Patho quiz 9

How is "sequestrum" described?

An area of devascularized and devitalized bone. Lifting of the periosteum disrupts blood vessels that enter bone through the periosteum, which deprives the underlying bone of its blood supply. This deprivation leads to necrosis and death of the area of infected bone, producing sequestrum, an area of devitalized bone. None of the other available options accurately identify the term "sequestrum".

Rhabdomyosarcoma can develop in which type of muscle?

Striated Rhabdomyosarcoma can develop anywhere striated muscle is located. It does not arise in cardiac, smooth, or involuntary muscles.

What diagnosis is given when an infant's hip maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated within the hip joint?

Subluxated hip Subluxated hip is the only option used to identify the condition when the hip maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated within the hip joint. The dislocatable hip is sometimes located properly but can dislocate easily. A dislocated hip is out of its socket. "Subluxable" is often used interchangeably with subluxated.

A child has a disorder that resulted in the failure of bones to ossify, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformity. What led to this condition?

A genetic defect has resulting in insufficient absorption of Vitamin D This description characterizes rickets. Growing bone fails to mineralize because of a problem with vitamin D absorption

In osteomyelitis, bacteria gain access to the subperiosteal space in the metaphysis. What factor makes this route the easiest for bacteria to gain access to this area?

Cortex of the bone in this area is porous or mazelike. The subperiosteal space in the metaphysis is the path of least resistance for bacterial invasion because the cortex of the bone in this area is porous or mazelike, and the inflammatory response blocks spread within the bone. Bacterial access to the subperiosteal space is not related to compromised blood supply, actions of macrophages and lymphocytes, or spread down the medullary cavity.

Which of the following inflammatory muscle disease results from a humorally mediated autoimmune process?

Dermatomyositis

Generally, what is the first symptom of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy?

Drooping shoulders. As the name implies, clinical manifestations begin with weakness and atrophy of facial and shoulder girdle (scapulohumeral) muscles. The first symptoms usually include drooping of the shoulders with difficulty in raising the arms above the head. The inability to close the eyes completely may be noted in early childhood. The onset of weakness in the lower limbs is often delayed for 20 to 30 years. Facial pain is not normally associated with this disorder.

You are educating an expectant parent class. Which skeletal deformity do you tell expectant parents is normal at birth but generally disappears by 2½ years of age?

Genu Varum (bowleg) Genu varum (bowleg) generally resolves itself by 2½ years of age, whereas genu valgum (knock knee) maximizes by 5 to 6 years of age. This statement is not true of either equinovarus or pes planus.

Anterior knee pain is common among female adolsecents. According to the assigned article reading this week, All of the following are common underlying etiologies for anterior knee pain in female adolescents, EXCEPT: a. meniscal injuries b. hormonal alterations during the menstrual cycle c. Osgood-Schlatter disease d. Patellofemoral pain syndrome

Hormonal alterations during the menstrual cycle

What is the primary pathologic alteration resulting from ankylosing spondylitis (AS)?

Inflammation of fibrocartilaginous joints of the vertebrae AS involves inflammation of fibrocartilage in cartilaginous joints, primarily in the spine and sacroiliac joints. AS does not include inflammation of bursa, long bones, of small bones in the hands and feet.

A mother wants to know how the clinical manifestations and onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) differ from those of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults. What answer is best?

JIA predominantly affects large joints The onset of JIA is less gradual than it is in adult RA. JIA also differs from the adult form in that predominantly the large joints are affected in JIA. Pain is not as severe as in the adult type which often is first noticed as generalized aches.

A patient seen in the clinic has tissue degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. What diagnosis does the health care professional document?

Lateral epicondylopathy Lateral epicondylopathy, commonly called tennis elbow, is the result of tissue degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon at its origin. Medial tendinitis or medial epicondylitis, referred to as golfer's elbow, is a degenerative process of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus tendons at the medial humeral condyle. Bursitis is inflammation of the bursae. Tendinitis is a general term for inflammation of a tendon.

What problem is consistent with a bone density T score of -2.8?

Osteoporosis

Per the assigned article reading this week, what is true about nonspecific low back pain?

Tumor necrosis factor alpha may play a role in the pathophysiology

An adolescent has been diagnosed with osteochondrosis. How does the healthcare professional describe the pathophysiology to the teen?

Vascular impairment and trauma to bone. Vascular impairment and trauma to bone, coupled with an underlying developmental or genetic predisposition, have been identified as probable causes of osteochondrosis. Often this is due to trauma and/or overuse. It does not involve hormonal imbalances, deficiency of minerals, or a bacterial infection.