Patho Exam 2 Study Guide

Chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

epilepsy

Syndrome characterized by hyponatremia (low sodium) and hypo-osmolality of the blood caused by nervous system disorders, cancers, or pulmonary diseases

SIADH

5. What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

Shoulder

The nurse suspects nocturnal hypoglycemia in a diabetic client. Which symptoms can the nurse expect to observe in this client? Select all that apply. Sleep disturbance Vivid nightmares Severe dehydration Morning headache Mania

Sleep disturbance Vivid nightmares Morning headache

4. A client presents complaining of back pain after lifting a large couch. The client is complaining of muscle spasms in the back. You would suspect this client suffered a:

Strain

The medical condition which indicates a very low blood glucose level:

hypoglycemia

A seizure involving one part of the brain where the patient remains conscious.

simple focal

The doctrine stating an increase in elements in one compartment of the brain must be compensated by a decrease in other compartments.

MONRO-KELLIE DOCTRINE

3. While teaching a group of student nurses about various musculoskeletal disorders, the nurse states, "This syndrome occurs when tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomic space." Which syndrome is the nurse describing?

Compartment syndrome

A client presents to the emergency department three (3) days after being discharged from the hospital due to a femur fracture. The client is screaming in pain but the leg is only slightly swollen with minimal bruising. You feel the dorsalis pedis pulse and it is weak. You suspect this client is suffering from:

Compartment syndrome

1. While teaching a group of student nurses about different types of fractures, the nursing instructor says, "This fracture is characterized by the crushing of cancellous bone." Which type of fracture is the nursing instructor describing?

Compression

Which condition exhibits "moon facies" as a characteristic symptom?

Cushing's syndrome

Which disorder is caused by an increase in the hormones that are secreted from the adrenal gland?

Cushing's syndrome

An inherited disease which involves involuntary motor symptoms, cognitive decline, and emotional and behavioral symptoms.

Huntington disease

During times of fasting or starvation, which organ is responsible to make glucose by gluconeogenesis?

Liver

9. Cortical bone is solid bone. Trabecular bone is nonsolid bone.

True

An acute cardiac event occurs two to four times more often in diabetic individuals than the general population due to arterial wall damage from chronic hyperglycemia.

True

Insulin is the key that allows glucose to enter the cells.

True

The hallmark of spinal shock involves a loss of anal reflex and bulbocavernous reflex.

True

Lobe responsible for voluntary movement, memory, emotion, social judgment and decision making, reasoning, and aggression.

frontal

An acute peripheral neuropathy that leads to progressive limb weakness over the course of days to weeks.

guillain barre syndrome

Lobe responsible for analyzing and interpreting vision.

occipital

Hormone which helps to reabsorb calcium in the kidneys and release calcium from the bone

parathyroid hormone

Lobe responsible for receiving and interpreting bodily sensations, governing proprioception, and awareness of relation of body parts to each other.

parietal

Which type of epileptic seizure is characterized by a sudden lapse of consciousness for 5 to 30 seconds?

petit mal seizure

A rare tumor of the adrenal medulla leading to secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine causing hypertension, tremors, and tachycardia

pheochromocytoma

The master endocrine gland of the body which regulates all the body's endocrine glands

pituitary gland

Lobe responsible for the senses of hearing and smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and vision recognition.

temporal

The registered nurse is teaching about neurogenic shock to a group of student nurses. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates the need for further teaching? "Neurogenic shock reduces the systemic blood pressure." "Neurogenic shock results in peripheral vasoconstriction." "Neurogenic shock causes flaccid muscles and paralysis." "Neurogenic shock causes a lack of normal sympathetic outflow from the T1-L2 region of the spinal cord."

"Neurogenic shock results in peripheral vasoconstriction."

The nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about skeletal muscles. Which statement by a student nurse indicates effective learning? a. "The thick filaments of sarcomeres are made up of a protein called actin." b. "The thin filaments of sarcomeres are made up of a protein called myosin." c. "The fascicles contain 10 to 30 muscle fibers encased in connective tissue called epimysium." d. "The individual muscle fibers of skeletal muscle are arranged in bundles called fascicles."

