patho final exam
An example of a single organ/tissue autoimmune disease would be:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis myasthenia gravis type 1 diabetes
The antibody that is most associated with allergic reactions is
IgE
The particular cancer that is associated with patients with HIV/AIDS is known as:
Kaposi's sarcoma
____________ neoplasms grow rapidly, are highly aggressive, and often become metastatic (spread throughout the body) while ____________ neoplasms are generally slow growing, not aggressive, and not invasive compared to
Malignant; benign
Treatment for cancers generally utilizes several different methods including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
True
A carrier that can transmit microorganisms from an animal reservoir to humans is known as a(n)
Vector
A heptacarcinoma would be
a malignant liver tumor
Which of the following best represents a malignant tumor?
a mass of cell with varying sizes, and nuclei with no defined borders
Which of the following provides the best description of an opportunistic microorganism?
a normally beneficial bacteria that lives on the surface of the skin and causes an infection if an open wound is present
A disease that has a sudden and obvious onset is referred to as
acute
Which of the following are complications from scars adhesions stenosis loss of function
adhesions stenosis loss of function Correct Response all of the above are correct
Which of the following is/are characteristics of a benign tumor? contains differentiated cells the tumor is encapsulated the cells are slow growing all of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
Nosocomical infection refers to:
an infection acquired in a hospital or medical facility
The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with
an irreversible change in the DNA of a cell
Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury? 1. pain 2. local vasoconstriction 3. increased capillary permeability 4. pallor
answer (1,3)
The best definition of Sequela is:
any abnormal condition that results from a disease, treatment or injury
Pancytopenia could indicate which type of anemia?
aplastic
Local vasoconstriction may be induced to an injury site by:
applying ice to the affected area to reduce edema
Bactericidal drugs
are drugs that destroy/kill bacteria
Which of the following is associated with the formation of antibodies against self-antigens leading to an immune attack against one's own tissues?
autoimmunity
Bacteria with a rod shape are known as
bacilli
Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to:
be effective in more phases of the cell cycle
A cause of iron deficiency associated with anemia is:
bleeding ulcers
The most common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:
bone marrow suppression
The administration of a radioactive implant is commonly referred to as
brachytherapy
If a person is producing 10mEq of acid per day and suffers from metabolic acidosis, how would the respiratory system try to compensate?
by increasing the rate and depth of breathing
Treatment for malignant neoplasms generally targets
cells that are dividing very rapidly
Which of the following types of surgeries utilizes corrosive paste/creams to remove the tumor?
chemosurgery
The period of disease progression where the infection has been contained and the pathogen is being eliminated from the body is known as
convalescence
Which of the following statements is true?
damaged cells may be able to repair themselves if damaging factors are removed
Inflammation is sometimes treated with glucocorticoids because they directly
decrease capillary permeability
Tissue swelling as a result of excess amounts of tissue fluid can be caused by:
decreased capillary osmotic pressure
A burn that destroys the epidermis and parts of the dermis is classified as:
deep partial thickness
What is the grading of malignant tumors based on?
degree of differentiation of the cells
Organ transplant reactions are examples of ____________ hypersensitivity reactions.
delayed (type IV)
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy leave cancer patients more susceptible to infection by
depressing bone marrow function
the most unlikely possible cause of pernicious anemia is:
dietary insufficiency
Which of the following is characteristic of resident or normal flora?
different species inhabits various areas of the body
local infection has all but: edema pain loss of function fever
edema pain loss of function Correct Response fever
A toxin that is released by dead, gram negative bacteria is known as a(n)
endotoxin
Factors contributing to the cause of a particular disease are called
etiology
Hyponatremia could be caused by:
excessive water intake
An increase in body temperature that often impairs the growth and reproduction of pathogenic organisms that may cause an infection is known
fever
large burn predisposes someone to decreased blood pressure because:
fluid and protein shift out of the vascular compartment
Microbial mutation means?
genetic information and some microbial characteristics has changed
Which statement best describes the term "Insidious"?
gradual progression of a disease with mild symptoms
T-cells remaining in the grafted tissue begin attacking the host in what type of transplant reaction?
graft vs. host disease
Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?
has both local and systemic effects
Incompatable blood transfusions results in:
hemolysis of erythrocytes
which of the following blood disorders results in prolonged and severe hemorrhaging following tissue damage?
hemophilia
Enlargement of the uterus that occurs during pregnancy would be an example of:
hyperplasia
The RBCs in thalassemia appear:
hypochromic, microcytic
What would be the best way to compensate for a metabolic acidosis?
