Patho Quiz #5
A client with multiple pain-related injuries to the back, knees, and hips is admitted with acute liver failure. Upon procuring a medication list, the nurse notes that the client is taking several over-the-counter medications that contain a preparation known to be the drug that most commonly causes liver failure. Which drug is this?
acetaminophen
Absorption is a major function of the GI tract. How is absorption accomplished in the GI tract?
active transport and diffusion
A decrease in the serum level of which substance is suggestive of liver injury?
albumin
Which of these substances should the nurse teach the client with pancreatitis to absolutely avoid?
alcohol
A client diagnosed with inflammatory diarrhea is having multiple small, bloody stools with a fever. Which could be a likely cause of this inflammatory diarrhea?
c diff
A client presents with epigastric pain, a mild fever, nausea, and vomiting. His history shows a previous episode with similar symptoms that reverted in 24 hours. This time the pain is not subsiding. What diagnosis is the most likely?
calculous cholecystitis
All diseases have risk factors. What is the most significant environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer?
cigarette smoking
Which hormone triggers the positive feedback mechanism that controls the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels?
estrogen
A nurse on a medical unit is providing care for a 37-year-old female client who has a diagnosis of Graves disease. Which assessments should the nurse prioritize?
eye health and visual acuity
A nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with Crohn disease about potential complications. The most appropriate information for the nurse to include would be:
fistula formation
While planning care for a client with irritable bowel syndrome, knowing the client has an increased amount of secretions with impaired GI absorption, the priority nursing diagnosis would be:
fluid volume deficit
A client with chronic pancreatitis is experiencing an episode of recurring epigastric pain. The nurse teaches the client to limit which type of meal to avoid further episodes?
fried chicken and french fries
A hypernatremic client is researching his condition and learns that aldosterone binds to an intracellular receptor. What do intracellular receptors generally stimulate in a cell?
gene expression
A client with diabetes will be undergoing an evaluation of the fluctuation of blood glucose over the previous 120-day span. Which test will this client undergo?
glycosylated hemoglobin
Which type of inflammation is characteristic of Crohn disease?
granulomatous
The nurse is caring for a client with hepatitis A who is tired of feeling ill. Which of these does the nurse convey to the client?
hep A symptoms last for 8 weeks
A client is diagnosed with Crohn disease. The nurse instructs the client on which type of dietary needs?
high calorie, vitamin and protein diet
A nurse is reviewing laboratory results of a client with impaired liver function and anticipating which abnormal result indicating injury to liver cells?
liver enzymes
While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the bloodstream. A student asks, "What cells do paracrine actions affect?" Which response is correct?
local
The nurse is caring for a client with asterixis. Which assessment should the nurse make to help a diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy?
mental status
The layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that facilitates movement of contents in the GI tract is known as:
muscularis externa
Which nerve plexus controls the motility along the length of the gut?
myenteric
An older adult woman is brought to the emergency department by her family. They relate to the nurse that the client has had mental status changes and cannot remember her grandchildren's names. They go on to say that she is intolerant of cold and is lethargic. On physical examination, the nurse notes that the client has a husky voice, her face is puffy around the eyes, and her tongue appears to be enlarged. What diagnosis would the nurse suspect?
myxedema
A client has been experiencing elevated blood glucose levels. The nurse anticipates that which assessment data correlates with hyperglycemia?
polydispsia
The nurse knows that the student understands the major causes of mechanical bowel obstruction when the student states that _____ is a possible cause?
postop adhesion
A client's long-standing diagnosis of congenital hemolytic anemia often manifests itself with jaundice. What type of jaundice does this client most likely experience?
prehepatic
Which statement is true concerning food digestion?
protein digestion begins in the stomach
When trying to explain hypothyroidism to a newly diagnosed client, the nurse stresses the fact that the thyroid hormone is transported in blood by specific:
proteins
A 68-year-old man who has smoked for at least 50 years reports that lately he feels as though food is "getting stuck" in his throat. At first this was a problem just with dry food, but now his morning oatmeal is getting stuck. On questioning, he reports drinking at least five alcoholic beverages nearly every day. His problem is most likely:
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
During a lecture about the function of the intestine related to food digestion, the faculty mentions that when the students consume foods high in acid, the intestines will:
stimulate the release of secretin, which then inhibits release of gastrin.