"The individual muscle fibers of skeletal muscle are arranged in bundles called fascicles."

A nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about cerebrovascular disorders and associated pathophysiology. Which statement of the student nurse requires correction? "A small blood vessel infarction that is associated with hypertension is known as a lacunar infarct." "The right atrium undergoes atrial fibrillation with stasis of blood and clot formation in an ischemic stroke." "The ischemia of the brain is caused by a thromboembolism from a carotid stenosis in a transient ischemic attack." "The cerebral artery ruptures and causes a large amount of blood to compress the brain tissue in a hemorrhagic stroke."

"The right atrium undergoes atrial fibrillation with stasis of blood and clot formation in an ischemic stroke."

List the three ways that INFLAMMATION can occur in musculoskeletal tissue.

3. CONTIGUOUS SPREAD 2. HEMATOGENEOUS SPREAD 3. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Which symptom is associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome? Severe dehydration Stupor Confusion All of the above

All of the above

Which symptoms are associated with autonomic neuropathy? Select all that apply. Anhidrosis Gastroparesis Microalbuminuria Paresthesias in feet Postural hypotension

Anhidrosis Gastroparesis Postural hypotension

While reviewing the clinical history of a client with brain injury, the nurse finds that there is a bruising of the mastoid process behind the ear of the affected side. Which fracture should the nurse suspect in the client?

Basilar skull fracture

A cumulative trauma disorder that causes increased pressure on the median nerve in the wrist causing wrist pain and a "pins and needles" feeling in the hand indicates what condition?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A type of spinal cord injury in which bilateral nerve roots in the lumbosacral region are compressed leading to incontinence is called:

Cauda equina syndrome

Section of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord.

Central Nervous System

Bruising of the brain that occurs with head trauma is called a(n):

Cerebral contusion

Most long-term complications of diabetes are caused by:

Chronic hyperglycemia

Which neurotransmitter is depleted in clients with Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Describe the typical rash seen with early localized Lyme's disease.

ERYTHEMATOUS (RED) RASH IN THE CENTER WITH A CLEAR RING AND OTHER RED RING. LOOKS LIKE A BULLS-EYE

List the clinical manifestations (symptoms) of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS):

Extreme hyperglycemia rapid, thready pulse hypotension profound dehydration polydipsia polyuria confusion, disorientation, stupor, possible seizures, or coma

2. A sprain occurs when there is prolonged twisting or pulling of the muscles.

False

An epidural hematoma results in a lacerated vein leading to a slow onset of symptoms.

False

Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas when there is a drop in blood glucose levels.

False

Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency that occurs in adults. Osteomalacia is a vitamin D deficiency that occurs in children.

False

Type of diabetes which develops during pregnancy:

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A syndrome characterized by recurrent inflammation as a result of high uric acid levels in the blood and body fluids which forms an insoluble precipitate that deposits in joints, connective and subcutaneous tissues.

Gout

Type of stroke caused by the rupture and hemorrhage of a cerebral artery, leading to compression of brain cells and loss of cerebral blood flow.

Hemorrhagic stroke

If the elements inside the intracranial compartment are increased, the brain tissue will:

Herniate

A condition when body cells are resistant to insulin is called:

Hyperinsulinism

A condition which results when there is some endogenous insulin (produced inside the body) but the cells resist this insulin:

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Syndrome (HHS)

Which condition is related to ankylosing spondylitis

Inflammation at the point where tendons and ligaments join the bone around a joint

Which pathogen may cause ankylosing spondylitis?

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A client is having a skin rash presented as an oval-shaped and red-colored lesion. On assessment, the nurse finds enlargement of lymph nodes in this client. Which condition should the nurse suspect in the client?

Lyme disease

Diabetes can damage the glomerulus of the kidney in a condition called:

Nephropathy

The medical reports of a client who suffered an accident show injuries at the sixth thoracic vertebra. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client?

