Patho Homework Week 1

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? a. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." b. "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early." c. "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers." d. "Lung cancer is always fatal."

A

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. aldosterone. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. cortisol.

A

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. death b. proliferation c. atrophy d. mutation

A

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a. interrupted blood supply. b. trauma or pancreatitis. c. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. d. lung tissue damage.

A

Metaplasia is a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. d. an irreversible cellular adaptation.

A

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a. liquefactive b. coagulative c. caseous d. fat

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is a. calcium. b. potassium. c. insulin. d. tumor necrosis factor.

A

Somatic death refers to death a. of the entire organism. b. of a body organ. c. of nerve cells. d. secondary to brain damage.

A

The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. immune suppression. b. anorexia. c. hypoglycemia. d. inflammatory reactions.

A

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a. energy and repair. b. invoke resting state. c. set a new baseline steady-state. d. produce exhaustion.

A

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? a. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. b. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. c. It is based on exploratory surgery. d. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor.

A

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. epidemic. b. endemic. c. ethnographic. d. pandemic.

B

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a. convalescence b. latent c. sequela d. prodromal

B

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. disease treatment. b. secondary prevention. c. primary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

B

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. tertiary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. primary prevention. d. secondary prevention.

C

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. metaplasia. b. atrophy. c. necrosis. d. hyperplasia.

C

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of a. disease treatment. b. tertiary prevention. c. secondary prevention. d. primary prevention.

C

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a. a sore throat. b. pharyngitis. c. streptococcal infection. d. genetic susceptibility.

C

Cancer grading is based on a. local invasion b. tumor size c. cell differentiation d. metastasis

C

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. c. decreased blood viscosity. d. crystallization of cellular components.

C

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. hepatic cancer. b. pancreatic cancer. c. Burkitt lymphoma. d. Hodgkin's lymphoma.

C

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. RNA. b. membrane. c. DNA. d. ribosomes.

C

Which is NOT normally secreted in response to stress? a. Epinephrine b. Norepinephrine c. Insulin d. Cortisol

C

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive? True or False

F

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a. secondary prevention. b. tertiary prevention. c. disease treatment. d. primary prevention.

B

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a. selectively kill tumor cells b. kill rapidly dividing cells c. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer d. have minimal side effects

B

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene a. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. b. occurs at an earlier age. c. is more responsive to treatment. d. is more likely to be unilateral.

B

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring? a. Extra chromosome b. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene c. Cancer-causing virus d. Oncogene

B

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. tachycardia. b. pupil constriction. c. diaphoresis. d. increased peripheral resistance.

B

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. cortisol. b. norepinephrine. c. ACTH. d. glucagon.

B

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is a. hyperplasia. b. dysplasia. c. metaplasia. d. anaplasia.

B

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is a. Rb. b. P53. c. APC. d. DCC.2

B

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as a. latent. b. subclinical. c. convalescence. d. prodromal.

B

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in a. permanent damage and death b. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system c. movement into the resistance stage d. stress reduction

A

Proto-oncogenes a. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. b. result from severe mutational events. c. are the same as oncogenes. d. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes.

A

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is a. intracellular accumulations. b. lactate production. c. metaplasia. d. hydropic swelling.

A

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of a. tumor necrosis factor. b. loss of ATP production. c. pain medications. d. angiogenesis

A

Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. promotion of free radicals. b. destruction of cellular membranes. c. crystallization of cellular organelles. d. reducing the oxygen level on hemoglobin.

D

In general, with aging, organ size and function a. remain the same. b. increase. c. are unknown. d. decrease.

D

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as a. adenomas b. lymphoma c. sarcomas d. carcinomas

D

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. b. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health. c. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. d. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cells types.

D

Reperfusion (the action of restoring the flow of blood to an organ or tissue, typically after a heart attack or stroke.) injury to cells a. results from calcium deficiency in cells. b. results in very little cellular damage. c. occurs following nutritional injury. d. involves formation of free radicals.

D

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. resistance. b. alarm. c. exhaustion. d. allostasis

D

The effect of stress on the immune system a. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. b. is unknown. c. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

D

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is a. programmed senescence. b. senility. c. diseased function. d. decreased functional reserve.

D

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. True or False (T/F)

T

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor a. is benign. b. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body. c. is malignant. d. has spread.

C

Allostasis is best defined as a. steady-state. b. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. c. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. d. the process by which the body heals following disease

C

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed a. metaplasia b. atrophy. c. hypertrophy. d. inflammation.

C

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic True or False (T/F)

T