Pathology-Chapter 1

Mutation

An alteration in the DNA structure a _____ can be caused by radiation, chemicals or viruses.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Human immundeficiency viruses.

An immune deficiency attributable to infection through retroviruses is known as _________ known to be caused by ______.

Immunity

Antibodies must have bound to antigens to develop ______.

Pain, Loss of function

As a result of the swelling, the pressure on the nerve endings causes _____ and possible _______.

Adenoma

Benign epithelial neoplasms of epithelial origin are called _______.

Fibromas

Benign tumors consisting of fibrous tissue is called _______.

Always

Dominant genes ______ produce an effect regardless of their homozygous or heterozygous status.

Granulation

Fibrous scar tissue replaces detroyed tissue with ______ tissue.

Fibrous adhesions

Fibrous scars are a result of strong connective tissue contracting to form a (n) ________ in the abdomen.

Sarcomas

Highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues, such as bone, muscle and cartilage are called _______.

Nosocmial

Incidents of infections being developed at the acute care facility are called _______.

Community acquired

Incidients of infections being developed outside the healthcare facility are called ______.

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow in and around the injury site is ______. (produces heat and redness associated with inflammation.)

Exudate

Inflammatory _______ causes the swelling associated with the inflammatory process caused by protein-rich fluid resulting in pressure and pain.

Gangrene

Ischemia continues to progress, resulting in an infarction, necrosis may result due to lack of blood flow. This progression situation can result in a condition called______.

Irreversible Atrophy

Loss of nerve function, hormonal stimulation, or blood supply causing permanent atrophy is also known as ________.

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called ______.

Regeneration and scar tissue

Many injuries heal by a combination of ______ and ______.

Heat, Redness

Microcirculation at the injury site results in _____ and _____.

Parenchyma, the supporting stroma

Neoplasia consist of two basic components,which are the _____ and ______.

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.

The five clinical signs of acute inflammation are: ____,____,____,____ and _____.

Anasarca

The general accumulation of fluid throughout the body is called _______.

Parenchyma

The name of a tumor is determined by the ______ tissue.

Pyogenic

The presence of ______ bacteria leads to the production of pus containing dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, and bacteria.

Pyogenic

The presence of ________ bacteria leads to the production of pus containing dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, and bacteria.

Suppurative Inflammation

The specific inflammation associated with pus formation is _______.

Permeable

The term ________ indicates the ability of fluids to pass from one structure to another .

Myocardial & Pulmonary

The two most common types of Infarction are: _____ and ____.

Pyogenic Bacteria

The type of microorganism that leads to the production of thick, yellow fluid called pus, which contains dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate and bacteria is _________.

Hepatitis

The viral infection most prevalent in inflammatory disease of the liver is _________.

Alteration in blood flow, migration of white blood cells to injury site, phagoocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissues and repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells.

There are four overlapping events that occur in the inflammatory response: _______, _______, _______ and ______.

Bacteremia

When a pyogenic microorganism invades the blood vessel, _______ may cause involvement of other organs or tissue in the body.

Disuse

When casted or immobilized, a limb may suffer a reduction of muscle mass, which is known as ______ atrophy.

Effusions

When extravascular fluid accumulates in pleural or pericardial cavities, it is described by the term ______.

Ascites

When extravascular fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, it is described by the term _______.

Papillomas

_____ (polyp) epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an internal mucous membrane. (ex: gastrointestinal tract)

Lipomas

_____ are benign tumors that consist of soft fatty tissue.

Cystadenomas

_____ are benign tumors that form large cystic masses.

Purpura

_____ are slightly larger hemorrhages.

Symptoms

_____ are the characteristics that the patient feels and describes as their condition as a result of the disease process.

