patho exam 2 - lippincott quizzes
Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered:
hospital-acquired pneumonia.
___________ shock results from acute blood loss.
hypovolemic
A reduction in blood O2 levels is known as _____________.
hypoxemia
A patient has a serious medical condition that renders them unable to eat solid food for several weeks, so the medical team starts them on _____________, which is delivered entirely through a central intravenous line.
total parenteral nutrition
True or false: Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind to hemoglobin.
true
True or false: Cardiac biomarkers like troponin-T and CK-MB can be used to confirm the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
true
True or false: Cardiac output is defined as the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle in one minute.
true
True or false: Exercise, allergens, and emotion can all contribute to an asthma attack.
true
True or false: Proteins can act as a buffer system because their amino acids are amphoteric.
true
True or false: The two most important organs for the regulation of blood pH are the lungs and the kidneys.
true
True or false: While the ventricles are actively contracting, the atria are in diastole.
true
_____________ is a common clinical symptom that is characterized by a subjective perception of difficulty in breathing.
dyspnea
_____________ is a subtype of COPD characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and dilation of air spaces.
emphysema
Which are findings associated with asthma?
All of the above
Which are initial symptoms of an acute asthma attack?
All of the above
Which areas of the heart might a myocardial infarction affect?
All of the above
The equation (Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-) is used to calculate the _____________.
anion gap
What are the three primary symptoms of COPD?
Chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea
Which are signs of metabolic alkalosis?
Chvostek sign
The neurologic injury in which a cerebral artery ruptures or is blocked, causing death of brain tissue due to ischemia, is called ___________.
stroke
Which clinical manifestations are present with typical pneumonia but not with atypical pneumonia? Regions of reduced or absent breath sounds Nonproductive cough Onset greater than 48 hours
All of the above
Which factors make a client most susceptible to a diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia?
All of the above
Which findings are characteristic of emphysema?
All of the above
Which may occur from a myocardial infarction?
All of the above
Which symptoms indicate peripheral arterial disease?
All of the above
A patient with COPD is prescribed supplemental oxygen. What should the nurse know about this prescription?
Less oxygen is preferred to preserve the respiratory drive.
Which are clinical manifestations of arterial disease?
Pain when walking, pallor, gangrene
Which of the term describes hypertension caused by another disease process?
Secondary
Which is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Secondhand smoke
Which event causes vessel constriction?
Angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II
Which blood pressure reading indicates hypertension?
150/100 mm Hg
A patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is receiving a neuromuscular blocking agent. What additional medications need to be ordered?
Sedatives and pain medications
An emergency department nurse is admitting four patients. Which patient is a candidate for immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?
A patient with a STEMI who reports severe left arm pain.
Sepsis, shock, and other forms of severe systemic inflammation can cause severe lung damage that may require mechanical ventilation, a condition known as _____________.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Who is at the highest risk for developing community-acquired pneumonia (typical)?
An older adult living in an assisted living facility
Which are common risk factors for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
All of the above
What is the initial treatment for a patient experiencing myocardial infarction (MI)?
Aspirin, oxygen, morphine, nitroglycerin
Dislodging of mural thrombi may result in which condition?
Cerebral or pulmonary emboli
Which description defines myocardial contractility?
Contractile performance of the heart
What results from the abnormal production of renin?
Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
What is the main cause of myocardial infarction (MI)?
Coronary artery disease
Which are symptoms of peripheral venous disease?
Diminished pulse in the legs & feet Discoloration
Which are clinical manifestations of venous disease?
Dull, aching pain, edema
A nurse working in the intensive care unit (ICU) knows that chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure will result in the patient displaying which clinical manifestation(s)?
Dyspnea and bilateral crackles
A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of the condition. Which finding would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this patient?
Enlargement of the liver
True or false: Cardiogenic shock causes pulmonary edema.
False
What is not a symptom of myocardial infarction (MI)?
Headache
Which process causes the primary characteristic of chronic bronchitis?
Hypersecretion of mucous with cough
Increased sodium and water in the blood results in what?
Increased blood volume
Essential hypertension is a result of what?
Increased cardiac output and vascular resistance
What is the definition of myocardial infarction?
Ischemic death of myocardial tissue
How does positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) help manage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
It helps open the alveoli to promote gas exchange.
Which organ passes along aldosterone causing water and sodium retention?
Kidneys
Emphysema is a disorder of the lungs involving inflammation of the lungs. What characteristic distinguishes this condition?
Loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of the lungs
What is the nurse's priority when caring for a patient with COPD?
Maintaining the airway
What does a pH of 7.14, a CO2 of 36 mEq/L, and an HCO3 of 9 mEq/L indicate?
