patho final

A 35-year-old client is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is started on hemodialysis. The client is concerned with the diagnosis and wants to know what to expect in the progression of this disorder. Which statement best addresses the client's concern?

"Acute kidney injury is abrupt in onset and often reversible if recognized early and treated appropriately."

A client experienced asymptomatic UTIs while pregnant. The client asks the nurse if this places her at any risk for complications. Which would be the best response by the nurse?

"You are at risk for developing acute pyelonephritis."

A health care provider for an obese male who has a history of diabetes and hypertension reports that the client's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 51 mL/min with elevated serum creatinine levels. Which statement by the health care provider will likely answer the client's question about the result?

"Your chronic kidney disease has likely been caused by your diabetes and high blood pressure."

A client has been taking up to 2400 mg of ibuprofen per day for chronic pain following a motor vehicle accident. The client is diagnosed with chronic analgesic nephritis. The client states, "I thought that taking too many drugs hurt your liver if anything, not your kidneys." What is the most appropriate response to the client's statement?

"Your kidneys are vulnerable to damage because of how much blood flows through them and the fact that they break down many drugs."

The nurse recognizes that which individuals have the greatest risk for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Select all that apply.

- A client with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor blood sugar - A 42-year-old client with uncontrolled hypertension averaging 170/94 mm Hg

Which laboratory findings should you expect to see in a patient diagnosed with nephritic syndrome?

Elevated urine protein and hypoalbuminemia

Which client is displaying manifestations of having a kidney stone?

Acute onset of colicky flank pain radiating to lower abdomen

The nurse is caring for a client who has had acute blood loss from ruptured esophageal varices. What does the nurse recognize is an early sign of prerenal failure?

Baseline urine output of 50 mL/hr that is now 10 mL/hr

A nurse is caring for a client with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). The client asks why a urinalysis is necessary. The best answer is that a urinalysis would determine whether which factor was present in the urine?

Blood or protein

What is the most common gram-negative bladder infection found in hospitalized clients?

Catheter-induced infection

The nurse caring for four male clients recognizes which client is at highest risk for developing postrenal kidney failure?

Client with prostatic hyperplasia

An older male comes to the clinic with the chief complaint of having difficulty voiding. The physician diagnoses him with a lower urinary tract obstruction and stasis. Which of the following should the nurse suspect to be the most frequent cause of this client's problem?

Enlargement of prostate gland

Which of the following is the most common cause of lower uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli

A nurse is caring for a client who has a recent history of passing calcium urinary stones. Which of the following is a priority nursing consideration for this client?

Hydration

A nurse is assessing a client for early manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which would the nurse expect the client to display?

Hypertension

The patient who has been admitted with a problem with his bladder has a postvoid residual (PVR) of 250 ml. The nurse understands that this indicates which of the following?

Inadequate bladder emptying

Which assessment findings would the health care provider consider as most indicative of acute renal failure?

Increased nitrogenous waste levels; decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A client is to receive a radiocontrast media as part of a diagnostic scan. Which intervention is intended to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of the radiocontrast media?

Increasing the normal saline intravenous infusion rate prior to the exam

A nurse is giving discharge instructions for a client who was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis 3 days previously. Which instruction is important for the nurse to discuss when teaching the client?

It is important that the client take the prescribed antibiotic for the duration of the prescription.

The nurse is providing dietary instruction for a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who is on hemodialysis. Which food would the nurse encourage the client to restrict?

Lean meats

A patient is concerned about the possibility of having bladder cancer after his brother was diagnosed with it 2 years ago. Which of the following assessment data obtained by the nurse would indicate that the patient should be screened for this disease?

Patient reports that he occasionally has blood in his urine but has no pain with it.

Which condition/disorder would the nurse see as being likely to cause the most serious long-term problems?

Polycystic kidney disease

A client in renal failure has marked decrease in renal blood flow caused by hypovolemia, the result of gastrointestinal bleeding. The nurse is aware that this form of renal failure can be reversed if the bleeding is under control. Which form of acute renal injury does this client have?

Prerenal failure

Which substance would not be found in glomerular filtrate?

Protein

An older adult client has been hospitalized for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Which characteristic of the client is most likely implicated in the etiology of this current health problem?

Recently had a urinary tract infection

The GFR is considered to be the best measure of renal function. What is used to estimate the GFR?

Serum creatinine

An 86-year-old female client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of dehydration and hyponatremia after she curtailed her fluid intake to minimize urinary incontinence. The client's admitting laboratory results are suggestive of prerenal failure. The nurse should be assessing this client for which early sign of prerenal injury?

Sharp decrease in urine output

The nursing students have learned in class that causes of urinary obstruction and urinary incontinence include which of the following? Select all that apply.

Structural changes in the bladder Structural changes in the urethra Impairment of neurologic control of bladder function

A nurse observes that a client's urine is cola colored and considers which factor as a possible reason?

The client's urine contains material from the degradation of red blood cells.

A young woman presents with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). The nurse notes that this is the fifth UTI in as many months. What would this information lead the nurse to believe?

There is possible obstruction in the urinary tract.

The nursing student, while studying anatomy and physiology, correctly identifies which of the following to be responsible for carrying urine to the bladder?

Ureters

A patient is admitted with lower urinary tract obstruction and stasis. Which of the following is the primary intervention?

Urinary catheterization

Prior to undergoing diagnostic testing with contrast, it is recommended that older adult clients have their creatinine level checked. The rationale for this is to ensure the client:

will not undergo an acute kidney injury by decreasing renal blood flow.