A client is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of strangulated bowel. The nurse anticipates the client will need:
surgery to release the bowel
The nurse recognizes which intervention is essential to reduce the pain of acute pancreatitis?
withholding food and fluid
Which statements are correct about hormone transport? Select all that apply.
Insulin is unbound. Glucocorticoids are bound. Prolactin is unbound.
The nurse caring for a client with diverticulitis should assess for which clinical manifestation?
LLQ pain
A client develops hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Which hormonal imbalance caused this complication?
Lack of PTH
Which organ system is matched with the preferred type of imaging?
MRI of pituitary gland
A nurse is assessing an older adult with reports of constipation, for which the client often takes over-the-counter medications. What assessment should the nurse perform to address the etiology of the client's problem?
Medication regimen for drugs like anticholinergic agents or calcium
The nurse is assessing a client who underwent a thyroidectomy earlier in the day. Assessment reveals a heart rate of 133 beats per minute, oral temperature of 101.3°F (38.5°C), and the client is uncharacteristically agitated and disoriented. After informing the primary care provider, which action by the nurse is the priority?
Monitor cardaic status
Which structures are accessory organs that also aid in digestion? Select all that apply.
Salivary glands Liver Pancreas
A client with severe hypothyroidism is presently experiencing hypothermia. What nursing intervention is a priority in the care of this client?
Slow rewarming of the client to prevent vasodilation and vascular collapse
A client with diabetes mellitus is reporting burning pain of the feet and some numbness. These symptoms are likely due to which cause?
Somatic neuropathy
Research has identified a cycle of insulin-induced posthypoglycemic episodes. What is this phenomenon called?
Somogyi effect
The kidney produces 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of vitamin D is responsible for which action in the body?
Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine
The physician suspects a client may be experiencing hypofunction of an endocrine organ. Select the most appropriate test to determine organ function.
Stimulation tests
A client has developed the facial appearance that is characteristic of myxedema, along with an enlarged tongue, bradycardia, and voice changes. Which treatment modality is most likely to benefit this client?
Synthetic preparations of T3 or T4
A client presents to the emergency department with suspected pancreatitis. Which manifestations would the nurse assess in this client? Select all that apply.
Tachycardia Fever Tenderness Epigastric pain
Which type of characteristic do thyroid and steroid hormones exert on target cells by way of nuclear receptors?
The ability to cross the cell membrane of target cells
A client is diagnosed with choledocholithiasis and acute suppurative cholangitis and is being rushed to surgery to prevent which possible complication?
The accumulation of purulent bile, which can cause sepsis.
A parent brings his child to the clinic, concerned about her short stature and asking the nurse if there is a problem with her height. What indication is the nurse aware of when performing the assessment that determines whether this child has short stature?
The child's height is well below the 3rd percentile on several clinic visits.
A client is suspected to have increased growth hormone levels. When performing a health history, what assessment data would be important for the nurse to report to the physician? Select all that apply.
The client has fainted due to low blood glucose levels on several occasions . The client has been experiencing a great deal of emotional stress due to family issues. The client is on a weight-loss diet and is exercising excessively
Which enzymes adhere to the border of the villus structures to allow access to carbohydrate and protein molecules?
brush border
A student identifies enterocytes on a microscope slide of tissue. The student explains that these cells secrete:
brush border enzymes
A client is admitted with chronic gastritis. The nurse expects which invasive test to be performed to establish the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
endoscopic biopsy
A client diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and growth hormone (GH) deficiency will likely display which physical assessment finding?
