less than 200 mg/dl. Levels of LDL-C are felt to be detrimental if greater than 160 mg/dl. In those with known coronary disease, an LDL-C of less than 100 mg/dl is thought to be beneficial. Protective levels of HDL are those greater than 45 mg/dl for men and 55 mg/dl for women. The other answer options are not currently viewed as acceptable values.
The role of the circulatory system is to do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Transport O2 and nutrients throughout the body B. Remove waste products found within the body C. Move blood to the lungs from the left side of the heart D. Move blood systemically from the right side of the heart E. Release of oxygen through the gastrointestinal tract via the splanchnic circulation
A = Transport O2 and nutrients throughout the body, Remove waste products found within the body
An accurate comparison of arterial and venal vessels would include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Vein walls are thinner than those of arteries. B.Veins have 2 distinct layers, while arteries have 3. C. Venules are composed primarily of connective tissue D. The principle tissue found in arterioles is smooth muscle E. With increasing age, the intimal arterial wall looses elasticity.
A = Vein walls are thinner than those of arteries., Venules are composed primarily of connective tissue, The principle tissue found in arterioles is smooth muscle, With increasing age, the intimal arterial wall looses elasticity.
What are the main causes of edema? A. When the adjacent lymphatic system develops an impaired lymphatic flow or when the capillaries themselves become more permeable and "leak" fluid into the cell B. When the capillaries develop an impaired flow or when the lymphatic system becomes more permeable and "leaks" fluid into the cell C. When the capillary beds develop a decreased pressure, thereby promoting fluid "leaks" into the interstitial fluid D. When the lymphatic system fails to pick up excess fluid from the interstitial space
A = When the adjacent lymphatic system develops an impaired lymphatic flow or when the capillaries themselves become more permeable and "leak" fluid into the cell - The main mechanisms that result in edema are usually the development of impaired lymphatic flow in an adjacent lymphatic system or "leaking" of fluid into the cell as a result of capillaries themselves becoming more permeable. The mechanisms that result in edema are not related to impaired flow in the capillaries or the lymphatic system's becoming permeable and leaking. Increased rather than decreased pressure would be a factor in edema. The lymphatic system's failing to pick up excess fluid does not address the major pathology that results in edema.
Contraction of vascular smooth muscle (referred to as vasomotor tone) is mostly accomplished via the extrinsic mechanism of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in which receptor response? A. β-2 B. β-1 C. α-2 D. α-1
A = α-1 - Because arteries have the most smooth muscle, they are most affected by central nervous system stimulation. The release of norepinephrine (the postganglionic neurotransmitter) results in arterial vasoconstriction via the α-1 receptors located on the vascular smooth muscle walls Although β-2 receptors on smooth muscles are affected, they only increase nutrient and oxygen supplies to skeletal muscles via vasodilation, not vasoconstriction, during times of stress. β-1 and α-2 receptor responses are not involved in this scenario.