Patho Chapter 2 Quiz

A collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is called a/an: A epidural hematoma B contusion C subdural hematoma D subarachnoid hemmorrhage

A. Epidural hematomas are a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura. A contusion is a bruise or bleeding into the skin and underlying tissue. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura and the surface of the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm ruptures.

Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? A suffocation B strangulation C drowning D petechiae

A. Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It is a subgroup of asphyxial injuries. Strangulation is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by external pressure on the neck. Drowning occurs when water or fluid alters the delivery of oxygen. Petechiae are found on the neck of a victim who has been strangled. It is the result of compression of soft tissue and the breakage of blood vessels.

Which form of necrosis is associated with tuberculous infections? A An active process of cellular self-destruction Correct B A process that deletes cells during embryonic development Correct C Local cell death after severe and sudden injury Incorrect D Nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage of a cell Correct

ABD. Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is an active process of cellular self-destruction that is implicated in normal embryonic development, as well as in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Apoptosis affects single cells by causing nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage, followed by the fragmentation of the cell membrane. Necrosis is accidental cell death that occurs to local cells after a severe and sudden injury.

The possible diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is supported when an infant brought to the emergency department is found to have which type of cerebral hematoma? A epidural B subdural C subarachnoid D avulsion

B. A subdural hematoma is associated with blows, falls, or sudden acceleration or deceleration of the head, such as the sudden movements that occur with shaken baby syndrome. Epidural hematomas are the result of a torn artery, often associated with a skull fracture. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm has ruptured. An avulsion is a tear or rip in the skin, resulting when tensile strength of skin or tissue is exceeded.

Which statement regarding altitude and illness is true? A Caisson disease occurs when descending too quickly while diving. B Pulmonary edema as the result of hypoxia and increased pulmonary hypertension. C Gas emboli are caused by oxygen bubbles. D Altitude sickness occurs from blast injuries.

B. High altitude causes hypoxic injury. This hypoxia causes shunting of blood from the periphery to vital organs including the lungs and results in pulmonary hypertension. Caisson disease is often called the bends and occurs when divers ascend too quickly, resulting in a gas embolism. Gas emboli are formed when carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which are normally dissolved in blood, bubble out of solution. Blast injuries cause significant injury through the collapse of the thorax, the rupture of internal organs, and widespread hemorrhage.

Heat exhaustion is defined as: A Chilling or freezing of the cells B Cramping of voluntary muscles C Hemoconcentration from salt and water loss D Significantly decreased blood volume

C. Heat exhaustion is defined by a sufficient salt and water loss that results in hemoconcentration. Hypotension occurs secondary to fluid loss and may cause a collapse. The individual may feel weak and nauseated. Chills or freezing cells are associated with hypothermic injury. Heat cramps are cramping of voluntary muscles, usually the result of vigorous exercise. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition associated with high environmental temperatures and humidity. Generalized peripheral vasodilation and decreased circulating blood volume are significant.

Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury? A Free radical induced injury B chemical injury C hypoxia D Mechanical factors

C. Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury and can be initiated by decreased oxygen in the environment, decreased hemoglobin, decreased red blood cells, or cardiovascular collapse. A free radical-induced injury, chemical injury, and mechanical factors are other types of cell injury but are not the most common.

Which term describes a tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge? A abrasion B incision C laceration D incised wound

C. Lacerations occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded, resulting in ragged and irregular abraded edges; an extreme example is avulsion, in which a wide area of tissue is pulled away. An abrasion results from the removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. An incision is a precise cut with an instrument that leaves regular clean edges. An incised wound is longer than it is deep and has distinct edges without abrasion.

Which chemical interferes with the excretion of urate while affecting the nervous and hematopoietic systems? A carbon monoxide B carbon tetrachloride C lead D Mercury

C. Lead can interfere with the excretion of urate and thus increase an individual's predisposition to gout; it affects the hematopoietic and nervous systems. Carbon monoxide is a gas that is an asphyxiate and interrupts respiration. Carbon tetrachloride was formerly used in dry cleaning. It damages the liver as it is converted into a highly toxic free radical. Mercury is a heavy metal and can worsen chronic conditions such as Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis.

Which form of necrosis is associated with tuberculous infections? A Coagulative B Liquefactive C Fat D Caseous

D. Caseous necrosis is normally found in the lung from tuberculosis. Tissues appear soft and granular and resemble clumped cheese (hence the name caseous) and are surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory wall; this pulmonary infection is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a combination of liquefactive and coagulation necrosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands and is caused by protein degradation. Liquefactive necrosis commonly occurs in the neurons and glial cells. Fat necrosis occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. It is cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipases.

A deficiency of lipids in the blood stream is known as _______________________.

Hypolipidemia

_______________ is the term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell by a less mature cell type.

Metaplasia