increased visceral fat
A client is suspected to have developed primary biliary cirrhosis. While taking the client's history, the nurse will note that the earliest symptoms of this disorder include:
itching, fatigue, dark urine
Diabetics are at higher risk than are the majority of the population for injury to organ systems in the body. Which organs are most at risk?
kidney and eyes
Which of the following has a surface area approximately equal to that of the skin?
peritoneum
A client is admitted with an abrupt onset of referred pain to the epigastric area, with an episode of nausea. On the nurse's initial assessment, the client is lying still and taking shallow breaths, with a rigid abdomen. Which problem is the client experiencing?
peritonitis
A 16-year-old adolescent is hospitalized after ingesting 20 g of acetaminophen in a suicide attempt. The care team would recognize that this client faces risk for which potential complication?
toxic hepatitis
The nurse is caring for a female client with cholelithiasis. When teaching the client about the disease, the nurse includes which of these points?
"Gallstones have developed, which are typically composed of cholesterol."
Antibody testing has confirmed that a client is positive for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Which statement suggests the client understands the new diagnosis?
"I don't know why I didn't bother to get vaccinated against this."
A student is comparing the two patterns of contractions in the small intestine. Which statement is most accurate?
"Segmentation waves function mainly to mix the chyme with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas."
A client who ate a large meal and then went to weightlifting class states "feeling very uncomfortable" and reports gastric reflux. What is the nurse's best response to the client?
"There is backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus that occurs soon after eating."
A client with Graves disease has ophthalmopathy and asks the nurse if the eyes will stay like this forever. What is the best response by the nurse?
"With treatment of the hyperthyroid state, the ophthalmopathy usually tends to stabilize."
Which client on a hospital medical unit is most clearly demonstrating the signs and symptoms of liver failure?
A 44-year-old man with low hemoglobin levels, low platelet levels, and spider angiomas present
Which individual likely faces the highest risk of developing chronic pancreatitis?
A woman who has 6 to 8 alcoholic beverages each evening
The health care provider is reviewing diurnal variation pattern in adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) levels. Select the typical diurnal variation pattern in adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) levels.
ACTH peaks in the morning and declines throughout the day.
A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of:
ADH and oxytocin
Irritable bowel syndrome is thought to be present in 10% to 15% of the population in the United States. What is its hallmark symptom?
Abdominal pain relieved by defecation with a change in consistency or frequency of stools
Which factor is most strongly associated with the pathogenesis of gallstone formation?
Abnormalities or stasis of bile
Given the fact that acute pancreatitis can result in severe, life-threatening complications, the nurse should be assessing the client for which complication?
Acute tubular necrosis
The signs and symptoms of abrupt cessation of pharmacologic glucocorticoids closely resemble those of which disease process?
Addison disease
Hypoglycemia has a sudden onset with a progression of symptoms. What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Altered cerebral function and headache
The nurse is performing an assessment for a client with Cushing syndrome and observes a "buffalo hump" on the back, a moon face, and a protruding abdomen. What does the nurse understand contributes to the distribution of fat in these areas?
Altered fat metabolism
Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as:
Amines and amino acids
Hormones can be synthesized by both vesicle-mediated pathways and non-vesicle-mediated pathways. What hormones are synthesized by non-vesicle-mediated pathways?
Androgens and estrogens
When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of:
Anterior pituitary gland
When hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed:
Autocrine and paracrine
Crohn disease is treated by several measures. Treatment with sulfasalazine will focus on which aspect of this disease?
Inflammatory suppression
A client is to have a serum thyroxine and thyroid stimulating laboratory test performed to assess the baseline status of the hypothalamic-pituitary target cell hormones. When educating the client about the laboratory tests, when would the nurse inform him the test should be obtained?
Before 0800
The results of a 44-year-old obese man's recent diagnostic workup have culminated in a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Which pathophysiologic process underlies the client's new diagnosis?
Beta cell exhaustion due to long-standing insulin resistance
To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted?
Bile and urine
The diabetes nurse educator is teaching a community education class for new diabetics. Which of these does the nurse include in the discussion of signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia? Select all that apply.
