Patho Micro- Ch 1 Humans & the Microbial World

List the specific shapes of bacteria.

Rod, Spherical, Spiral, some are Pleomorphic (which is not a typical shape)

What are the differences between Bacteria and Archaea?

Same: Both reproduce through Binary Fission Both move via Flagella Both have rigid cell wall Both have similar shapes, sizes, and appearances Both are Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Different: Bacteria- cell wall contains peptidoglycan Archaea- cell walls does NOT contain peptidoglycan ***Ribosomal RNA sequences are very different (regarding protein synthesis) Many Archaea are extremophiles (can survive in high salt concentration, high temperatures, inside glaciers, & high acid levels)

Extracellular digestion, where the organism secretes digestive enzymes into the environment, usually on dead or decaying matter.

Saprotrophic

What are the shapes and sizes of Archaea?

Similar shapes, sizes, and appearances to Bacteria.

The ribosomes within Archaea are (small or large), but more like the _____________.

Small, Eukarya

The ribosomes within Bacteria are (smaller or larger) than the Eukarya.

Smaller

What is an example of an Algea?

Spirulina

How does Algae produce energy?

Sunlight Photosynthesis

T/F Algae, none are directly pathogenic

True

T/F Humans would not survive without microorganisms.

True

Archaea are _______cellular

Uni

Bacteria are ______cellular.

Uni

Protozoa are ______cellular.

Uni

Algae are _______cellular.

Uni or Multi

Fungi are ________cellular.

Uni or Multi

Eukarya are _______cellular

Uni or multi

(Viruses, Viroids or Prions) consist only of RNA; no protein coat.

Viroids

(Viruses, Viroids, or Prions) do not have a protein coat.

Viroids

(Viruses, Viroids or Prions) consist of either DNA or RNA, surrounded BYU a protein coat.

Viruses

(Viruses, Viroids, or Prions) have a protein coat.

Viruses

(Viruses, Viroids or Prions) obligate Intracellular agents.

Viruses & Viroids

List the Non-Living Members of the Microbial World (they're NOT cellular and do NOT meet the requirements of being alive).

Viruses, Viroids, Prions

Where does algae primarily live?

Water

List three types of fungi and if they're unicellular or multicellular.

Yeast (unicellular) Molds (multicellular) Mushrooms (multicellular)

In Archaea, the typical cell sizes range from ______________.

0.3 to 2 um

In Bacteria, the typical cell sizes range from ____________.

0.3 to 2 um

Bacteria synthesize a wide variety of commercially valuable products including: 1. ____________ used in headphones. 2. ____________ used in the manufacture of disposable diapers & plastics. 3. ____________ used as a biofuel. 4. ____________ used as a possible biofuel. 5. ____________ used in insecticides. 6. ____________ used in the treatment of disease. 7. ____________ used as dietary supplements. 8. ____________ used in detergents.

1. Cellulose 2. Hydroxybutyric avid 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen gas & Oil 5. Insect toxins 6. Antibiotics 7. Amino Acids 8. Enzymes

How are microorganisms used in Biodegradation?

1. Degrade PCBs, DDT, Trichloroethylene and others. 2. Help clean up oil spills. 3. Bioremediation 4. Botryococcus Braunii

Why are microorganisms wonderful model organisms (list 5)?

1. Easy to study their genetics. 2. All their cells composed of same elements as humans 3. Synthesize structures in similar ways 4. Replicate DNA 5. Degrade food via metabolic pathways

List examples of the benefits of microorganisms:

1. Nitrogen fixation 2. Replenish oxygen 3. Degrade certain materials

What are 5 types of Eukaryotic organisms?

1. Protists (Algae & Protozoa) 2. Plants 3. Helminths (worms) 4. Fungi 5. Animals

How are microorganisms used in food production? (List 3)

Baking bread using yeast. Fermentation of grains to produce beer. Fermentation of milk to produce yogurt, cheese, buttermilk.

Archaea reproduce through ________________.

Binary fission

Bacteria reproduce through ________________.

Binary fission

Define: a process in which one cell enlarges and then divides; this forms two cells identical to the original.

Binary fission

Define: the process where organic substances are decomposed by microorganisms into simpler substances, such as CO2, H2O, and Ammonia. Ex: Degrade PCBs, DDT, Trichloroethylene & other Ex: Helps clean up oil spills

Biodegradation

The process called _________________, is using microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants. Using microorganisms to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

Bioremediation

Define: All the living things on the planet collectively.

Biosphere

Define: the use of microbiological & biochemical techniques to solve practical problems. Ex: Genetically engineer plants to resist a variety of damaging insects, bacteria, viruses & diseases. Ex: Easier production of medications, such as Insulin. Where microorganisms are genetically engineered to make human insulin.

Biotechnology

Microorganisms have been used as weapons and could be used in ____________________.

Bioterrorism attacks.

Is Algae (Microscopic, Macroscopic, or Both)?

Both

Is Fungi (Microscopic, Macroscopic, or Both)?

Both

The process called _____________, is algae photosynthesis, which produces oil that can be used as diesel fuel.

Botryococcus Braunii

The smallest functional unit of life is a ____________.

Cell

Algae in contains rigid cells composed of _____________.