Neurogenic shock

A type of fracture which protrudes to the outside of the body and may lead to osteomyelitis is a:

Open (compound) fracture

A slowly progressive, degenerative, and inflammatory disease which presses excessively on the joint and wears down the cartilage surface and exposes the subchondral bone is called:

Osteoarthritis

Which physiological process takes place more rapidly after an individual is 30 years of age?

Osteoclastic activity

A client presents to the clinic with fever, chills, and feeling "just yucky". The client states they had a recent incident which a nail went through the left foot. You would suspect:

Osteomyelitis

The nurse observes that an older client has a hunched back. Which disorder does the nurse suspect?

Osteoporosis

8. Which condition in a client may cause cauda equina syndrome?

Paget's disease

Neurodegenerative disorder mainly associated with a progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the midbrain.

Parkinsons

Section of the nervous system containing the motor and sensory nerves and autonomic nervous system.

Peripheral nervous system

One of the most common complications of diabetes which involves a neural dysfunction of the sensorimotor nerves in the lower extremities resulting from a lack of blood flow and demyelination of the nerves:

Peripheral neuropathy

The classic triad of symptoms that indicates diabetes mellitus type 1 is:

Polyuria Polyphagia Polydipsia

One of the leading causes of blindness in adults:

Retinopathy

Which statement is true regarding rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? a. Rheumatoid arthritis affects mainly the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. b. Osteoarthritis is mainly treated with methotrexate. c. Osteoarthritis is less common than rheumatoid arthritis. d. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.

Which factor can cause herniation of the brain stem?

Rupture of a cerebral artery

Which complication is suspected in a client whose blood sugar is less than 30 mg/dL?

Seizure

While assessing a client with a pineal tumor, the nurse finds disturbed vision. Which other signs and symptoms are associated with this disorder? Select all that apply. Seizures Bulging eyes Conjunctivitis Memory disturbances Upper eyelid retraction

Seizures Memory disturbances

Type of nerve which carries information about sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch to the brain from the periphery.

Sensory nerves

Which hormone indirectly helps in the formation of bone by stimulating muscle growth?

Testosterone

The nurse observes hyperpigmented, velvety macular lesions on the neck during the assessment of a diabetic client. What does the nurse infer from this observation?

The client has acanthosis nigricans.

The nurse is caring for a client with immune mediated type 1 diabetes. What would the nurse expect to be the cause for this condition in the client?

The client has destruction of beta cells.

The nurse is caring for a client with seizures, severely elevated blood pressure, and impaired mentation. The primary health-care provider suspects the client's condition is an endocrine disorder. A 24-hour urinalysis report shows an excess amount of catecholamine metabolites. What might be the diagnosis of the client?

The client has pheochromocytoma.

Which endocrine gland is called the master gland?

The pituitary gland

Cushing's triad involves the symptoms of hypertension (high BP), bradycardia (low heart rate), and bradypnea (slow breathing).

True

Diabetic clients have a higher susceptibility for infection than those without diabetes.

True

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas in beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

True

Spinal stenosis is degenerative disk disease with degeneration of the lumbar vertebrae in which there is a narrowing of the openings between vertebra which causes nerve impingement and entrapment.

True

The type of fracture in which the bone breaks into multiple pieces is called a comminuted fracture.

True

A client is diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia. Which sign or symptom observed in the client indicates the presence of pituitary tumors?

Visual disturbances

Type of seizure characterized as a brief, sudden lapse of consciousness that appears to be a "daydream".

absence

Neurotransmitter responsible for exciting or inhibiting bodily functions in the CNS, PNS, and autonomic nervous system.

acetylcholine

Primary adrenal insufficiency which is a failure of the adrenal glands

addison's disease

Hormone responsible for the release of cortisol in response to needs

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Involves a loss of motor neurons leading to an inability to cause muscle contraction.

amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Hormone which is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary and is released when the body needs to conserve, or reabsorb, water in the kidney

antidiuretic hormone

Type of seizure in which the patient loses muscle tone for up to 15 seconds.

atonic

Period of time before a seizure when the patient may experience odd perception of light, unpleasant smells or confusing thoughts.

aura

Section of the brain divided into the midbrain ,pons, and medulla and controls cranial nerve function.