Blurred vision Weight loss Thirst
A health care provider suspects a client has developed diverticular disease. Which diagnostic test is usually prescribed to confirm the diagnosis?
CT scan
Impaired and delayed healing in a person with diabetes is caused by long-term complications that include:
Chronic neuropathies
A client is diagnosed with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTH) and is to begin replacement therapy. Regarding which type of replacement will the nurse educate the client?
Cortisol replacement therapy
A client experiences an increase in cortisol as a result of Cushing disease. Which hormonal responses demonstrate the negative feedback mechanism?
Decreased ACTH
A client experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. Which hormonal response demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?
Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Parents of a 7-year-old girl are concerned about their daughter because she has begun to develop secondary sexual characteristics. What etiologic factor is most likely to underlie the child's condition?
Early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
An adult client with a possible growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor is undergoing testing. If a glucose load is given, which response by the body would confirm the client has a GH-secreting tumor?
Elevated GH level after a glucose load
A client with a history of chronic alcohol use but without visible jaundice comes to the clinic reporting nausea and weakness. She admits to taking acetaminophen for persistent headaches but denies exceeding the recommended daily dose; she has not taken any other medications. She is suspected of having acetaminophen toxicity. Which diagnostic test finding would suggest a different cause of her symptoms?
Elevated serum HBsAG level
A client with a suspected diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism would most likely demonstrate which serum laboratory value?
Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased thyroxine (T4)
A student asks the faculty member, "I just do not get how a hormone can be produced within a neuron and then travel via the blood to affect target cells. Can you give me a couple of examples of this phenomenon?" Which faculty response(s) answers this student's question? Select all that apply.
Epinephrine ADH
Which pathophysiologic phenomenon may result in a diagnosis of Cushing disease?
Excess ACTH production by a pituitary tumor
A client is seeking treatment for infertility. What decrease in hormone secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulates fertility would the nurse recognize may cause this issue?
FSH
Which hormone is secreted based on a cyclic rather than a diurnal manner?
FSH
The colon is home to between 300 and 500 different species of bacteria. What is their main metabolic function?
Fermentation of undigestible dietary residue
While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best?
Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Parents of a toddler report that he often refuses food and grimaces when he swallows. The mother is worried that he ate something inappropriate this morning, because he vomited something that looked like coffee grounds. Which health problem would the care team first suspect?
GERD
Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
GH
The nurse is assessing a client with acute pancreatitis who denies use of alcohol. When teaching the client about additional causes of acute pancreatitis, the nurse includes which of these in the discussion? Select all that apply.
Gallstones Increased cholesterol Abdominal trauma
The stomach secretes two important hormones in the GI tract. One is gastrin. What is the second hormone secreted by the stomach?
Ghrelin
Abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH-receptor antibodies is implicated in cases of:
Graves disease
A nurse practitioner is examining an obese client. Which structure can contain considerable amounts of fat?
Greater omentum
The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who has hyperthyroidism that is untreated. When obtaining vital signs, what is the expected finding?
HR 110 and bounding
A nurse caring for a client who has undergone an antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody test with elevated results should be prepared to educate the client about which disease process?
Hashimoto thyoiditis
A health care provider suspects a client may have developed pancreatitis. Which laboratory value will confirm this diagnosis?
High serum amylase and lipase
Select the most appropriate statement that describes the function of hormones.
Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses.
A man is brought into the emergency department by paramedics who state that the client passed out on the street. The man smells of alcohol, and when roused says he has not eaten since yesterday. He is wearing a medic alert bracelet that says he is a diabetic. What would the nurse suspect as a diagnosis?
Hypoglycemia
A health care provider is assessing a client for a potential endocrine disorder. Assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, and body temperature. Which mechanism of endocrine control will require further laboratory/diagnostic assessment?
Hypothalamus
An infant whose mother had myxedema during the pregnancy has failed to meet standards for growth and is developmentally delayed. Which hormonal imbalance is this child exhibiting?
