Patho Chapter 9 Q's
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 84) basal ganglia
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3
21) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) limbic system. B) basal nuclei. C) corpus callosum. D) reticular system. E) pons.
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
28) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) brain stem E) medulla
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
31) The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) pons. E) cerebellum.
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
36) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) amygdala E) cerebellar
: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17
32) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) cerebellum. B) pons. C) medulla. D) hippocampus. E) hypothalamus.
: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
29) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) hunger. B) pounding heart. C) sweating palms. D) increased blood pressure. E) pupillary dilation.
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 80) cerebral cortex
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 81) limbic system
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3
1) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) jellyfish and sea anemones. B) flatworms and sea urchins. C) segmented worms and sea horses. D) mollusks and sea stars. E) fish and sea monkeys.
: A
10) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) pia mater. E) ventricles.
: A
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 41) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals
: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3
69) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly attributed to a difference in A) lipid solubility. B) the type of receptor involved. C) ATP-dependence of drug transport. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.
: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
26) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pituitary gland. C) choroid plexus. D) pons. E) brain stem.
: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.14
75) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called A) associative. B) nonassociative. C) habituation. D) sensitization.
: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16
73) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) suprachiamatic nucleus. D) hypothalamus. E) corpus callosum.
: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 54) parietal lobe
: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7
25) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people. A) concentrated on the left B) concentrated on the right C) equally distributed between the left and right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right
: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.9
Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 50) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 76) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure
: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 83) ventral horn
: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 48) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"
: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
89) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.
: A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. This procedure is performed to sample the chemical environment of the brain and test for infection. An infection is indicated by proteins or blood cells found in the sample. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5
2) The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve A) tracts. B) nets. C) webs. D) cords. E) mazes.
: B
5) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) segmented worms C) jellyfish D) sea anemones
: B
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 43) myelinated axons with very few cell bodies
: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3
34) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A) K+ B) H+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) Na+
: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5
12) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) oxygen B) glucose C) sodium D) potassium E) fatty acids
: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A
24) The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called A) proprioception. B) perception. C) cognition. D) lateralization. E) emotion.
: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10
33) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) discombobulation. B) anterograde amnesia. C) short-term amnesia. D) implicit amnesia. E) retrograde amnesia.
: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17
Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 56) occipital lobe
: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 85) corpus callosum
: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3
Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 52) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems
: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 79) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas
: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 82) corticospinal tracts
: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 45) tracts of axons that transfer information to and from the brain
: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
86) Describe the physical protection afforded by the cerebrospinal fluid.
: Because the brain floats on CSF there is less weight and, therefore, less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS. The fluid also pads the brain so it is less likely to hit the cranium and risk bruising when there is a blow to the head. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Define implicit and explicit memory.
: Both are a type of long-term memory. Implicit or reflexive memory is automatic and does not require conscious effort. Examples are tasks that primarily involve motor skills such as writing or throwing a ball and the memory tasks typically stored at in large part in the cerebellum and the amygdala. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious attention, using higher-level thinking skills. These memories can be communicated. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17
3) Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because A) worms do not have brains. B) worms do not have a nervous system. C) worms have a ganglion at each segment. D) worms have a neural network within each segment.
: C
6) The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural tube. C) neural plate. D) ependyma. E) neural crest.
: C
7) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural plate. B) neural tube. C) neural crest.
: C
8) The pons develops from the A) forebrain. B) midbrain. C) hindbrain.
: C
38) An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called A) training. B) consolidation. C) long-term potentiation. D) synchronicity. E) synaptic plasticity.
: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17
Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 55) temporal lobe
: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7
20) Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? A) emotional state B) reflexive C) behavioral state D) emergent E) diffuse modulatory
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11
15) Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for control of vomiting C) centers for control of eye movement D) centers for control of breathing E) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
17) Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE? A) Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) It receives input from multiple sources. C) It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. D) The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
22) Which functions in the control of movement? A) hippocampus only B) amygdala only C) basal nuclei only D) hippocampus and amygdala E) All of the above function in the control of movement.
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 49) composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 78) small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
18) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) basal nuclei. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) corpus callosum. D) hippocampus. E) gray "H."
: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.8
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 42) projections that carry sensory information to the brain
: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 46) motor fibers leave the spinal cord's gray matter via this
: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A
66) ________ is a naturally occurring stimulant in food, which acts upon ________ receptors.
: Caffeine (or other xanthines: theophylline, theobromine), adenosine Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12
87) Describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.
: Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexus. It flows into the subarachnoid space (between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane) to surround the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the blood at arachnoid villi (located in the cranium). Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5
4) The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the A) cerebellum only. B) cerebrum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebellum and cerebrum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.
: D
19) The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the A) cerebrum only. B) cerebellum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebrum and cerebellum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.
: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7
23) Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following? A) amygdala B) basal nuclei C) hippocampus D) cerebral cortex E) amygdala and hippocampus
: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7
11) The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. A) high; 35 B) low; 35 C) low; 15 D) high; 15 E) high; 50
: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A
71) General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the A) hippocampus. B) corpus callosum. C) lateral ventricles. D) reticular formation. E) medullary pyramids.