Metabolic acidosis The pH is low, indicating acidosis, the CO2 is normal, and the HCO3 is low, indicating a metabolic problem. The pH and HCO3 are going in the same direction.
What does a pH of 7.50, a CO2 of 41 mEq/L, and an HCO3 of 42 mEq/L indicate?
Metabolic alkalosis The pH is high, indicating alkalosis, the CO2 is normal, and the HCO3 is high, indicating a metabolic problem. The HCO3 is going in the same direction as pH.
Which type of oxygen mask may be indicated for the patient in respiratory alkalosis?
Non-rebreather mask
Which types of disease make up vascular disease?
Peripheral arterial disease Peripheral venous disease
A nurse will be providing care for a patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure characterized as primarily right-sided. Which description of the patient's presentation would the nurse anticipate?
Pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain
What does a pH of 7.25, a CO2 of 56 mEq/L, and an HCO3 of 24 mEq/L indicate?
Respiratory acidosis The pH is low, indicating acidosis, and the CO2 is high, indicating a respiratory problem. The HCO3 is normal. CO2 is going in the opposite direction of pH.
What does a pH of 7.17, a CO2 of 75 mEq/L, and an HCO3 of 26 mEq/L indicate?
Respiratory acidosis The pH is low, indicating acidosis, the CO2 is high, indicating a respiratory problem, and the HCO3 is normal. The pH and CO2 are going in opposite directions.
What does a pH of 7.48, a CO2 of 32 mEq/L, and an HCO3 of 22 mEq/L indicate?
Respiratory alkalosis The pH is high, indicating alkalosis, the CO2 is low, indicating a respiratory problem, and the HCO3 is normal. The pH and CO2 are going in opposite directions.
Which correctly describes the blood flow through the heart?
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve pulmonary, artery left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
Which describes the normal progression of the electrical conduction system of the heart?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, right bundle branch, left bundle branch, Purkinje fibers
The most common infective organism for clients diagnosed with typical pneumonia is:
Streptococcus pneumonia.
Which blood pressure is represented by the top number?
Systolic
Which statement defines preload?
The amount of blood the heart must pump with each beat
Which description best defines afterload?
The force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject blood from the ventricles
Which statement is true regarding a COPD exacerbation?
The patient will recover a little less each time.
Which statement is true regarding acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
The patient with ARDS will be in the intensive care unit (ICU)
Why does knowing what causes acid-base imbalances and what is happening in the body important?
To guide treatment and prevention efforts
Why would a patient be given a neuromuscular blocking agent when treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
To improve synchronicity with the ventilator
Which cardiac enzyme is the most cardiac specific?
Troponin
True or false: With systolic heart failure, an insufficient amount of blood gets pumped out for systemic circulation, eventually causing backup into the pulmonary circulation.
True
A patient complains of persistent leg cramps when at rest and has a leg ulcer at the medial malleoli surrounded by bluish-brown skin. The patient has hypertension. What is the cause of the leg ulcer?
Venous insufficiency
Which best describes stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction
Which is not a cause of metabolic acidosis?
Vomiting
What are the three areas of damage in a myocardial infarction?
Zone of injury, zone of ischemia, zone of necrosis
If the heart and lungs are working properly, but there are not enough red blood cells to maintain adequate circulation, the condition is called ___________.
anemia
High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and other factors can cause the deposition of lipids in the lining of arteries, which is called ___________ and results in an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.
atherosclerosis
The nurse is assessing the child in the emergency department. The nurse notes that the child has a moderate amount of sputum, rales that are scattered throughout the lung fields and heard posteriorly, and negative tactile fremitus. The nurse also notes that the white blood cell count is only slightly elevated. The nurse anticipates a diagnosis of:
atypical pneumonia.
True or false: An acid is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution, while a base releases hydrogen ions.
false
True or false: Pleural effusion involves the accumulation of excess fluid within the alveoli.
false
True or false: Reduction of blood flow to the kidneys causes the liver to secrete renin.
false
True or false: The layer of the heart that is comprised of contractile cardiac muscle cells is the pericardium.
false
True or false: The rate of perfusion must exceed the rate of ventilation in order to ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood.
false
True or false: Thiazide diuretics are used to treat hypertension by decreasing the amount of fluid that is lost in the urine, causing more to be reabsorbed back into the vascular system.
false
True or false: Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is complicated by the fact that supplementary oxygen is ineffective.
false
True or false: Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus can cause the buildup of acidic ketone bodies, resulting in metabolic alkalosis.
false
Repeated vomiting can cause a patient to lose an abnormal amount of hydrochloric acid, resulting in the acid-base disturbance known as _____________.
metabolic alkalosis
