patho final exam

An example of a single organ/tissue autoimmune disease would be:

Hashimoto's thyroiditis myasthenia gravis type 1 diabetes

The antibody that is most associated with allergic reactions is

IgE

The particular cancer that is associated with patients with HIV/AIDS is known as:

Kaposi's sarcoma

____________ neoplasms grow rapidly, are highly aggressive, and often become metastatic (spread throughout the body) while ____________ neoplasms are generally slow growing, not aggressive, and not invasive compared to

Malignant; benign

Treatment for cancers generally utilizes several different methods including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

True

A carrier that can transmit microorganisms from an animal reservoir to humans is known as a(n)

Vector

A heptacarcinoma would be

a malignant liver tumor

Which of the following best represents a malignant tumor?

a mass of cell with varying sizes, and nuclei with no defined borders

Which of the following provides the best description of an opportunistic microorganism?

a normally beneficial bacteria that lives on the surface of the skin and causes an infection if an open wound is present

A disease that has a sudden and obvious onset is referred to as

acute

Which of the following are complications from scars adhesions stenosis loss of function

adhesions stenosis loss of function Correct Response all of the above are correct

Which of the following is/are characteristics of a benign tumor? contains differentiated cells the tumor is encapsulated the cells are slow growing all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

Nosocomical infection refers to:

an infection acquired in a hospital or medical facility

The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with

an irreversible change in the DNA of a cell

Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury? 1. pain 2. local vasoconstriction 3. increased capillary permeability 4. pallor

answer (1,3)

The best definition of Sequela is:

any abnormal condition that results from a disease, treatment or injury

Pancytopenia could indicate which type of anemia?

aplastic

Local vasoconstriction may be induced to an injury site by:

applying ice to the affected area to reduce edema

Bactericidal drugs

are drugs that destroy/kill bacteria

Which of the following is associated with the formation of antibodies against self-antigens leading to an immune attack against one's own tissues?

autoimmunity

Bacteria with a rod shape are known as

bacilli

Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to:

be effective in more phases of the cell cycle

A cause of iron deficiency associated with anemia is:

bleeding ulcers

The most common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:

bone marrow suppression

The administration of a radioactive implant is commonly referred to as

brachytherapy

If a person is producing 10mEq of acid per day and suffers from metabolic acidosis, how would the respiratory system try to compensate?

by increasing the rate and depth of breathing

Treatment for malignant neoplasms generally targets

cells that are dividing very rapidly

Which of the following types of surgeries utilizes corrosive paste/creams to remove the tumor?

chemosurgery

The period of disease progression where the infection has been contained and the pathogen is being eliminated from the body is known as

convalescence

Which of the following statements is true?

damaged cells may be able to repair themselves if damaging factors are removed

Inflammation is sometimes treated with glucocorticoids because they directly

decrease capillary permeability

Tissue swelling as a result of excess amounts of tissue fluid can be caused by:

decreased capillary osmotic pressure

A burn that destroys the epidermis and parts of the dermis is classified as:

deep partial thickness

What is the grading of malignant tumors based on?

degree of differentiation of the cells

Organ transplant reactions are examples of ____________ hypersensitivity reactions.

delayed (type IV)

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy leave cancer patients more susceptible to infection by

depressing bone marrow function

the most unlikely possible cause of pernicious anemia is:

dietary insufficiency

Which of the following is characteristic of resident or normal flora?

different species inhabits various areas of the body

local infection has all but: edema pain loss of function fever

edema pain loss of function Correct Response fever

A toxin that is released by dead, gram negative bacteria is known as a(n)

endotoxin

Factors contributing to the cause of a particular disease are called

etiology

Hyponatremia could be caused by:

excessive water intake

An increase in body temperature that often impairs the growth and reproduction of pathogenic organisms that may cause an infection is known

fever

large burn predisposes someone to decreased blood pressure because:

fluid and protein shift out of the vascular compartment

Microbial mutation means?

genetic information and some microbial characteristics has changed

Which statement best describes the term "Insidious"?

gradual progression of a disease with mild symptoms

T-cells remaining in the grafted tissue begin attacking the host in what type of transplant reaction?

graft vs. host disease

Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?

has both local and systemic effects

Incompatable blood transfusions results in:

hemolysis of erythrocytes

which of the following blood disorders results in prolonged and severe hemorrhaging following tissue damage?

hemophilia

Enlargement of the uterus that occurs during pregnancy would be an example of:

hyperplasia

The RBCs in thalassemia appear:

hypochromic, microcytic

What would be the best way to compensate for a metabolic acidosis?