Cellulose

Algae are photosynthetic which contain ___________ with ___________.

Chloroplasts organelles, chlorophyll other pigments.

How does Fungi produce energy?

Degradation of organic materials The process is called Saprotrophic (meaning: extracellular digestion, they secrete digestive enzymes into the environment usually on dead or decaying matter)

Define: the highest level in biological classification, these classifications include: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Domain

Multicellular organisms such as plants and animals belong to which domain?

Eukarya

What was the youngest organism to have evolved?

Eukarya

Define: a type of cell structure, an organism composed of one or more cells. The domain with this type of cell structure includes Eukarya.

Eukaryote

What type of cell structure has a membrane-bound nucleus and internal organelles. Its membrane-bound structure has a specific function?

Eukaryotes

Which is more structurally complex (Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)?

Eukaryotes

Eukarya has a ______________ cell structure.

Eukaryotic

Define: the ability to grow in extreme environments in which other organisms cannot survive; such as: high salt concentration (The Dead Sea), high temperatures, high acid levels, and inside glaciers.

Extremophiles

How are Archaea able to move?

Flagella

Bacteria move through the use of _______________.

Flagella (appendages that extend from the cell; an external structure)

How does algae move?

Flagella (distinct from those on prokaryotes)

Define: the introduction of genes into another organism. Ex: Disease resistant plants Ex: Production of medications (such as Insulin for diabetes)

Genetic engineering

A microbial member of Eukarya, a multicellular parasites including _____________ which are also called ___________.

Helminths, worms

Define: the process of ingesting organic compounds or other organisms.

Heterotrophic

How does Protozoa produce energy?

Heterotrophic: by ingesting organic compounds or other organisms.

Microbe vs. Microorganism A ______________ is only referring to something that is "alive". A _______________ can be referring to something "alive" or "not alive" (not cellular).

Microorganism Microbe

Define: an organism that can been seen w/ the aid of a microscope. It typically consists of only a single cell. This include: bacteria, protostars, certain algae and fungi.

Microorganisms

What has killed more people than any war.

Microorganisms

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions are NOT __________________, so the term ___________ is used.

Microorganisms, Microbe

Is Protozoa (Microscopic, Macroscopic, or Both)?

Microscopic

What technological advances have reduced the spread of infectious disease? (List 3)

Modern sanitatation Vaccination Antimicrobial treatment

In Archaea, its rigid cell wall contains ________________.

No peptidoglycan

In Eukarya, the cell wall contains _________________.

No peptidoglycan

Describe the cell wall of Protozoa.

No rigid cell wall.

Who stated "What is true of elephants is also true of bacteria, and bacteria are much easier to study"?

Nobel Prize winning microbiologist Dr. Jacques Monod

Where is the DNA located within Bacteria?

Nucleoid region

Microorganisms are used in Biodegration to degrade ___________, ______________, ____________ and others.

PCBs, DDT, Trichloroethylene

Define: harmful microbes that cause disease, resulting from damage to body tissues. The damage occurs either as a direct result from the pathogen's growth and its products, or as a result from the body's defense mechanisms (which cause harm to the host while attempting to control the pathogen). Ex: Influenza 1918-1919

Pathogen

Bacteria have a rigid cell wall which contains ________________.

Peptidoglycan

(Viruses, Viroids or Prions) consist only of protein; no DNA or RNA.

Prions

Define: a type of cell structure, a single-called organism. Domains with this type of cell structure include: Bacteria & Archaea.

Prokaryote

What type of cell structure does NOT have a membrane-bound nucleus, but has DNA?

Prokaryote

What are two basic cell structures?

Prokaryote Eukaryote

All living things are classified as either _______________ or _______________.

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes

Archaea has a ____________ cell structure.

Prokaryotic

Bacteria has a ____________ cell structure.

Prokaryotic

Algae and Protozoa are also called ___________.

Protists

______________ cause very serious diseases. Ex: Malaria

Protozoa

________________ is complex and larger than Prokaryotes.

Protozoa

_____________ synthesize a wide variety of commercially valuable products.

Bacteria

All living things can be classified into one of three groups or domains (list 3).

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

What was the oldest organism to have evolved?

Bacteria

List 2 reasons we study microorganisms?

1. We are curious about life around us (how they fit into the scope of the biosphere) 2. We use organisms to study cellular processes. 3. They are major pathogens to humans.

In Eukarya, the typical cell sizes range from _____________.

5 to 50 um

Viruses, Viroids, Prions are _______cellular.

Acellular

What was the second type of organism to have evolved?

Archaea

Which domain are considered extremophiles?

Archaea

What was the first to be approved for genetic engineering by inserting a specific gene into bacteria?

Insulin

Where does Fungi primarily live?

Land

The ribosomes within Eukarya are (smaller or larger) than Bacteria or Archaea.

Larger

Anything that can cause disease that is microscopic is called _____________________. This includes all the microorganisms plus _________________, ________________, _________________; these are not cellular, so they are not alive.

Microbe Viruses, Prions, Vitrods

Define: referring to general members of the microbial world. This includes: bacteria, Protozoa, algae and fungi; in addition, viruses, vitrods, and other infectious agents that are not considered organisms because they are not composed of cells (acellular).

Microbes

Define: The study of organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Microbiology