Hypothyroidism
The nurse is providing discharge instructions to an older adult client with diverticular disease. Which recommendations should the nurse include?
Increase whole grains Increase fruits Increase vegetables
A client comes to the clinic with fatigue and muscle weakness. The client also states she has been having diarrhea. The nurse observes the skin of the client has a bronze tone and when asked, the client says she has not had any sun exposure. The mucous membranes of the gums are bluish-black. When reviewing laboratory results from this client, what does the nurse anticipate seeing?
Increased levels of ACTH
A client is admitted to the medical surgical unit with a history of inflammatory bowel disease. The nurse knows that the clinical manifestations of both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are the result of activation of which cells?
Inflammatory
What is the most common mechanism of hormone control?
Negative feedback
The most common cause of thyrotoxicosis is Graves disease. When assessing this client, the nurse should put priority on which sign/symptom?
Ophthalmopathy
The nurse is educating a client with a newly diagnosed thyroid cancer. Which testing procedure should be reviewed because it allows good examination of the tissue structure and provides information about the tissue function as well?
PET/CT
When teaching the client about the cause of acute pancreatitis, which of these points should be included in the teaching session?
Pancreatic enzymes are activated before leaving the pancreas, causing injury.
Which statement is accurate regarding how hormones are metabolized and excreted?
Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells.
The swallowing reflex is an ordered sequence of events. In which phase is the epiglottis moved so that it covers the larynx?
Pharyngeal phase
Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones?
Pituitary
A 51-year-old woman has been diagnosed with Cushing syndrome after a diagnostic work-up that reveals cortisol hypersecretion. Which assessment findings would be inconsistent with her diagnosis?
Poor stress management and electrolyte imbalances
Which functions apply to gastrointestinal secretions? Select all that apply.
Protection of the mucosal layer Secretion of enzymes and fluids Reabsorption of fluid in the small and large intestines
After several months of persistent heartburn, a 57-year-old female client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which treatment regimen is likely to best address the woman's health problem?
Proton pump inhibitors; avoiding large meals; remaining upright after meals
Select the most accurate statement regarding measurements of urinary hormone.
Provide a better measure of hormone levels during a designated period.
Which signs and symptoms are most suggestive of acute cholecystitis?
R upper quadrant or epigastric pain
A woman in her 28th week of pregnancy tests positive for gestational diabetes mellitus and begins to follow a nutritional plan at home. What result at the follow-up visit indicates a successful outcome?
Random blood glucose 85 mg/dL (4.72 mmol/L)
The nurse is providing education to a client with Addison disease who has been treated for hyponatremia and hypoglycemia related to the disease. The nurse inform the client that which action should be taken to ensure control of these conditions?
The client should eat and exercise on a regular schedule.
Which statement best describes a secondary disorder of endocrine function?
The disorder occurs when the target organ is normal, but stimulating hormones alter its function.
Which physiologic process best exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism?
The increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breast-feeding
The nurse is caring for an older adult client who is being treated for primary hypothyroidism. The medication therapy includes a "go low and go slow" regimen. What is the importance of this medication regimen for this client?
There is a risk of inducing acute coronary syndromes in the older adult client if a more rapid correction of thyroid levels is used.
The nurse is taking a health history from a client with acromegaly. The client informs the nurse that he is waking up several times a night and has been told he has sleep apnea. What does the nurse inform the client is the rationale for this syndrome?
There is an increase in pharyngeal soft tissue accumulation.
Which statement is true concerning gastric enterocytes?
They secrete enzymes that aid in digestion of proteins.
A client who has just undergone a thyroidectomy is experiencing high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. The nurse would interpret these findings as manifestations of which complication?