increase rate and depth of ventilation

Redness and warmth associated with the inflammatory response results from

increased blood flow into the area

What may contribute to "loss of function" during inflammation?

increased capillary permeability causes swelling

Palliative treatment

is used to provide relief from signs and symptoms

Tissue transferred between identical twins would be an example of a(n)

isograft

Which of the following might be a cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

kidney disease Hodgkin�s disease radiation

A diagnostic test for iron deficient anemia would be:

low serum iron and ferritin

Which of the following would be the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)

Normal Ph = 7.35 - 7.45 Normal CO2 = 35 - 45mmHg Normal HCO3 = 22 - 26 mmHg Using the following values, diagnose the patient: ph = 7.53 pCO2 = 37mmHg HCO3 = 38mmHg

metabolic alkalosis, no compensation

A tissue in which one cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type is termed

metaplasia

The spreading of a neoplasm to a distant site through blood or lymphatic circulation is known as

metastasis

Tumor markers found circulating in the blood are

molecules secreted by tumors that are often found in circulation

Which of the following occur when disseminated intravascular coagulation develops?

multiple thrombi and deficit of clotting factors

Which of the following do eukaryotic cells possess that prokaryotic cells do not?

nuclei

In cytotoxic hypersensitivity, the antigens that are attacked by the immune system are located:

on the cell membrane

A malignant tumor arising from bone tissue would be called a(n)

osteosarcoma

A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:

precipitating factor

The period of a disease in which symptoms first start to appear and are general in nature is known as the ____________ period.

prodromal

Anti- angiogenesis drugs would act on a malignant tumor by

reduce blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells

How do antiviral drugs act?

reducing the rate of viral replication

A patient is recorded as having an elevated pCO2, an elevated HCO3, and suffering from an acidosis (pH = 7.3). From the information given above, what condition is the patient suffering from?

respiratory acidosis

Suppressed Immunity/Immunodeficiency resulting from an infection or prolonged used of immunosuppressants is referred to as

secondary immunodeficiency

Viral infections typically produce a ____________ exudate while bacterial infections typically produce a ____________ exudate.

serous; purulent

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:

signs and symptoms of a disease

Gram positive bacteria

stain purple and secrete exotoxins

Sterile areas of the body includes

stomach

A warning sign of cancer could be any of the following except persistent, unusual bleeding a change in bowel habits a change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea

sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea

A burn in which only the epidermis is destroyed is classified as

superficial partial thickness burn

Which of the following are treatments for cancer?

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

The mental signs and symptoms that a person experiences from being hyponatremic is directly related to:

swelling of neurons

Subjective feelings that an individual will use to describe his/her condition are called

symptoms

Auto-antibodies produced against DNA, RNA, erythrocytes, and platelets would represent which of the following?

systemic lupus erythematosus

what is a compensation mechanism for individuals with anemia?

tachycardia

The primary difference between stage 1 cancer and stage 2 cancer is

the involvement of lymph nodes

The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means

the patient is at high risk for infection

Hypoventilation results in an acid/base imbalance. What would the compensation for this condition be? the production of an acid urine and increase in pCO2 a decrease in plasma bicarbonate

the production of an acid urine

Glucocorticoids are likely prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because

they reduce the inflammation surrounding the site of treatment

what happens to cells in hypernatremia?

they shrink

Why would blood samples be tested to pinpoint the location of inflammation in the body?

to detect the presence of enzymes that are normally supposed to be found inside cells

The following ABGs (pH-7.3 (normal 7.35-7.45), PCO2-36 (normal: 35-45mmgHg), HCO3 -14 (normal: 22-26mEq/L) are interpreted as:

uncompencsated meatbolic acidosis

Which of the following are an obligate intracellular parasite

viruses

The classic diagnostic signs of inflammation are:

warmth, swelling, pain and redness

The type of transplant that would likely have the least success would be a/an_________.

xenograft

An abscess may be defined as:

A localized pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue

The hormone directly responsible for water retention is:

ADH

How would a person body compensate for a condition resulting in depression of the respiratory system? 1. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys 2. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine 3. increased respiratory rate and depth 4. decrease respiratory rate and depth

1,2 1. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys 2. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass includes: 1 obstruction of a tube or duct 2 anemia and weight loss 3 cell necrosis and ulceration 4 tumor markers in the circulation

1. obstruction of a tube or duct 3. cell necrosis and ulceration

Which of the following is not a method to prevent transplant rejection?

***radiation (not a method) MHC/HLA-matching immunosuppressive drugs removing T-cells from donor tissue