brainstem

Which disorder is associated with the compression of the bilateral nerve roots of the lumbosacral region?

cauda equina syndrome

Section of the brain in the back and responsible for smooth, coordination of movements, posture, and equilibrium.

cerebellum

Uppermost region of the brain divided into right and left hemispheres and four different lobes.

cerebrum

Type of seizure in which we see rhythmic jerking of the arms and legs but with preservation of consciousness.

clonic

Type of headaches characterized by repetitive headaches that occur for weeks to several months at a time, followed by remissions.

cluster

A seizure with possible loss of consciousness which start in one local area in the brain but progresses to both hemispheres.

complex focal

Hormone which assists the body in dealing with stress, can stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilizes fat stores, and breaks down proteins

cortisol

A disorder of hypopituitarism originating in the posterior pituitary from a lack of secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or from a failure of the kidney to respond to ADH

diabetes insupidus

In the absence of insulin, the body breaks down lipids, which forms ketones (an acid), resulting in a condition known as:

diabetic ketoacidosis

Neurotransmitter responsible for behavior and cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, attention, working memory, and learning.

dopamine

Name the two outward physical manifestations of a basilar skull fracture.

ecchymoses and Battle's sign

Hormone responsible for increasing blood pressure, inducing tremors, increasing the pumping function of the heart, and increasing the heart rate

epinephrine

Condition caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone which causes high levels of calcium in the blood leading to muscle weakness, poor concentration, hypertension, kidney stones, metabolic acidosis, osteopenia, and neuropathies

hyperparathyroidism

Condition in which the client may present with sweating, hunger, dizziness, nervousness, tremors, irritability, headache, confusion, disorientation, and an inability to concentrate is called:

hypocycemia

A condition which results from the lack of secretion or lack of supply of any of the following hormones: growth hormone, ACTH, prolactin, or ADH

hypopituitarism

Condition which results in weight gain, delayed reflexes, sluggishness, cold intolerance, and fatigue from a lack of thyroid hormone

hypothyroidism

The phase, or time frame, where the patient is actively seizing.

ictal

A nurse is assessing an older adult client, who has had a previous transient ischemic attack (TIA). The nurse finds elevated blood pressure and also suspects injury to the trigeminal nerve. Which findings enable the nurse to suspect trigeminal nerve injury? Select all that apply. mpaired chewing Excessive salivation No facial expressions Loss of facial sensation Decreased extraocular movements

impaired chewing Loss of facial sensation

The class response to DKA is for the respiratory system to try to compensate by (increasing/ decreasing) the respiratory rate in order to blow off excess carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an acid:

increasing

Type of stroke caused by a thrombus or embolus which lodges into the cerebral artery to block blood flow to the brain tissue.

ischemic stroke

Which part of the brain regulates cardiac and respiratory functions?

medulla oblongata

Type of headache that is periodic, throbbing characterized by altered perceptions, nausea, and severe pain.

migraine

Type of nerve which carries instructions from the brain to the periphery to tell it what to do.

motor nerves

A demyelinating disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord resulting in inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath protecting the axons.

multiple sclerosis

An autoimmune disease caused by the loss of functioning acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction.

myasthenia gravis

Type of seizure which involves brief shocklike jerks of muscles- rapidly alternating between contraction and relaxation.

myoclonic

Which disorders result from vitamin D deficiency? Select all that apply. Spinal stenosis Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Osteoarthritis Rickets

osteomalacia rickets

Which signs or symptoms does the nurse observe while assessing a client with diabetes insipidus? Select all that apply. Amenorrhea Galactorrhea Poor skin turgor Orthostatic hypotension Dry mucous membranes

poor skin turgor Dry mucous membranes

The phase, or time frame, after a seizure where the patient has a possible altered state of consciousness.

postictal

Type of endocrine dysfunction caused by the endocrine gland itself

primary disorder

Hormone which stimulates lactation in the postpartum period

prolactin

Type of endocrine dysfunction caused by abnormal pituitary activity

secondary disorder

A sudden, abnormal, disorderly discharge of neurons within the brain that is characterized by a sudden, transient alteration in brain function.