: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12
72) Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by A) mimicking a specific neurotransmitter. B) inhibiting a specific neurotransmitter. C) mimicking a specific neuromodulator. D) inhibiting a specific neuromodulator.
: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12
35) Enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a repeated stimulus is called A) training. B) learning. C) reflexation. D) facilitation. E) consolidation.
: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16
74) You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It is no longer inviting when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred? A) associative B) anterograde C) habituation D) sensitization
: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16
Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 53) all lobes
: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7
30) The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is A) thyroid hormone. B) prolactin. C) oxytocin. D) epinephrine. E) antidiuretic hormone.
: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11
Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 51) composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri
: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 77) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation
: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 39) carry primarily efferent signals from the brain
: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
14) The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve. A) trochlear B) spinal accessory C) trigeminal D) vagus E) glossopharyngeal
: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A
70) A complete spinal cord transection injury results in paralysis, which is the inability to do which of the following? A) move voluntarily B) move at all C) feel D) move voluntarily and feel E) move at all and feel
: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 44) swellings containing sensory cell bodies
: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 106) Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. The specific population of neurons involved degenerates and thus fails to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. An obvious treatment option to try is to administer dopamine, yet this is completely ineffective at alleviating the symptoms. Propose a reason why this treatment fails, and a related alternative to address the dopamine deficit. (Hint: Think about how the brain protects itself from chemicals in the blood.)
: Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. Treatment with the dopamine precursor L-dopa, however, is effective, as this molecule can cross the barrier. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
9) Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A) cranium B) subarachnoid space C) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D) dura mater E) cerebral space
: E
37) Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.
: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17
27) Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. A) urinary B) respiratory C) reproductive D) integumentary E) immune
: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A
16) Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation? A) arousal and sleep B) muscle tone and stretch reflexes C) pain modulation D) blood pressure regulation E) regulation of the menstrual cycle
: E Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
13) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A) propriospinal tracts. B) ventral root ganglia. C) ventral horns. D) dorsal horns. E) dorsal root ganglia.
: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.10
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 40) projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord
: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 47) cluster of gray matter in the brain
: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How are moods similar to or different from emotions?
: Moods last longer, and are relatively stable subjective feelings related to sense of well-being. Mood disorders such as depression are thought to be related to abnormal neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Give a brief synopsis of CNS control of movement.
: Motor output consists of somatic control of skeletal muscle. Simple somatic reflexes are controlled by centers in the brain and spinal cord. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle involves primary motor cortex and motor association areas, sensory areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) What function(s) is/are associated with the basal ganglia? Huntington's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, causing neural degeneration, and resulting in abnormal muscle movements and cognitive decline. What may cause the cognitive decline? Effective treatment for Huntington's has been elusive, but recently it was shown that a cause of neuron degeneration may be calcium overload. What potential type of treatment does this suggest?
: The basal ganglia are involved in motor control. It is possible that basal ganglia play a role in cognition as well as in motor control, or that the cerebral cortex is also affected by Huntington's. Calcium channel blockers may be developed as treatments for this disease. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Do the terms vertebral column and spinal cord mean the same thing? Explain.
: The vertebral column, thus it is bone. The spinal cord is neural tissue, protected by the spine or vertebral column. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) If a diabetes mellitus patient continually has high blood glucose, what is likely to happen to the nervous system, and what are the possible outcomes?
: With too much glucose present, the blood-brain barrier cells may remove glucose transporters from the patient's membranes. If blood glucose drops due to insulin therapy, the brain neurons may be unable to obtain sufficient glucose to function or remain alive. This can lead to a comatose state or even death. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
62) The ________ is a salty fluid continuously secreted into hollow cavities known as ________. This fluid is secreted into these cavities by the ________, a specialized tissue consisting of capillaries and transport epithelium.
: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricles; choroid plexus Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5
63) Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons. They communicate across leaky junctions of the ________ membrane and the ________ cell layer that lines the ventricles.
: cerebrospinal, interstitial; pial, ependymal Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4
60) The measurement of brain activity is recorded by a procedure known as the ________.
: electroencephalogram (EEG) Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A
57) In annelids, simple reflexes occurring within a segment (i.e., without brain input) are possible because of ________; in vertebrates these reflexes are called ________.
: ganglia, spinal reflexes Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1
58) Under normal circumstances, the only fuel source for the neurons of the brain is ________.
: glucose Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
64) The only fuel source for neurons under normal circumstances is ________. Low blood levels of this is termed ________, which can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and eventually death. In order to synthesize enough ATP to continually transport ions, the neurons also exhibit high rates of ________ consumption. To supply these needs about ________% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain.
: glucose; hypoglycemia; oxygen; 15 Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
59) The three sections of the brain stem are ________, ________, and ________.
: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7
65) Two areas of the brain missing the blood-brain barrier are the ________ and ________.
: posterior pituitary, the (vomiting center of the) medulla Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6
61) In vertebrates, the CNS is protected by bony cases, the brain inside the ________, while the spinal cord runs through a canal inside the ________.
: skull, vertebrae (spine) Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2