Thyroid storm
A client with history of alcohol abuse is brought to the emergency department after a weekend of heavy drinking, experiencing right upper quadrant pain, anorexia, nausea, jaundice and ascites. The nurse identifies these as manifestations of what disorder?
alcoholic hepatitis
Which hormone(s) is classified as a steroid? Select all that apply.
aldosterone glucocorticoid estrogen
The nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus about the functions of insulin in the body. The nurse will define which terms for the client related to how insulin works as a hormone?
autocrine and endocrine
A 40-year-old client tells the nurse that a parent died of gastric cancer and that the client wants to do everything one can do to avoid the disease. Which recommendation should the nurse provide?
avoid smoked and preserved foods
Crohn disease is recognized by sharply demarcated, granulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal-appearing mucosal tissue. The nurse recognizes these lesions to be defined by which description?
cobblestone
A nurse reading a sigmoidoscopy report notes that a client was found to have skip lesions. The nurse interprets this as an indication of:
crohn disease
Excessive intestinal secretion or impaired absorption can lead to which extracellular problem?
dehydration
A client who is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome will exhibit which symptoms?
diarrhea with fat deposits
A client complains of having bouts of diarrhea. The client wants to know which antidiarrheal would be best to use. Which antidiarrheal does the nurse know will help stimulate water and electrolyte absorption?
diphenoxylate
The client tells the nurse that she is very anxious and that her pulse is racing. What will the nurse expect to see?
dry mouth
What is the condition that is characterized by the rapid emptying of highly acidic and hyperosmotic gastric secretions into the duodenum and jejunum?
dumping syndrome
The common bile duct opens into which part of the gastrointestinal tract?
duodenum
When hypofunction of an endocrine organ is suspected, which type of diagnostic test can be administered to measure and assess target gland response?
hormone stimulation
A 30-year-old man who manages his type 1 diabetes with glyburide presents at the emergency room reporting headache, confusion, and tachycardia. He has come from a party at which he drank two beers to celebrate running his first half marathon. Which phenomenon is likely to be the cause of his symptoms?
hypoglycemia
Which of the following are examples of amines? Select all that apply.
norepi and epi
An ultrasound confirms appendicitis as the cause of a client's sudden abdominal pain. Which etiologic process is implicated in the development of appendicitis?
obstruction of the intestinal lumen
The nurse is teaching an adult client about treatment for uncomplicated diarrhea. Which information would be most appropriate for the nurse to provide?
oral replacement therapy
The nurse is caring for a client with metastatic pancreatic cancer who is to undergo a surgical resection and radiation therapy. What does the nurse recognize is the goal of these interventions?
palliation of symptoms
During a near-miss accident while cycling, a client marvels at how fast he was able to react. He attributes this to his "fight or flight" response but then wonders why it lasts for only a short period. The client had a short burst of catecholamine activity because catecholamines are:
rapidly degraded by enzymes in circulation and at the tissue.
The nurse knows that the client with which complication of diabetes has the greatest risk for the development of foot ulcers?
sensory neuropathy
A nurse explains to her client that food is moved along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with intermittent contractions that mix the food and move it along. These movements are found in which organ?
small intestine
Villi are anatomic features that contribute to the enlarged surface area of the:
small intestine
A client with diabetes mellitus is reporting burning pain of the feet and some numbness. These symptoms are likely due to which cause?
somatic neuropathy
The hallmark manifestations of Cushing syndrome are a moon face, a "buffalo hump" between the shoulder blades, and a protruding abdomen. What other manifestations of Cushing syndrome occur?
thin extremities and muscle weakness
The parietal cells of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid to protect the mucosal covering from gastric erosion. The nurse understands that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) produces an enzyme that enables its survival in this acidic environment. Which enzyme does H. pylori produce?
urease
Sometimes the measurement of hormones is done through a urine sample. What is an advantage of measuring hormone levels through a urine sample rather than a blood sample?
urine samples are easily obtained
The client chews an apple and starts the process of swallowing. As food enters the client's esophagus, the nurse recognizes that which nerve innervates the sphincter in the lower esophagus?
vagus
Which complication may result when a client has malabsorption syndrome?
vitamin K deficiency