seizure

Neurotransmitter found in the GI tract, platelets and CNS felt to contribute to feelings of well being.

serotonin

A seizure that lasts up to 30 minutes or a series of 3 seizures without recovery between them.

status epilepticus

The type of headache where the patient has a central neuro disturbance or increased cervical/ pericranial muscle activity.

tenison type

Type of endocrine dysfunction caused by a hypothalamus problem

tertiary disorder

Hormone made in the pituitary that stimulates the production of thyroxine which is the regulatory hormone for body metabolism which influences almost every body system and is found in the thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating hormone

An intense overwhelming release of thyroid hormones that exerts an intense stimulus on the metabolism

thyrotoxic storm

Type of seizure in which the patient has a 20-30 second period of stiffened muscles.

tonic

A grand mal seizure in which the patient loses consciousness with rhythmic jerking and stiffening of the muscles.

tonic clonic

Type of stroke which resolves itself within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms.

transient ischemic Attack

A hormone secreted by the pituitary which targets an endocrine organ

tropic hormone

A concussion may or may not be associated with a loss of consciousness.

true

After glucose is absorbed into the cells, it can do one of three things. Name these three things

used for energy production, stored in the form of glycogen, or converted to fat

List the 4 most common symptoms experienced after a sprain injury.

1. INFLAMMATION WITH BRUISING 2. SWELLING 3. INSTABILITY 4. PAINFUL MOVEMENT

List the 4 chief complaints associated with a rotator cuff injury.

1. PAIN 2. WEAKNESS 3. INSTABILITY 4. LIMITED ROM IN SHOULDER

Type of diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas does not produce any endogenous insulin (insulin produced by the body):

DM Type I

Type of diabetes mellitus in which there is an insufficient amount of insulin produced, an inability of the body to use insulin, or both:

DM Type II

A nurse is examining a client who had a motor vehicle accident. The client is unable to recall past events and places visited prior to the accident. Which lobe of the cerebrum is involved in the memory loss of the client?

Frontal lobe

2. Which musculoskeletal disorder is also called adhesive capsulitis?

Frozen shoulder

The nurse observes a diabetic client who has a wound that has not healed for a long time. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client?

Immunosuppression

10. In osteoporosis, there is a period of time before diagnosis where the trabecular bone is actually just thinning with no breaks in that bone, this is called:

OSTEOPENIA

Mechanism which the body uses to keep hormone levels balanced according to body's needs

Feedback system

Syndrome which involves the oversecretion of cortisol by an overactive adrenal gland

cushing's syndrome

15. Which statement made by a client with musculoskeletal inflammation makes the nurse suspect polymyalgia rheumatica? "I feel stiffness in my shoulders and upper arms during the morning hours." "I feel pain and stiffness in my back." "My nails are separating from my nail beds."

"I feel stiffness in my shoulders and upper arms during the morning hours."

Which statement relates to multiple sclerosis? "It is a demyelinating disorder." "It is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder." "It is the progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells." "It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the loss of upper and lower motor neurons."

"It is a demyelinating disorder."

A condition which causes immediate loss of consciousness and a majority of the patients remain in a coma

Diffuse axonial injury

The most significant modifiable risk factor for Diabetes Mellitus Type II is age.

False

What is the primary difference between tendons and ligaments?

B. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Ligaments attach bone to bone.

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of:

Carbohydrate metabolism

A condition which presents with tenderness, edema, warmth, and a positive Homan's sign is called a:

Deep venous thrombosis

A condition in which the intervertebral disks flatten and collapse causing a malalignment of the spinal bones is called:

Degenerative disk disease (DDD)

Which is the most common complication expected in clients with type 1 diabetes?

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Which neurotransmitter dysfunction has been implicated in Tourette's syndrome?

Dopamine

Acronym used to identify the signs and symptoms of a stroke.

FAST

A nurse finds that a client has motor and sensory loss on the right side of the body. The diagnostic tests reveal ischemia. The nurse suspects that an ischemic stroke has occurred. Which other finding indicates that the client has ischemia in the left hemisphere?

Speech problem