Angiomas

_____ are tumors composed of blood vessels.

Myomas

_____ are tumors of muscles.

Hemoptysis

_____ coughing up blood.

Lymphatic spread

_____ is a major metastic route of carcinomas.

Oncology

_____ is the study of neoplasms.

Autosomes

_____ make up 44 chromosomes that contain thousands of genes with the exception of the X and Y chromosome.

Necrosis

_____ means tissue death.

Volvulus

_____ means twisting of an organ.

Atrophy

_____ refers to a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function.

Hyperplasia

_____ refers to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

Hypertrophy

_____ refers to an increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function.

Dysplasia

_____ refers to the loss in the uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation. It is typically associated with prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation.

Signs

_____ represent the measurable characteristics the patient exhibits as a result of the disease process.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

_____ the tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium (lung, head and neck regions)

Benign

_____, closely resemble cells of origin in structure and function.

Malignant

_____, invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites, causing death.

Cancer

______ (crab), fingerlike projections that extend into underlying tissue resemble crablike claws.

Neoplasia

______ (new growth/alterations of cell growth) refers to an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells.

Mutations

______ are alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells.

Adenocarcinoma

______ are malignancies of glandular tissues. (ex: breast, liver and pancreas of the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract)

Petchiae

______ are minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.

Cachexia

______ are neoplastic cells may flourish and the patient becomes weak and emaciated.

Dysphagia

______ difficulty in swallowing.

Hemorrhage

______ implies rupture of a blood vessel.

Chondroma

______ is a benign cartilaginous tumor.

Infarct

______ is a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage.

hemoperitoneum

______ is an accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity.

hemopericardium

______ is an accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity.

Hemothorax

______ is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest)

Hematoma

______ is an external hemorrhage or the blood may be trapped within body tissues.

Hereditary Disease

______ is passed from one generation to the next through genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell.

Inflammation

______ is the immediate response the body tissue has to a local injury.

hemoarthrosis

______ is where there is bleeding in joint spaces.

Anorexia

______ loss of appetite

Ischemia (causes)

______ may be caused by a narrowing of arterial structures, as in atherosclerosis, or by thrombotic or embolic occusion.

Ischemia (definition)

______ refers to an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients.

Staging

______ refers to the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs, such as liver, lungs and skeleton.

Vaccine, Toxoid

_______ consist of dead or deactivated bacteria or viruses, whereas a(n) ______ is a chemmically altered toxin.

Dominent, Recessive

_______ genes always produce a particular trait and _______ genes manifest the particular trait when it contributed by both parents.

Granuloma

_______ is a localized area of chronic inflammation, often with central necrosis.

Permeable

_______ is defined as the ability of fluids to pass from one structure to another.

Hypoplasia

_______ is incomplete or arrested development of an organ or a part.

Aplasia

_______ is lack of normal development resulting in a small size or developmental failure resulting in the absence of an organ or tissue.

Edema

_______ is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

Acute inflammation

_______ is the initial response of body tissues to local injury.

Disease

_______ is the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

Idiopathic

_______ is where the cause of the disease is unknown.

Phagocytosis

_______ is where white blood cells cross the capillary walls into the injured tissues, where they engulf and enzymatically digest infecting organisms and cellular debris.

Hospitalized Patients

_______ tend to accumulate fluid in the lower back, sacral areas and lungs.

Ecchymosis

________ is a bruise larger than 1 to 2 cm.

Pathology

________ is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems.

Antibodies

________ react to foreign substances and bind to make antigens harmless.

Granulation Tissue

________ refers to a combination of young developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts, which produce connective tissue fibers (collagen) that replace the dead tissue.

Abulatory Patients

________ tend to accumulate fluid in tissues around the ankles and lower legs.

Abscess

A localized encapsulated collection of pus is called ______.

Transudate

A low-protein fluid that builds up in the tissue such as seen in pulmonary edema is ______.

Keloid

A protruding tumorlike scar, a (n) _______, results from an accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen.

Keloid

A protruding tumorlike scar, a(n) _____, results from an accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen.

Abscess

A(n) _______ is the result of a pyogenic infection encapsulating. (Collection of pus)

Iatrogenic

Adverse patient conditions caused by physicians and their treatment are known as ___________.