increase rate and depth of ventilation
Redness and warmth associated with the inflammatory response results from
increased blood flow into the area
What may contribute to "loss of function" during inflammation?
increased capillary permeability causes swelling
Palliative treatment
is used to provide relief from signs and symptoms
Tissue transferred between identical twins would be an example of a(n)
isograft
Which of the following might be a cause of secondary immunodeficiency?
kidney disease Hodgkin�s disease radiation
A diagnostic test for iron deficient anemia would be:
low serum iron and ferritin
Which of the following would be the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
Normal Ph = 7.35 - 7.45 Normal CO2 = 35 - 45mmHg Normal HCO3 = 22 - 26 mmHg Using the following values, diagnose the patient: ph = 7.53 pCO2 = 37mmHg HCO3 = 38mmHg
metabolic alkalosis, no compensation
A tissue in which one cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type is termed
metaplasia
The spreading of a neoplasm to a distant site through blood or lymphatic circulation is known as
metastasis
Tumor markers found circulating in the blood are
molecules secreted by tumors that are often found in circulation
Which of the following occur when disseminated intravascular coagulation develops?
multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors
Which of the following do eukaryotic cells possess that prokaryotic cells do not?
nuclei
In cytotoxic hypersensitivity, the antigens that are attacked by the immune system are located:
on the cell membrane
A malignant tumor arising from bone tissue would be called a(n)
osteosarcoma
A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:
precipitating factor
The period of a disease in which symptoms first start to appear and are general in nature is known as the ____________ period.
prodromal
Anti- angiogenesis drugs would act on a malignant tumor by
reduce blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
How do antiviral drugs act?
reducing the rate of viral replication
A patient is recorded as having an elevated pCO2, an elevated HCO3, and suffering from an acidosis (pH = 7.3). From the information given above, what condition is the patient suffering from?
respiratory acidosis
Suppressed Immunity/Immunodeficiency resulting from an infection or prolonged used of immunosuppressants is referred to as
secondary immunodeficiency
Viral infections typically produce a ____________ exudate while bacterial infections typically produce a ____________ exudate.
serous; purulent
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
signs and symptoms of a disease
Gram positive bacteria
stain purple and secrete exotoxins
Sterile areas of the body includes
stomach
A warning sign of cancer could be any of the following except persistent, unusual bleeding a change in bowel habits a change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
A burn in which only the epidermis is destroyed is classified as
superficial partial thickness burn
Which of the following are treatments for cancer?
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
The mental signs and symptoms that a person experiences from being hyponatremic is directly related to:
swelling of neurons
Subjective feelings that an individual will use to describe his/her condition are called
symptoms
Auto-antibodies produced against DNA, RNA, erythrocytes, and platelets would represent which of the following?
systemic lupus erythematosus
what is a compensation mechanism for individuals with anemia?
tachycardia
The primary difference between stage 1 cancer and stage 2 cancer is
the involvement of lymph nodes
The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means
the patient is at high risk for infection
Hypoventilation results in an acid/base imbalance. What would the compensation for this condition be? the production of an acid urine and increase in pCO2 a decrease in plasma bicarbonate
the production of an acid urine
Glucocorticoids are likely prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because
they reduce the inflammation surrounding the site of treatment
what happens to cells in hypernatremia?
they shrink
Why would blood samples be tested to pinpoint the location of inflammation in the body?
to detect the presence of enzymes that are normally supposed to be found inside cells
The following ABGs (pH-7.3 (normal 7.35-7.45), PCO2-36 (normal: 35-45mmgHg), HCO3 -14 (normal: 22-26mEq/L) are interpreted as:
uncompencsated meatbolic acidosis
Which of the following are an obligate intracellular parasite
viruses
The classic diagnostic signs of inflammation are:
warmth, swelling, pain and redness
The type of transplant that would likely have the least success would be a/an_________.
xenograft
An abscess may be defined as:
A localized pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue
The hormone directly responsible for water retention is:
ADH
How would a person body compensate for a condition resulting in depression of the respiratory system? 1. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys 2. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine 3. increased respiratory rate and depth 4. decrease respiratory rate and depth
1,2 1. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys 2. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine
The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass includes: 1 obstruction of a tube or duct 2 anemia and weight loss 3 cell necrosis and ulceration 4 tumor markers in the circulation
1. obstruction of a tube or duct 3. cell necrosis and ulceration
Which of the following is not a method to prevent transplant rejection?
***radiation (not a method) MHC/HLA-matching immunosuppressive drugs removing T-cells from donor tissue
