Patho Chapter 22, 23, 25

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia

The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Total body water in older adults is

decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration.

decreased serum sodium

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

decreased urine output

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

deficiency of ATP.

Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes

destruction of alveolar tissue.

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a

fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of

hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is

hyperkalemia

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

hyperventilation.

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

hypophosphatemia

A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

immunosuppression.

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

in the normal range.

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in

increased pH, increased HCO3-

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is

lack of surfactant

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of

metabolic acid deficit.

Diarrhea causes

metabolic acidosis

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

osmosis

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO 2 55, HCO 3 - 36

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is

"If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."

When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?", the nurse responds that

"Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round."

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

"Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?

Absent breath sounds on the left

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

Carbonic

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Infants

Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with

Pickwickian syndrome.

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness

Viral pneumonia is characterized by

a dry cough.

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by

accumulation of alveolar exudates

Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of

acute respiratory distress syndrome.

A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of

bacterial pneumonia.

Causes of hypomagnesemia include

chronic alcoholism.

The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of

recurrent infection.

The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

respiratory

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop

respiratory alkalosis.

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO 2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO 3 - = 24 mEq/L demonstrates

respiratory alkalosis.

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

sodium

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

two thirds.